selected from volume 221b

Xin Tang Shu 221b carries the Tang archive of Central Asian states into a later historical register: Samarkand and the Zhaowu houses, Tashkent and Talas, Suyab, Khwarazm, Kesh, Tokharistan, Hephthalite memory, Dashi, and the far western route notices.

The selected passages are translated as a source dossier, keeping Tang political names, inherited Han-era identifications, and later reports visible together.

The English is a Good Works Translation from the Classical Chinese passages printed below.

Translation

Kang

Kang is also called Samojian, and also Samarkand. It is what the Yuan Wei called Sijin. To the south it is one hundred fifty li from Shi; to the northwest, more than one hundred li from Western Cao; to the southeast, one hundred li from Mi; and to the north, fifty li from Middle Cao. It lies south of the Nami River. It has thirty great cities and three hundred small forts.

The ruler's surname is Wen. He was originally a Yuezhi man. At first he lived north of Qilian at Zhaowu City. When he was defeated by the Turks, he gradually moved south and relied on the Congling Mountains; then he possessed this land. Branch houses divided and became kings, called An, Cao, Shi, Mi, He, Huoxun, Wudi, and Shi. The age calls them the "Nine Surnames"; all use Zhaowu as surname.

The soil is fertile and suited to grain. It produces good horses, and its troops are stronger than those of the other states. The people love wine and like singing and dancing in the roads. The king's hat is of felt, decorated with gold and various jewels. Women coil their hair, cover it with a black kerchief, and attach golden flowers. When a child is born, they feed him rock honey and put glue in his palm, wishing that when he grows up his words will be sweet and that he will hold money as though it were stuck fast. They practice writing written sideways. They are skilled merchants and love profit. When a man reaches twenty years, he goes to neighboring states; wherever profit is, there is nowhere he does not go. They take the twelfth month as New Year. They honor the Buddhist law and sacrifice to the xian spirit. They produce clever mechanical skills. In the eleventh month they drum and dance to beg for cold, taking pleasure in splashing water on one another.

In Sui times, its king Qumuzhi married a Western Turk woman and then became a vassal of the Turks. In the tenth year of Wude, the state first sent envoys to present tribute. In the fifth year of Zhenguan, it requested to become a vassal. Taizong said: "I dislike taking an empty name and harming the people. Moreover, if Kang becomes my vassal, in urgency I ought to share its worries. Would sending an army ten thousand li be my intention?" He declined and did not accept.

Soon afterward, the state again sent envoys and offered a lion-like beast. The emperor valued its distance and ordered the Director of the Palace Library, Yu Shinan, to compose a fu on it. From then on it entered tribute every year, bringing golden peaches and silver peaches. An edict ordered that they be planted in the imperial gardens.

In Gaozong's Yonghui period, Kangju Area Command was established in its land, and its king Fuhuman was immediately appointed area commander. In the Wansui Tongtian period, the great chief Dusabat was made king. When he died, his son Nini Shishi was installed. When he died, the people of the state installed Tuhun as king.

At the beginning of Kaiyuan, Kang offered chain armor, a crystal cup, a ma vessel, ostrich eggs, and Yue'nuo, dwarfs, and women dancers of the Hu whirl. Its king Wulejia fought repeatedly with Dashi but could not win, and came requesting troops. The Son of Heaven did not grant them. After a long time, the king requested enfeoffment for his sons: Duoye as king of Cao and Mochuo as king of Mi. The edict granted it. When Wulejia died, envoys were sent to establish Duoye, who was enfeoffed as King Qinhua; his mother, the khatun, was made commandery lady.

An

An is also called Buhuo and also Buhe. Yuan Wei called it Niumi. To the northeast it is about one hundred li from Eastern An, and to the southwest about one hundred li from Bi. In the west it borders the Wuhu River. It governs at Alami City, the old land of Ji, a lesser ruler of Kangju. It has forty great cities and more than one thousand small forts.

