A Complete Good Works Translation from Bibliotheca Historica 5.24-32
Diodorus' fifth book gives a continuous Greek witness to Celts and Galatians: origin story, land and rivers, wine trade, gold, feasting, warfare, armor, bards, Druids, divination, sacrifice, and the distinction between Celts and Galatians. The account is Greek ethnography and must be read as an outside classical witness, not as a native Celtic self-description.
Translation
Chapter 24
[1] Having gone through the islands that lie in the western regions, we think it is not out of place to speak briefly about the peoples near Europe, whom we passed over in the earlier books. In old times, then, Celtica, as they say, was ruled by a distinguished man. He had a daughter who was extraordinary in bodily size and far beyond other women in beauty. Because of her bodily strength and the beauty that people admired, she was proud and refused every man who sought marriage with her, thinking none of them worthy of herself.
[2] But when Heracles was campaigning against Geryon and came into Celtica, and when he founded there the city of Alesia, she saw Heracles, wondered at his courage and the surpassing greatness of his body, and received union with him with every willingness, her parents also consenting. [3] After lying with Heracles she bore a son named Galates, who greatly excelled those of the same nation in courage of spirit and bodily strength. When he came to manhood and succeeded to his father's kingship, he conquered much of the neighboring land and accomplished great deeds in war. Becoming famous for courage, he named the people placed under him Galatians after himself; and from them all Galatia received its name.
Chapter 25
[1] Since we have gone through the name of the Galatians, we should also speak about their land. Galatia is inhabited by many peoples differing in size. The largest of them have about two hundred thousand men, and the smallest fifty thousand. One of these peoples has an old kinship and friendship with the Romans, which has remained down to our own times.
[2] Since the land lies for the most part under the north, it is wintry and exceedingly cold. In the winter season, on cloudy days, instead of rain it is covered with much snow; and in clear weather with frost and extraordinary masses of ice. Through these the rivers are frozen and bridge themselves by their own nature. Not only ordinary travelers crossing in small groups pass over the ice, but tens of thousands in armies, together with baggage-carriers and heavily loaded wagons, cross safely.
[3] Many great rivers flow through Galatia and cut the level land with streams in various ways. Some flow out of bottomless lakes; others have their springs and inrushes from the mountains. Some make their outlet into the Ocean, others into the sea on our side. [4] The greatest of those flowing into our sea is the Rhone, which has its sources in the Alpine mountains and pours itself into the sea by five mouths. Of those flowing into the Ocean, the Danube and the Rhine seem to be the greatest. In our own times Caesar, the one called a god, bridged the Rhine in a remarkable way, took his force across on foot, and subdued the Galatians living beyond it.
[5] There are many other navigable rivers in Celtica, about which it would be long to write. Nearly all of them, when frozen by ice, bridge their streams; and because the ice, by its natural smoothness, makes those who cross slip, people throw chaff on it and so have a safe passage.
Chapter 26
[1] Something peculiar and strange happens through most of Galatia, and we judge it not worth passing over. Winds are accustomed to blow from the summer west and the north with such violence and force that they snatch from the ground stones as large as a hand can grasp and coarse dust from the gravel. In general, when they storm fiercely, they tear weapons and clothing from men and riders from horses.
[2] Because the excessive cold ruins the mixture of the air, the land bears neither wine nor olive oil. Therefore those Galatians who lack these fruits make from barley the drink called zythos, and they wash honeycombs and use the rinsing from them. [3] Being exceedingly fond of wine, they gorge themselves with the unmixed wine imported by merchants; and because they use the drink greedily through desire, when drunk they fall into sleep or mad states of mind. Therefore many Italian merchants, from their usual love of money, think the Galatians' love of wine a windfall. Carrying the wine by ship through navigable rivers and by wagons through the level country, they receive an unbelievable price: for a jar of wine they receive a slave, taking a servant in exchange for the drink.
Chapter 27
[1] In Galatia silver is not found at all, but there is much gold, which nature supplies to the inhabitants without mining and hardship. For the flowing of the rivers, having crooked bends, strikes against the slopes of nearby mountains and tears away great mounds, filling the streams with gold-dust.
[2] Those occupied with this work gather it, grind or crush the clods that contain the dust, wash away the earthy matter by the nature of the waters, and hand it over to the furnaces for melting. [3] In this way they heap up a quantity of gold and use it for ornament, not only the women but also the men. Around their wrists and arms they wear bracelets; around their necks they wear thick rings of solid gold, and also notable finger rings and golden breastplates.
[4] A peculiar and strange custom exists among the upper Celts concerning the sacred precincts of the gods. In the sanctuaries and precincts set apart throughout the land much gold lies thrown down, dedicated to the gods, and none of the inhabitants touches it because of religious fear, although the Celts are exceedingly fond of money.
Chapter 28
[1] The Galatians are tall in body, moist and white in flesh, and blond not only by nature; they also make a practice of increasing the natural quality of the color. [2] Washing their hair continually with lime-water, they draw it back from the forehead to the crown and the nape, so that their appearance seems like that of Satyrs and Pans. Their hair is thickened by the treatment until it differs in no way from the mane of horses.
[3] Some shave their beards, while others let them grow moderately. The nobles shave the cheeks smooth but leave the moustaches hanging loose, so that their mouths are covered. Therefore when they eat, the hair gets tangled in the food, and when they drink, the drink passes as if through a kind of strainer.
