Four rímur of Dínus, son of King Tholomeus of Egypt — who is perfect in all things but hates women. Filotemia, daughter of Emperor Maximianus, enchants him with wine. He rides south; his men are beaten naked by giants in a valley; a runic tablet sets the whole court dancing without clothes for eighteen days; an underground spirit called Annikorita stops the madness; Filotemia’s brothers drape a cloth over Dínus’s men and they wake with four horns each; and a golden apple turns forty ladies into crows. Based on Dínus saga drambláta. Manuscripts AM 604c and AM 603.
Ríma I
Mansöngr
1.
I count it the highest art of skalds
to give people pleasure and delight;
my gift for the love-song is thin —
let no one look here for it.
2.
Ring-Baldr is the nearest I come
to illuminating this for noble folk;
the gifted will recognize it here —
I barely escape from such subjects.
3.
Though warriors might rejoice in that,
or golden branches seek out friendship,
I am not well placed for it —
as the wise can understand now.
4.
Many a mansöngr is born
from worthy lords in their time;
then no one follows that custom
as they ought to.
5.
I could stretch nights as long as days
in dark and mournful song,
but I will set it to a brief matter
and praise people thus.
6.
The friend of fair necklace-women dwindles —
how the hard struggle binds men at times.
7.
From the harbor-town the ship shall launch;
I can adorn words about an adventure
for a little while.
[Narrative begins]
8.
A prince once guarded the ship-plank’s treasure,
the ring-bearer with his sharp sword,
he scattered the Rhine-fire among his thegns
and ruled Egypt’s land.
9.
Christian folk and a fine city
I have heard the prince kept;
neither grief nor sorrow stood
in that lord’s realm.
10.
Tholomeus the prince was named,
cunning in battle and wonderfully learned,
nearest of kings
in all those things.
11.
He had gotten a queen
with true and pure love;
no man could win
any finer shield-Thrud.
12.
With gifts adorned was the lord’s bride;
Diana she was called;
the wise silk-Thrud
bore a son with the ring-striker.
13.
Dínus gave men of Dofra
speech that was clear and bright,
bore renown and strength from most
and advanced himself with honor.
14.
He seemed wise, lovely as a lily,
with radiant color on his cheeks;
all the precious gold-women
wished to love the clever warrior.
15.
Nowhere is it said that the helm-lord
fled sharp edges;
in youth the gold-Baldr gained
all of manly perfection.
16.
Abroad he found no equal ring-breaker;
every man in the land turned away
who bore a lance against him.
17.
Every woman who gazed on young Dínus,
that beautiful man,
was seized with all the longing
and learned to know virtue’s yearning.
18.
The king’s son learned the seven arts
that are called the liberal arts;
found in books those things
that would be given as gifts to brides.
19.
A fine castle the king’s son had built
with courtly adornment;
the ring-fire of the serpent’s valley gleamed there,
light streamed from afar.
20.
A stone set in a great tower
stood over a rich gate;
men had nowhere heard of
any form like it in the world.
21.
He held with virtuous strength
the presenter of gold-spans;
no one shall enter without leave
in through the gate.
22.
One flaw was in the excellent lord
that worsens the harm of many:
the prince’s pride went beyond his reach —
honor can be hurt by it.
23.
He, the famous king’s son,
concealed himself behind a thin veil;
he would touch neither the tree of the grove,
young maiden nor woman.
24.
Those who kept the wise man’s table,
wine and soft food,
minded most gold-Maurnar’s words —
soft flattery and linen.
25.
Every day the thegns brought
the ring-Baldr fresh things,
newer each day,
that he had never known before.
26.
Now will come into the mead of poetry
the striker of red shields:
Maximianus held land and people
for a long time.
27.
Clergy and Christendom
the emperor wanted to strengthen;
he adorned it with the waves’ flower —
that kind king of the southern lands.
28.
Twelve and eight fine princes,
excellent kings, attend;
they shall guard the wise man’s ground
where weapons are required.
29.
The giants guard the realm nearby,
the prince, all to the south;
in the bloody sister [battle]
they have thin wet foam on their blades.
30.
There was no thegn there
who dared to offer battle;
valor and honor from the king bore
the knob of the wave-fire [gold].
31.
The prince had a bright wife
who brought few troubles;
at the thorn-bridge the prince had
one daughter only.