They recruit brave and strong men as zhejie. Zhejie is like saying "warriors" in Chinese. In the Wude period, it sent envoys to enter the court. At the beginning of Zhenguan, it offered local products. Taizong generously comforted its envoys, saying: "The Western Turks have already submitted; merchants and travelers may travel." The various Hu were greatly pleased. Its king Helingjia also offered famous horses, and said that one surname had continued in succession for twenty-two generations. In the same year, Eastern An also entered with offerings, saying that the sons' surname had continued in succession for ten generations.

Shi

Shi is sometimes called Zhezhi, Zhezhe, or Zheshi. It is the northern border of Han Dawan. It is nine thousand li from the capital. To the northeast it is distant from the Western Turks; to the northwest is Bola; to the south, about two hundred li away, it reaches Juzhanti; to the southwest, five hundred li away, is Kang. It is more than one thousand li around, on the right bank of the Suyab River.

The king's surname is Shi. He governs at Zhezhe City, the old land of Yuni City, a lesser king of Kangju. To the southwest is the Yaosha River, which after entering China is called the Pearl River, and also the Zhi River. To the southeast is a great mountain that produces sese stones. By custom the people are good at fighting and have many fine horses.

At the beginning of Sui Daye, the Western Turks killed its king and put Tegin Fuzhi in charge of the state. Between Wude and Zhenguan it repeatedly offered local products. In the third year of Xianqing, Kanhe City was made Dawan Area Command, and its king Kantutun Shetiyu Quzhaomu was appointed area commander. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, its ruler Mohe Duotutun had merit and was made king of Shi. In the twenty-eighth year, he was again registered as King Shunyi.

The next year, King Yina Tutun Qule submitted words: "Now the Turks already belong to the Heavenly Qaghan. Only Dashi is a trouble to the various states. I request that it be attacked." The Son of Heaven did not permit it. At the beginning of Tianbao, the king's son Naju Chebishi was enfeoffed as King Huaihua and given an iron certificate.

After a long time, Gao Xianzhi, military commissioner of Anxi, impeached the king for lacking the rites of a foreign vassal and requested permission to attack him. The king agreed to surrender. Xianzhi sent envoys to escort him to Kaiyuan Gate, captured him and presented him, and he was beheaded below the palace gate. Because of this, the Western Regions all resented Tang. The king's son fled to Dashi and begged for troops. They attacked Talas City and defeated Xianzhi's army. From that time the state became a vassal of Dashi. In the Baoying period it sent envoys and came with tribute.

Suyab

There is Suyab, going out more than one thousand li northwest from Anxi to reach Bodaling. Southward it reaches the upper state; northward it is the southern border of the Turgesh. To the southwest, directly toward the Congling Mountains, it is more than two thousand li. Waters flowing south pass through China and enter the sea; waters flowing north pass through the Hu and enter the sea.

Three days northward one crosses the Snow Sea, where in spring and summer rain and snow are constant. Going north from Bodaling more than one thousand li, one reaches the Xiye River valley. To the east is the Hot Sea, where the land is cold but the water does not freeze. To the west is Suyab City. In the seventh year of Tianbao, Wang Zhengjian, military commissioner of Beiting, attacked Anxi and destroyed it.

The valley is one thousand li long. There are tens of thousands of Turkic soldiers of different surnames. Those who farm all wear armor; they raid one another and make slaves. To the west it belongs to Talas City, and Shi often divides troops to garrison it. From here one reaches the Western Sea. From the third month through the ninth month it never rains; people irrigate fields with snow water.

Huoxun

Huoxun is sometimes called Huoliximi and Guoli. It lies on the sunny side of the Wuhu River. Six hundred li southeast is Wudi; southwest it touches Persia; northwest it reaches the Turk Khazar. It is the old land of Ao City, a lesser king of Kangju. Its ruler governs at Jiduo Juzhe City.

Among the various Hu, only this state has carts drawn by cattle, and merchants ride in them to travel through the various states. In the tenth year of Tianbao, its ruler Shaoshifen sent envoys to court and offered black salt. In the Baoying period it again entered court.