[4] They dine sitting not on chairs but on the ground, using the skins of wolves or dogs for bedding beneath them. They are served by the youngest children, boys and girls alike. Near them are hearths full of fire, with cauldrons and spits full of whole pieces of meat. They honor brave men with the finest portions of the meat, just as the poet introduces Ajax being honored by the chiefs after he had won in single combat against Hector: 'with full-length chines he honored Ajax.'
[5] They also invite strangers to their feasts, and after dinner they ask who they are and what need they have. They are accustomed also during dinner, when chance conversations lead them into a contest of words, to fight single combats with one another after a challenge, regarding the end of life as nothing. For among them the doctrine of Pythagoras prevails, [6] that the souls of human beings are immortal and that after a fixed number of years they live again, the soul entering into another body. Therefore at the burials of the dead some throw letters written to their dead relatives onto the pyre, as if the dead will read them.
Chapter 29
[1] On journeys and in battles they use two-horse chariots, the chariot having a driver and a warrior beside him. When they encounter horsemen in wars, they first hurl javelins at the opponents; then, dismounting, they join battle with the sword.
[2] Some of them so despise death that they go down into danger naked and wearing only a girdle. They also bring free attendants, selecting them from the poor, and use them as charioteers and shield-bearers in battles. When armies are drawn up, they are accustomed to come forward in front of the line and challenge the best of the opposing side to single combat, shaking their weapons beforehand and terrifying their enemies.
[3] When someone accepts the combat, they sing the manly deeds of their ancestors and proclaim their own courage; they revile and belittle the opponent and, in a word, strip away his courage of soul in advance by their speeches. [4] They cut off the heads of fallen enemies and fasten them to the necks of their horses. They hand the bloody spoils to their attendants and carry them away as plunder, singing a paean and chanting a victory hymn. They nail these first-fruits to their houses, just as people do with wild animals mastered in certain hunts.
[5] They carefully preserve the heads of their most distinguished enemies, embalming them with cedar oil and keeping them in a chest. They show them to strangers, boasting that for this head one of their ancestors, or their father, or they themselves refused a great sum of money. Some of them, they say, boast that they did not accept the head's weight in gold, displaying a certain barbarous greatness of soul. For it is noble not to sell the tokens of courage, but to keep fighting against one of the same race after he is dead is beastlike.
Chapter 30
[1] They use astonishing clothing: tunics dyed and embroidered with every kind of color, and trousers, which they call bracae. They fasten on striped cloaks, thick in winter and light in summer, divided by close-set and many-colored squares.
[2] For arms they use shields as tall as a man, decorated in their own fashion. Some have raised bronze figures of animals, well made not only for ornament but also for protection. They put on bronze helmets with great projections rising from them, giving a very large appearance to those who use them. On some are attached horns formed with the helmet; on others, foreparts of birds or four-footed animals shaped in relief.
[3] They have trumpets of a peculiar and barbarian kind. When they blow into them, they send out a harsh sound suited to the confusion of war. Some have iron chain-mail breastplates; others are content with what nature has given and fight naked. Instead of a short sword they have long blades, suspended by iron or bronze chains and stretched along the right hip. Some bind their tunics with belts overlaid with gold or silver.
[4] They carry spears, which they call lankiai, having iron heads a cubit long and even longer, and nearly two palms wide. Their swords are no shorter than other peoples' javelins, and their javelins have points larger than swords. Some of these spearheads are forged straight; others have a twisting bend throughout their whole length, so that in the blow they not only cut but tear the flesh, and when the spear is drawn back they rip open the wound.
Chapter 31
[1] They are terrifying in appearance, heavy-sounding in their voices, and altogether harsh-voiced. In conversation they are brief, riddling, and for the most part hinting by implication. They often speak in exaggerations, magnifying themselves and lowering others. They are threatening, high-strung, and theatrical, yet sharp in mind and not without natural ability for learning.
[2] Among them are makers of songs whom they call bards. These sing with instruments like lyres, praising some and reviling others. There are also certain philosophers and theologians who are honored beyond measure and whom they call Druids. [3] They also use seers and consider them worthy of great acceptance. These foretell the future both by bird-watching and by the sacrifice of victims, and they have the whole multitude obedient to them.
Especially when they inquire about great matters, they have a strange and unbelievable custom: after consecrating a human being, they strike him with a dagger in the place above the diaphragm. When the wounded man falls, they understand the future from the fall, from the convulsion of the limbs, and also from the flow of blood, trusting an old and long-standing observation about these things.
[4] It is their custom that no one performs sacrifice without a philosopher. They say that thank-offerings must be brought to the gods through those experienced in divine nature, as though through people speaking the same language, and they think they must ask for good things through them. [5] Not only in peaceful needs, but also in wars, they obey these men most of all, and the song-making poets too, not only friends but also enemies. Often when armies draw near each other in battle line, swords lifted and spears thrust forward, these men come into the middle and stop them, as if enchanting certain wild beasts. So even among the most savage barbarians, anger yields to wisdom, and Ares reveres the Muses.
Chapter 32
[1] It is useful to distinguish something that many people do not know. Those who live above Massalia in the inland country, those along the Alps, and those on this side of the Pyrenees mountains are called Celts. Those established above this Celtica in the regions that slope toward the north, beside the Ocean and the Hercynian mountain, and all the peoples next in order as far as Scythia, are called Galatians. The Romans, however, include all these peoples together under one name and call them all Galatians.
