Pelliot tibétain 1134
A scroll from the sealed cave library at Dunhuang containing the most extensive surviving pre-Buddhist Tibetan funeral text — three ritual origin narratives followed by a complete topography of the underworld. Written in Old Tibetan, likely during the Tibetan Empire period (seventh to ninth century CE), the manuscript is now held by the Bibliotheque nationale de France. The beginning is damaged.
The text belongs to the genre scholars call smrang — ritual origin myths that authorize ceremonial practice by anchoring it in mythological precedent. Three tales are told. In the first, two funeral narratives demonstrate the pattern: when the gshen priests perform the rites correctly, the dead one's journey "goes well" and reaches the head of the royal assembly; when they fail, the journey "goes wrong" and the dead one is left abandoned between worlds. In the second, a hero named Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje — born between the divine phyva lineage and the demonic bdud lineage — is killed in a war between his father's and mother's kin. Four animals swear oaths over the body of a great fish, a bird carries the remains to the sky, and the hero's brothers are captured and recovered through divine intervention. In the third, a shepherd addresses the dead directly, describing what they will encounter in the realm of the dead — a complete afterlife geography with named passes, landscapes on the right and left of the path, and instructions for navigating each realm.
The underworld topography in Part IV is the most detailed pre-Buddhist Tibetan afterlife map known. Each pass has a name, and on the right and left of the path the dead encounter specific scenes: warriors at target practice, old people tending fires, lakes of female yaks, cow-sisters being milked, and realms of warmth and cold. The ransom-sheep (skyibs lug mar ba) guides the dead through each stage. The text systematically describes what happens to those who kept or broke various moral obligations in life — war-horses not killed at funeral, sisters' cows not sacrificed, debts unpaid — creating a pre-Buddhist moral geography of the afterlife.
Pelliot tibetain 1134, recto. 297 lines. Transcription from the Old Tibetan Documents Online (OTDO), Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. This is the first English translation.
Part One: The Two Funeral Narratives
The Failed Funeral
[beginning lost]
...verse...
[...the dead one's] journey went wrong [...]
[...] stolen. For the she-za, the corpse-medicine... [hair] [...]
[...] the pronouncement words were not heard. The spring sun [...set] in the west [...]
[...the journey] went wrong. The four-cornered pyre went down — he did not reach the head of the royal assembly. The feast [...]
[...] the funeral honors — the face was not shown. The horse-tribute — the cliffs did not ring. The rainbow-long [...]
[...] between... the stars gathered and they met at the four-cornered pyre.
[...] herding kinsman, you too! The dead one's journey went wrong — like a horse gathering honey...
In the rainbow-long place, the dead one — the four-cornered — left behind. The journey goes well! The four-cornered goes well!
When the Journey Goes Well
In the highest heaven, at the zenith of the sky:
The father and sire is named Mgon-tshun Phyva.
The mother and dam is named Tang-nga Ngur-mo.
Their son of Bshos-tang-nams is Mgon-tshun Gtings-na Rje —
a son of Mgon-tshun Phyva.
He allied with the zhang and made a pact.
He fought with the bdud and raised his banner.
He was tormented — the bdud tormented him.
A son of Phyva died.
Alas, pitiful one!
Swift-in-Leg and the war-horse of the vanguard army, Swift-in-Mind — from the father's edge of heaven, from the father's rim of the firmament:
A son of the gods, a grandson of the srin!
The fierce gshen of the dead — the pronouncement words were heard. The spring sun set in the west.
Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — the two reached the head of the royal assembly. The feast was enjoyed. The funeral honors — the face was shown. The horse-tribute — the cliffs echoed far.
On the nine tiers of heaven, Mgon-tshun Phyva sat in the heights and declared:
"Crossing the high pass — humans and cattle cross together. Descending the low valley — humans and cattle descend together. In summer the grass is green, in winter the grass is green — humans and cattle graze together. At the green grass by the river's edge — humans and cattle share the edge together."
The journey goes well!
When the Father Departs
From the top of the nine tiers of heaven, when the father departed — the journey went wrong! The four-cornered went wrong!
From the father's edge of heaven, from the father's rim of the firmament:
The father and sire is named Ding-ding Dings-gyi Rje.
The mother and dam is named Dog-ngur-ngur Ngur-mo Tshun.
Their son of Bshos-tang-nams is Gdags-dre'u Rje-btshan-ba.
He separated the herds and went to the high pastures. At the three-cornered meadow the meat went astray. He went above to the wild yak. At the sky-crag, the high-crag, the long-crag — his horse went astray, and Gdags-dre'u Rje-btshan-ba died without a trace.
Alas, pitiful one!
The golden goose. The funeral gshen Rma-da: the pronouncement was not heard. The response was not clean. The ritual speech was not heard. The spring sun did not set in the west.
The journey went wrong! The four-cornered went wrong! The dead one, the intimate, went wrong!
He did not reach the head of the royal assembly. The feast was not enjoyed. The funeral honors — the face was not shown. The horse-tribute — the cliffs did not ring.
In the long rainbow's place: the procession was left abandoned. The four-cornered was left abandoned. The performance — no one watched. The laughter — no one laughed.
The funeral gshen Rma-da: even for those going down the dark path — the corpse-bearer was carved with the jade-long knife. The three ritual words of the ngag gshen — the dead one was not crossed over three times. He did not journey to the realm of the dead. It was declared:
Even the winding lanes — the path of the seven hearts.
The straight road — the path of the seven hearts.
The stream-path — the path of the seven hearts.
The supreme dead one did not cross over — the dead one was not crossed over. The dead one was left behind — no body remained. No joy was born. Like the golden goose.
The journey went wrong. The four-cornered went wrong. The dead one was left behind. The four-cornered was left behind.
The Undying Man and the Ritual of the Gshen
In the upper waters, a man named Myi-rab-'greng-ru-cho was established. He sought a wife. In the lower waters, the daughter of 'Gyam-mo-tshe — 'Gyam-za Ting-gug — he took her as wife.
But the divination was made by the bdud. The curse was laid by the phyva. Myi-rab-'greng-ru-cho — he did not die by ordinary death. Thick, he did not decay. Sharp, he did not break. In the land where people do not die, no one died. In the land where cattle do not decay, cattle did not decay.
But the son of 'Pan died, and there was no bon to heal him. The crane pushed up from the green — but there was no drum-enclosure to confine it. The lord did not die — no turquoise was seen. No prayers could be made. No form could take form.
Alas, pitiful one!
His name was Lcags-te Ku-ku. The war-horse of the vanguard army was Zangs-te Pyo-pyo. From the father's edge of heaven, from the father's rim of the firmament: a son of the gods, a grandson of the srin!
A fierce bon gshen of the dead — the funeral gshen Rma-da, the drum-gshen Dril-bu, the Lde'u-gshen, the darkness-bon Gshin-gsas — the fierce ones performed the ritual and the divination.
"Build the foundation! Build a castle of clay! Build a royal gate in the earth! Make the announcement in the valley!"
On the four-cornered death-pyre, plant four trees. Dispatch the four birds. Prepare the good ransom. For the good ransom: Pur-ke and Mur-ke lead — the heart-arrow and the good-wound and the water-eye. For the good ransom: the silk pennant and the wool-flag.
For the good ransom — swift! Race them! Lcags-te Ku-ku and Zangs-te Pyo-pyo, Pon-kar Skyes-'dab Ka-rtse — swift, they race. The four swift ones charge from heaven. The four are placed on the earth. The soul's resting-place is in the joyful breast. The soul-tent is the white tent, firm in the south, firm in the north. The comfortable cushion is spread.
Within the four death-pyres: Lcags-te Ku-ku and Zangs-te Pyo-pyo — the pair adorned with yak-hair and clothed in black. In their hands, silk flags. They hold a thin arrow-shaft and a soft long bow. All their kin do not look away.
The three words of the pronouncement were heard. The spring sun set in the west. The ear-pronouncement was stilled. The hair-pronouncement was laid down. In the heart, the pronouncement was laid down.
The funeral gshen Rma-da-chan and gshen Rab-myi-bo and the star-gshen The'u-bzhug and the herding kinsman Nye-du:
"You too! Though the lord did not die — though no turquoise was seen — the son of 'Pan has died!"
The crane's song arose. The sharp bow broke. "Look at the outer gate! Pen the sheep in their sheep-fold, the goats in their goat-fold! Set the dead one in the death-chamber — he shall not pass above, nor descend below!"
The funeral gshen Rma-da and gshen Rab-myi-bo — the two:
"The journey goes well! The four-cornered goes well! He reaches the head of the royal assembly. The feast is enjoyed."
"And still a little more: in the divine land of Bshos, he did not die — such was his power."
Part Two: The Tale of Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje
The Birth Between Two Lineages
The tale of Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje.
In the ancient time, in the nine beginnings:
Before the debt had fallen, before the first snow — in the highest heaven, at the zenith of the sky: there lived Mgon-tshun Phyva. He had no wife, and he sought one.
He took as wife the daughter of Bdud-rje Btsan-tog-skyold: Tang-nga Bdud-mo Tang. A son of Bshos-tang-nams was born — a son was born from a hero. The boy was named, the heir was named:
Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje.
Among the gods, he was strong — among men, not feeble. At gathering skill, he was restless. He made a pact with the zhang. He fought with the bdud. The zhang tormented him — the bdud tormented him.
Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje: from heaven the bdud cut him down, from earth the sri rose against him — yet he did not die.