Jieshuangna

Shi is also called Qusha and Jieshuangna. It lies south of the Dumo River, on the old land of Suxie City, a lesser king of Kangju. One hundred fifty li west is Nasebo; two hundred li north it belongs to Mi; four hundred li south is Tokharistan. There is Iron Gate Mountain: its left and right sides are steep and jagged, and the color of the rock is like iron. It forms a pass limiting the two states, with its gate bound shut with gold.

The city has a spirit shrine. Whenever they sacrifice, they must use one thousand sheep. When they use troops, they generally pray first and only then proceed. The state has five hundred cities. In Sui Daye, its ruler Dizhe first communicated with China. It was called the strongest and most flourishing, and it built Qishi City, several thousand li square. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, its ruler Shasebi offered local products. In the Xianqing period, its land was made Qusha Prefecture, and the ruler Zhaowu Shiahe was appointed prefect. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, its ruler Hubiduo offered dancing women and patterned leopards. Later its rulers repeatedly died and were installed, yet chiefs entered court from time to time. In Tianbao, an edict changed Shi to the state of Laiwei.

Nasebo

Nasebo is also called Little Shi, probably because it was subject to Shi. It dwells in the old land of Tokharistan. In the east it is barred by the Congling Mountains; in the west it adjoins Bolasi; in the south are the Snow Mountains.

Tokharistan

Tokharistan is sometimes called Tuhuoluo and Duhuoluo. Yuan Wei called it Tuhuluo. It lies west of the Congling Mountains and south of the Wuhu River, in the ancient land of Daxia. It lives mixed together with Yida. It has one hundred thousand victorious soldiers. The state is settled on the soil. It has few women and many men.

North of it is Crystal Mountain. In a cave on the sunny side there are divine horses. The people of the state pasture mares beside it; when colts are born, they always sweat blood. The king's title is yabghu. In the Wude and Zhenguan periods it twice entered with offerings.

Yida

The state of Yida is a kind of the Han Great Yuezhi. The Great Yuezhi were seized by Wusun, crossed west beyond Dawan, attacked Daxia, and made it subject. They governed at Lanshi City. Daxia is Tokharistan. Hephthalite was the royal surname. Later descendants used the surname as the state name, and it was corrupted into Yida; it is also called Yitian. Its customs resemble those of the Turks. In Tianbao it sent envoys and came with tribute.

Jumi

Jumi governs in the mountains. It lies northeast of Tokharistan, facing the Black River in the south. Its king is of Turkic Yantuo stock. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, it sent envoys to enter court. In Kaiyuan, it offered women dancers of the Hu whirl. Its king Narayan spoke somewhat of the harsh taxation imposed by Dashi; the Son of Heaven only comforted him and sent him away. In Tianbao, King Yisilan Sijin again offered horses.

Humi

Humi is sometimes called Damo Xitiedi, and Huokan. It is what Yuan Wei called Bohe, and is also old Tokharistan land. Southeast toward the capital it is more than nine thousand li. Across it is one thousand six hundred li, but its length is narrow, only four or five li. The king dwells at Saijiashen City, which faces the Wuhu River to the north. The land is cold; mounds and hillocks twist and turn, and sand and stones flow over it. There are beans and wheat. It is suited to tree fruits and produces good horses. The people have blue-green pupils.

In the Xianqing period its land was made Niaofei Prefecture, and King Shaboluo Jielifa was made prefect. Its land lay on the route from the Four Garrisons into Tokharistan; therefore it became subject to Tibet. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan, its king Luoluyituo Gudulu Pile Mohe Damosaer was registered as king. In the sixteenth year, he and the Mi chief Mi Huhan together offered local products. In the next year, the great chief Wuhu Dagan again came to court. When the king died, his younger cousin Huzhentan was registered to succeed as king. In the twenty-ninth year, he entered court in person, feasted in the inner palace, was appointed General of the Left Golden Guard, and was given a purple robe and gold belt.

At the beginning of Tianbao, the king's son Jiejifu requested to cut off Tibet, and was given an iron certificate. In the eighth year, Zhentan came to court and requested palace guard service. The edict permitted it. He was appointed General of the Right Martial Guard, and only after a long time was he sent away. The state also sent chiefs with tribute. In the first year of Qianyuan, King Heshe Yijubishi came to court and was granted the surname Li.