32.
Filotemia, the prince’s maiden,
I have heard, is named the proud one;
gleaming gold, the bright pureness,
the finest ornament of all brides.
33.
A fine bower was built
near the lord’s hall;
there the serpent’s luck-flame [gold] shone
like lightning.
34.
Forty with honor and courtesy
were to serve the lord’s daughter —
so I have heard —
women who fulfilled honor and wisdom.
35.
Word came to the ring-lord
that Dínus bestows honor on men;
there he kept in his fine tower
brave and worthy men.
36.
She calls her two brothers to her,
the fine gem, with quiet voice;
bade them at once to the journey —
I have that clear in the poem.
37.
Deodianus, the loyal Lin [woman’s companion],
gives virtue and faithfulness;
Darius follows the ring-Hlín
and urges the lord with tricks.
38.
The maiden made a fair and cunning
deception-wine to blend:
“Depart from that people
who keep the prince’s food.”
39.
He tells now quickly of those journeys
that the lady’s messengers made;
they came to the safe tower’s home
and speak with the ring-Njörðr.
40.
That one was adorned with the serpent’s trail
[the tower] which the men had bought;
along with it hatred and scorn were made —
each humiliated the other.
41.
They brought wine with fair virtue,
men to the lord’s hand;
the house with scent and joy
seemed to the men to stand.
42.
The bearer of hand-ice gave
very fair kindness;
there was with men joy and honor,
making such a morning pass.
43.
When the dwarf’s and dark woman’s flood
spreads over market and street,
the graceful people laid down to sleep —
and the excellent prince’s son.
44.
The prince’s son woke greatly disturbed,
called his men to him;
his mind fixed on the bright bride,
so wisdom’s floor grew pale in him.
45.
Dínus speaks to the men firmly:
“It avails no longer to sit;
we shall seek the silk gate,
and ride south to Bláland to visit.”
46.
“She can well,” said the battle-grove,
“heal our sorrows;
she bears above maidens honor and renown
and power over all peoples’ ladies.”
47.
Forty with the spear-Gaut [Dínus]
turned from the tower;
people gazed on the thegns’ finery
as they spurred their horses.
48.
They rushed and stormed through the thick forest,
through thunder-wound’s fire.
Out from the glory-chest with a crash —
grief’s weariness was left behind.
Ríma II
Mansöngr
1.
There I have breathed the East-ship’s air;
men find a fair maiden;
warriors come to the city home,
the bride is outside and greets them.
[Narrative]
2.
To her father straight and true
said the fair servant-woman:
“I want to test what the prince can;
glory is greatest in overcoming him.”
3.
“With clear wine I will bind him,
and the stiller is led with tricks;
invite the wise man’s son to the feast,
if he will come to your meeting.”
4.
The lord speaks with his daughter:
“Bold to me seems your plan;
the king’s son can get learning —
great is the prospect of revenge for such things.”
5.
“Even if we begin this game,”
the gold-oak [Filotemia] answered,
“the pride and presumption will then be humbled
in the change of the spear-tree’s play.”
6.
“That is my counsel,” said the fox-Hildr,
“let the prince establish a worthy feast.”
Dínus rode through city and village —
new things were soon to arise.
7.
The soul [of the feast] itself came to meet them,
a fair woman from the tower;
the men raised the sound of music,
a splendid gate stood with skill.
8.
The warriors’ troop rode to church;
the Christian men kept their custom;
the clerks offered a fine prayer;
before them banners were borne beautifully.
9.
They went in to the bright hall,
the troop of warriors with all their array;
scarcely could the men see
finer folk in any land.
10.
The bright lord offers the nearest seat
to the prince’s son;
the men drink the fine wine;
the warriors show their kindness.
11.
On the prince’s son many warriors gazed,
exceedingly great was the thegns’ array;
his hair like the sea’s fire [gold] —
they had never seen any like him before.
12.
Siolf I have heard asked
his daughter to come at once:
“I want to show the bower’s ground —
entertain the thegn for a while.”
13.
When the fair cup-woman
the men brought these words,
the proud fair maiden went,
and all the women in silk and fine cloth.
14.
The veil-Thull gave escort,
forty in the lord’s hall;
these bore the linen’s gift —
the lord’s heir grew glad.
15.