The Father Seeks to Rouse His Son
The next morning the sky cleared. The father looked and saw. Mgon-tshun Phyva looked and saw: the son had not risen, the heir had not risen.
The father spoke — Mgon-tshun Phyva spoke:
"Son, what grieves you? What weighs upon you? If you desire the high citadel, take it and go. If you desire the low country, take it and go."
But the son did not rise. The heir did not rise.
"Then — do you desire ten lordly servants and nine herd-masters? Do you desire nine cattle-brands and the naming of ewes?"
He offered these, but the son did not rise.
Then Mgon-tshun Phyva looked again and saw: the eyes, when looked upon — the eyelids were green. The skin, when looked upon — it was white.
From Mgon-tshun Phyva there was no bon, no skilled gsas to be found.
He took the boy Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje onto his lap and for three days tried to rouse him — but the boy did not stir. He called his name — but he would not arise. He fed him bla-za's milk — but he would not arise. He opened his eyes — but he would not arise.
The father spoke — Mgon-tshun Phyva spoke:
"Btsan-rgyal, swift and restless — he made a pact with the zhang, fought with the bdud, and the zhang and bdud killed him. This dead one — can he be healed? Can he be restored? Can his broken body be mended?"
"From the father's edge of heaven, from the father's rim of the firmament: a son of the gods, a grandson of the srin — there is a fierce gshen of the dead. Summon him! Let Mgon-tshun Phyva and the gshen together perform the ritual and the divination."
This dead one cannot be healed. This broken body cannot be mended. Let the funeral be performed in full. Let the castle be built in full.
The Oath of the Four Animals
He was placed in his stirrups and sent to the gathering. Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — sent to the gathering.
In a while, in a while: at the land of Sa-ma-bi-tog, among the eight divisions of Drang-nga — four great ones sat to cast lots.
An oath was sworn, a high oath cut:
The Great Fish Nya-che Yor-mang, the Great Otter Sram-che, the Great Silver-Bird, the Great Fox-Wolf Spyang-ldom — the four. They cut the oath.
The Great Otter and the silver one: they cut the oath over the Great Fish. Mother and calf drank poison. The Great Fish Yor-mang — the Great Fox-Wolf: they cut the oath. The Great Fish Yor-mang — its flesh they ate, its blood they drank.
The Great Bird Lchogs-mo: she took the remains of the Great Fish Yor-mang upon her feathered wings, cleared the clouds, opened the sky's passage, and cast it up into the heavens.
From within the remains of the Great Fish Yor-mang: the Great Fox-Wolf Spyang-ldom emerged.
Alas, pitiful one — Mgon Phyva's alas!
Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — with the rhinoceros drum and the northern war-horn — rode forth on swift horses, the two brothers, and fled.
Mgon-tshun Phyva pursued them but did not catch them. He tried to seize them but could not reach them. He chased them to the heights — they fled and he could not catch them. He chased them to the depths — they fled and he could not catch them. He chased them across the wide places — he could not reach them. He chased them through the narrow defiles — he could not reach them.
The Turquoise Boulder and the Capture
In a while, in a while: from the father's edge of heaven, from the father's rim of the firmament — there stood a turquoise boulder, as large as a yak. Behind the turquoise boulder, at the turquoise spring — there water was drunk. At the bank of the turquoise spring, a rhinoceros trap was set. A pile of salt was scattered and left.
Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — the two drank at the turquoise spring and licked at the pile of salt. They were caught in the rhinoceros trap. The two were bound — bound at a distance, bound together by a rope. The trap snapped.
They were driven through two mountain valleys but did not arrive. At the turquoise spring — caught? Not caught. At the golden spring — caught? Not caught. At the silver spring — caught? Not caught. At the tin spring, the iron spring, the copper spring — caught? Not caught.
They fled to the mountains and were gone. At the Dmu-mountain heights they fled — and the seven Dmu-lords pressed the mountain's mouth shut and drew the dmu-rope of secrets and caught them with the dmu-lasso. The wild yak's call bellowed. They were placed in the rhinoceros drum and left.
Then Mgon-tshun Phyva seized them by the thin arrow-shaft and hid them — hid them at a great distance — and said:
"My one and only son has died. The grief is unbearable. Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — shall you carry the water, or not? Shall the noble one be exalted, or not?"
The great mouth bit. The great poison was drunk.
The father, Mgon-tshun Phyva, placed them in an iron citadel of nine turrets. He fastened them to a chain of rice. The green grass opened before them. Sugar-cane juice was poured for them. Their brows were bound. Their noses were set with bird-horn.
The Funeral of Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje
The fierce gshen: "A son of the gods, a grandson of the srin!"
The bon of men, the bon of the gods, the great spreading bon — the eight royal banners were lowered from the sky. The four-cornered pyre was set upon the earth. The royal gate was prepared in the earth. The announcement was made in the valley.
The death-pyre of the intimate was built. The comfortable northern cushion was spread. Four trees were planted. The four birds were dispatched. The swift ones were placed in their racing row.
Alas, pitiful one! Pon-kar Skyes-'dab. Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — the two placed in their racing row. Their swift flanks bound with silk. Their tails placed in sheaths.
All the kin looked on. The bon performed the rites.
Mgon-tshun Phyva gave the skyibs-sheep — the ransom-sheep:
"Today and from this day forth — to the ransom-sheep I entrust it! My son has died — the grief, the decay. If the dead one is not honored, the living one's song fails. If the decayed one is not sought, the herds' pens empty."
"Swift-in-Leg and Swift-in-Mind — crossing the high pass, humans and cattle together — let the ransom-sheep lead them! Descending the low valley, humans and cattle together — let the ransom-sheep lead them!"
"Today and from this day forth: Swift-in-Leg, Swift-in-Mind, and Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje — the three, black as a raven's feather, dark as a cloud — the ransom-sheep shall bind them together."
Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje, Swift-in-Leg, Swift-in-Mind — the three.
Part Three: The Shepherd's Lament
On the nine tiers of heaven, Btsan-btsun Lha sat in the heights — and humans and cattle together sat in the heights. Like the sha-bri deer, side by side — humans and cattle, side by side.
In the ancient time, whoever died — for Lhe'u Yang-ka Rje, alas, pitiful one — whoever died.
"Today, if I look: herding kinsman, you — your lord has not died. No turquoise has been seen. If the lord died — could there be funeral-companions? If the turquoise was seen — could it be mended?
"Now the dead one leads the way. Herding kinsman, Pon-kar Skyes-'dab — you must go.
"Now, today! At whatever time you arrive — listen to the three words of the pronouncement! Let the spring sun set in the west! Let the ear-pronouncement be stilled! Let the hair-pronouncement be laid down!
"At the ear — sub ba re, kho re ye, lele!
The path is smooth — las sa re.
The deep is still — zho ma re.
"Listen to the three words of the pronouncement while you live! The spring sun sets in the west. Go then to the land of equals — to the land of the matched. Go then to the land where the lord is remembered. Go forth thinking, go forth knowing.
"The joyful mountain, the mountain where the dead one's resin flows. The joyful land, the land where the waters of the dead flow — the water that at dawn is churned and at dusk is strained.
"Today and from this day forth: herding kinsman, you too — though the lord is gone by true decree — the gle-spar proclaims. Though the mouth is bitter, the mouth of the bitter one — the human food is bitter. Though the face is harsh, the harsh face — the human face is harsh. The bow-string does not bear the man.
"Today and from this day forth: alas, pitiful one! You of the kinfolk — to the ransom-sheep, entrust yourself with laughter! To the shoulder-blade and the wing, entrust yourself with laughter!
"Crossing the high pass — humans and cattle together — let the ransom-sheep lead! Descending the low valley — humans and cattle together — let the ransom-sheep lead!
"Crossing the high pass — like the burning of the summit, stand and face it! Descending the low valley — like ten thousand tumbling seeds — humans and cattle together, descend!
"Today and from this day forth: the one who recognizes me — I am fifty years old, and I still herd at the nose-end. In the long rainbow's place: alas, pitiful one! The Stsang-'o-bag's Pon-kar Skyes-'dab!"
"Alas, pitiful one! Pon-kar Skyes-'dab! If you honor, even the mountain will carry. If you pursue, even the bird will arrive.
"Today and from this day forth: crossing the high pass — humans and cattle together cross — and at the pass's edge, there Pon-kar Skyes-'dab shall hammer like a smith!
"Descending the low valley — humans and cattle together descend — and at the valley's edge, there the pitiful one shall catch like a bridge-beam!"
The Land of the Dead
"Now — when you arrive in the realm of the dead, in the land of threshed grain:
"The grass — green in summer, green in winter — there you shall go. The spring — cold and clear — there you shall go. The resin of the dead — green, there you shall go.
"The threshed grain's chaff blows past. The one who follows behind is the war-horse of the vanguard. Following behind, he comes.
"The ransom-sheep is your companion. Walk together! At the Btsan-btsun place, matching in every way — sit! Humans and cattle together — sit! Like the sha-bri deer, side by side — humans and cattle, side by side.
"The human companion on horse — Myi-rma-bu Mchin-rgyal: he does not die. In the joyful land, the northern land of excellence — the son of 'Pan died. In the undecaying land, the beautiful Water-Turn — the poor one, what decay was there? None.
"In life: a hundred years, the long-neck drum was sounded and raised. In death: seven days — ten thousand burial-cloths, one upon another, like a headdress of the ages.