Guduo

Guduo is sometimes called Keduluo. It is one thousand li in both breadth and length. The king governs at Sizhuojian City. There are many good horses and red leopards. There are four great salt mountains, and the mountains produce black salt.

In the seventeenth year of Kaiyuan, the king Sijin sent his son Gudushi to court. In the twenty-first year, King Jielifa offered female musicians, and also sent the great chief Duobole Dagan with tribute. In the eleventh year of Tianbao, its king Luo Quanjie was registered as yabghu.

Dashi

Dashi was originally Persian land. The men have high noses and are black and bearded. The women are white, clear-skinned, and when they go out they cover their faces. Five times a day they bow to the heavenly spirit. They wear silver belts and carry silver knives. They do not drink wine or raise music. There is a ritual hall holding several hundred people. Usually every seven days, the king sits high and speaks to those below: "One who dies fighting the enemy lives in heaven; one who kills the enemy receives blessing." Therefore their custom is brave in battle.

The land is rich in gravel and cannot be plowed. They hunt and eat meat. They carve rock honey into huts shaped like carriages and present them each year to nobles. Grapes can be as large as chicken eggs. They have thousand-li horses, said to be of dragon stock.

In Sui Daye, a Persian man was herding at Mount Jufenmodina. There was a beast that spoke, saying: "West of the mountain there are three caves. There are sharp weapons, black stone with white writing. Whoever obtains them will become king." He ran to look, and it was as the beast had said. The writing on the stone said that he should rebel. He then deceived the people, gathered fugitives at the Henghe River, robbed merchants and travelers, protected the western border, made himself king, moved the black stone, and treasured it.

The people of the state went to attack him, but all were greatly defeated and returned. After this he became strong. He destroyed Persia and broke Fulin, and then for the first time had millet, wheat, granaries, and storehouses. He invaded Brahman in the south and annexed the various states. His victorious troops reached four hundred thousand. Kang and Shi both went and became his vassals. His land is ten thousand li broad; in the east it reaches the Turgesh, and in the southwest it belongs to the sea.

In the sea there is the Bobali kind, attached to no one. They do not grow the five grains but eat meat. They pierce cattle for blood, mix it with milk, and drink it. By custom they have no clothing but cover themselves with sheepskin. The women are clear-skinned and beautiful. They have many elephant tusks and amo incense. When Persian merchants wish to go there for trade, several thousand men must present folded cloth, make a blood oath, and only then trade. Their weapons are mostly of tusk and horn, but they have bows, arrows, armor, and lances. Their soldiers reach two hundred thousand. They have often been defeated and plundered by Dashi.

In the second year of Yonghui, the Dashi king Hanmi Momo first sent envoys with tribute. He said that his king was of the Dashi lineage, that the state had existed for thirty-four years, and that two generations had passed. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, they again sent envoys and offered horses and ornamented belts. When they had audience they did not bow. The responsible officials were about to impeach them. Zhang Yue, Chief Minister of the Secretariat, said that people of different customs admiring righteousness should not be put under guilt. Xuanzong pardoned them. When envoys came again, they said: "The people of our state only bow to Heaven. When they see the king, they do not bow." The responsible officials sternly rebuked them, and only then did they bow.

In the fourteenth year, envoys Suli Man offered local products. He was appointed Guoyi and given a red robe and belt.

Some say that among the Dashi kind there was a Golie kind, hereditary chieftains, called White-Clothed Dashi. The kind had two surnames: one was Penni Mohuan, the other Xishen. There was a man named Mohamo, brave and wise, whom the people established as king. He opened land for three thousand li and conquered Xiala City. Fourteen generations passed to Mohuan, who killed his elder brother Yiji and made himself king. Those below resented his cruelty.

