The Two Kings
Chapter sixty of the Mandaean Book of John (Drashia d-Iahia), the principal mythological and liturgical scripture of the Mandaean tradition. The Book of John preserves the cosmological and soteriological teachings of Mandaeism — one of the last surviving Gnostic religions, practised today by approximately 100,000 adherents, primarily in Iraq and the diaspora.
After the Treasure speech sequence of Chapters 57–59, the Book of John turns to direct moral instruction. Chapter 60 opens as a catechism addressed to the "perfect chosen ones" and unfolds through four movements: an ethical exhortation to distinguish light from darkness; a parable of two kings — one who slaughters, one who instructs; a cosmological hymn recalling the soul's pre-creation paradise and the five inversions that placed living elements into dead vessels; and the awakening of Adam by the messenger, culminating in three beatitudes. The chapter is a complete Mandaean catechism in miniature — ethics, cosmogony, soteriology, and eschatology in sixty-four verses.
Classical Mandaic source text from the critical edition of Haberl and McGrath (2020).
To you we speak and instruct,
my perfect chosen ones
who dwell within this world.
Be not of darkness's portion,
but set your eyes upon light's place.
Distinguish death from life,
and be not liars in your speech.
Distinguish the wicked from the good,
and yourselves from the wicked sinners
of darkness's place.
5
Love and counsel one another,
and your sins and trespasses shall be forgiven.
If you heed, listen, and learn,
you shall rise in triumph to light's place.
Good ones sit and discourse —
and how they discourse and learn!
Good ones speak and take counsel with one another,
and say:
10
"Who will come, and who will tell me?
Who will let me know, and who will instruct me?
Who will come and tell me
whether it was one king or two?"
Good ones tell tales,
instructing one another:
"There were two kings,
and two natures were created:
the king of this world,
and the king of the worlds beyond.
15
The king of this world
donned darkness's sword and crown.
He donned darkness's crown
and took its sword in his right hand.
He took his sword in his right hand
and began to slaughter his sons.
He began to slaughter his sons,
and his sons slaughtered one another.
20
The king of the worlds beyond,
the king of the ages beyond —
the king of the worlds beyond
assumed light's crown.
He assumed light's crown
and took truth in his right hand.
He took truth in his right hand
and began to instruct his sons.
He began to instruct his sons,
and his sons instructed one another.
25
'Who will come, and who will tell me:
who and what were here
before the firmament stretched forth,
before the stars were formed within it,
before earth condensed,
before the condensation fell upon the waters,
before the sun and the moon
go about within this world —
how was the soul?'
30
'When it sat in the vessel,
the soul neither hungered nor thirsted.
When it sat in the vessel,
the soul had neither disease nor ailment.
When it sat in the vessel,
the soul had neither heat nor cold.
When it sat in the vessel,
its locks were plaited
and wreaths of air were set upon its head.
35
Its eyes were beams of light,
gazing upon the place of the Mighty One's house.
Its mouth was pure perfection,
and praised the king of light's place.'
From the day the wicked one began to think,
wickedness grew within him.
He grew exceedingly wrathful
and waged war against the light.
40
A messenger was sent
to crush the strength of the rebels.
They brought the living waters
and cast them into the still waters.
They brought the shining light
and cast it into the murky darkness.
They brought the gentle breeze
and cast it into the blustering wind.
They brought the living fire
and cast it into the devouring flame.
45
They brought the soul, the pure mind,
and cast it into the mortal body.
From fire and water,
a single firmament stretched forth.
From fire and water,
earth was made solid upon its foundations.
From fire and water
came fruits, vines, and trees.
From fire and water,
Adam was formed in the flesh.
50
They baptized the messenger
and sent him to the end of the ages.
He called a proclamation
into the world's chaos.
Adam the sleeper awoke
to the messenger's voice.
Adam the sleeper awoke
and went out to the messenger's side.
55
'Come in peace, messenger,
Life's emissary who came from my father's house!
