The Fisher

Chapter thirty-six of the Mandaean Book of John. Where Chapter 35 was cosmic allegory — Meryey as a vine at the Euphrates, with birds nesting and eagles descending — Chapter 36 shifts register entirely. A new voice speaks: the celestial fisher. He is not a vine that grows. He is a hunter who moves.

The fisher declares himself in vocational terms: he knows the marshes, the inner trails, the netting-places. His vessel does not cleave the water. His spear is a rod of living water. Three celestial figures attend him — Hibel, Shitel, and Ennosh, major figures in Mandaean cosmology. The chapter then unfolds as an extended parable of the fish-market: worldly fishers hawk rotten merchandise with broken scales and crooked dealings, reproaching each other and cursing. The celestial fisher takes up a lyre and routs them utterly — binding them, burning their dragnets, trapping them in marshes of deceit. When the defeated fishers beg to serve him, he reveals his true identity: "I am a fisher of the souls who bear witness to Life."

The Fisher chapter is the Mandaean community's self-portrait as a living religion distinguishing itself from false teachers. The worldly fishers with their rotten wares are the religious merchants — those who traffic in corrupted salvation. The celestial fisher's silent vessel, his rod of living water, and his promise to dress the poor in splendid garments are the hallmarks of the true faith. The chapter closes with one of the Book of John's most powerful declarations: the fisher will clothe his disciples in light and rise with them, while the Seven — the planetary archons — remain behind in darkness.

In the name of the Great Life,
may the sublime light be magnified!

A fisher am I,
a fisher chosen from among fishers!
A fisher am I, chosen from among fishers,
and the head of all trappers.

I know the marshes;
I know their inner paths and mounds.
I know the netting-places and the reed-beds,
and I enter every trap,
ranging through the marsh in darkness —
my vessel does not cleave them, and I am not caught.

5 By night I watch the fish upon the shoal.
I set out on the way
in a crescent skiff not wrought of iron.
I covered the eminence
of the one who was our enemy.
I cleared the wrack
that blocked the path of life.

A crown is set upon my head,
in whose shade the fish take rest.
10 The spear in my hand is a wand,
chosen in its place —
a rod of living water
at which the fishers see and tremble.
I sit in a splendid vessel
and come to the mortal earth.
I come by the source of the waters.
I go through the source of the waters
and the source of the streams.
I glide, at a calm and steady pace.

15 The waters are not stirred by my vessel,
and its sound is not heard.
Before me stands Hibel.
At my side is seen Shitel,
whose name is sweet, near to me.
Facing me, Ennosh sits and teaches.
They say,
"Our father, the good fisher!
Our supreme fisher, whose name is lovely!"

20 Near our vessel
I hear the clamour of fishers —
fishers eating fish —
and their foul reek rises to me.
The sound of the fishers and their traders,
who reproach one another and curse.

One confronts his partner
and says to the fisher,
"Sell your own fish — they are rotten,
and no one buys from me!
25 You caught them in the deep sea,
so that the loss fell upon the buyer!"

The fisher speaks and makes himself heard,
making the man, his buyer, listen:
"Curse upon you, and curse upon your bell,
and curse upon your worthless vessel!
You are the one who brought no salt
to set upon the fish you buy,
so that your fish do not reek in your casket —
yet you sell them at a great price!

30 You brought no flour and no dates;
you brought no salt and no thyme!
When you come empty-handed,
no one of good substance will join you.
Scram! Get lost, crook,
who will not buy from us
but does trade with broken scales —
which you hold and brace with your elbow
for your crooked dealings,
taking ten for the price of five!

35 Your trade bustles here,
but it shall be as though it never was.
You shall groan in oblivion,
but those you did not reckon fairly shall rejoice."

When the master of the fishers heard this —
the leader of the living generation,
the prince of all trappers —
he said to the helmsman:
"Come, bring me a lyre,
40 that I may sound it through the marsh
and rouse the fish of the deep,
and put to flight the bird of prey
that is a torment to the fish!

I shall seize the great shoebill
and break its wing on the spot!
I shall take it from him
and dust the inside of my lyre!
The lyre is unyielding,
for water does not mix with pitch."