[2] The women of the Galatians are not only nearly equal to the men in size, but also rivals in strength. The children among them are mostly gray-haired from birth; as they advance in age, their color changes into that of their fathers. [3] Those who live under the north and near Scythia are the most savage. Some of them, they say, eat human beings, just as some of the Britons do who live on the island called Iris.
[4] Their strength and savagery are famous. Some say that the people who in ancient times overran all Asia and were called Cimmerians are these same people, time having slightly corrupted the word into the name of those called Cimbri. From old times they have been zealous to plunder by attacking other people's lands and to despise everyone. [5] These are the people who captured Rome, plundered the sanctuary at Delphi, made much of Europe and no small part of Asia pay tribute, settled in the land of those they had conquered, were called Helleno-Galatians because of their mingling with Greeks, and at last shattered many large armies of the Romans.
[6] In keeping with their savagery, they also act with strange impiety in sacrifices. They keep criminals for five years, impale them for the gods, and burn them with many other first-fruits, making very great pyres. They also use captives as sacrificial victims for the honors of the gods. Some of them kill animals taken in war together with human beings, or burn them, or destroy them by some other punishments.
[7] Although they have beautiful women, they pay very little attention to them and are strangely mad for unions with males. They are accustomed to sleep on the ground on the skins of wild animals, rolling together with bedfellows on both sides. Most strange of all, careless of their own good appearance, they readily give the flower of their bodies to others; and they do not consider this shameful, but rather, when one of them offers favor and another does not accept the favor given, they consider that dishonorable.
Colophon
This page translates Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 5.24-32 from Greek for the Celtic continental expansion of the Good Work Library. Diodorus' account preserves Greek ethnographic framing, marvels, hostility, and inherited report; the translation keeps that frame visible as source evidence.
Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.
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Source Text: Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica 5.24-32
Greek source text from Perseus Hopper's text of Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Book 5. This page gives the continuous Celtic and Galatian ethnographic source-unit in chapters 24-32.
Chapter 24
[1] διεληλυθότες δὲ περὶ τῶν νήσων τῶν κειμένων ἐν τοῖς πρὸς δυσμὰς μέρεσιν, οὐκ ἀνοίκειον εἶναι νομίζομεν περὶ τῶν πλησίον τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐθνῶν βραχέα διελθεῖν, ἃ παραλελοίπαμεν ἐν ταῖς πρότερον βίβλοις. τῆς Κελτικῆς τοίνυν τὸ παλαιόν, ὥς φασιν, ἐδυνάστευσεν ἐπιφανὴς ἀνήρ, ᾧ θυγάτηρ ἐγένετο τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ σώματος ὑπερφυής, τῇ δ᾽ εὐπρεπείᾳ πολὺ διέχουσα τῶν ἄλλων. αὕτη δὲ διά τε τὴν τοῦ σώματος ῥώμην: καὶ τὴν θαυμαζομένην εὐπρέπειαν πεφρονηματισμένη παντὸς τοῦ μνηστεύοντος τὸν γάμον ἀπηρνεῖτο, νομίζουσα μηδένα
[2] τούτων ἄξιον ἑαυτῆς εἶναι. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Ἡρακλέους ἐπὶ Γηρυόνην στρατείαν, καταντήσαντος εἰς τὴν Κελτικὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ πόλιν Ἀλησίαν ἐν ταύτῃ κτίσαντος, θεασαμένη τὸν Ἡρακλέα καὶ θαυμάσασα τήν τε ἀρετὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὑπεροχήν, προσεδέξατο τὴν ἐπιπλοκὴν μετὰ πάσης προθυμίας,
[3] συγκατανευσάντων καὶ τῶν γονέων. μιγεῖσα δὲ τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ ἐγέννησεν υἱὸν ὀνόματι Γαλάτην, πολὺ προέχοντα τῶν ὁμοεθνῶν ἀρετῇ τε ψυχῆς καὶ ῥώμῃ σώματος. ἀνδρωθεὶς δὲ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ διαδεξάμενος τὴν πατρῴαν βασιλείαν, πολλὴν μὲν τῆς προσοριζούσης χώρας κατεκτήσατο, μεγάλας δὲ πράξεις πολεμικὰς συνετέλεσε. περιβόητος δὲ γενόμενος ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρείᾳ τοὺς ὑφ᾽ αὑτὸν τεταγμένους ὠνόμασεν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Γαλάτας: ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἡ σύμπασα Γαλατία προσηγορεύθη.
Chapter 25
[1] ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν προσηγορίας διήλθομεν, καὶ περὶ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν δέον ἐστὶν εἰπεῖν. ἡ τοίνυν Γαλατία κατοικεῖται μὲν ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἐθνῶν διαφόρων τοῖς μεγέθεσι: τὰ μέγιστα γὰρ αὐτῶν σχεδὸν εἴκοσι μυριάδας ἀνδρῶν ἔχει, τὰ δ᾽ ἐλάχιστα πέντε μυριάδας, ὧν ἕν ἐστι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἔχον συγγένειαν παλαιὰν καὶ φιλίαν τὴν μέχρι τῶν καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς χρόνων διαμένουσαν.