"Today and from this day forth: beneath the place where the debt has fallen — do not weep! The living one and the dead one — the land of the dead is not one land. Hound and pig — the place is not one place.
"Today and from this day forth: in the fearsome land, you shall drive a trade! In the burial-pit, you shall plough a field! Into the sky you shall shoot an arrow! In the realm of the dead, you shall cast a divination!
{In the realm of the dead, you shall cast a divination.} But the materials of the divination — where are they? Herding kinsman, do not grieve!
"Without a path to go — you shall find a path! Without warmth inside — you shall seek warmth! At the evening's end — you shall seek the evening's relief!
"He has died and shall not return. The maternal uncle, Zhang-pho Bdud, has done this — and the son of Phyva has been killed.
"In the realm of the dead, in the realm of the dead: you shall cast a divination, but the divination's materials — the materials of the divination — are not there. The stepmother, Sdang-ma Yar-mo, and her son Yar-mo: in the realm of the dead, there are no materials for the divination.
"Today and from this day forth: there is no one who returns from the realm of the dead.
"Today, if I look: raise a strong man's son — but in the end, he passes beneath the earth. Raise a swift man's son — but in the end, he passes into exile.
"The good, when fattened — in the end, they enter the red-topped yoke. The swift, when standing — the rounded-topped pack.
"Raise an heir's son — but in the end, he passes into the water.
"The ancient grandfather, the great male — even the river rises. Today, if I look: the grandson of the young bdud.
"Today and from this day forth: he is separated from warmth even by a parasol! Separated from grief even by a son! Separated even from a mother's warmth! From the green resin, the green meadow resin — the reed grass — separated!
"From the dead one's resin — the churned resin, the beaten resin — the yung-brang meeting-place!
"The gods' sheep face-to-face — and the cattle. The herder's mount — separated from all!
"In the land of the living, at the river's edge — in the realm of the dead, in the land of threshed grain: at the rice chain, green in summer, green in winter — there you shall meet!
"In the realm of the dead, in the land of the dead: into the northern conch-vessel, the conch-shell vessel — pour the beer! In the realm of the dead, the threshed grain — the mountain of the dead's body in its coffin. At the good-faced spring — the beer is sweeter than wine.
"The sweet voice, the fine voice — do not conceal it at a great distance! The eyes, the wide eyes — do not look at a great distance!
"The rounded one is as tall as a tree."
Alas, pitiful one! Iron-hooved, the four hooves — playing in the butter, playing in the plain's butter — the light butter! In the realm of the dead, where the silk drapes are soft — the gentle human companion, the kinsman: playing together.
The bon priest in the realm of the dead, in the land of threshed grain — in the gravel [...] sand — the sand-buried: soft!
Today and from this day forth: the dead one's journey — ye le ye! Black and thick, thick! The little bird: phu ru ru! The great bird: gang ka tsig cig pu ru ru! Without a path — seeking a path on the cliff! The ransom-sheep — the shoulder-wing at the cliff! Like a mountain pushed by a shoulder! A lake — the noble drowning in the noble [...]
[...] the desired one: pyo pyo! He has prevailed — it is done!
"Herding kinsman — you who were here before, at the throat:
"In the realm of the dead, in the land of threshed grain: cattle — living and dead; humans — living and dead; the two — the lord has passed over!
"The ransom-sheep: you are the fatherless one's father, the motherless one's mother. By the resin-and-honey stamp — though it does not suffice — be the first! By the water-plunge ransom — though it does not suffice — pour the ransom!"
Part Four: The Journey Through the Underworld
Now — for the iron one, the one called Bki'u: scatter the crumbs! Cast them away!
The First Pass
When you have passed beyond: at the goat-herding pasture, Bre-nge Breng. The meat-drying frame, Ra-ma Rem. A grey-white stone rises to the sky — za nge zang!
On the left side of the path: a round nest — bees play within it.
On the left side of the path: a round seam-needle's nest. For food: pye-mar cakes. For work: tending the nun-sheep.
On the right side of the path: a round goat-pen's nest. For food: ldum-tog berries. For lodging: cliff-shelter.
The land of affliction and suffering.
On the left side of the path: a round dark-chamber. For food: dark-chamber food. The stinging — by bees! The shaking — by the dgo-animal!
In the realm of the dead: there is no one who returns! The ransom-sheep's work is also the returning's work. If the nun-sheep has not done it — in the land without inner warmth, there shall be warmth. In the land without evening rest, there shall be evening rest.
Green in summer, green in winter — the joyful and happy land!
The speaking-drum Rbum-pho: green in summer, green in winter. The felt-blanket — there, lay it down! The blue-green bridle-cloth — mount it and let the horse free! The horn — there, call it! The goatless pen has no goats, but the stall has: one newborn kid and one ball of butter and one measure of tshil. Bring them!
The palace turns to the left. The entry turns to the right. At the ransom-sheep's three resting-stops — the lord rests and does not linger. Herding kinsman, alas, pitiful one — you too, do not linger on the blue-green bridle-cloth!
The Second Pass
From that point onward: the sky and earth press together — khrigs se khrigs! The little bird, when sheltered — reaches the tail's edge. The little bird, when posed — reaches the tail's base.
"The master comes — open the gate!"
A single vermilion hair-tuft is cast as the toll. The good person enters and proceeds! The good horse is spurred and proceeds! The good dog and good bear are unleashed and proceed! The yak-cow is fanned with the tail and proceeds!
From that point onward: though the sand is deep and sinking — the path of the seven hearts! Through one joyful pass with a shout — and past! The pass is named: Dro-la Pam-phum — the Warm Pass of Tumbling Dust.
At the meadow beyond — pause. The meat-drying frame, Bre-nge Breng. The goat-herding pasture, Dgo Ram-ma Rem. A grey-white stone rises to the sky — za nge zang!
On the left side of the path: a hundred men, bows at the weary arm, shooting at targets. For lodging: dark-chambers. For cattle: dark-fodder branded. The joyful and happy land! The flesh not honored in death — the decay not sought in life — the red liver not reddened — the yak-cow not churned to butter — like the resin flowing from the living — who comes to steal?
Whose land is this? It is the land where the dishonored die. The land of affliction and suffering.
On the left side of the path: a golden chain-meadow, golden. There, mount the golden felt-blanket! There, on the blue-green bridle-cloth — mount and let the horse free! There, call the horn! The goatless pen has no goats, but the stall: one ball of butter, one measure of tshil, one bon-offering. Green in summer, green in winter — there, rejoice and be joyful!
But the long rainbow's land it is not — so do not linger! The palace turns to the left. The entry turns to the right. At the ransom-sheep's three resting-stops — the lord rests and does not linger. Alas, pitiful one — you too, do not linger on the blue-green bridle-cloth!
The Third Pass
From that point onward: the sky and rock press together — khrigs se khrigs! The little bird, when sheltered — reaches the tail's edge. The little bird, when posed — reaches the tail's base.
A single vermilion hair-tuft and one ball of butter and one measure of tshil — at the pass, cast them as toll!
The good person enters and proceeds! The good horse is spurred and proceeds! The good dog and good bear are unleashed and proceed! The yak-cow is fanned with the tail and proceeds!
From that point onward: joyfully, through one pass with a shout — past! The pass is named: the Pass Where the Dishonored Die.
Through one more joyful pass — past! The pass is named: the Pass Where the Courageous Die.
Through one more pass — at the meadow, pause. The meat-drying frame, Bre-nge Breng. The goat-herding pasture, Dgo Ram-ma Rem. A grey-white stone rises to the sky — za nge zang!
Through one more pass, at the meadow — pause. The meat-drying frame, Sha-rgyang Bre-nge Breng. The goat-herding pasture, Dgo Re-me Rem. A grey-white stone rises to the sky — za nge zang!
Two old people — warming themselves by the fire. Green in summer, green in winter.
On the right side of the path: the two old people, old — they did not offer the bkra-offering. That land, for food: ldum-tog berries. For lodging: boot-soles. The trees — not felled, the trees — not burned.
On the left side of the path: the old one grows old but is not offered the bkra-offering. The sun sets in the west. For work: songs and dances. The water, when churned — it does not become beer! The land where the bkra-offering was not made — the speaking-drum Rmum-po. Green in summer, green in winter. The felt-blanket — there, lay it down! The blue-green bridle-cloth — green in summer, green in winter. Let the horse free! The horn — there, call it!
The bkra-offering pen has no goats, but the stall: one newborn kid, one ball of butter, one measure of tshil. Bring them!
At the ransom-sheep's three resting-stops — the lord rests and does not linger. Alas, pitiful one — you too, do not linger on the blue-green bridle-cloth!
The Fourth Pass
From that point onward: the sky and the cliff press together — khrigs se khrigs! The little bird, when sheltered — reaches the tail's edge. The little bird, when posed — reaches the tail's base.
From that point onward: joyfully, through one pass with a shout — past! The pass is named: the Pass Where the Dishonored are Healed.
From that point onward: joyfully, through one pass — past! The pass is named: the Pass Where the Courageous Die.
Through one more pass: the meat-drying frame. The goat-herding pasture. A grey-white stone rises to the sky.
Through one more pass, at the meadow — the meat-drying frame, Sha-rgyang Re-me Rem. The goat-herding pasture, Gtshos Dgo Bre-nge Breng. A grey-white stone rises to the sky — za nge zang!
The ruins of the path. On the right side of the path: the place of unpaid debts — the tally-sticks still borne, the burden still carried.