45 The fishers who heard the sound —
their legs turned to water.
One cries to his companion
and says, "Go to your hide,
for the sound of the fisher —
the fisher who does not trap fish!
His voice does not resemble a fisher's,
nor does his lyre resemble our lyre,
nor does his voice resemble our voice,
nor does his speech resemble this world's!"

50 While the fishers stood in their hides,
the fishers took no care to begin thinking.
The fisher swiftly overwhelmed them,
cast his net extending over them,
and surrounded them in the marsh pools.
He bound them in knots.
They say to him,
"Release us from our fetters,
that your fish do not leap into our vessels!
55 We shall not catch those
who speak your name!"

When the fishers said this to me,
I struck them with an iron mace.
I tied up their merchant —
a robber who disclaims what they give him.
I bound them in palm-fibre cords
and ruined their ships on the water.

I burned their entire dragnet
60 and the snare that binds dragnets together.
I set traps on them
and dragged them behind my stern.
I made them swear and took their secrets,
that they would not take the good fish.
They shall not steal from me,
bind to a reed, hoist up, cut up,
or beat the traps of fish and leaves.
I made them swear that they would not
stand and dip nets or leave a spear in the Jordan,
65 nor stand on dry land
and take captives in the marshes.
They shall neither cast nets
nor take traps and leaves.
I told them they would eat cauldrons
of the fish they call "the eel."
They shall eat the catfish and the spider-crab,
and catch whatever rises on its passage —
those they bound with cord upon cord,
fastened with needle and thread.

70 I have trapped them in the marshes of deceit,
and if they leave they shall be trapped.
They do not drink the waters of the Eulaeus,
nor do they know the way to the fathomless river.
I have trapped them in their ships
and cast my towline to the good.

I say to them,
"Set your raft here —
it shall not rest on the shoal."
75 When the head of the trappers said this,
the fishers spoke to him:
"Blessed are you, fisher,
and blessed your vessel and your chariot!
How beautiful is this throw-net of yours!
How beautiful the mesh within it!
How beautiful your cables and your bonds —
you are not like the fishers of the world.
There are no weights in your mesh,
and your spear does not catch fish.

80 Tell us whence you came,
that we may work for you.
We shall bake and make porridge
and set it before you.
Eat — and the morsel that falls from your hand,
we shall eat and be sated."

To them I say,
"You filth-eating fishers!
I am no helper to those who catch fish,
85 and I was not summoned
to be one who feeds on filth!

I am a fisher of the souls
who bear witness to Life.
I am a fisher who calls to the poor,
gathers them, and gives them hope —
who calls them and tells them,
'Come, gather by my side' —
90 who tells them,
'If you come, wanderers,
you shall be saved from the birds of prey.

I shall save my friends,
raise them up, set them in my vessel,
clothe them in splendid garments,
and cover them in precious light.

95 I shall guide them with a crown of air,
and with the crown of the Great upon their heads.
They shall sit in thrones
and shine forth with precious light.

I shall take them and rise,
and you, the Seven, shall stay.
The fate of filth and scum
shall be your fate.
The day of light shall rise,
and the darkness shall return to its place.
I and my disciples shall rise,
and we shall see light's place.

Life speaks and triumphs,
100 and the one who went here triumphs!

Colophon

Good Works Translation from Classical Mandaic (Eastern Aramaic). Translated by the New Tianmu Anglican Church from the critical edition of Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020), accessed via Internet Archive under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

The English translation was independently derived from the Classical Mandaic source text. Haberl & McGrath's English translation was consulted as a reference to verify readings in ambiguous passages, but the English above is the translator's own rendering. Significant departures from the reference translation are documented below and in the expeditionary tulku's Last Breath file.

Key departures from reference: (1) "cleave" for "cut" — preserving nautical register for the Mandaic verb; (2) "crown" for "helm" — klidana carries both senses; "crown" conveys the fisher's divine authority; (3) "rod of living water" for "staff of pure water" — the Mandaic margana d-mia hiyya specifies "living water," the central Mandaean theological term, not merely "pure"; (4) "glide" for "come smoothly" — single verb capturing silent motion; (5) "clamour" for "commotion" — sharper rendering of the market chaos; (6) "foul reek" for "putrid stench" — more visceral; (7) "curse upon you" for "damn you" — preserving formal register of the Mandaic litba; (8) "turned to water" for "turned to jelly" — the Mandaic literally says hwila mia, "became water"; (9) "hide" for "blind" — the concealment-place of the fishers; (10) "bird of prey" for "crafty bird" — the Mandaic suggests predatory function, not merely cunning; (11) "unyielding" for "durable" — the lyre that resists destruction; (12) "filth-eating" for "scum-sucking" — closer to the Mandaic zuhma saripa; (13) "summoned" for "called forth" — stronger divine agency; (14) "crown of the Great" for "one of the Great" — clarifying klidana d-rba as a crown; (15) "stirred" for "tossed" — the vessel's silence; (16) "wrack" for "flotsam" — archaic nautical register.