[2] κειμένη δὲ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ὑπὸ τὰς ἄρκτους χειμέριός ἐστι καὶ ψυχρὰ διαφερόντως. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν χειμερινὴν ὥραν ἐν ταῖς συννεφέσιν ἡμέραις ἀντὶ μὲν τῶν ὄμβρων χιόνι πολλῇ νίφεται, κατὰ δὲ τὰς αἰθρίας κρυστάλλῳ καὶ πάγοις ἐξαισίοις πλήθει, δι᾽ ὧν οἱ ποταμοὶ πηγνύμενοι διὰ τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως γεφυροῦνται: οὐ μόνον γὰρ οἱ τυχόντες ὁδῖται κατ᾽ ὀλίγους κατὰ τοῦ κρυστάλλου πορευόμενοι διαβαίνουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατοπέδων μυριάδες μετὰ σκευοφόρων καὶ ἁμαξῶν γεμουσῶν ἀσφαλῶς περαιοῦνται.
[3] πολλῶν δὲ καὶ μεγάλων ποταμῶν ῥεόντων διὰ τῆς Γαλατίας καὶ τοῖς ῥείθροις ποικίλως τὴν πεδιάδα γῆν τεμνόντων, οἱ μὲν ἐκ λιμνῶν ἀβύσσων ῥέουσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν ἔχουσι τὰς πηγὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπιρροίας: τὴν δ᾽ ἐκβολὴν οἱ μὲν εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ποιοῦνται, οἱ δ᾽ εἰς τὴν καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς θάλατταν.
[4] μέγιστος δ᾽ ἐστὶ τῶν εἰς τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς πέλαγος ῥεόντων ὁ Ῥοδανός, τὰς μὲν πηγὰς ἔχων ἐν τοῖς Ἀλπείοις ὄρεσι, πέντε δὲ στόμασιν ἐξερευγόμενος εἰς τὴν θάλατταν. τῶν δ᾽ εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ῥεόντων μέγιστοι δοκοῦσιν ὑπάρχειν ὅ τε Δανούβιος καὶ ὁ Ῥῆνος, ὃν ἐν τοῖς καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς χρόνοις Καῖσαρ ὁ κληθεὶς θεὸς ἔζευξε παραδόξως, καὶ περαιώσας πεζῇ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχειρώσατο τοὺς πέραν κατοικοῦντας αὐτοῦ Γαλάτας.
[5] πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι πλωτοὶ ποταμοὶ κατὰ τὴν Κελτικήν εἰσι, περὶ ὧν μακρὸν ἂν εἴη γράφειν. πάντες δὲ σχεδὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ πάγου πηγνύμενοι γεφυροῦσι τὰ ῥεῖθρα, καὶ τοῦ κρυστάλλου διὰ τὴν φυσικὴν λειότητα ποιοῦντος τοὺς διαβαίνοντας ὀλισθάνειν, ἀχύρων ἐπιβαλλομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἀσφαλῆ τὴν διάβασιν ἔχουσιν.
Chapter 26
[1] ἴδιον δέ τι καὶ παράδοξον συμβαίνει κατὰ τὴν πλείστην τῆς Γαλατίας, περὶ οὗ παραλιπεῖν οὐκ ἄξιον ἡγούμεθα. ἀπὸ γὰρ θερινῆς δύσεως καὶ ἄρκτου πνεῖν εἰώθασιν ἄνεμοι τηλικαύτην ἔχοντες σφοδρότητα καὶ δύναμιν, ὥστε ἀναρπάζειν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς λίθους χειροπληθιαίους τοῖς μεγέθεσι καὶ τῶν ψηφίδων ἁδρομερῆ κονιορτόν: καθόλου δὲ καταιγίζοντες λάβρως ἁρπάζουσιν ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τὰ ὅπλα καὶ τὰς ἐσθῆτας, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἵππων τοὺς ἀναβάτας.
[2] διὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τοῦ ψύχους διαφθειρομένης τῆς κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα κράσεως οὔτ᾽ οἶνον οὔτ᾽ ἔλαιον φέρει: διόπερ τῶν Γαλατῶν οἱ τούτων τῶν καρπῶν στερισκόμενοι πόμα κατασκευάζουσιν ἐκ τῆς κριθῆς τὸ προσαγορευόμενον ζῦθος, καὶ τὰ κηρία πλύνοντες τῷ τούτων ἀποπλύματι χρῶνται.
[3] κάτοινοι δ᾽ ὄντες καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν τὸν εἰσαγόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμπόρων οἶνον ἄκρατον ἐμφοροῦνται, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν λάβρῳ χρώμενοι τῷ ποτῷ καὶ μεθυσθέντες εἰς ὕπνον ἢ μανιώδεις διαθέσεις τρέπονται. διὸ καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν Ἰταλικῶν ἐμπόρων διὰ τὴν συνήθη φιλαργυρίαν ἕρμαιον ἡγοῦνται τὴν τῶν Γαλατῶν φιλοινίαν. οὗτοι γὰρ διὰ μὲν τῶν πλωτῶν ποταμῶν πλοίοις, διὰ δὲ τῆς πεδιάδος χώρας ἁμάξαις κομίζοντες τὸν οἶνον, ἀντιλαμβάνουσι τιμῆς πλῆθος ἄπιστον: διδόντες γὰρ οἴνου κεράμιον ἀντιλαμβάνουσι παῖδα, τοῦ πόματος διάκονον ἀμειβόμενοι.