There was a man from Mulu in Khurasan, Bing Boxilin, who was going to attack him. He announced to the people: "Those who help me shall all wear black." Soon the multitude numbered tens of thousands. They killed Mohuan and sought Apuluoba, a grandson of the Xishen kind, to be king. The title was changed to Black-Clothed Dashi. When Puluo died, his younger brother Apu Gongfu was installed. At the beginning of Zhide he sent envoys with tribute. Daizong used his troops to pacify the two capitals.

When Apu Gongfu died, his son Midi was installed. When he died, his younger brother Helun was installed. In the Zhenyuan period, he and Tibet attacked one another. Tibet campaigned west every year, and therefore there was little raiding of the frontier. In the fourteenth year, envoys Hancuo, Wuji, and Shabei came to court. All were appointed court gentlemen generals and sent away with gifts.

Tradition says that two thousand li southwest of that state, among mountains and valleys, there is a tree whose flowers are like human heads. When one speaks to them, they laugh and then fall.

Eastward there is Moluo, a small state. It governs a walled city and has many people surnamed Mu. It takes the fifth month as New Year and presents painted jars to one another. There is a Xunzhi melon, so large that ten people can eat it before it is finished. Among its vegetables are kekong, gelan, junda, and baxie.

West of Dashi is Shan, also an independent state. Northward it is distant from the Khazar section of the Turks. Its land is several thousand li. It has five military commissioners and ten thousand victorious soldiers. The soil has much grain. There is a great river that flows east into Yajuluo. Merchants and traders coming and going can be seen one after another.

Fifteen days west from Dashi, one reaches Dupan; fifteen days west from Dupan one reaches Luolizhi. South is Dashi, twenty-five days; north is Boda, one month.

From Boda, going east one reaches Dashi in two months; west it reaches Qilan in twenty days; south is Dupan and north is Dashi, each one month.

From Qilan, going southeast twenty days, one reaches Amei, also called Amei; southeast from there to Tuobasi is fifteen days; south to Shalan is one month; north to the sea is two days. It dwells at Nihawenduo City. It is suited to horses and sheep. Its customs are gentle and broad, so Dashi often pastures there.

Shalan is twenty days east from Luolizhi and twenty days north from Hengman; west is Dashi, twenty-five days.

Luolizhi is fifteen days east from Dupan and fifteen days north from Tuobasi; west to Shalan is twenty days; south to Dashi is twenty-five days.

Daman

Daman, also called Damo, has Tuobasi to the east and Dashi to the south, each one month's travel. North to Qilan is twenty days, and west is Dashi, one month. It dwells in the northern flatland of the Wuhu River. Its animals include many lions. Northwest it adjoins Shi, with the Iron Gate as boundary.

In the sixth year of Tianbao, Dupan and the other six states all sent envoys to enter court. Then the king of Dupan, Mousijian Moheyan, was enfeoffed as King Shunhua; the king of Boda, Mojusesi, as King Shouyi; the king of Amei, Junahushe, as King Gongxin; the king of Shalan, Beilusiwei, as King Shunli; the king of Luolizhi, Yisijuxi, as King Yining; and the king of Daman, Xiemei, as King Fengshun.

Colophon

This Good Works Translation was made from selected Classical Chinese passages from Xin Tang Shu, volume 221b.

The English translation is independently derived from the Classical Chinese source body.

Compiled for the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: Classical Chinese

### 康國

康者，一曰薩末鞬，亦曰颯秣建，元魏所謂悉斤者。其南距史百五十里，西北距西曹百餘里，東南屬米百里，北中曹五十里。在那密水南，大城三十，小堡三百。君姓溫，本月氏人。始居祁連北昭武城，為突厥所破，稍南依蔥嶺，即有其地。枝庶分王，曰安，曰曹，曰石，曰米，曰何，曰火尋，曰戊地，曰史，世謂「九姓」，皆氏昭武。土沃宜禾，出善馬，兵強諸國。人嗜酒，好歌舞於道。王帽氈，飾金雜寶。女子盤髻，蒙黑巾，綴金花。生兒以石蜜啖之，置膠於掌，欲長而甘言，持缶若黏雲。習旁行書。善商賈，好利，丈夫年二十，去傍國，利所在無不至。以十二月為歲首，尚浮圖法，祠祅神，出機巧技。十一月鼓舞乞寒，以水交潑為樂。