A seat was gotten for the necklace-Njörðr [Filotemia]
set with rings up above,
adorned with the dove’s fire [gold];
Dínus stood across from her at table.
16.
When the two of them spoke together,
the noble woman and the fine warrior,
word-skill and great grace —
the joyful bride spared nothing.
17.
Then came the false wine;
the prince forgot his wisdom;
it played on the yellow-storm [woman’s] course,
whose gates had been locked before.
18.
Such was the care of the rich woman,
the thunder’s mighty flood swift;
the thought was to beguile the linen-woman —
then he cared nothing for honor or life.
19.
The prince then declares with longing:
“I am so eager tonight to be beside you;
no fairer veil-Gerðr [woman] exists —
let revenge come as fate allots.”
20.
“My fine men I want
to bind around for a time,
forty with honor and deed” —
those words were temperate.
21.
She yielded all to the wise one’s power;
then the thought-tent grew bright;
the men bade farewell to the lady with skill;
the ring-Rist went to her sleeping.
22.
When the sun turns on her wagon-track,
the warrior goes to visit the women;
now it avails nothing to delay longer.
23.
They went into the bright hall;
the women’s company was fair there;
the fair maiden welcomed him
and all the others with surprise.
24.
The thegns cast off their clothes in haste;
the gifted were then exceedingly glad;
the wise prince went to bed —
few things are as welcome as that.
25.
Each had one shirt
stretched across the body;
then the thuds [giants] came to city and village —
the earth shook from weapons’ din.
26.
The stiller [Dínus] spoke from a wounded mind:
“A grim people has come here;
neither fire nor sword they flee —
howling like wild animals.”
27.
“The giants guard the realm’s land;
the warriors are hit with such harm;
they cut greatly with hawks’ platforms [swords];
they have heard of your arrival.”
28.
“I can ease this with kindness;
let the prince face no danger;
here are twenty strong enough
to settle you with lance-strife.”
29.
“Warriors, ready yourselves at Odin’s tent;
let all take sword and shield;
if I am clad in bright mail,
it is a shame to be afraid.”
30.
The women clothed the brave men
in Frodi’s shirts [armor], all together,
heavy steel and thick shields —
then it was better to defend life.
31.
With spears the men guarded blood,
lay down in the feast-place’s stall;
the men clove the Hand’s plank [target?];
the thegns’ bodies lay on the heap.
32.
The bride goes quickly changing shape —
it seemed to the men like a dark-land woman;
her troop with straight limbs
spilled blood across all the floor.
33.
The men struggled fiercely;
rather did ring-Friðr [Filotemia] rejoice;
the people tried skill and strength,
the night passes quickly from the men.
34.
Then the lord’s son was come
into the deep valley with the band of warriors;
the lord’s men lay naked;
blood was spilled across all of them.
35.
The stiller [Dínus] looked pale from the battle,
many oaks standing near him;
not fitting was the play for the people —
all the tree-barks are stripped from the forest.
36.
They bore birch branches in their hands;
the broken one’s [warrior’s] bread turns to ash;
they had with them from the thick forest
thegns beaten of all bark.
37.
Their fine clothes were gone from them;
the warriors were sore then;
it was as though a stream runs around burning fire —
each man holds to the other’s back.
38.
Weapons and fine clothes of the stiller
the men took and the fine animals;
they rode away out of the deep valley —
the warriors saw no one there.
39.
The prince speaks to the warriors then:
“Let us ride away from the city for now;
more revenge is now in mind;
no one has pushed me onto my back.”
40.
“Let me lay down the fine Frigg-meeting [Filotemia]’s fund.
Let all fall first to the straw.
Let the learned thegn tell the mother.”
Ríma III
Trimúr — three-line monorhyme stanzas
1.
Now shall the third mixing come from strife;
Hildr wrought Grímnir’s cause —
to reward the cunning raven’s steel.
2.
When the dear lord’s men came from the valley,
the shooter of Fáfnir’s planks [Dínus] ordered
all the people to wait in the forest.
3.
The lord’s maiden went to church early;
the cunning woman sought to check his glory;
the prince found that wealth was [her] bower.
4.
Runes the spear-Freyr [Filotemia] carved
on a fair tablet — ring-ground from platform-power —
twisted things shall be the lady’s payment.
5.
She fastened it to the fine pillar of the prince’s heir;
the bold warrior departed from the hall —
Dínus had that as his work to do.