On the left side of the path: people against whom harm was done. With kindness they were raised, with reverence they were stirred. For lodging: the sun's warmth. A golden chain-meadow, golden.
The felt-blanket — there, lay it down! Mount the bridle-cloth — the blue-green bridle-cloth of the sky. There, call the horn! The palace turns to the left. The entry turns to the right.
The Pass of the War-Horse
From that point onward: the sky and the cliff press together — khrigs se khrigs!
From that point onward: though the boulders rattle and roll — the path of the seven hearts!
The Pass of the War-Horse Not Killed by the Sister: joyfully, through one pass — past!
The war-horse, when taken from its source — becomes a saddle-sheep, and even the burden sags.
On the right side of the path: the place where the war-horse was not killed — the war-horse's land.
On the left side of the path: the war-horse, when taken from its source — the saddle-pad laid to the right.
On the right side of the path: the war-horse's rider — with srin-riders coming, the srin-eyes gleaming, the srin-voices roaring — the saddle-pad dragged.
On the left side of the path: the one who led the army — alas, pitiful one! The one who drove the cattle — the war-horse of the vanguard army.
A golden chain-meadow, golden. The felt-blanket — there, lay it down! The blue-green bridle-cloth — mount and let the horse free! The goatless pen, the stall: one measure of tshil, one ball of butter. Bring them! [...]
The Pass of the Sister's Cow
From that point onward: the sky and the cliff press together — khrigs se khrigs!
From that point onward: though the boulders rattle and roll — the path of the seven hearts!
The Pass of the Sister's Cow Not Killed: joyfully, through one pass — past!
The sister's cow, when taken from its source — becomes a saddle-sheep, and even the yoke-pack sags.
On the right side of the path: the place where the sister's cow was not killed. Proclaimed — the sister's pen, by the great fence enclosed! For food: summer's ldum-tog berries!
On the left side of the path: the sister's lake, when reached from the source — the terrifying Mu-shu Gnyan's hundred female yaks, milking — the cream in a single bowl!
On the right side of the path: when the sister's cow was killed — the hundred female yaks severed at the brow — and even the yoke-pack a thousand times sags at the neck!
On the left side of the path: the mother-ox, young — and the sister's hook-skirt. When a human kinsman dies — the grey-brown cow, the mediating cow, is offered. The inner butter is churned. The evening milk is drunk. The inner wool is fulled. The evening garment is worn.
The land where human and cow go together — the joyful and happy land! The speaking-drum Rbum-pho. Green in summer, green in winter. The felt-blanket — there, lay it down!
From that point onward: the cliff and shade press together — khrigs se khrigs!
The Pass of the Nephew
From that point onward: the cliff splits and nine waters flow — the path of the seven hearts!
Joyfully, through one pass with a shout — past!
The nephew, when arriving from the source — the aunt is pleased. The bride — she covers her face!
On a leaf of the mountain's foliage — cover it and sit!
On the right side of the path: the nephew has not arrived — a hundred garments sent to flutter and be worn — but the sickness and the stench and the swirling and the dizziness of the land!
On the left side of the path: the nephew, when arriving from the source — Pur-ke and Mur-ke covering — the nine earthen houses, warm! In summer — three months — one ball of butter and three furs. Even the cold — does not rise from behind! The joyful and happy land! Green in summer, green in winter.
The inner warmth at morning! The evening's rest at evening!
The goatless pen, the stall: one measure of tshil and one ball of butter. Give them!
Colophon
Pelliot tibetain 1134. Old Tibetan manuscript from the sealed cave library at Dunhuang (Cave 17, Mogao Grottoes), now held by the Bibliotheque nationale de France. 297 lines on the recto. The manuscript's beginning is damaged (lines 1-9 fragmentary). Three section markers ($) divide the text at lines 67 and 196.
This is the most extensive surviving pre-Buddhist Tibetan funeral text and the most detailed map of the Tibetan underworld from before the arrival of Buddhism. It combines three genres: smrang (ritual origin narratives that authorize funeral practice), funeral lamentation (the shepherd's direct address to the dead), and afterlife topography (a systematic guide to the passes and realms of the land of the dead). The underworld journey in Part Four, with its named passes, its landscapes on the right and left of the path, and its moral geography connecting specific life-actions (killing the war-horse, sacrificing the sister's cow, welcoming the nephew) to specific afterlife outcomes, has no known parallel in pre-Buddhist Tibetan literature.
The text belongs to the Key Cluster of pre-Buddhist funeral documents from Dunhuang: PT 1136 (The Horse Sacrifice), PT 1042 (The Royal Funeral Rituals), PT 1068 (The Mdzo Funeral Rites), and PT 1134 (this text). Together they form the most complete surviving record of Tibetan religion before Buddhism.
First English translation from Old Tibetan by Sakimori (Expeditionary Tulku, Life 20) of the New Tianmu Anglican Church, April 2026. Translated independently from the Old Tibetan source text. Reference translations consulted: none — no previous English translation exists. Scholarly descriptions in the OTDO apparatus were consulted for context. Key uncertainties are documented below.
Uncertain readings and interpretive notes:
- Lines 1-9: Heavily damaged. Reconstruction approximate.
- "se mo" — rendered variously as "the dead one's journey," "the procession," or "the dead one." The exact referent (the funeral procession, the deceased's soul-journey, or the deceased themselves) shifts by context.
- "gru bzhi" — "the four-cornered." Likely refers to the four-cornered funeral pyre or bier, a standard element of pre-Buddhist Tibetan funeral ritual.
- "bgrod nongs" / "bgrod legs" — "went wrong" / "went well." The paired formulae structure the entire first section as a liturgical call-and-response.
- "do ma snying dags" — rendered "alas, pitiful one." A formulaic exclamation of grief and sympathy.
- "pon kar skyes 'dab" — a proper name or title, possibly of a horse. Left untranslated as Pon-kar Skyes-'dab.
- "skyibs lug mar ba" — "the ransom-sheep." Skyibs may mean shelter, protection, or ransom. Mar ba may mean "of butter" or "brown." The ransom-sheep serves as the guide and psychopomp leading the dead through the underworld.
- "khrigs se khrigs" — onomatopoeia for the pressing together of sky and earth/cliff. Preserved untranslated.
- "za nge zang" — onomatopoeia or ritual exclamation. Preserved untranslated.
- "sub ba re, kho re ye, lele" and "las sa re, zho ma re" — ritual syllables or incantations. Preserved untranslated.
- "bkra" (lines 242-247) — an offering or ritual that the old people failed to perform. Exact meaning uncertain.
- Lines 188-191: Damaged and fragmentary. Translation approximate.
- The underworld passes are named but some names are uncertain (e.g., "Dro-la Pam-phum" is a phonetic rendering).
- "Pur-ke and Mur-ke" — two figures who appear as companions or intermediaries. Also mentioned in PT 1134 line 52 and in other Dunhuang funeral texts.
Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.
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Source Text: Pelliot tibétain 1134
Old Tibetan source text from the Old Tibetan Documents Online (OTDO), Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.
(1) [---]
(2) [---] [-]g tshigs [---]
(3) [---] [mo?] ni bgrod nongs te' / [---]
(4) [---] brkus / na / she za la ro sman / [spu] [---]
(5) [---] [-g (/ga)] ni rgar ma mnyan dro dpyid nyi ring po ni [nub?] [---]
(6) [---] [bgrod?] nongso gru bzhi ni bgrod te / rje gral ni mto ma slebs / sha
(7) [---] [-]s / rjes bkur ni ngo myi 'to' / rtas bkur ni 'prag myi ring gzha ring
(8) [---] bab / gi bar du skar ma gra grums / tang mjald te se gru bzhi / na /
(9) [---] pyugs spo ma nye du khyod gyang / se mo bgrod / nongs shing rta sbrang kham po ltar /
(10) gzha ring du se mo / gru bzhi na lu sa re se mo bgrod legs / gru bzhi bgrod legs /
(11) na / gnam gyi ya bla dgung gi ya stengs na / pa dang yab smos / na / mgon tshun phyva' / ma /
(12) dang yum smos na / ta nga ngur mo / tang / bshos tang nams gyi sras / mgon tshun gtings na
(13) rje' / mgon tshun pyva'i / sras shig / btud tang ni chab gang / bsdoste / / bdud dang bang pyal / bslags
(14) / mnard ni bdud gyis mnar te / / pyva'i sras shig / grongs / na / do ma snying dags / ni
(15) pu dang mgyogs / tang dmag rab gyi rta po / nu yid / mgyogs / gnam gyi pa mtha dgung
(16) gi pa 'brum nas / bu ni lha 'i / bu / tsha ni srin gyi tsha ste' / bon / gshin gshen
(17) drag gi / pa ngag ni rgar nyand / dpyid nyi ni nub tu 'jugs / pu dang mgyogs tang nu yid
(18) mgyogs gnyis / rje gral / ni mto yang slebs / sha rtshi ni gda' / yang mnabs rjes bkur
(19) ni / ngo / yang mto' / rtas bkur ni / 'brag gyang ring / gnam rim pa dgu steng du mgon tshun /
(20) gdings na re / la mto rgal gyang / myi pyugs mnyam du rgal / dma rab 'bog gyang /
(21) myi pyugs mnyam du rgal / rtshi dbyar sngo dgun du sngo yang / myi pyugs mnyam du sngo / sngo mo /
(22) ngar 'gam yang myi pyugs / mnyam du 'gam / se mo bgrod legso / gnam rim pa dgu /
(23) 'i steng nas / par gshegs na se mo bgrod nongste / gru bzhi bgrod nongste / gnam gyi pa mta' /
(24) dgung gi pa 'brum / na / pa dang yab gyi mtshan / ding ding dings gyi / rje / ma dang yum gyi [mtshan?]