Chapter 27
[1] κατὰ γοῦν τὴν Γαλατίαν ἄργυρος μὲν οὐ γίνεται τὸ σύνολον, χρυσὸς δὲ πολύς, ὃν τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις ἡ φύσις ἄνευ μεταλλείας καὶ κακοπαθείας ὑπουργεῖ. ἡ γὰρ τῶν ποταμῶν ῥύσις σκολιοὺς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας ἔχουσα, καὶ τοῖς τῶν παρακειμένων ὀρῶν ὄχθοις προσαράττουσα καὶ μεγάλους ἀπορρηγνῦσα κολωνούς, πληροῖ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος.
[2] τοῦτο δ᾽ οἱ περὶ τὰς ἐργασίας ἀσχολούμενοι συνάγοντες ἀλήθουσιν ἢ συγκόπτουσι τὰς ἐχούσας τὸ ψῆγμα βώλους, διὰ δὲ τῶν ὑδάτων τῆς φύσεως τὸ γεῶδες πλύναντες παραδιδόασιν ἐν ταῖς καμίνοις εἰς τὴν χωνείαν.
[3] τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ σωρεύοντες χρυσοῦ πλῆθος καταχρῶνται πρὸς κόσμον οὐ μόνον αἱ γυναῖκες, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες. περὶ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς καρποὺς καὶ τοὺς βραχίονας ψέλια φοροῦσι, περὶ δὲ τοὺς αὐχένας κρίκους παχεῖς ὁλοχρύσους καὶ δακτυλίους ἀξιολόγους, ἔτι δὲ χρυσοῦς θώρακας.
[4] ἴδιον δέ τι καὶ παράδοξον παρὰ τοῖς ἄνω Κελτοῖς ἐστι περὶ τὰ τεμένη τῶν θεῶν γινόμενον: ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ἱεροῖς καὶ τεμένεσιν ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας ἀνειμένοις ἔρριπται πολὺς χρυσὸς ἀνατεθειμένος τοῖς θεοῖς, καὶ τῶν ἐγχωρίων οὐδεὶς ἅπτεται τούτου διὰ τὴν δεισιδαιμονίαν, καίπερ ὄντων τῶν Κελτῶν φιλαργύρων καθ᾽ ὑπερβολήν.
Chapter 28
[1] οἱ δὲ Γαλάται τοῖς μὲν σώμασίν εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, ταῖς δὲ σαρξὶ κάθυγροι καὶ λευκοί, ταῖς δὲ κόμαις οὐ μόνον ἐκ φύσεως ξανθοί, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τῆς κατασκευῆς ἐπιτηδεύουσιν αὔξειν τὴν φυσικὴν τῆς χρόας ἰδιότητα.
[2] τιτάνου γὰρ ἀποπλύματι σμῶντες τὰς τρίχας συνεχῶς καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν μετώπων ἐπὶ τὴν κορυφὴν καὶ τοὺς τένοντας ἀνασπῶσιν, ὥστε τὴν πρόσοψιν αὐτῶν φαίνεσθαι Σατύροις καὶ Πᾶσιν ἐοικυῖαν: παχύνονται γὰρ αἱ τρίχες ἀπὸ τῆς κατεργασίας, ὥστε μηδὲν τῆς τῶν ἵππων χαίτης διαφέρειν.
[3] τὰ δὲ γένεια τινὲς μὲν ξυρῶνται, τινὲς δὲ μετρίως ὑποτρέφουσιν: οἱ δ᾽ εὐγενεῖς τὰς μὲν παρειὰς ἀπολειαίνουσι, τὰς δ᾽ ὑπήνας ἀνειμένας ἐῶσιν, ὥστε τὰ στόματα αὐτῶν ἐπικαλύπτεσθαι. διόπερ ἐσθιόντων μὲν αὐτῶν ἐμπλέκονται ταῖς τροφαῖς, πινόντων δὲ καθαπερεὶ διά τινος ἡθμοῦ φέρεται τὸ πόμα.
[4] δειπνοῦσι δὲ καθήμενοι πάντες οὐκ ἐπὶ θρόνων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὑποστρώμασι χρώμενοι λύκων ἢ κυνῶν δέρμασι. διακονοῦνται δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτάτων παίδων ἐχόντων ἡλικίαν, ἀρρένων τε καὶ θηλειῶν. πλησίον δ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐσχάραι κεῖνται γέμουσαι πυρὸς καὶ λέβητας ἔχουσαι καὶ ὀβελοὺς πλήρεις κρεῶν ὁλομερῶν. τοὺς δ᾽ ἀγαθοὺς ἄνδρας ταῖς καλλίσταις τῶν κρεῶν μοίραις γεραίρουσι, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς τὸν Αἴαντα παρεισάγει τιμώμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἀριστέων, ὅτε πρὸς Ἕκτορα μονομαχήσας ἐνίκησε, νώτοισιν δ᾽ Αἴαντα διηνεκέεσσι γέραιρε.