6.
The ring-tread had ring-vengeance to pay;
she rode from the stronghold’s shaker of shields —
the prince’s men to hold at home.
7.
He [Dínus] forbids all of the prince’s son’s company
to wander on the journey:
“We cannot boast of our luck;
the bright woman has caused all this.”
8.
There turns the Durnir’s drink where the woman rides;
she went into the hall with a crowd of women —
the people are glad and the strings sound.
9.
The tablet the fox-Rist saw and shrank from learning;
she sent her rings from her hands —
I have set that in my verse.
10.
The tablet seized the lord’s maiden from the servant’s homes;
she cast off shirt and brown skirt —
the courtly maiden was caught by the runes.
11.
The lord’s daughter let herself go far from sense;
she danced high with joyful sound —
quite enough, while the maids wept.
12.
Every woman the tablet saw spread herself at once;
each one stripped her own clothing —
so the ring-one brought the maiden’s trick.
13.
Many mocked the skirt-adorned woman, while scoundrels laughed;
forty with ample falsehood —
the women naked struck the dance.
14.
The bright lord’s wife went into the bower;
the tablet drove then soul and heart —
the guardian cared nothing about stripping.
15.
The lord’s middle woman cast off her costly array;
the proud lady waved her breast —
and stands naked in the play as bride.
16.
I have heard the queen dancing hard in the halls;
all the serving maids changed too —
and the prince’s wife though she was wise.
17.
The prince heard his women had strange behavior;
he leaps into every city-street —
the prince says it meets with wonders.
18.
Sjólfr himself [the emperor] went there and watched the play;
first the king grew pale of cheek —
then his spirit began to wander.
19.
The tablet struck the metal-bearer, learning diminished;
straight away his battle-virtue was gone —
the prince threw off all his clothes.
20.
When the old battle-spoiler’s memory fails,
he joined the dance with his own daughter —
the rich lord inside the hall.
21.
The lord’s sound was so exceedingly great it echoed in the mountains;
he summoned many men into the high hall —
I have heard them roar then like wolves.
22.
I have heard the resting-plank shook at the helmet-warrior’s;
the noblemen waved naked swords —
closest he stood to ring-Gerðr.
23.
Archbishop most wise ruled from his seat,
care with people from gold’s fire —
and the most learned in mild counsel.
24.
The arts-man wished to release the fine people;
he planned to improve it with prayer —
that brides might attend their proper ways.
25.
The bishop bore mass vestments to the men’s gathering;
the book-groves [scholars] were ready —
with bright lights of the earth’s wagon-ground.
26.
The tablet struck the quiet church-builder;
he threw off his shirt and cloak —
why should the thegns blame the dance?
27.
Clerics and monks cast off clothes together —
each strips the other’s brother —
naked in the play, the dancing mother.
28.
The shepherd began to jump high with every man;
never was the pure ring-woman’s man
burdened with such trouble.
29.
It seemed to the men that the wall-deer grew for a long time;
eighteen days the multitude danced —
it thundered in the city and none rested.
30.
These wonders spread quickly around city and forest;
no one dared to venture there —
that thegn who had wisdom enough.
31.
There I have heard a faithful lord’s man —
the warrior will seek counsel,
the thunder-wound’s freedom to give — his name is Darius.
32.
The glory-man [Darius] wished to free the foolish ones;
I have heard he knew much wisdom —
and finally found the earth-house’s mouth.
33.
There lived a spirit wise in evil in the earth-house;
many a one the darkness-Brúsi [dark lord] deceived —
the metal-thunderer eager for cunning.
34.
“Rost” [Darius] went into the ground-house of wild lands,
found at last the cunning spirit —
exactly like a black fiend.
35.
Then the hand-ice bearer [Darius] asked for speech;
he asked what the house’s leader was called —
the other gave his voice in return.
36.
“Annikorita is my name,” the spirit said,
“I can ease this bitter enchantment
that the prince’s son has set upon the women.”
37.
The sin-driver sat up and answered at once:
“Thus have I long lain in the ground —
men’s trust with another is bound.”
38.
“Make bargain with the dark wood of the prince’s hand —
then I shall follow the spear’s sender
forward into the city to help the women.”
39.