(25) dog ngur ngur ngur mo tshun / bshos dang nam gyi / sras / gdags dre'u rje btshan ba zhig / 'brog dbye
(26) [---] / lteng sum du / sha shord 'brong gong du gshegs / na brag gnam brag / gdrings brag gi /
(27) ka nas / chibs ka yengste / gdangs dre'u rje / btshan ba / drir grongs gyis myed / na / do ma /
(28) snying dags / ser ngang ge / pa dur gshen rma da nas / bstan drung ni ma mnyan / glan drung ma dagste /
(29) bstan pa ngag ni / rgar ma mnyan / dro dpyid nyi ni num du ma 'jugs / se mo ni bgrod nongste /
(30) gru bzhi ni bgrod nongste / gshin te / nyer bu bgrod nongste / rje gral ni / mto ma slebs / sha rtshi
(31) gda' / ma mnabs / rjes bkur ni ngo myi 'to / rtas bkur ni / 'brag myi ring / gzha
(32) ring tung gyi bar du / se mo ni / rgyand du lus / gru bzhi ni / rgyandu lus / mdzad / ltad mo
(33) ni / myis blta / gad mo ni / myis bgad / pa dur gshen rma da nas / gshin lam mar ba yang /
(34) bstand gshin sgrog / mar ba ni gri yu rings gyis / brams / pa ngag gshen ngag tshig gsuM
(35) la ni / gshin la gong gsum / ma rgald / gshin yul / mar ba ma bgrod / ches byas / na /
(36) sne'u kyad kyud / gyang / snying ma bdun gyi laM / drang bu sag sig gyang snying ma bdun gyi lam
(37) chab bu chal chol gyang / snying ma bdun gyi lam / rab gshin rab ma rgald la gshin la / yang /
(38) ma rgald / se mo na lus gis / myed / spro ma kyed gyang / ser gang 'ge ltar / se mo bgrod nongs
(39) gru bzhi bgrod nongs / shing / se mo na / lus sa re / gru bzhi na lus sa re / / / chab gyi ya
(40) bgo na / myi rab 'greng ru cho zhag / kab dang dbyal / btshald pa / chab gyi ma bzhug
(41) na / 'gyam mo tshe 'i bu mo / 'gyam za ting gug / chig kab dang gdar du blangs / na pra ma ni / bdud /
(42) gyis bgyis / bkyon ni / pyva / bkyonte / myi rab 'greng / ru cho / 'ban te ni grongs gyis myed
(43) stug ste ni rlag / gis / myed / rno ste ni / chagis / myed / myi myi shi 'i yul / na myi shis myed /
(44) ba myi rlag gi yul na ba rlag gis myed / 'pan gyi bu grongs na / gso ru / bon ma mcis /
(45) krung krung ni sngo rdol na / brdung du / bgar ma 'tshald / rje grongs gyis myed / g.yu grugs
(46) gyis myed myi / smon nI smon du / ma rung mtshe gzugs gzugsu ma tsugs na do ma snying dangs
(47) gI / mying ba ni lcags te ku ku dmag rab gyi rta poni zangs te / pyo pyo gnam gyi pa mta dgung
(48) gi pa 'brum / na / bu nI lha'i / bu tsa / nI srin gyi tsa ste bon / gshin gshen drag cig dur shen rma
(49) / da na glan shen dril bu lde'ushen / rmun bu bon gshin gsas / drag gis gto bgyis dpyad
(50) bgyIs pa shId bgyi rmang tsugs shIg [cha?] gar ni ce ru rtsigs shIg bas la ni rgyal sgo
(51) shig lung na ni se bchaste / se gru / bzhi la shing tang bzhi btsugs / bya / kyi bzhI spord cig bzang
(52) se la ni sord cig / mgyogs dgyusu nond / cig bzang se la / sard na pur ke mur ke gnyis /
(53) gtsos gyi nI snying khab dang / rma bzang ni chab ma dmyig bzang se la sard na dar ca / 'om bu / se la /
(54) sardo mgyogs / / dgyusu brgyugs na / lcags te khu khu dang zangs te pyo pyo pon kar skyes
(55) 'dab rgyan ka rtse dang / mgyogs dkyusu nI brgyugs shed bzhi ni gnaM las bgye smra / bzhI ni sa la
(56) bkod thugs shul ni dga' brang du thugs sbra / ni / dkar mo pub rtan byang rtan khod mo ni bkod se 'brum
(57) bzhI 'i nang du lcags te ku ku dang zangs te ni pyo pyo gnyis gya ma za tIng ni dme gos nag po ni skul
(58) / mnabs / pyag na dar gyi pag tse ni snams srab mda' sha / brIng mnyen mo / ni bzung thugs dang / cad gyis / ni
(59) gnyen 'dun gI zhal myi 'tsold gyis / bstand pa ngag tsIg suM ni rgar / mnyend / dro / dpyid / nyi ring po ni nub
(60) du 'jugs ste snyan drung ni sil bond / spu drung ni / tems bzhag thugs rum du thems bzhag
(61) pa dur shen rma da chan dang / gshen rabs rab myi bo dang skar shen / the'u bzhug dang pyugs spo ma nye du khyed gyang
(62) grongs rje grongs gis myed grugs g.yu grugs gis myed 'pan gI ni bu grongso khrung khru ni sgong rtold /
(63) rno'i ni gzhu chag gis pyi sgo ni gzigs shig ra skrom lug sgrom gyis ni bsgroms gshin /
(64) sgrom mar bar ni bcug ste mto la 'ang myi 'da' dma' rab gyang myi 'bog go pa dur shen rma da na dang
(65) gshen / rab myi / bo gnyis gyis / se mo ni bgrod legs te gru bzhi ni bgrod legs te rje gral nI mto
(66) yang slebs sha rtsi nI gda' yang / mnabs / da rung ni da cung / du bshos gyi ni / lha sa na ma grongs ni bshos
(67) gyi tabs / so / / / $ / lhe'u yang ka' rje'i rabso / / / gna' kar / ga la gzhe dgu ga la / /
(68) skyin dang ma bab gyi ba snga na gnam gyi ya' bla na / dgung gI ya stengs na' / 'gon tsun phyva zhig khab dang /
(69) dbyal ma mcis kab dang dbyal btsald pa / bdud rje btsan tog skyold gyi sras mo tang nga bdud mo tang
(70) zhIg kab dang / dbyal du blangs te bshos tang / nams / gyi sras / bu po ru / byung / sras dral du bltam bu'i mying
(71) btags / sras gI mtsan btags pa / lhe'u yang ka rje ni lha dard btsan myi mags sgog tog ni
(72) g.ya myi mkas btsan ni 'dran 'tor mkyogs ni dkyus tsol zhang dang chab gang sdos / zhang
(73) bdud dang chab gang bsdos bdud dang yang bslogs / mnard ni zhang bdud gIs mnarde lhe'u yang
(74) ka rje gnam las / ni bdud bcad sa las ni sri langste grongs gyis / myed sang gI nam nangs / dgung
(75) sangs / na' pa / yab gyis bltas te gzis / 'gon tsun pyvas / bltas / te / gzIgs pa na / bu / ma bzhengs sras
(76) ma / bzhengs / gyis myed pha / yab gI zhal nas 'gon tsun pyva'i zhal nas bu ci la thugs chad cI la
(77) 'brang 'old mto mkar bzhed na bzhes te bzhud dma' yul bzhed na bzhes / te / bzhud ces bgyis na
(78) bu ma / bzhengs sras / ma bzhengso 'o na / btsan / khol / pa / bcu dang pyugs bdag / sna dgu / bzhed / daM
(79) lung dags [bo?] mco dgu na ra lug mying srIng / bzhed / na bzhes shes bgyis gyang bu ma bzhengs
(80) gIs myed / 'o na 'gon btsun / pyvas / bltas te gzigs / na spyan / bltas / na mcing / bas sngo sha / bltas gyis
(81) dar / bas dkar 'gon tsun / pyva las / bon / bkhas gsas drag myede bu lhe'u yang ka rje ni pang du blangs
(82) te zhag gsuM / du bskyed gyang bu myi mtsag snar gyang sladu / grongs / gis myed bla za 'o 'bos / gyang
(83) sla du grongs spyan bye / 'ang / sladu grongs / gyis myed / pa yab gi zhal / nas / 'gon tsun pyva'i
(84) zhal nas btsan rgyal kha ba mgyogs dkyus tsol ba / zhang dang cab gang bstos bdud /
(85) dang bang / byal bslags gis / zhang / bdud gyis / bgrongs / na / myi shi ba 'di gso na sos / sam
(86) myi sos / gor / gam ba 'di / sbyar na 'byord taM myi / 'byor ches / gnam / gyi / pha mta' / dgung