[5] καλοῦσι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ξένους ἐπὶ τὰς εὐωχίας, καὶ μετὰ τὸ δεῖπνον ἐπερωτῶσι, τίνες εἰσὶ καὶ τίνων χρείαν ἔχουσιν. εἰώθασι δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὸ δεῖπνον ἐκ τῶν τυχόντων πρὸς τὴν διὰ τῶν λόγων ἅμιλλαν καταστάντες, ἐκ προκλήσεως μονομαχεῖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους, παρ᾽ οὐδὲν τιθέμενοι τὴν τοῦ βίου τελευτήν: ἐνισχύει γὰρ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὁ Πυθαγόρου λόγος,
[6] ὅτι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀθανάτους εἶναι συμβέβηκε καὶ δι᾽ ἐτῶν ὡρισμένων πάλιν βιοῦν, εἰς ἕτερον σῶμα τῆς ψυχῆς εἰσδυομένης. διὸ καὶ κατὰ τὰς ταφὰς τῶν τετελευτηκότων ἐνίους ἐπιστολὰς γεγραμμένας τοῖς οἰκείοις τετελευτηκόσιν ἐμβάλλειν εἰς τὴν πυράν, ὡς τῶν τετελευτηκότων ἀναγνωσομένων ταύτας.
Chapter 29
[1] ἐν δὲ ταῖς ὁδοιπορίαις καὶ ταῖς μάχαις χρῶνται συνωρίσιν, ἔχοντος τοῦ ἅρματος ἡνίοχον καὶ παραβάτην. ἀπαντῶντες δὲ τοῖς ἐφιππεύουσιν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις σαυνιάζουσι τοὺς ἐναντίους, καὶ καταβάντες τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ ξίφους συνίστανται μάχην.
[2] ἔνιοι δ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονοῦσιν, ὥστε γυμνοὺς καὶ περιεζωσμένους καταβαίνειν εἰς τὸν κίνδυνον. ἐπάγονται δὲ καὶ θεράποντας ἐλευθέρους ἐκ τῶν πενήτων καταλέγοντες, οἷς ἡνιόχοις καὶ παρασπισταῖς χρῶνται κατὰ τὰς μάχας. κατὰ δὲ τὰς παρατάξεις εἰώθασι προάγειν τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ προκαλεῖσθαι τῶν ἀντιτεταγμένων τοὺς ἀρίστους εἰς μονομαχίαν, προανασείοντες τὰ ὅπλα καὶ καταπληττόμενοι τοὺς ἐναντίους.
[3] ὅταν δέ τις ὑπακούσῃ πρὸς τὴν μάχην, τάς τε τῶν προγόνων ἀνδραγαθίας ἐξυμνοῦσι καὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἀρετὰς προφέρονται, καὶ τὸν ἀντιταττόμενον ἐξονειδίζουσι καὶ ταπεινοῦσι καὶ τὸ σύνολον τὸ θάρσος τῆς ψυχῆς τοῖς λόγοις προαφαιροῦνται.
[4] τῶν δὲ πεσόντων πολεμίων τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀφαιροῦντες περιάπτουσι τοῖς αὐχέσι τῶν ἵππων: τὰ δὲ σκῦλα τοῖς θεράπουσι παραδόντες ᾑμαγμένα λαφυραγωγοῦσιν, ἐπιπαιανίζοντες καὶ ᾄδοντες ὕμνον ἐπινίκιον, καὶ τὰ ἀκροθίνια ταῦτα ταῖς οἰκίαις προσηλοῦσιν ὥσπερ οἱ ἐν κυνηγίοις τισὶ κεχειρωμένοι τὰ θηρία.
[5] τῶν δ᾽ ἐπιφανεστάτων πολεμίων κεδρώσαντες τὰς κεφαλὰς ἐπιμελῶς τηροῦσιν ἐν λάρνακι, καὶ τοῖς ξένοις ἐπιδεικνύουσι σεμνυνόμενοι διότι τῆσδε τῆς κεφαλῆς τῶν προγόνων τις ἢ πατὴρ ἢ καὶ αὐτὸς πολλὰ χρήματα διδόμενα οὐκ ἔλαβε. φασὶ δέ τινας αὐτῶν καυχᾶσθαι διότι χρυσὸν ἀντίσταθμον τῆς κεφαλῆς οὐκ ἐδέξαντο, βάρβαρόν τινα μεγαλοψυχίαν ἐπιδεικνύμενοι: οὐ γὰρ τὸ μὴ πωλεῖν τὰ σύσσημα τῆς ἀρετῆς εὐγενές, ἀλλὰ τὸ πολεμεῖν τὸ ὁμόφυλον τετελευτηκὸς θηριῶδες.
Chapter 30
[1] ἐσθῆσι δὲ χρῶνται καταπληκτικαῖς, χιτῶσι μὲν βαπτοῖς χρώμασι παντοδαποῖς διηνθισμένοις καὶ ἀναξυρίσιν, ἃς ἐκεῖνοι βράκας προσαγορεύουσιν: ἐπιπορποῦνται δὲ σάγους ῥαβδωτοὺς ἐν μὲν τοῖς χειμῶσι δασεῖς, κατὰ δὲ τὸ θέρος ψιλούς, πλινθίοις πυκνοῖς καὶ πολυανθέσι διειλημμένους.
[2] ὅπλοις δὲ χρῶνται θυρεοῖς μὲν ἀνδρομήκεσι, πεποικιλμένοις ἰδιοτρόπως: τινὲς δὲ καὶ ζῴων χαλκῶν ἐξοχὰς ἔχουσιν, οὐ μόνον πρὸς κόσμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν εὖ δεδημιουργημένας. κράνη δὲ χαλκᾶ περιτίθενται μεγάλας ἐξοχὰς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν ἔχοντα καὶ παμμεγέθη φαντασίαν ἐπιφέροντα τοῖς χρωμένοις, ὧν τοῖς μὲν πρόσκειται συμφυῆ κέρατα, τοῖς δὲ ὀρνέων ἢ τετραπόδων ζῴων ἐκτετυπωμέναι προτομαί.