隋時，其王屈木支娶西突厥女，遂臣突厥。武德十年，始遣使來獻。貞觀五年，遂請臣。太宗曰：「朕惡取虛名，害百姓；且康臣我，緩急當同其憂。師行萬里，寧朕誌邪？」卻不受。俄又遣使獻師子獸，帝珍其遠，命秘書監虞世南作賦。自是歲入貢，致金桃、銀桃，詔令植苑中。

高宗永徽時，以其地為康居都督府，即授其王拂呼縵為都督。萬歲通天中，以大首領篤娑缽提為王。死，子泥涅師師立。死，國人立突昏為王。開元初，貢鎖子鎧、水精杯、碼瓶、駝鳥卵及越諾、侏儒、胡旋女子。其王烏勒伽與大食亟戰不勝，來乞師，天子不許。久之，請封其子咄曷為曹王，默啜為米王，詔許。烏勒伽死，遣使立咄曷，封欽化王，以其母可敦為郡夫人。

### 安國

安者，一曰布豁，又曰捕喝，元魏謂忸蜜者。東北至東安，西南至畢，皆百里所。西瀕烏滸河，治阿濫謐城，即康居小君長罽王故地。大城四十，小堡千餘。募勇健者為柘羯。柘羯，猶中國言戰士也。武德時，遣使入朝。貞觀初，獻方物，太宗厚尉其使曰：「西突厥已降，商旅可行矣。」諸胡大悅。其王訶陵迦又獻名馬，自言一姓相承二十二世雲。是歲，東安國亦入獻，言子姓相承十世云。

### 柘支

石，或曰柘支，曰柘折，曰赭時，漢大宛北鄙也。去京師九千里。東北距西突厥，西北波臘，南二百里所抵俱戰提，西南五百里康也。圓千餘里，右涯素葉河。王姓石，治柘折城，故康居小王窳匿城地。西南有藥殺水，入中國謂之真珠河，亦曰質河。東南有大山，生瑟瑟。俗善戰，多良馬。隋大業初，西突厥殺其王，以特勒匐職統其國。武德、貞觀間，數獻方物。顯慶三年，以瞰羯城為大宛都督府，授其王瞰土屯攝舍提於屈昭穆都督。開元初，封其君莫賀咄吐屯，有功，為石國王。二十八年，又冊順義王。明年，王伊捺吐屯屈勒上言：「今突厥已屬天可汗，惟大食為諸國患，請討之。」天子不許。天寶初，封王子那俱車鼻施為懷化王，賜鐵券。久之，安西節度使高仙芝劾其無蕃臣禮，請討之。王約降，仙芝遣使者護送至開遠門，俘以獻，斬闕下，於是西域皆怨。王子走大食乞兵，攻怛邏斯城，敗仙芝軍，自是臣大食。寶應時，遣使朝貢。

### 碎葉

有碎葉者，出安西西北千里所，得勃達嶺，南抵上國，北突騎施南鄙也，西南直蔥嶺贏二千里。水南流者經中國入於海，北流者經胡入於海。北三日行度雪海，春夏常雨雪。繇勃達嶺北行贏千里，得細葉川。東曰熱海，地寒不凍。西有碎葉城，天寶七載，北庭節度使王正見伐安西，毀之。川長千里，有異姓突厥兵數萬，耕者皆擐甲，相掠為奴婢。西屬怛邏斯城，石常分兵鎮之。自此抵西海矣。三月訖九月，未嘗雨，人以雪水溉田。

### 火尋

火尋，或曰貨利習彌，曰過利，居烏滸水之陽。東南六百里距戊地，西南與波斯接，西北抵突厥曷薩，乃康居小王奧城故地。其君治急多颶遮城。諸胡惟其國有車牛，商賈乘以行諸國。天寶十載，君稍施芬遣使者朝，獻黑鹽。寶應時復入朝。