(87) gi / pa 'brum / na / bu ni lha / 'i / bu' / tsa ni / srin gyi tsha' / bon gshin / gshen drag / chig / yod / na /
(88) de gnyar te' / mgon tshun phyva' / dang gnyis / gyis / gto bgyis / dphyad bgyiste' / myi / shi / ba
(89) ni / gsor myi sos / gor gam ba ni / myi 'byor gyis / mdad shid cher gtang cha gar cher brtsig ches /
(90) bgyiste / da' chibs do / gnyigs / grar btshud / na / phu dang bgyogs / tang / nu yid mgyogs / grar
(91) btshud / da' re shig re shig na / sa ma bi' / tog / na drang nga dbyen brgyad gyi nang na che bzhi zhig
(92) shag rag bgyiste / mna' bchad mtho bchad / nya ce yor rmang sram che dang dngul / bya che' lchogs /
(93) mo wa che spyang ldom / dang bzhi' / sha rag / mna mtho bchad nas / sram che' / dang dngul gis /
(94) shag rag / mna' / zos / ma bu dug 'tungste / nya che yor mang / wa che' / sbyang / ldom gis / shag
(95) rag mna zoste / nya che yor mang gi / sha la ni za / grag ni 'tung zhing mchis / bya che lchogs mos
(96) nya che yor mang gi / ro' / mdab ma'i / gshog tog du / blangste / sphrind gyi go / bsald / gnam
(97) gyi / mthongs phye ste / gnam gong yang du / bor dgung gong yang du bor / nya che yor mang gi
(98) ro' / nang nas / wa che spyang ldom / byung ste / / mgon phyva'i do ma snying dags / tang mgyogs
(99) / yid mgyogs / gyi / bse 'i / cho rold / tang / byang gi / smyangs mtsherd 'choste chibs tang mgyogs
(100) / yid mgyogs / gnyis bros te / song mgon tshun / phyvas / bsnyags / na ni ma slebs / gzung du
(101) ni / ma zind / mtho la ru bros / gyang bsnyag du ma slebs / dma' rab tu bros / gyang bsnyag tu ma slebs /
(102) dbye che la / bsnyags / gyang ma zind / 'prang rub tu bros / gyang ma zind / re shig re shig na / gnam gyi / pa
(103) mtha' / dgung gi / pha 'bram na / g.yu' / yi pha bong / g.yag tsam shig mchis / g.yu'i / pha bong g.yag / tsham
(104) gyi / pha rold / na / g.yu'i / chu / myig / la / chu 'tung zhing mchis / g.yu'i chu myig gi / dngo ru / bse 'i / mang
(105) lag ni bres / lan tsha' / dgon / rtseg / gang zhig ni / gtor te bzhag / pu tang mgyogs tang nu yid
(106) mgyogs / gnyis / g.yu'i / chu myig tu / chu 'tung zhing / lan tsha dgo tsheg / gang la / ldag ching / gshegs / pa la / bse
(107) mang lag la togs / pu dang mgyogs / nu yid mgyogs / gnyis / sbreld / rgyang sbrel tu sbreld / nas / mang
(108) lag / gyer te byer / ri lung gnyisu / bsnyags gyang ma slebs / g.yu'i chu myig du do zind / do ma zind
(109) gser gi chu myig du do zind / do ma zind / dngul / gi chu myig / tu do zind / do ma zind / ra gan gyi / chu
(110) tu do zind do ma zind / khar ba'i / chu myig / lchags gyi chu zangs / gyi chu tu / do zind do ma zin / ri la
(111) bros te song dmu ri mtho la bros te song na / dmu rje rgya' / bdun gyis / ri kha' / khus / btabste dmu
(112) dbye che la / bkug dmu zhags / gsang gis / bzungste / 'brong gi / rdod sgrog gis brdod / bse'i / cho
(113) rol du ni bchug ste bzhag na / 'gon tshun / phyvas / srab mda' / nas ni / bzung ste / bshums mo rgyang
(114) gis / bshumste / nga'i / bu chig / chig / 'pan te grongs / sdug ste ni rla gis / myed / na / pu dang mgyogs
(115) / tang nu yid mgyogs gnyis / gyis / chab gang la ru bya 'am myi yang ba rab tu spogs sam
(116) myi spogs shes / bgyis / lan chen / kha'is / blangs / dug chen mchus 'tungs / pha mgon chun / pyvas
(117) khri de mkar lchags / mkar / rtshe dgu'i / nang du bchugste / / 'bras / gyi / lchang pa la / sand / nas /
(118) sngomo ngar pye' / [la?] ni / bsgams / bu ram nyug chu la ni / blud / glad la ru btags sna bya ru 'ong 'ong / 'on
(119) gshen drag / bu ni lha'i bu tsha ni srin gyi tsha' / myi bon / lha'i bon / rgya bon brim tang gis / rgyal tag brgyad
(120) / ni / gnam las / bre se gru bzhi ni / sa la / bchas / bas la ni / rgyal / bsgos / lung na ni / se bchaste' /
(121) gshin sde'u nyer bu ni brtshigs byang brtan kod mo ni bkod / shing tang bzhi' / ni btshugs / bya dgyi
(122) bzhi bzhi ni spard / mgyogs / gral du dngard / na / do ma snying dags / pon kar skyes / 'dab phu dang mgyoggs
(123) / nu yid mgyogs / gnyis / dral du dngard / mgyogs / pum puM ni dar gis / bchings / rnga ma ni slungs
(124) su bchug / gnyen gang gis / ni / blta' / bon gang gis / ni / bgyerd / mgon tshun / phyva'is / skyibs / lug
(125) mar ba la / gtade / / da di ring pa 'chadu skyibs / lug / mar ba la gta do / nga 'i / bu / 'pan te ni grongs / sdug
(126) ste ni rlag / na / grongs myi bdur na / gson / mgur pras / rlag myi btsal na / pyugi ra stongs / da' / pu
(127) dang mgyogs / tang / nu yid mgyogs / gnyis / mtho la rkal gyang myi phyugs / mnyam / du / skyibs lug
(128) mar bas / drongs shig / dma rab 'bog gyang myi phyugs myi phyugs / mnyam / du skyibs lug mar
(129) bas drong shig / da di ring pan chadu / pu dang mgyogs / dang nu yid mgyogs / dang lhe'u yang ka rje
(130) dang gsum / yang / bya rog gu'i / spu dang mtshungs / smug rum / na bo ro / skyibs lug / mar / bas /
(131) bgris / na / lhe'u yang kha rje' / pu dang mgyogs / nu yid mgyogs / gsuM yang
(132) / / / gnam / rim pha dgu'i / steng du btsan btshun lha' / dkos / na / bzhugs / gyang myi phyugs / mnyam / du
(133) dkos / na bzhugs / sha bri ltar / logs la / snar gyang myi pyugs / mnyam / du logs / la / snar / / / gna
(134) su la pan te bsod / na / lhe'u yang kha rje' / la / do ma / snying dags / pan te bsod / / / da di ring sang lta
(135) na / spo ma nye du / kyod / gyi / rje' / ni grongs / gis / myed / g.yu ni grugs gyis / myed rje grongs / na / ba
(136) grogs / lta' / ga la srid / g.yu grugs / na / myi sbyar lta / ga la srid / / da myi gshin pyiru / spo ma / nye du /
(137) pon kar / skyes 'dab / kyod / 'dong dgos / gyis / / da do mod / naM gang la / btams / pa ngag tshig / sum /
(138) ni rka nyon chig / dpyid nyi ring pa ni nub tu 'jug shig / snyan drung ni sil / bon do / spu drung du ni / tams
(139) bzha go / bsnan / drung ma rung / glan drung ma btagste / rna drung du sub ba re / kho re ye / lele / lam lum
(140) du / las sa re / sab sub tu / zho ma re / btams / pa ngag tshig sum / ni rkar gson / chig / dro dpyId nyi
(141) ring po / ni / nub tu 'jugs / na / mtshungs / tang ni mtsungs / gi / yul du / bzhu do / mnyam sa tang ni
(142) mnyams / gyi yul / du bzhu do / rje yid / gyis / ni / bsaMs / shing bzhu do / kol / dang gis ni mno / shing
(143) 'gro'o / ri dga' / ri / la / gshin / rtsi pang / phung / yul dga' / yul / na / chu gshin chu ni snga na / bzal bzu