Chapter 36 is the Fisher chapter — one of the Book of John's most sustained allegorical sequences. The celestial fisher is a divine emissary who moves through the worldly fish-market (the corrupted religious landscape) and routs its merchants. The chapter's central revelation — "I am a fisher of the souls who bear witness to Life" — is the Mandaean community's self-understanding: they are the poor whom the true fisher calls, not the traders who traffic in rotten wares. First English translation published online by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

🌲

Source Text: The Book of John — Chapter 36

Classical Mandaic source text from Haberl & McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John (2020), Chapter 36. Extracted from the critical edition PDF via PyMuPDF. Couplet order corrected from extraction artifact (PyMuPDF reverses paired lines; the w- prefix on continuation lines confirms correct sequence). Presented for reference and verification.

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ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡒࡀࡁࡉࡋ ࡌࡍ ࡄࡀࡁࡓࡇ
ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡉࡕ ࡖࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉ ࡆࡀࡁࡉࡍࡍ
ࡆࡀࡁࡇࡍ ࡋࡅࡍࡀࡍࡊ ࡎࡀࡓࡉࡉࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ25
ࡖࡄࡅࡎࡓࡀࡀࡍ ࡌࡉࡈࡉࡇ ࡋࡆࡀࡁࡇࡍ
ࡀࡋࡂࡉࡈࡕࡇ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡌࡀࡋࡇ ࡋࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡆࡀࡁࡇࡍ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡌࡀ
ࡅࡋࡉࡈࡀ ࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ ࡖࡋࡀࡌࡀࡋࡉࡀ
ࡋࡉࡈࡉࡕ ࡅࡋࡉࡈࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡂࡍࡀࡊ
ࡅࡋࡀࡔࡃࡉࡕ ࡁࡅࡍࡀࡍࡊ ࡖࡆࡀࡁࡉࡍࡕ
ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡋࡀࡉࡕࡉࡕ ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ
ࡅࡌࡆࡀࡁࡉࡍࡕ ࡁࡉࡃࡌࡉࡀ ࡀࡊࡃࡓࡉࡀ
ࡖࡋࡀࡎࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡀࡓࡃࡁࡀࡊ 30
ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡕࡉࡕ ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ ࡀࡑࡕࡓࡉࡀ
ࡕࡅࡌ ࡒࡀࡄࡌࡀ ࡅࡕࡅࡌࡓࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡉࡕࡉࡕ
ࡋࡀࡋࡅࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡈࡀࡁࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡀࡕࡉࡕ ࡁࡉࡎࡓࡀࡒ ‖ ࡏࡃࡀࡊ
[146]
ࡖࡋࡀࡆࡀࡁࡉࡍࡕ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉࡀࡍ
ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡏࡅࡋࡀࡀࡍ
ࡖࡋࡀࡆࡅࡀࡀࡍࡊ ࡖࡏࡅࡋࡀ ࡋࡂࡉࡈࡀࡕࡋࡇ
ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡂࡍࡓࡉࡕ ࡁࡌࡅࡆࡀࡉࡍࡀࡊ ࡋࡑࡉࡀࡐ
ࡅࡋࡀࡎࡓࡀ ࡁࡄࡀࡌࡔࡀ ࡀࡍࡎࡁࡀࡕࡋࡇ
ࡅࡎࡀࡌࡀࡊࡕࡋࡇ ࡁࡉࡀࡉࡑࡋࡀࡊ35
ࡅࡆࡀࡁࡅࡀࡍࡊ ࡅࡄࡀࡅࡉࡀ ࡗ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡅࡀ
ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡀࡐࡄࡓࡀ ࡆࡉࡁࡀࡍࡊ
ࡅࡀࡂࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡖࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡋࡀࡃࡀࡓࡊࡉࡕ
ࡒࡀࡁࡋࡉࡕ ࡁࡌࡀࡕ ࡀࡀࡍࡔࡉࡀ
ࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡖࡔࡅࡓࡁࡕࡀ ࡄࡀࡉࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡔࡅࡌࡀ ࡓࡀࡁ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡅࡊࡕࡋࡀࡉ
ࡓࡉࡔࡀࡉࡀ ࡖࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡋࡉࡀ
ࡖࡏࡒࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡂࡌࡀ ࡒࡀࡋࡀ
ࡖࡀࡉࡕࡉࡀ ࡀࡄࡁࡀࡋࡉࡀ ࡎࡒࡅࡁࡓࡀ40
ࡏࡉࡀࡓࡐࡀ ࡋࡉࡑࡀࡐࡓ ࡀࡑࡕࡍࡀ
ࡅࡏࡉࡀࡕࡓࡇ ࡋࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡌࡒࡉࡀ
ࡖࡋࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡓࡉࡃࡀࡐ
ࡅࡏࡕࡉࡁࡓࡇ ࡋࡂࡀࡍࡇࡐ ࡋࡃࡅࡕࡊࡇ ‖
ࡏࡋࡉࡂࡈࡇ ࡋࡎࡉࡓࡌࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡍࡀࡐࡁࡇ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡖࡏࡎࡒࡅࡁࡓࡀࡉ
ࡏࡉࡍࡎࡁࡇ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ
[147]
ࡖࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡒࡉࡓࡀ ࡋࡀࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡎࡒࡅࡁࡓࡀ ࡄࡅ ࡕࡀࡒࡀࡍ45
ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡍࡀࡐࡋ ࡌࡍ ࡎࡀࡌࡇࡊ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡖࡔࡉࡌࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡀ
ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡀࡊ ࡀࡆࡉࡋ
ࡄࡀࡃ ࡋࡄࡀࡁࡓࡇ ࡌࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡇ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡖࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡉࡈࡍࡅࡋ ࡖࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡖࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡎࡒࡅࡁࡓࡇ ࡋࡎࡒࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ
ࡋࡀࡒࡀࡋࡇ ࡃࡀࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡔࡅࡕࡇ ࡃࡀࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡒࡀࡋࡇ ࡃࡀࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡀࡍ50
ࡋࡀࡎࡕࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡄࡀࡔࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡀࡊࡃࡍࡉࡕ ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡃࡉࡋࡅࡍ
ࡅࡀࡐࡋࡂࡇ ࡋࡎࡋࡉࡕࡀ ࡅࡓࡐࡀࡎࡋࡅࡍ
ࡂࡀࡉࡃࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡂࡀࡋ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡐࡀࡊࡓࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡂࡉࡈࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡊࡓࡉࡊࡋ ࡔࡃࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡋࡇ
ࡖࡅࡍࡀࡍࡊ ࡋࡀࡓࡁࡀࡍ ࡋࡀࡎࡀࡋࡒࡉࡀ
ࡔࡃࡉࡀࡍࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡓࡂࡀࡋࡀࡍ55
ࡖࡏࡋ ࡔࡅࡌࡀࡊ ‖ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡃࡀࡓࡊࡉࡀ
ࡋࡀࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡉࡍࡍ
[148]
ࡌࡂࡀࡔࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡒࡅࡋࡀࡐ ࡖࡀࡐࡓࡆࡋࡀ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡉࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ
ࡂࡉࡓࡀࡐ ࡖࡋࡀࡓࡀࡔࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡄࡁࡉࡋࡇ
ࡓࡂࡀࡋࡕࡇ ࡋࡕࡀࡂࡍࡀࡓࡅࡍ
ࡀࡊࡓࡐࡅࡍ ࡅࡎࡉࡐࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ ࡕࡉࡁࡓࡉࡕ ࡋࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡐࡀࡊࡓࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡀࡈࡅࡉࡍࡀ

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ࡅࡋࡂࡅࡕࡐࡀ ࡖࡋࡉࡄࡉࡀ ࡂࡀࡈࡓࡀ
ࡒࡋࡀࡉࡕࡇ ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡅࡊࡋࡇ60
ࡅࡕࡋࡀࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡅࡊࡕࡋࡀࡉ
ࡔࡃࡉࡁࡅࡍ ࡌࡀࡎࡅࡐࡈࡉࡀࡕࡀ
ࡖࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡀࡂࡈࡉࡀ
ࡀࡅࡌࡉࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡅࡉࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ ࡓࡀࡆࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡁࡒࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡅࡌࡃࡀࡋࡉࡋࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡂࡀࡁࡍࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉ ࡅࡓࡀࡉࡉࡐࡋࡅࡍ
ࡀࡊࡅࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡓࡅࡃࡍࡉࡀ ࡅࡀࡋࡅࡀࡉ
ࡅࡌࡀࡐࡎࡒࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡄࡉࡋࡅࡍ
ࡅࡀࡐࡋࡕࡀ ࡁࡉࡀࡓࡃࡀࡍ ࡋࡀࡔࡀࡁࡒࡉࡀ
ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡅࡍࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡉࡄࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡁࡉࡀ65
ࡅࡔࡀࡁࡉࡍ ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀ ࡁࡄࡉࡅࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡓࡉࡉࡐࡀ
ࡅࡀࡊࡅࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡀࡋࡅࡀࡉ ࡋࡀࡋࡀࡂࡈࡉࡀ
ࡋࡀࡓࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡎࡉࡋࡉࡕࡀ
ࡅࡍࡀࡍ ࡖࡂࡉࡓࡉࡕࡀ ‖ ࡔࡅࡌࡇ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡖࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ ࡃࡉࡒࡉࡀ
[149]
ࡖࡆࡀࡒࡉࡐ ࡁࡏࡃࡇ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡋࡇ
ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡂࡉࡓࡉࡕࡀ ࡅࡋࡒࡅࡎࡀ
ࡂࡈࡀࡓ ࡎࡀࡓࡀࡊࡋࡀ ࡅࡌࡅࡔࡉࡐࡕࡀ
ࡖࡁࡏࡉࡍࡀࡍ ࡎࡒࡇ ࡏࡉࡍࡀࡍ70
ࡅࡔࡀࡁࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡓࡉࡂࡋࡉࡀ
ࡀࡎࡀࡓࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡀࡂࡌࡉࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡀࡐ
ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀ ࡋࡉࡄࡍࡀࡓ ࡔࡊࡀࡔ
ࡋࡀࡔࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡋࡀࡉ
ࡅࡔࡃࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡀࡔࡋࡀࡉ ࡋࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡎࡀࡓࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡎࡉࡐࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡀࡍࡋࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡓࡀࡎࡊࡀ
ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡕࡓࡅࡑ ࡌࡀࡅࡊࡕࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ75
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡉࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡀࡊࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡁࡓࡉࡀࡊ ࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ ࡅࡌࡀࡓࡀࡊࡁࡕࡀࡊ
ࡁࡓࡉࡉࡊࡕ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡀࡌࡊࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡀࡕࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡏࡕࡁࡇ
ࡌࡊࡀ ࡀࡍࡉࡀ ࡎࡉࡋࡉࡕࡀࡊ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ
ࡖࡋࡀࡃࡀࡌࡉࡕ ࡋࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡀࡔࡋࡀࡊ ࡅࡏࡎࡒࡀࡊ
ࡅࡀࡐࡋࡕࡀࡊ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡀࡂࡈࡀ
ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡀࡍࡊ ࡋࡉࡕࡁࡇ ࡄࡅࡌࡓࡉࡀ80
ࡖࡉࡍࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡏࡂࡉࡓࡀࡊ
ࡀࡌࡀࡍ ࡀࡕࡉࡕ ‖ ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡀࡍ
[150]
ࡅࡌࡀࡕࡉࡉࡍࡍ ࡋࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌࡀࡊ
ࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡀࡉࡐࡉࡍࡍ ࡅࡄࡀࡁࡉࡑࡉࡍࡍ
ࡉࡍࡀࡊࡋ ࡅࡉࡍࡎࡁࡀ ࡀࡉࡍࡍ
ࡀࡅࡊࡋ ࡅࡉࡍࡕࡓࡀ ࡖࡀࡍࡕࡀࡓ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡃࡀࡊ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡀࡍࡋࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡅ ࡎࡀࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡀࡑࡉࡉࡃ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ
ࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡖࡆࡅࡄࡌࡀ ࡎࡀࡓࡉࡐࡀ85
ࡅࡋࡀࡅ ࡀࡉࡊࡋ ࡆࡅࡄࡌࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡒࡓࡉࡕ
ࡖࡁࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡎࡀࡄࡃࡀࡍ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡔࡌࡀࡕࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡊࡉࡍࡋࡐࡅࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡎࡁࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡀࡉࡍࡀ ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ
ࡖࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡀ
ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ90
ࡌࡍ ࡉࡑࡀࡐࡓ ࡀࡑࡕࡍࡀ ࡕࡉࡕࡀࡐࡓࡒࡅࡍ
ࡏࡅ ࡀࡕࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡓࡀࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡎࡉࡒࡅࡍࡍ ࡅࡕࡀࡓࡉࡑࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡉ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡌࡀࡐࡓࡉࡒࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡓࡀࡄࡌࡀࡉ
ࡅࡌࡀࡊࡎࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡉࡀࡒࡓࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡁࡉࡔࡅࡍࡍ ࡏࡈࡑࡋࡉࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡌࡍ ࡖࡓࡁࡉࡀ ࡁࡓࡉࡔࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡕࡀࡓࡉࡑࡅࡍࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡋࡊࡉࡋ ࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡅࡁࡀࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡉࡀࡒࡓࡀ
ࡕࡀࡓࡉࡑࡀ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ ࡏࡋ ‖ ࡀࡊࡓࡎࡀࡅࡀࡕࡀ
[151]
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ࡅࡀࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ ࡔࡅࡁࡀ ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡄࡅࡍ
ࡃࡀࡓࡀࡅࡍࡍ ࡅࡆࡀࡒࡉࡐࡀࡍ
ࡕࡉࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡌࡀࡍࡕࡅࡊࡍ
ࡌࡀࡍࡕ ࡆࡅࡄࡌࡀ ࡅࡆࡅࡄࡌࡉࡕࡀ
ࡉࡍࡕࡀࡊࡌࡀࡓ ࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡋࡃࡅࡕࡊࡇ
ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡉࡍࡎࡀࡒ
ࡉࡍࡄࡉࡆࡉࡇ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡅࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡀࡉ ࡉࡍࡎࡀࡒ
ࡅࡆࡀࡉࡊࡀ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡀࡎࡂࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡊ
ࡌࡉࡔࡕࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡍ100
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡅࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡔࡋࡉࡄࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡔࡀࡃࡓࡅࡍ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ ࡔࡅࡃࡍࡀ
ࡏࡆࡀࡋ ࡅࡑࡃ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡆࡅࡄࡌࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ
ࡅࡉࡑࡃࡍࡀ ࡌࡎࡀࡓࡀࡉࡕࡀ ࡋࡀࡌࡀࡓࡄࡉࡀ5
ࡅࡋࡀࡒࡍࡉࡀ ࡁࡋࡉࡄࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡂࡌࡀ
ࡋࡀࡒࡀࡓࡁࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡑࡉࡑࡀ
ࡅࡁࡉࡍࡋࡉࡀ ࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡁࡀࡈࡋࡀ
ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡂࡈࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ ࡏࡎࡒࡀ
ࡅࡈࡀࡉࡎࡀ ࡅࡓࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡌࡔࡀࡌࡈࡀ
ࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡂࡀࡍࡉࡐࡇ ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡓࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡁࡉࡋࡁࡀࡁ ࡏࡔࡅࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡄࡏ ࡌࡀࡆࡓࡅࡕࡀ
ࡅࡎࡅࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡖࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡏࡕࡁࡇ
ࡀࡔࡋࡇ ࡀࡔࡋࡉࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ ‖
[152]
10
ࡅࡁࡓࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡎࡅࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡄࡀࡁࡔࡀࡁࡀ ࡋࡀࡂࡉࡈ ࡀࡓࡀࡃࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡐࡋࡂࡉࡀ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡁࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ
ࡓࡀࡃࡉࡁࡅࡍ ࡋࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ
ࡅࡂࡍࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡀࡕࡅࡍ ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡉࡍࡀ
ࡕࡓࡀࡁࡑࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡓࡎࡀࡅࡀࡕࡀ
ࡖࡁࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡓࡃࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡃࡀࡉࡉࡊࡀ
ࡋࡌࡄࡀࡓࡀ ࡌࡀࡕࡀࡍ ࡔࡓࡀࡂࡉࡀ
ࡀࡊࡁࡔࡀࡍ ࡅࡋࡃࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡎࡀࡂࡃࡀࡍ
ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡓࡁࡉࡀ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡋࡉࡀ15
ࡅࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡋࡃࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡃࡉࡀࡍࡍ
ࡀࡊࡁࡔࡀࡍ ࡅࡎࡀࡂࡃࡉࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡉࡔ ࡃࡓࡀࡔࡉࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡋࡌࡄࡀࡓࡀ ࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡕࡐࡉࡋࡉࡀࡕࡀ ࡅࡁࡀࡓࡂࡀࡀࡐ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡇ
ࡔࡓࡀࡂࡉࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡓࡀࡃࡉࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡉࡍࡀ ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡋࡁࡉࡔ
ࡋࡏࡀࡊ ࡏࡎࡒࡕࡀ ࡋࡉࡕࡋࡇ ࡖࡆࡉࡀࡐ
ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ20
ࡏࡆࡃࡀࡄࡓࡅࡋࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ
ࡏࡆࡃࡀࡄࡀࡓ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡖࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ
ࡖࡌࡍ ࡉࡑࡀࡐࡓ ࡀࡑࡕࡍࡀ
ࡏࡒࡅࡌ ࡏࡄࡅࡉࡋࡅࡊࡍ ࡁࡀࡄࡉࡃ ࡏࡃࡀ
ࡏࡅ ࡕࡉࡆࡃࡀࡄࡓࡅࡋࡉࡀ ࡀࡄࡀࡉ
ࡌࡍ ࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡔࡅࡊ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ‖ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡀࡄࡉࡃ ࡏࡃࡀ ࡅࡎࡉࡌࡀࡀࡊ
[153]
ࡅࡆࡀࡉࡊࡀ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡀࡎࡂࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡊ
ࡌࡉࡔࡕࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡍ25
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ

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ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡍࡓࡂࡀ ࡕࡋࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡀࡊࡃࡇࡐ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡋࡁࡀࡔ ࡏࡈࡑࡋࡉࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡆࡀࡂࡍࡀ ࡋࡉࡀࡊ ࡁࡀࡍࡂࡃࡀ
ࡋࡃࡉࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡂࡅࡔࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡋࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡇ ࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡀ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡆࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡋࡇ
ࡖࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡀࡂࡌࡀ ࡋࡀࡉࡑࡃࡋࡀࡊ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡂࡀࡃࡀࡉࡀ5
ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡀ ࡏࡉࡊࡋࡕࡀ
ࡋࡀࡄࡆࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡏࡉࡊࡋࡕࡀ ࡖࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ
ࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀࡍࡋࡀࡊ ࡁࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ
ࡉࡊࡋࡀࡉࡀ ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡎࡉࡌࡀࡀࡊ
ࡅࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡗ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡍ ࡀࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ
ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡕ ࡁࡔࡅࡕࡀࡀࡐࡍ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡍ ࡀࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ
ࡀࡄࡁࡀࡋࡀࡍ ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ
ࡅࡄࡁࡀࡋࡀࡍ ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ
ࡒࡅࡌ ࡔࡀࡕࡉࡐ ࡀࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉࡀࡍ10
ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡉࡍࡕࡉࡋࡀࡊ
ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡀࡄࡁࡀࡋࡀࡍ ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ
ࡅࡏࡎࡉࡐࡕࡍࡀࡊ ࡏࡅࡓࡁࡇ ࡁࡎࡉࡐࡕࡍࡀࡍ
]ࡉࡍࡕࡉࡋࡀࡊ[ ‖ ࡌࡍ ࡖࡏࡕࡋࡀࡍ
[154]
ࡖࡗ ࡃࡀࡋࡉࡕ ࡔࡓࡀࡂࡀࡊ ࡌࡀࡔࡉࡊࡕ
ࡅࡋࡁࡅࡔ ࡏࡅࡊࡌࡀ ࡗ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡍ
ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡌࡀࡉࡋࡀ
ࡋࡀࡄࡀࡆࡉࡋࡇ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡋࡉࡑࡄࡌࡀࡊ
ࡅࡓࡀࡌࡉࡕ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡊ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡂࡍࡓࡉࡕ
ࡏࡅ ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡕ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡕ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ15
ࡌࡉࡄࡋࡀ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡕ
ࡏࡅ ࡔࡅࡕࡀࡀࡐࡍ ࡋࡀࡔࡀࡌࡉࡕ
ࡌࡉࡔࡀ ࡅࡃࡅࡁࡔࡀ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡕ
ࡏࡅ ࡀࡁࡃࡉࡕ ࡏࡁࡉࡃࡀࡕࡀࡍ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡍ
ࡅࡌࡀࡐࡋࡂࡉࡕ ࡁࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ
ࡄࡀࡁࡉࡑࡕ ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡉࡕ ࡀࡊࡎࡉࡀ
ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡊ ࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡀ ࡓࡉࡔ ࡅࡊࡋࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡌࡔࡀࡅࡉࡀࡍࡋࡀࡊ ࡓࡉࡔ ࡅࡊࡋࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀࡊ
ࡒࡀࡃࡌࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡀࡕࡉࡍ20
ࡅࡀࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡖࡏࡕࡋࡀࡍ
ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡁࡉࡂࡀࡓ
ࡅࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡉࡍࡍ ࡌࡔࡕࡀࡌࡀࡀࡍࡊ ࡉࡍࡕࡒࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡁࡅࡉࡀࡍ ࡄࡀࡅࡉࡀ ࡀࡁࡃࡀࡊ
ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ ࡅࡋࡉࡄࡉࡀ ࡂࡀࡈࡓࡀ
ࡏࡌࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡓࡀࡁࡉࡕࡀࡊ
ࡅࡂࡀࡈࡓࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡏࡆࡋࡉࡀ ࡖࡏࡂࡅࡀࡍ ࡂࡅࡀࡍ
ࡀࡕࡉࡀ ࡅࡄࡀࡅࡉࡀ ࡀࡌࡕࡀࡊ ‖
[155]
ࡅࡀࡁࡀࡓࡀ ࡁࡀࡕࡀࡀࡍ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡀ
ࡌࡀࡐࡋࡂࡀࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡔࡅࡄࡉࡀ25
ࡖࡀࡊࡃࡉࡓ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡏࡕࡀࡀࡍ ࡏࡕࡀࡀࡍ ࡌࡅࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡀࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡎࡕࡀࡓࡊࡉࡀ
ࡌࡀࡐࡋࡂࡀࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡆࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡋࡌࡉࡄࡃࡅࡓࡉࡀ ࡋࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡉࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀ ࡖࡎࡀࡉࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡅࡀࡍࡋࡐࡉࡀ ࡋࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡗ ࡔࡅࡓࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡉࡐࡓࡒࡅࡍ
ࡅࡋࡀࡌࡉࡄࡃࡀࡓ ࡀࡍࡇࡐ ࡋࡓࡀࡎࡊࡀ
ࡋࡀࡔࡀࡁࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡆࡀࡒࡉࡐࡀ30
ࡅࡀࡁࡉࡄࡃࡉࡀ ࡋࡊࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡀࡊࡋࡉࡀ
ࡈࡀࡉࡁࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡒࡉࡉࡐࡀ
ࡅࡈࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡈࡀࡓࡉࡀ
ࡃࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡁࡃࡉࡂࡅࡓࡉࡀ
ࡖࡀࡉࡋࡉࡋࡇ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡎࡕࡀࡓࡊࡉࡀ
ࡏࡕࡋࡇ ࡁࡀࡆࡀࡍࡒࡉࡕࡀ
ࡏࡋ ࡂࡉࡔࡉࡀ ࡖࡁࡀࡆࡀࡍࡒࡉࡕࡀ
ࡀࡁࡉࡉࡍࡀ ࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡌࡀࡄࡅࡉࡍࡀ
ࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡀࡑ ࡓࡌࡉࡋࡇ ࡆࡀࡓࡂࡀ35

Source Colophon

Mandaic source text from Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary, Open Mouths 1 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Accessed via Internet Archive: archive.org/details/mandaeanbookofjohn.

Extracted programmatically from PDF using PyMuPDF (fitz). The PDF contains Mandaic text in Unicode (Mandaic block U+0840–U+085F). The extraction preserves the original character encoding faithfully.

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