### 羯霜那

史，或曰佉沙，曰羯霜那，居獨莫水南康居小王蘇薤城故地。西百五十里距那色波，北二百里屬米，南四百里吐火羅也。有鐵門山，左右巉峭，石色如鐵，為關以限二國，以金錮闔。城有神祠，每祭必千羊，用兵類先禱乃行。國有城五百。隋大業中，其君狄遮始通中國，號最強盛，築乞史城，地方數千里。貞觀十六年，君沙瑟畢獻方物。顯慶時，以其地為佉沙州，授君昭武失阿喝刺史。開元十五年，君忽必多獻舞女、文豹。後君長數死、立，然首領時時入朝。天寶中，詔改史為來威國。

### 那色波

那色波，亦曰小史，蓋為史所役屬。居吐火羅故地，東厄蔥嶺，西接波剌斯，南雪山。

### 吐火羅

吐火羅，或曰土豁羅，曰睹貨邏，元魏謂吐呼羅者。居蔥嶺西，烏滸河之南，古大夏地。與挹怛雜處。勝兵十萬。國土著，少女多男。北有頗黎山，其陽穴中有神馬，國人遊牧牝於側，生駒輒汗血。其王號「葉護」。武德、貞觀時再入獻。

### 挹怛國

挹怛國，漢大月氏之種。大月氏為烏孫所奪，西過大宛，擊大夏臣之。治藍氏城。大夏即吐火羅也。嚈噠，王姓也，後裔以姓為國，訛為挹怛，亦曰挹闐。俗類突厥，天寶中遣使朝貢。

### 俱蜜

俱蜜者，治山中。在吐火羅東北，南臨黑河。其王突厥延陀種。貞觀十六年，遣使者入朝。開元中，獻胡旋舞女，其王那羅延頗言為大食暴賦，天子但尉遣而已。天寶時，王伊悉爛俟斤又獻馬。

### 護蜜

護蜜者，或曰達摩悉鐵帝，曰鑊侃，元魏所謂缽和者，亦吐火羅故地。東南直京師九千里而贏，橫千六百里，縱狹才四五里。王居塞迦審城，北臨烏滸河。地寒洹，堆阜曲折，沙石流漫。有豆、麥，宜木果，出善馬。人碧瞳。顯慶時以地為鳥飛州，王沙缽羅頡利發為刺史。地當四鎮入吐火羅道，故役屬吐蕃。開元八年，冊其王羅旅伊陀骨咄祿多毗勒莫賀達摩薩爾為王。十六年，與米首領米忽汗同獻方物。明年，大酋烏鶻達幹復朝。王死，冊其從弟護真檀嗣王。二十九年，身入朝，宴內殿，拜左金吾衛將軍，賜紫袍、金帶。天寶初，王子頡吉匐請絕吐蕃，賜鐵券。八載，真檀來朝，請宿衛，詔可。授右武衛將軍，久乃遣。又遣首領朝貢。乾元元年，王紇設伊俱鼻施來朝，賜氏李。

### 骨咄

骨咄，或曰珂咄羅。廣長皆千里。王治思助建城。多良馬、赤豹。有四大鹽山，山出烏鹽。

開元十七年，王俟斤遣子骨都施來朝。二十一年，王頡利發獻女樂，又遣大首領多博勒達幹朝貢。天寶十一載，冊其王羅全節為葉護。

### 大食

大食，本波斯地。男子鼻高，黑而髯。女子白皙，出輒鄣面。日五拜天神。銀帶，佩銀刀，不飲酒舉樂。有禮堂容數百人，率七日，王高坐為下說曰：「死敵者生天上，殺敵受福。」故俗勇於鬥。土饒礫不可耕，獵而食肉。刻石蜜為廬如輿狀，歲獻貴人。蒲陶大者如雞卵。有千里馬，傳為龍種。