(144) la / di ring pan / chadu / spo nye du' / kyod gyang rje bden gyis / bgol / na gle spar ka dod / gis / ka ngand / gyis
(145) kha ngand gyi / myI bza' / sga bden / gyis / bstad na / myi ngand / rgya ngand / kha ngan gyis / myi ngand / gzhu /
(146) ker / gis / myi 'pang / di ring pan chadu / do ma snying dags / kyo na / rnams / gyang skyibs lug mar
(147) ba la / gad de gtang / grva' / dpung mar la / gta de gtang / la / mtho rgal / myi phyugs / mnyam / du rgal
(148) gyang skhyibs / mar / bas / drongs / shig / dma' / rab 'bog / gyang / myi / pyugs mnyam / du / skyibs lug /
(149) mar bas / drong shig / / / mtho 'da' na / gong sreg / lta'r / rgol chig / dma' rab 'bog gyang
(150) bye ba lhum pa ltar myi phyugs / mnyam du / 'bog shig / / / di ring pan chadu / ngo shes / ni / bdag / lo
(151) nga shig / sna nar / rdzi gzod / chig / gzha ring / tung gi / do ma / snying dagso / stsang 'o bag / gi / pon
(152) kar skyes / 'dabo / do ma snying dags / pon kar / skyes 'dab / khyod / gyis / bkur na ni ri yang
(153) teg / bsnyag / na / ni bya yang slebs / / di ring pan cha du / mtho la / 'das / gyang myi phyugs / mnyaM / du
(154) 'daste / la mto'i ni gchan / pas de na yang pon kar skyes 'dab / gis / mgar ltar ni /
(155) chen chig / / / dma' / rab 'bog gyang myi pyugs / mnyam / du 'bog ste' / rab gyi ni gchan
(156) pas / der na do ma snying dags / gis / smra zam gi gru ltar / togs / shig / / / da / gshin yul /
(157) bre ma / dang / du / byon / na / rtsva' / dbyar / sngo / dgun / sngo yang sngu na mchis / chu / myig / grang grung yang
(158) sngu na / mchiso / rtsi gshin / sngo na / mchis / / 'bre das / drag / gis / dras ded / pa ni / dmag rabs
(159) gyi / rta po / slad nas / mchi'o / skyibs / lug / mar ba dang bgrogs / te deng shig / btsan btshu
(160) na / dang mtshungs / dgos / na bzhugs / gyang myi phyugs / mnyam / du bzhugs / sha bri ltar
(161) bas / la / snar / gyang myi pyugs mnyam bas la / snor chig / / myi dang rta la / bsnand / pa' / myi / rma bu
(162) mchin rgyal / 'di / myil myi grongs / gi yul / dga' / yul / byang rnamsna / dpan gyi ni bu chig / grongs
(163) bdag myi rlag gi yul / brla mo / chab kor / na / dbul / gyi / pa chi rla gis / myed / gson / che
(164) lo / brgya' ni / bra nga bsnyan la / dengs / grongs tshe bdu'n / 'bum ni / snam phyi gdub ltar / 'gor /
(165) te' / di ring slan chadu / skyin dang bab / gi 'og / tu / myi ngu / myi / gson / gshin /
(166) yul / myi / gchig / khyi pag / tsang myi gchig / di ring pan / chadu / 'jigs /
(167) yul du / don gnyar 'tshalo / sad khung du / zhing rmo 'tshalo / gnam
(168) pyir mda' / pang 'tsalo / gshin / yul du / tan bta' /
(169) {gshin yul du tan bta'} na tand gyi / gcas gyang ga la yod ches / spo ma tugs ma / gdung /
(170) shig / 'gro lam myed gyang lam 'par / 'tsalo / nang dro myed gyang dro btsal 'tsalo' / nub gyi / dgong
(171) na dgongs / 'phral la btsal 'tshalo / shi ste myi sos / na / zhang pho bdud / bgyonde / phyva'i / ni / sras / bgrongs
(172) so / gshin yul du / gshin yul du tan / bta' na tan gyi gchas / tan gyi gchass myed pa
(173) sdang ma yar mos / bu yar mo la / gshin yul / du / tand bta' / ba'i / gchas / myedo / / di ring slan chadu
(174) / gshin yul nas / slar 'gor pa'i / myi mye do / / di ring sang lta' / na / 'greng myi yi bu bskyed
(175) bskyed na / ta ma / sa'i / 'og / du 'das / gyis / myedo / mgyogs gyi bu bskyed bskyed
(176) ta ma gchor du / 'daso / bzang rnab rnab na ta ma zhugs tog / dmar la zheno / mgyogs breng breng
(177) na / gor tog slum gyi ya bo / / gda' bskyed bskyed na / ta ma chur 'daso / gna' / pa myes / ched pho / chu
(178) gang yang ba / di rIng / sang lta na / bu tsha gzhon / gyi bdud / di ring pan chadu / dro gdugs las / gyang 'pago
(179) / sdug / bu las gyang 'pango dro ma las / gyang 'pango / rtsi gson rtsi spang rtshi spur bu las gyang 'pango
(180) rtsi gzhin / rtsi phyab ma dang mtshun rtsi yung brang dang yang mjaldo / lha lug ngo / mar dang / phyugs /
(181) la / snyer bzhon las gyang 'phango' / / yul / gson / yul / ngar 'gams / na / gshin gshin /
(182) yul brem dang na / 'bras gi lchang pa dbyar sngo dgun / sngo' / dang mjaldo / yul gshin / yul
(183) / na / byang skyogs / dung skyogs / gyi / nang du chang blugs / pa gshin yul / 'brem dang / ri ro sgam
(184) la / chab myig rngo bzangs / chang bas / zhim / snyan / dar snyan / chig rgyang / ring du ma gsand
(185) chig / spyan spug spyan ni / rgyang ring du ma gzigs / shig / gor zad ni shing dengs / te / do ma snying
(186) dags / gyi rmyig pa lchags / rmyig bzhi' / mar rtsed phying nu ganggi / rtshed pying / yang
(187) ba'i / rtsed pying / gshin yul / na / mdo ro dar bas / 'jaM / mo / myi me'u / gnyen / gyis / nas
(188) nas rtshed nas / bon pa ni / gshin / yul 'brem / dang na / gram bu [---] [cal?] ruM na bye ma gnub bas 'jam mo /
(189) di rIng phan cad du se mo ye le ye' re gnag thibse thibs se / bye'u phu ru ru rgya bya gang
(190) ka tsIg cig pu ru ru 'gro lam myed de brag la / lam tshol ba skyIbs lug / grva dbung
(191) mar rbas brag 'dra'o dphung pas ri 'phulo / mtsho rab myeng la rab / /
(192) 'dod pa pyo pyo rgyal te pyagso / spo ma nye du khyod snga grin ni / / gshin yul
(193) 'brem dang na phyugs gson gshin myi gson gshin gnyis / rje gollo / skhyibs
(194) / lug / mar ba khyod / pa myed gyi pa'o / ma myed gyi ma rtsi kham gyis / stsan gyang
(195) myi khyod gyis son chig / chu rngubs gyis / glud gyang myi khyod gyis / lud chig / / / /
(196) $ /:/ da' / la dang dgos gyi mying ba ni / bki'u la' / zegs spangs / shig / spang chig / pa
(197) ru 'das na / gtshos dgo bre nge breng / sha rgyang ram ma rem / san kar skya bo zhig / gnam
(198) ru za nge zang lam gyi g.yon rold / na / go su sgong rum gyond / brtsedu / sbrang bus
(199) brtsed / laM gyi g.yon rol na / go su tshem bu gyond / za su / pye mar za' / lasu /
(200) nun lug 'tsho' / lam gyi g.yas rold na / gosu ra byard gyond / zasu / ldum
(201) tog za' / rogsu / brag chas / bsgrogs / nyon mongs / sdug pa'i yul / lam gyi
(202) g.yon rold na gosu dka ru gyond / zasu dkaru za' / bsnyod ni / sbrang bus /
(203) bsnyon / dgo re gas / bsnyod / yul / gshin yul / na / [glan?] ba'i myi mye do skyibs lug
(204) mar bas glan ba'i rtsi yang bya' / nun lug gis / ma byas na / nang dro myed gyi
(205) yul / na / dro yod / nub dgongs myed gyi yul / dgongs / gyang yod / dbyar sngo dgun du
(206) sngo ste' / dga dang skyid pa'i / yul / smra shug rbum pho dbyar sngo dgun du sngo / ste snam [ral?]