“I must first be summoned by the realm’s council to the prince;
then he shall conquer the clever warriors —
south through the land and all of Roma.”
40.
This Darius accepts, the curse-spoiler;
he got the skelm a single cloak —
the trickster went with the sharp spears.
41.
He [Annikorita] wrapped a cloth before both eyes,
went into the hall with sorcery-learning —
the dance rang out and tremendous singing.
42.
The tablet the strange old man seized with both claws;
the Durnir [the spirit] seemed weighty in counsel —
the warriors got rest with kindness.
43.
From exhaustion all the people fell in the fine hall;
away from sight of the small neighbor —
he went to Hel with ugly flesh.
44.
Sick for a long time was the lord’s daughter and many more people;
I think the women will fare ill —
the twisted things will increase further.
45.
The East-vessel’s noise in the poem’s air we lock inside,
the thunder-meeting’s light-linen —
let me set the race at its side.
Ríma IV
Mansöngr
1.
Here shall the fourth finding’s course
be told from wisdom’s well;
the mighty woman with the spear-tree [warrior] —
I have heard how she wrought her revenge.
2.
She calls her two brothers to her,
the double gem, in quiet;
she readies herself at once for revenge —
I have made that clear in the ode.
3.
“Great was the humiliation done to the men
by Darius’s scheming;
it is clear to me we put our lives at risk
if the people discover us.”
4.
“Hold your manly deed, warrior —
knob of bright shields —
some better plan will be found,
so men cannot be harmed.”
5.
Before the eyes [of Dínus’s men] they bore a cloth
and spread this linen thus —
so like the men’s appearance was
that one could not know them.
6.
Old the warriors seemed then;
their beards gray before white hair;
the prince was deceived by the thorn-Ná [the disguise] —
that robbed him of bright honor.
7.
The men went away then;
I have heard the dear one [Filotemia] rejoiced;
then the apple of wealth’s bridge [gold]
was bidden to be brought to the lord’s son.
8.
He tells now little of those men
who acted on the lady’s bidding;
they came to the safe tower’s home
and spoke with the ring-Njörðr [Dínus].
9.
They took then with the noble men
to speak with the splendid company;
that trick from the woman came again —
and no one guarded against it.
10.
Fresh food right to the prince’s table
the wise thegns bore;
the clever trick from the skirt-adorned
hit all too well.
11.
The thorn-tree was thus deceived
by the sea-brim’s girl [woman];
it all went in one direction —
just as the time before.
12.
At the thorn-linden [woman] the prince asks
those men to visit;
the proud feast stood as before —
the stiller welcomes the men.
13.
She held the white horn
and bid the men to drink;
the men then settled in slumber —
no woman could be gripped.
14.
The gold-column [Dínus] slept with ease;
then the men woke —
the company had come to a wide field;
they missed the woman and the bower.
15.
Then the prince’s men were horned
and hard struck with injury;
I have heard four stood at once
fixed on the scalp-land [top of the head].
16.
One was in the middle of the forehead —
seemed a wonder to behold —
the book says the lord bore
one on each cheek.
17.
The fourth horn stood from the back of the head
on every one of the prince’s men;
the fair woman took revenge thereby
that there had been dancing earlier in the hall.
18.
An ell high was each horn
that the men bore for a long time;
all had their heads bare —
for the helmet profits none.
19.
There by the lord’s people lay
fine weapons and clothing;
the men dressed in Gjúki’s cloth —
such things are spoken of in the poem.
20.
The warriors mounted their horses quickly
and made ready to ride home;
the horns tower exceedingly high —
as the fair woman had given them.
21.
The lord [Dínus] came to a forest clearing;
the shaker spoke rightly:
“My wise company shall wait —
I want to see the women.”
22.
Every scoundrel with his staff
lines up along the hall’s walls;
the lady made such laughter at Dínus’s noise
and mocked the horned men.
23.
Inside the hall one hears laughter;
the women enjoyed the play;
the lord’s heir was not at all glad —
he did not go in there.
24.
He raised himself up to the tall house,
the fine ring-Freyr [Dínus];
the gold-keeper found a window
directly across from the lady’s seat.
25.
The green apple with skillful play
the lord’s son broke apart;
a small piece toward the woman he turned —
he made it into wisdom’s use.
26.
It fell into the maiden’s lap
as the lord sent it to the lady;
she saw no green leaf there —
but smelled the scent of plants.