How did the precious
and beautiful Life plant after them?
How did they prepare the throne for me —
and will my dark form sit here in sorrow?'
The messenger spoke
and said to Adam in the flesh:
'The thrones that they prepared for you are fair,
but your form shall sit here in sorrow.
All shall remember you for good,
and they delighted in me and sent me to you.
I have come and shall instruct you, Adam,
and I shall deliver you from this world.
If you heed, listen, and learn,
you shall rise in triumph to light's place.'
60
Adam heeded and believed;
blessed is the one who heeds and believes after you.
Adam embraced truth;
blessed is the one who embraces truth after you.
Adam was watchful and ascended;
blessed is the one who ascends after you."
Heed, listen, and learn, perfect ones,
and rise to light's place in triumph.
And Life is praised!
Colophon
Source: Classical Mandaic, from Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020). Open Access under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
Translation: Good Works Translation by Tanko (探鉱), Expeditionary Tulku of the New Tianmu Anglican Church, April 2026. Independently derived from the Classical Mandaic source text. Haberl and McGrath's English translation was consulted as a structural reference to verify verse ordering and resolve clause boundaries in the PyMuPDF extraction (which produces known couplet reversals), but the English wording is independently derived from the Mandaic vocabulary and Semitic roots. Key departures from the reference: "we speak and instruct" (preserving the Mandaic first person plural amiran wmarfishan); "counsel" for Z-B-R; "cast" for R-M-Y in the cosmic inversions; "embraced truth" for snib wkushta (preserving both the physical and metaphysical dimensions of the Mandaic term, which means both "truth" and "ritual handclasp"); "was watchful and ascended" for sak wsliq (S-K-Y + S-L-Q).
First English Translation: This is the first independently derived English translation of Book of John Chapter 60 published freely online.
Scribed by Tanko of the Good Work Library.
🌲
Source Text
Classical Mandaic text from Haberl and McGrath (2020), De Gruyter Open Access (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Chapter 60 of the Mandaean Book of John (Drashia d-Iahia).
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡁࡄࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡔࡀࡋࡌࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡏࡋࡅࡊࡍ ࡀࡌࡉࡓࡀࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡀࡍ
ࡖࡃࡀࡉࡓࡉࡍ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡖࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡅࡀࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡕࡓࡅࡑ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡌࡀࡍࡕ ࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ
ࡅࡁࡌࡀࡋࡀࡋࡅࡊࡍ ࡀࡊࡃࡁࡀ ࡋࡀࡉࡍࡄࡅࡉࡀ
ࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡌࡍ ࡌࡅࡕࡀ ࡋࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡌࡍ ࡁࡉࡔࡉࡀ ࡄࡀࡈࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡔࡅࡊ
ࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡌࡍ ࡁࡉࡔࡉࡀ ࡋࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡄࡀࡈࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡅࡄࡀࡅࡁࡅࡊࡍ ࡉࡍࡔࡕࡉࡁࡒࡋࡅࡊࡍ
ࡓࡄࡅࡌ ࡅࡀࡆࡁࡀࡓ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ
ࡅࡎࡀࡒ ࡁࡆࡀࡅࡊࡕࡀ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡄࡆࡅࡍ ࡅࡔࡅࡌࡀ ࡅࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡅࡌࡊࡀ ࡖࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡉࡀ
ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡌࡉࡋࡉࡊࡀ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡀࡍࡅࡃࡀࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡍ ࡀࡍࡓࡐࡉࡔࡀࡍ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡉࡍࡕࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ
ࡄࡀࡃ ࡄࡅࡀ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡏࡅ ࡕࡓࡉࡍ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡕࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡉࡀ
ࡌࡉࡌࡀࡓ ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡉࡊࡀࡉࡍࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡒࡓࡅࡍ
ࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡊࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ
ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡁࡀࡓࡉࡅࡕ ࡃࡀࡓࡉࡀ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡂࡀ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡎࡀࡌࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡃࡀࡓࡀ
ࡅࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡕࡀࡂࡀ ࡎࡀࡌࡋࡇ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ
ࡅࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡌࡂࡀࡈࡉࡋࡁࡅࡍ ࡁࡁࡇࡍ
ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ
ࡅࡁࡇࡍ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡂࡀࡈࡋࡉࡀ
ࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡅࡁࡇࡍ ࡌࡂࡀࡈࡉࡋࡁࡅࡍ
ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡁࡀࡓࡉࡅࡕ ࡃࡀࡓࡉࡀ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡁࡀࡓࡉࡅࡕ ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ
ࡕࡀࡂࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡎࡀࡌࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡁࡀࡓࡉࡅࡕ ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ
ࡅࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡕࡀࡂࡀ ࡎࡀࡌࡋࡇ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ
ࡅࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡅࡌࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔ ࡁࡇࡍ
ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ
ࡅࡁࡇࡍ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡉࡀ
ࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡅࡁࡇࡍ ࡌࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡋࡅࡍ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡅࡌࡀࡄࡅ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡉࡍࡕࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡏࡈࡑࡀࡓࡀࡓ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡅࡊࡁࡊࡉࡀ
ࡅࡃࡋࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡂࡍࡉࡃ ࡓࡒࡉࡄࡀ
ࡅࡃࡋࡀ ࡌࡎࡅࡕࡀ ࡕࡉࡉࡐࡋ ࡁࡌࡉࡀ
ࡅࡃࡋࡀ ࡕࡌࡀࡎࡉࡀࡕ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ
ࡀࡍࡎࡂࡅࡍ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡅࡃࡋࡀ ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ ࡅࡎࡉࡓࡀ
ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡍࡔࡉࡌࡕࡀ
ࡋࡀࡀࡊࡐࡀࡍ ࡅࡋࡀࡀࡑࡄࡉࡀ ࡉࡍࡔࡉࡌࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡁࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡋࡀࡉࡊࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡌࡅࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡉࡍࡔࡉࡌࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡁࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡋࡀࡄࡀࡌࡉࡌࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡒࡀࡓࡉࡓࡀ ࡋࡉࡍࡔࡉࡌࡕࡀ
ࡗ ࡁࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡌࡉࡂࡃࡀࡋ ࡂࡃࡉࡋࡀࡍ ࡒࡀࡓࡇࡍ
ࡗ ࡁࡀࡊࡀࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡅࡋࡊࡉࡋࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡕࡓࡉࡋࡑࡇ ࡁࡓࡉࡔࡇ
ࡅࡎࡀࡉࡊࡀ ࡋࡀࡕࡓࡀ ࡖࡁࡉࡕ ࡓࡅࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡉࡇࡍ ࡀࡐࡎࡉࡌࡉࡊࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ
ࡅࡌࡔࡀࡁࡀ ࡋࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡅࡐࡌࡇ ࡖࡕࡅࡔࡋࡉࡌࡀ ࡃࡀࡉࡊࡀ
ࡁࡉࡔࡅࡕࡀ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡂࡉࡁࡋࡀࡕ
ࡌࡍ ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡖࡄࡀࡔࡉࡁ ࡁࡉࡔࡀ
ࡅࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡀࡁࡀࡃ
ࡓࡂࡀࡆ ࡁࡓࡅࡂࡆࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡋࡌࡉࡁࡊࡀࡔ ࡋࡄࡀࡉࡋࡀ ࡖࡌࡀࡓࡃࡉࡀ
ࡏࡔࡕࡀࡃࡀࡓ ࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ
ࡅࡓࡌࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡌࡉࡀ ࡕࡀࡄࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡉࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡌࡉࡀ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡓࡉࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡄࡀࡔࡀࡊ
ࡀࡉࡕࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡖࡀࡍࡄࡅࡓ
ࡅࡓࡉࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡆࡉࡒࡀ ࡌࡀࡓࡃࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡆࡉࡒࡀ ࡁࡀࡎࡉࡌࡀ
ࡅࡓࡉࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡀࡋࡊࡀ
ࡀࡉࡕࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡄࡀࡉࡕࡀ
ࡅࡓࡉࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡐࡂࡓࡀ ࡁࡀࡈࡋࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡉࡍࡔࡉࡌࡕࡀ ࡌࡀࡀࡍ ࡃࡀࡉࡊࡀ
ࡄࡃࡀ ࡓࡒࡉࡄࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡂࡍࡉࡃ
ࡌࡍ ࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡁࡎࡀࡃࡀࡇࡍ ࡌࡎࡅࡍ
ࡌࡍ ࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡉࡐࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡏࡌࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡏࡋࡀࡉࡍࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ
ࡌࡍ ࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡖࡀࡐࡂࡓࡉࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡂࡁࡉࡋ
ࡌࡍ ࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡃࡀࡍࡁ ࡃࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡀࡃࡓࡅࡉࡀ
ࡉࡍࡁࡑࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ
ࡖࡌࡀࡓࡂࡅࡔ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡇ ࡁࡀࡊࡋࡅࡆࡀ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡖࡔࡀࡉࡊࡁ ࡏࡕࡀࡓ
ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡇ ࡖࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ
ࡀࡋࡀࡍࡇࡐ ࡖࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ ࡍࡀࡐࡒ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡏࡕࡀࡓ ࡖࡔࡀࡉࡊࡁ
ࡔࡋࡉࡄࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡁࡉࡕ ࡀࡁ ࡀࡕࡀ
ࡀࡕࡀ ࡁࡔࡋࡀࡌ ࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ
ࡅࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡍࡀࡑࡁ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡉࡀࡒࡉࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡃࡌࡅࡕࡀࡉ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡁࡌࡀࡋࡉࡀ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡕࡓࡀࡋࡑࡉࡀ ࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡖࡀࡐࡂࡓࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡀ
ࡅࡃࡌࡅࡕࡀࡊ ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡁࡌࡀࡋࡉࡀ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡀ
ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡕࡓࡉࡑ ࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡀࡊ ࡀࡃࡀࡌ
ࡅࡋࡃࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡉࡍࡁࡑࡅࡍ ࡅࡔࡀࡃࡓࡅࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡊ
ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡁࡈࡀࡁ ࡏࡃࡉࡓࡊࡅࡊ
ࡅࡏࡀࡐࡓࡒࡀࡊ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡏࡕࡉࡕ ࡅࡉࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡀࡊ ࡀࡃࡀࡌ
ࡅࡎࡀࡒ ࡁࡆࡀࡅࡊࡕࡀ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡅࡑࡕ ࡅࡔࡅࡌࡀ ࡅࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡈࡅࡁࡇ ࡋࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡔࡅࡌࡀ ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡌࡀࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀࡊ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡔࡅࡌࡀ ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡌࡀࡍ
ࡈࡅࡁࡇ ࡋࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡎࡍࡉࡁ ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀࡊ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡎࡍࡉࡁ ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ
ࡈࡅࡁࡇ ࡋࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡎࡀࡒ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀࡊ
ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡎࡀࡊ ࡅࡎࡋࡉࡒ
ࡅࡎࡀࡒ ࡁࡆࡀࡅࡊ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡅࡑࡌ ࡅࡏࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡔࡀࡋࡌࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡅࡌࡔࡀࡁࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
Source Colophon
Classical Mandaic text from Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020). Open Access under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Available on Internet Archive: archive.org/details/mandaeanbookofjohn.
The Mandaean Book of John (Drashia d-Iahia) is the principal mythological and liturgical scripture of the Mandaean tradition. The critical edition represents the first complete scholarly edition of the text, based on multiple manuscripts with full critical apparatus. Chapter 60 is a catechetical chapter containing the parable of the two kings, a cosmological hymn, and the awakening of Adam by the messenger.
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