(207) de ru khol chig / mching gi na dra' / sngon mo la / chibs / gyi' / pangs / rdod ni / de ru /
(208) rdod chig / bgre'u / 'i / ra ma pa mchis tang ra ma pa 'i btshasu / tshe'u sug / ya chig
(209) dang tshil re bo dar chig / 'ond chig / po brang ni g.yon tu rtibs shig / zhugs / tab ni / /
(210) g.yasu glings shig / skyibs lug mar ba'i / 'ba 'ba' / tabsum la / rje yengste ma bzhugs /
(211) shig / pyugs / spho ma nye du / do ma snying dags khyed gyang mching gi na dra sngon
(212) mo la / yengs / ste ma 'dug shig / / / / de ste phan chadu gnam dang sa' / 'dabs
(213) te / khrigse khrigs / bye'u khugsta song na 'ju gi mtha' za reg / bye'u skegs
(214) song na 'jugi drung za reg myi bdag 'ongs / gyis / sgo bye zhes gsung
(215) ste spu mtshal / nyag chig / btshasu bor te' myi bzangs ni 'dzuld te gshegs
(216) shig / rta bzangs / ni / mdur te gsheg shig / khyi bzangs dom bzangs ni / 'dral te
(217) gsheg shig / ba bri ni / g.yab gyis / tob shig / de ste pan cha du / bye ma nab nub gyang /
(218) snying ma bdun gyi lam / dga' / la / chig / pyur zhes / 'das / na / la'i / mying ba ni dro la / pam
(219) phum / spang chig pa ru snar / sha rgyang brenge breng gtsos dgo raM ma rem / san kar skya bo / zhig
(220) / gnam du za nge zang / lam gyi g.yon rold na / skyes po brgya' / zhig / mda' / rngal / 'pong
(221) rtsold te' / gosu dkaru gyond pyugsu dkaru btog dga' dang skyid pa'i / yul / sha ste
(222) ma bdur pha' / rlag / ste ma btshald / pa / mchen dmar / gri ma dmard pha / ba gar ba ma / bzhus
(223) te' / rtshi pyur lta' / zhing / nam gyi / 'on la rku' / yul / su'i / yul / zhes / bgyisna /
(224) myi btshun driru / grongs / pa'i / yul te' / nyon mos sdug pa'i / yul / lam gyi g.yon
(225) rold / na / gser / gi / lchang brang ser mo la / 'bang sga de ru khold chig / mching gi / na /
(226) dra' / sngon mo la / 'pangs rdod de ru rtod chig / dri gi / ra ma / pa mchis / tang btsasu' / tshil
(227) / re bo dar chig / tang ne'u sug ya chig / bon chig / dbyar sngo dgun du sngo ste de na
(228) dgyes dgyes / lta' ste / gzha ring tung gi yul / ma lags / gyis / de na ma bzhugs
(229) shig / pho brang ni g.yon / tu rtib shig / zhugs thab ni / g.yasu glings / shig
(230) skyibs lug / mar ba'i / 'ba' / 'ba tabs sum la / rje yengste ma bzhugs / zhig
(231) do ma snying dags / khyed gyang mching gi na / dra sngon mo / la / yengste ma bzhugs shig /
(232) de ste pan chadu gnam dang gangs 'tabs te khrigse / khrigs / bye'u khug sta'
(233) song na 'ju gi mtha za reg / bye'u sgeg sa song na / mjugi drung za reg / spu mtshal
(234) nyag chig / dang / tshil / re bo dar chig / dang ne'u sug / ya / chig / tang / la / btsasu /
(235) bonde / myi bzangs / ni / 'dzulte gsheg shig / rta bzangs ni mdur te gshegs shig
(236) rol / bzangs / ni / 'band te gshegs / shig / khyi bzangs / dom / bzangs / ni / 'dral / te gshegs
(237) shig / ba bri ni / g.yab gyis / tob shig / de sde pan chadu gram bu gseg ma / yang snying ma
(238) bdun gyi lam / de ste pan chadu / / la / chig paru 'das / na la'i / mying ba ni bgra la
(239) ljod mo / lags / bkra la chaljod mo ni / sphang chig pa ru snard / sha rgyang bre nge breng /
(240) gtsos / dgo re me rem / san kar skya bo zhig gnaM du zange zang / rgan / phyi gnyis / shig
(241) tu sro 'drab / dbyar sngo dgun sngo dgun du sngo / ste' / lam gyi g.yas / rold / na / myi
(242) rgan gnyis shig / rgan te ni / bkhra ma / mchod / yul de za su ni ldum tog za' / gosu
(243) ni / sna lham gyond / shing [du?] ni ma gal shing / 'bud / lam gyi ni g.yon rold / na / rgani phyi
(244) rgas / te' / bkra' / ru ni ma mchod gyis / nyi ma ni nub tu 'jugs / lasu ni glu dang bro
(245) chu bchus / ni chang du rung myi bkra ma mchis pa'i / yul / te smra shug ni rmum / po
(246) zhig dbyar sngo ni dgun du sngo / snam ral / ni / rte ru khold / chig / mching gi / na
(247) dra ni sngon mo ni / dbyar sngo ni / dgun gyang sngo' / pangs rdod ni de' / ru / rtod / chig / bkra'i /
(248) ra ma pa mchis / tang ne'u sug ya chig tang tshil re bo dar chig / 'on chig
(249) skyibs / lug / mar ba'i 'ba' 'ba tabs sum la / rje yengs ste ma bzhugs
(250) shig pyugs do ma snying dags / gyang mching gi na dra sngon mo la yengste ma /
(251) bzhugs shig / po brang ni g.yon tu rtib shig / zhugs tab ni g.yasu glings
(252) shig / de ste pa 'chadu gnam dang g.ya' / 'tabs khrigs / bye'u khug
(253) sta' / song na / mju gi mtha za reg / bye'u sgeg sa song na / mjugi drung
(254) za reg / de ste pan chadu dga' / la / chig phyur zhes 'dasna la de'i mying ba ni myi btshun
(255) sman du grongs pa'i la ste' / dga' / la chig pyur zhes 'das la de'i
(256) mying ba ni / skyes dard na grongs / pa'i / la / ste' / la chig pa ru rgald / spang
(257) chig pa ru snard / sha rgyang re me rem / gtshos / dgo' / bre nge breng / san kar
(258) skya bo gnam du za nge zang la chig pa ru 'das / spang chig pha ru snard / skyes /
(259) lam rlag / pa'i / yul / te' / lam gyi / g.yas rold / na bu lon khungs / ma
(260) kerd khram bu khur togs / pa'i yul / te' / lam gyi g.yon rold / na myi la /
(261) ngan ma byas / dud dgus / ni / bskyald 'dreng dgus ni bsnyod go su ni / nyi ma
(262) dro gser gyi / lchang brang ser / mo' / la / snam / ral de' ru khol chig chibs / gyi
(263) rtod sani mthing gi / na dra' sngon mo / la / rtod chig / pho ni g.yon tu rtib shig / zhugs
(264) tab ni g.yasu gling zhig de ste pan chadu / gnam dang brag 'dab khrigse krigs /
(265) bye'u gug sta song na mju gi mtha za reg / bye'u sgeg sa / song na mjug gi
(266) drung za reg / myi bzangs ni 'dzul te gshegs rta bzangs / ni mdurd te gshegs de ste
(267) pan chadu / shing khung rab rib gyang snying ma bdun gyi lam / dag la chig / phyur zhes 'dasna /
(268) dmag rta ma bsad pa / 'i / la ste' / la chig pa ru 'das / spang chig pa ru snar dmag rta khungs / nas
(269) pyung na lug lags bu gchig la / sga [stan?] de ru kold pa'i la ste' / lam / gyi / g.yas / rold
(270) na dmag gi rta ma bsad pha'i yul te' / sga stan khur du kyer ba'i yul / lam / gyi / g.yon / rold
(271) na / dmag rta khungs nas / phyung na / sga stan / g.yasu kold / lam gyi g.yas rold na / dmagi rta ba ru
(272) srin rte 'u khrid na srin myig slad lhenge lheng / srin skad tong tong / sga stan tang la / brul / ba'i /
(273) yul / lam gyi g.yon rold na / snga brin ded pha / do ma snying dags / 'bred / sa ded / pha / dmag / rab gi
(274) rta pho / gser gyi / lchang brang / ser mo la / snam ral / khol / chig mching gi na dra sngon mo la
(275) chibs deru rtod chig / ra ma / pha / 'i / btsasu / ne'u sug / ya chig / tang
(276) tshil / re bo / dar chig / 'on / chig / [---]
(277) de ste pan chadu chab brag 'dabste khrigse khrigs de ste pan chadu pa bong khral / khrol / gyang snyi
(278) ma / bdun gyi / lam / sring gi ba ma bsad pa 'i / la / ste' / dga' / la / chig pa 'das / na / sring ba khungs
(279) nas / pyung na / lugu lags / bu / gyang zo ba 'gul du togs / pa'i / yul / te / lam gyi /
(280) g.yas / rold / na / sring gi ba' / ma bsad pa / 'i / yul / te bsgrogs na sring ra rgya mos
(281) bsgrogste zasu / dbyar gyi ldum tog za' / lam g.yon / rol na / sring gi mtsho mo gungs
(282) nas / pyin na mu shu gnyan gyi' / 'bri brgya' / 'jo / ba bsab gchig / zhoru btam / lam gyi
(283) g.yas rol na sring bam bsad na / 'bri brgya' / 'pral / la / ded gyang zo stong mgul
(284) du togs / lam gyi g.yon rol / na / glang ma she'u glang / ma drung na sring gug sham
(285) za / tog / myi gnyen / shi na ba skya' / 'bring ting / ru sgrub byin / ba nang bzhos / pri nub
(286) bthung / bal nang bald / na / gos / nub bgoba'i / yul / te / ba dang myi gnyis / 'grogste
(287) dga' / dang skyid pa'i yu lo / smra shug rbum pho zhig / dbyar sngo dgun [*sngo] / ste' / snam / de
(288) ral de ru khol chig / de ste pa 'chadu / bdags tang sribs 'tabste / khrigse / khrigs
(289) / de ste pha 'chadu brag / dbye chu dgu yang snying ma bdun gyi lam / dga' la chig
(290) zhes 'das / na tsha lob khungs nas pyin / na / sru mo mnyes / gshIn mas / sha mo pubs
(291) shig / ri 'i sho ma mdab chig / pub ching gyong 'dug shig / lam gyi g.yas / rold na
(292) tsha' lob myed tang na / gos / brgya' / prugsu gtang la / bzard gyang / sdig tang pruM phrum
(293) ji / dang / yeng yeng gi yul laM gI g.yon rold na tsa lob khungs nas pyind na pur / kemur
(294) ke'is bkab pa sa khyim dgu / bas dro dbyard / sla sum la / re bo prugs suM bas
(295) gyang 'pru rji mas langs gi sgyabso dga' dang / skyid pa'i yul dbyard sngo dgun du
(296) sngo nang gI dro phog shig nub gI dgongs / phog shig / ra ma / pha'i / btshasu tse'u sug yacig
(297) dang / tsil / re bo dar cig byin cig / / / / /
Source Colophon
Old Tibetan manuscript. Pelliot tibétain 1134, recto. 297 lines. Sealed cave library at Dunhuang (Cave 17, Mogao Grottoes, Gansu Province, China). Now held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Transcription from the Old Tibetan Documents Online (OTDO) database, maintained by the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. OTDO URL: https://otdo.aa-ken.jp/archives?p=Pt_1134. The OTDO transcription includes critical apparatus (variant readings in tooltip annotations) and standardized transliteration of the Old Tibetan Wylie. Accessed April 2026.
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