[3] σάλπιγγας δ᾽ ἔχουσιν ἰδιοφυεῖς καὶ βαρβαρικάς: ἐμφυσῶσι γὰρ ταύταις καὶ προβάλλουσιν ἦχον τραχὺν καὶ πολεμικῆς ταραχῆς οἰκεῖον. θώρακας δ᾽ ἔχουσιν οἱ μὲν σιδηροῦς ἁλυσιδωτούς, οἱ δὲ τοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως δεδομένοις ἀρκοῦνται, γυμνοὶ μαχόμενοι. ἀντὶ δὲ τοῦ ξίφους σπάθας ἔχουσι μακρὰς σιδηραῖς ἢ χαλκαῖς ἁλύσεσιν ἐξηρτημένας, παρὰ τὴν δεξιὰν λαγόνα παρατεταμένας. τινὲς δὲ τοὺς χιτῶνας ἐπιχρύσοις ἢ καταργύροις ζωστῆρσι συνέζωνται.
[4] προβάλλονται δὲ λόγχας, ἃς ἐκεῖνοι λαγκίας καλοῦσι, πηχυαῖα τῷ μήκει τοῦ σιδήρου καὶ ἔτι μείζω τὰ ἐπιθήματα ἐχούσας, πλάτει δὲ βραχὺ λείποντα διπαλαίστων: τὰ μὲν γὰρ ξίφη τῶν παρ᾽ ἑτέροις σαυνίων εἰσὶν οὐκ ἐλάττω, τὰ δὲ σαυνία τὰς ἀκμὰς ἔχει τῶν ξιφῶν μείζους. τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐπ᾽ εὐθείας κεχάλκευται, τὰ δ᾽ ἑλικοειδῆ δι᾽ ὅλων ἀνάκλασιν ἔχει πρὸς τὸ καὶ κατὰ τὴν πληγὴν μὴ μόνον τέμνειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ θραύειν τὰς σάρκας καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀνακομιδὴν τοῦ δόρατος σπαράττειν τὸ τραῦμα.
Chapter 31
[1] αὐτοὶ δ᾽ εἰσὶ τὴν πρόσοψιν καταπληκτικοὶ καὶ ταῖς φωναῖς βαρυηχεῖς καὶ παντελῶς τραχύφωνοι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ὁμιλίας βραχυλόγοι καὶ αἰνιγματίαι καὶ τὰ πολλὰ αἰνιττόμενοι συνεκδοχικῶς: πολλὰ δὲ λέγοντες ἐν ὑπερβολαῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐξήσει μὲν ἑαυτῶν, μειώσει δὲ τῶν ἄλλων, ἀπειληταί τε καὶ ἀνατατικοὶ καὶ τετραγῳδημένοι ὑπάρχουσι, ταῖς δὲ διανοίαις ὀξεῖς καὶ πρὸς μάθησιν οὐκ ἀφυεῖς.
[2] εἰσὶ δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς καὶ ποιηταὶ μελῶν, οὓς βάρδους ὀνομάζουσιν. οὗτοι δὲ μετ᾽ ὀργάνων ταῖς λύραις ὁμοίων ᾄδοντες οὓς μὲν ὑμνοῦσιν, οὓς δὲ βλασφημοῦσι. φιλόσοφοί τέ τινές εἰσι καὶ θεολόγοι περιττῶς τιμώμενοι, οὓς δρουίδας ὀνομάζουσι.
[3] χρῶνται δὲ καὶ μάντεσιν, ἀποδοχῆς μεγάλης ἀξιοῦντες αὐτούς: οὗτοι δὲ διά τε τῆς οἰωνοσκοπίας καὶ διὰ τῆς τῶν ἱερείων θυσίας τὰ μέλλοντα προλέγουσι, καὶ πᾶν τὸ πλῆθος ἔχουσιν ὑπήκοον. μάλιστα δ᾽ ὅταν περί τινων μεγάλων ἐπισκέπτωνται, παράδοξον καὶ ἄπιστον ἔχουσι νόμιμον: ἄνθρωπον γὰρ κατασπείσαντες τύπτουσι μαχαίρᾳ κατὰ τὸν ὑπὲρ τὸ διάφραγμα τόπον, καὶ πεσόντος τοῦ πληγέντος ἐκ τῆς πτώσεως καὶ τοῦ σπαραγμοῦ τῶν μελῶν, ἔτι δὲ τῆς τοῦ αἵματος ῥύσεως τὸ μέλλον νοοῦσι, παλαιᾷ τινι καὶ πολυχρονίῳ παρατηρήσει περὶ τούτων πεπιστευκότες.
[4] ἔθος δ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἐστι μηδένα θυσίαν ποιεῖν ἄνευ φιλοσόφου: διὰ γὰρ τῶν ἐμπείρων τῆς θείας φύσεως ὡσπερεί τινων ὁμοφώνων τὰ χαριστήρια τοῖς θεοῖς φασι δεῖν προσφέρειν, καὶ διὰ τούτων οἴονται δεῖν τἀγαθὰ αἰτεῖσθαι.