隋大業中，有波斯國人牧於俱紛摩地那山，有獸言曰：「山西三穴，有利兵，黑石而白文，得之者王。」走視，如言。石文言當反，乃詭眾裒亡命於恒曷水，劫商旅，保西鄙自王，移黑石寶之。國人往討之，皆大敗還，於是遂強。滅波斯，破拂菻，始有粟麥倉庾。南侵婆羅門，並諸國，勝兵至四十萬。康、石皆往臣之。其地廣萬里，東距突騎施。西南屬海。

海中有撥拔力種，無所附屬。不生五谷，食肉，刺牛血和乳飲之。俗無衣服，以羊皮自蔽。婦人明皙而麗。多象牙及阿末香，波斯賈人欲往市，必數千人納氎镵血誓，乃交易。兵多牙角，而有弓、矢、鎧、槊，士至二十萬，數為大食所破略。

永徽二年，大食王豃密莫末𧸐始遣使者朝貢，自言王大食氏，有國三十四年，傳二世。開元初，復遣使獻馬、鈿帶，謁見不拜，有司將劾之。中書令張說謂殊俗慕義，不可置於罪。玄宗赦之。使者又來，辭曰：「國人止拜天，見王無拜也。」有司切責，乃拜。十四年，遣使蘇黎滿獻方物，拜果毅，賜緋袍、帶。

或曰大食族中有孤列種，世酋長，號白衣大食。種有二姓，一曰盆尼末換，二曰奚深。有摩訶末者，勇而智，眾立為王。辟地三千里，克夏臘城。傳十四世，至末換，殺兄伊疾自王，下怨其忍。有呼羅珊木鹿人並波悉林將討之，徇眾曰：「助我者，皆黑衣。」俄而眾數萬，即殺末換，求奚深種孫阿蒲羅拔為王，更號黑衣大食。蒲羅死，弟阿蒲恭拂立。至德初，遣使者朝貢。代宗取其兵平兩京。阿蒲恭拂死，子迷地立。死，弟訶論立。貞元時，與吐蕃相攻，吐蕃歲西師，故鮮盜邊。十四年，遣使者含嵯、烏雞、沙北三人朝，皆拜中郎將，賚遣之。傳言其國西南二千里山谷間，有木生花如人首，與語輒笑，則落。

東有末祿，小國也。治城郭，多木姓，以五月為歲首，以畫缸相獻。有尋支瓜，大者十人食乃盡。蔬有顆蔥、葛藍、軍達、茇薤。

大食之西有苫者，亦自國。北距突厥可薩部，地數千里。有五節度，勝兵萬人。土多禾。有大川，東流入亞俱羅。商賈往來相望雲。

自大食西十五日行，得都盤，西距羅利支十五日行；南即大食，二十五日行；北勃達，一月行。

勃達之東距大食二月行；西抵岐蘭二十日行；南都盤，北大食，皆一月行。

岐蘭之東南二十日行，得阿沒，或曰阿昧；東南距陀拔斯十五日行；南沙蘭，一月行；北距海二日行。居你訶溫多城，宜馬羊，俗柔寬，故大食常遊牧於此。

沙蘭東距羅利支，北恒滿，皆二十日行；西即大食，二十五日行。

羅利支東距都盤，北陀拔斯，皆十五日行；西沙蘭，二十日行；南大食，二十五日行。

### 怛滿

怛滿，或曰怛沒，東陀拔斯，南大食，皆一月行；北岐蘭，二十日行；西即大食，一月行。居烏滸河北平川中。獸多師子。西北與史接，以鐵關為限。

天寶六載，都盤等六國皆遣使者入朝，乃封都盤王謀思健摩訶延曰順化王，勃達王摩俱澀斯曰守義王，阿沒王俱那胡設曰恭信王，沙蘭王卑路斯威曰順禮王，羅利支王伊思俱習曰義寧王，怛滿王謝沒曰奉順王。

Source Colophon

The Classical Chinese source body was extracted from the local Xin Tang Shu source dossier and copied for this translation pass at Tulku/Tools/scythian/sources/expansion_bench_2026-05-11/xintangshu_221b_central_asia_chinese_source_manual87.txt.

The local source dossier identifies the route as selected passages from Xin Tang Shu volume 221b, inspected from local Wikisource raw and cleaned captures.

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