27.
“I have received,” said the veil-column,
“a famous world-flower;
God has sent from the highest hall
a splendid plum hither.
28.
Let us sing praise with sweet voice,”
said the willow of the swift spear [a woman];
“I believe entirely, without doubt,
that we shall be given more.”
29.
Each lady with high song
and ringing voices rang out;
such were the apples in plenty
that all could eat.
30.
Not lightly went on life
for the lily-women of Fáfnir’s valley;
the fine wives lost their clothing
and all became crows.
31.
The birds flew from the bower out
and turned forward to the forest;
the women received sorrowful distress —
the day has come to its end.
32.
The lord went home into the land
and the play was heard widely;
crows flew there with them
and suffered bitter oppression.
33.
Sorrow and cold received the women,
as was meet and just;
they followed long the lord’s people
and lived by striking on oaks.
34.
Long into the forest with little strength
the onion-norns [the crows] went;
home to the tower every night —
and they were never quiet.
35.
The household grew pale from grief;
health began to fail;
they had no rest from the horn-game —
neither late nor early.
36.
[Final stanza. Severely damaged in all manuscripts; Finnur Jónsson’s notes describe it as “strongly corrupted, hardly possible to correct with certainty.” The general sense involves the spreading of the story and the silence that follows.]
Colophon
Translated from Old and Middle Icelandic by the New Tianmu Anglican Church. Source: Rímnasafn II, ed. Finnur Jónsson, Copenhagen 1905–1922, pp. 801–823. Manuscripts: AM 604c (A, primary, Rímur I–III); AM 603 (B, beginning of Ríma I and end of Ríma IV from v. 143 onward); Accessoria 22 (C, copy of B or closely related, provides beginning of Ríma IV to v. 143); Sth. 23 (D, secondary divergent text, used for control only). The editorial Bemærkninger in the Rímnasafn edition were consulted for difficult readings.
The cycle is based on Dínus saga drambláta, a Norwegian courtly romance preserved in many Icelandic copies. Dínus (whose name may derive from the same root as Dionysus, via Latin romance transmission) is the proud, perfect, woman-hating son of King Ptolemy of Egypt. His antagonist Filotemia, daughter of Emperor Maximianus, is his equal in cunning and superior in patience. The rímur are a contest in magical one-upmanship: Filotemia enchants Dínus’s household with wine; Filotemia’s runic tablet (spialldit) sets the entire court dancing naked for eighteen days; Dínus enlists the underground spirit Annikorita to end the spell; Filotemia’s brothers trick Dínus’s men into growing horns; Dínus retaliates with a magic apple that turns Filotemia’s forty ladies into crows. The saga likely ended with their reconciliation and marriage, but the rímur as preserved end with the crows.
Ríma III is in trimúr form: each stanza consists of three lines sharing a single end-rhyme. This is a distinctive medieval Icelandic metrical form.
Kennings throughout follow standard rímur convention: women are “ring-woman,” “gold-woman,” “spear-willow,” and “veil-tree”; men are “ring-breaker,” “battle-tree,” and “gold-Baldr”; gold is “Rhine’s ember,” “Fáfnir’s treasure,” and “serpent’s spans.” The translator has decoded kennings to their plain meaning where the rendering is certain. Difficult or genuinely corrupt stanzas are noted in brackets.
Four rímur: Ríma I 48 stanzas, Ríma II 40 stanzas, Ríma III 45 stanzas, Ríma IV 36 stanzas. Total: 169 stanzas.
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Source Text
The complete Old/Middle Icelandic source text for all four rímur is preserved in the extracted file at Tulku/rimur-tools/vol2_source/10_dinusrimur.txt, drawn from the digitized Rímnasafn Vol. 2 (Internet Archive, public domain). Primary manuscript AM 604c is housed in the Arnamagnæan Collection, Copenhagen.
Source Colophon
From Rímnasafn: Samling af de ældste islændske Rimer, Bind 2, ed. Finnur Jónsson (Copenhagen: S. L. Møllers Bogtrykkerí, 1905–1922), pp. 801–823. Primary manuscript: AM 604c, 4°; secondary: AM 603 (B), Accessoria 22 (C), Sth. 23 (D). Published by Samfund til Udgivelse af gammel nordisk Litteratur, XXXV.
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