A Good Works Translation from Hesperia TE.17.03 / K.03.03

The great Penalba de Villastar rock inscription is one of the major sacred Hispano-Celtic sources: a Celtiberian sanctuary text with Luguei visible in the source body. The dossier gives the whole source text, the secure religious anchors, and the translation boundaries without pretending that the disputed inscription has a settled continuous English meaning.

Translation

The Penalba inscription stands in a sanctuary landscape and preserves the divine name Luguei inside a long Celtiberian rock text. Its secure religious center is the Luguei / Lugus anchor; its wider syntax remains disputed. The translation gives that center first, then keeps the visible source structure and apparatus-sensitive readings in view.

Sanctuary Guide

A Celtiberian religious inscription on rock at the open-air sanctuary of Penalba de Villastar, with Luguei named in the source text and with repeated formulae that remain debated.

Hesperia records the object as a rock or parietal inscription on stone, incised, dextrograde, with seven lines. The record classifies it as a religious epigraph and associates it with the Penalba de Villastar sanctuary in Villastar, Teruel.

Source Line Guide

Line 1: ENIOROS+I opens the text with an eni-related form; Hesperia records important alternate segmentations.

Line 2: VTA : TIGINO : T+ATVMEI includes tigino, a visible dative singular anchor in the discussion.

Line 3: TRECAIAS : TO : +VGVEI brings the first Luguei line; the division and force of TO : +VGVEI are central interpretation problems.

Line 4: ARAIANOM : COMEIMV preserves araianom, a genitive plural form noted in grammatical discussion.

Line 5: ENIOROSEI : EQVEISVIQVE repeats the eniorosei form and includes the enclitic -que in eqveisvique.

Line 6: OGRIS : OLOCAS : TOGIAS : SISTAT : LVGVEI : TIATO gives the clearest Luguei occurrence and several sanctuary-formula words.

Line 7: T++TAS is heavily damaged; the apparatus compares it with TOGIAS.

Controlled Reader Rendering

The responsible English rendering is structural:

At the Penalba sanctuary, the inscription invokes or concerns Luguei / Lugus.
It uses repeated locative or formulaic eni forms, a genitive plural in
araianom, and linked sanctuary words around togias, sistat, and Luguei.
The full syntax remains disputed.

This rendering is intentionally limited. It does not decide whether to Luguei means "toward Lugus," "for Lugus," or another construction. That disagreement affects the whole interpretation and must remain visible.

Luguei / Lugus Anchor

The central secure religious fact is the occurrence of LVGVEI / Luguei. Mnamon identifies the inscription as an evident mention of the Celtic god Lug / Lugus in the singular. The reader can therefore meet it as a Luguei sanctuary source.

The page should not import later insular mythology as if it translated the Celtiberian lines. Luguei is the anchor; the rest of the religious setting must come from the inscription, the sanctuary, and controlled scholarship.

Difficult Readings

Hesperia's apparatus makes several points unsafe to smooth:

Line 1: ENIOROS+I has been read as ENIOROSEI, ENIOROSEI, or segmented as ENI : OROSEI
Line 2: T+ATVMEI has variants including TIATVMEI, TIATUNEI, and related forms.
Line 3: TRECAIAS has an ERECAIAS line in earlier readings, and TO : +VGVEI has been treated as TOLVGVEI or related forms.
Line 5: ENIOROSEI is again apparatus-sensitive.
Line 6: OLOCAS has an OIOCAS alternate; TOGIAS may be segmented as TO : GIAS; TIATO has TIASO readings.
Line 7: the damaged ending is compared with TOGIAS.

These are translation-shaping variants, not decorative notes.

Colophon

This page presents a source-close Good Works dossier for Hesperia TE.17.03 / K.03.03, the great Penalba de Villastar rock inscription from Villastar, Teruel. The English is made from the inspected Hesperia source text, object profile, apparatus notes, and bibliography, with Mnamon used as an English-facing control for the Lug / Lugus anchor and the warning that researchers do not agree on the translation.

The page does not claim a complete translation. It gives the source text, identifies the Luguei sanctuary anchor, and keeps the disputed syntactic and apparatus points visible.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: Hesperia TE.17.03 / K.03.03, Penalba de Villastar

Celtiberian source text from Hesperia TE.17.03 / K.03.03, Penalba de Villastar, Villastar, Teruel. Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English source-close dossier above.

1. ENIOROS+I
2. VTA : TIGINO : T+ATVMEI
3. TRECAIAS : TO : +VGVEI
4. ARAIANOM : COMEIMV
5. ENIOROSEI : EQVEISVIQVE
6. OGRIS : OLOCAS : TOGIAS : SISTAT : LVGVEI : TIATO
7. T++TAS

Source apparatus notes from the inspected Hesperia text page:

1: ENIOROS+I; readings include ENIOROSEI, ENIOROSEI, and ENI : OROSEI.
2: T+ATVMEI; readings include TIATVMEI, TIATVNEI, TIATUNEI, and TIATVMEI.
3: TRECAIAS; earlier readings include ERECAIAS. TO : +VGVEI has been read as TOLVGVEI and related forms.
5: ENIOROSEI; readings include ENI : OROSEI and ENIOROSEI.
6: OLOCAS has an OIOCAS alternate. TOGIAS may be segmented as TO : GIAS. TIATO has TIASO readings.
7: T++TAS is compared with TOGIAS.

Source Colophon

The source text above follows the inspected Hesperia TE.17.03 / K.03.03 record for the Penalba de Villastar Luguei inscription. Local source controls are held at:

Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/penalba/hesperia_te17_locality.html
Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/penalba/hesperia_te1703_luguei_general.html
Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/penalba/hesperia_te1703_luguei_text.html
Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/penalba/hesperia_te1703_luguei_bibliography.html
Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/penalba/web_controls/mnamon_celtiberian_examples_penalba.html

Hesperia records this as a religious inscription. Mnamon confirms the English-facing caution: researchers do not agree about the translation, but Lug / Lugus is an evident central anchor. Stronger interpretations require the deeper control route through Prosper, Jordan, De Bernardo, Beltran, Marco, Alfaye, MLH, and related sanctuary studies.

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