[5] οὐ μόνον δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς εἰρηνικαῖς χρείαις, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους τούτοις μάλιστα πείθονται καὶ τοῖς μελῳδοῦσι ποιηταῖς, οὐ μόνον οἱ φίλοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ πολέμιοι: πολλάκις δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς παρατάξεσι πλησιαζόντων ἀλλήλοις τῶν στρατοπέδων καὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν ἀνατεταμένοις καὶ ταῖς λόγχαις προβεβλημέναις, εἰς τὸ μέσον οὗτοι προελθόντες παύουσιν αὐτούς, ὥσπερ τινὰ θηρία κατεπᾴσαντες. οὕτω καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἀγριωτάτοις βαρβάροις ὁ θυμὸς εἴκει τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ὁ Ἄρης αἰδεῖται τὰς Μούσας.
Chapter 32
[1] χρήσιμον δ᾽ ἐστὶ διορίσαι τὸ παρὰ πολλοῖς ἀγνοούμενον. τοὺς γὰρ ὑπὲρ Μασσαλίας κατοικοῦντας ἐν τῷ μεσογείῳ καὶ τοὺς παρὰ τὰς Ἄλπεις, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ τάδε τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν Κελτοὺς ὀνομάζουσι, τοὺς δ᾽ ὑπὲρ ταύτης τῆς Κελτικῆς εἰς τὰ πρὸς ἄρκτον νεύοντα μέρη παρά τε τὸν ὠκεανὸν καὶ τὸ Ἑρκύνιον ὄρος καθιδρυμένους καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἑξῆς μέχρι τῆς Σκυθίας Γαλάτας προσαγορεύουσιν: οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι πάλιν πάντα ταῦτα τὰ ἔθνη συλλήβδην μιᾷ προσηγορίᾳ περιλαμβάνουσιν, ὀνομάζοντες Γαλάτας ἅπαντας.
[2] αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες τῶν Γαλατῶν οὐ μόνον τοῖς μεγέθεσι παραπλήσιοι τοῖς ἀνδράσιν εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς ἀλκαῖς ἐνάμιλλοι. τὰ δὲ παιδία παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἐκ γενετῆς ὑπάρχει πολιὰ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον: προβαίνοντα δὲ ταῖς ἡλικίαις εἰς τὸ τῶν πατέρων χρῶμα ταῖς χρόαις μετασχηματίζεται.
[3] ἀγριωτάτων δ᾽ ὄντων τῶν ὑπὸ τὰς ἄρκτους κατοικούντων καὶ τῶν τῇ Σκυθίᾳ πλησιοχώρων, φασί τινας ἀνθρώπους ἐσθίειν, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν Πρεττανῶν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Ἴριν.
[4] διαβεβοημένης δὲ τῆς τούτων ἀλκῆς καὶ ἀγριότητος, φασί τινες ἐν τοῖς παλαιοῖς χρόνοις τοὺς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἅπασαν καταδραμόντας, ὀνομαζομένους δὲ Κιμμερίους, τούτους εἶναι, βραχὺ τοῦ χρόνου τὴν λέξιν φθείραντος ἐν τῇ τῶν καλουμένων Κίμβρων προσηγορίᾳ. ζηλοῦσι γὰρ ἐκ παλαιοῦ λῃστεύειν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀλλοτρίας χώρας ἐπερχόμενοι καὶ καταφρονεῖν ἁπάντων.
[5] οὗτοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ τὴν μὲν Ῥώμην ἑλόντες, τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς συλήσαντες, καὶ πολλὴν μὲν τῆς Εὐρώπης, οὐκ ὀλίγην δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας φορολογήσαντες, καὶ τῶν καταπολεμηθέντων τὴν χώραν κατοικήσαντες, οἱ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπιπλοκὴν Ἑλληνογαλάται κληθέντες, τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα στρατόπεδα Ῥωμαίων συντρίψαντες.
[6] ἀκολούθως δὲ τῇ κατ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἀγριότητι καὶ περὶ τὰς θυσίας ἐκτόπως ἀσεβοῦσι: τοὺς γὰρ κακούργους κατὰ πενταετηρίδα φυλάξαντες ἀνασκολοπίζουσι τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ μετ᾽ ἄλλων πολλῶν ἀπαρχῶν καθαγίζουσι, πυρὰς παμμεγέθεις κατασκευάζοντες. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ τοῖς αἰχμαλώτοις ὡς ἱερείοις πρὸς τὰς τῶν θεῶν τιμάς. τινὲς δ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ κατὰ πόλεμον ληφθέντα ζῷα μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀποκτείνουσιν ἢ κατακάουσιν ἤ τισιν ἄλλαις τιμωρίαις ἀφανίζουσι.
[7] γυναῖκας δ᾽ ἔχοντες εὐειδεῖς ἥκιστα ταύταις προσέχουσιν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰς τῶν ἀρρένων ἐπιπλοκὰς ἐκτόπως λυττῶσιν. εἰώθασι δ᾽ ἐπὶ δοραῖς θηρίων χαμαὶ καθεύδοντες ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν μερῶν παρακοίτοις συγκυλίεσθαι. τὸ δὲ πάντων παραδοξότατον, τῆς ἰδίας εὐσχημοσύνης ἀφροντιστοῦντες τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὥραν ἑτέροις εὐκόλως προΐενται, καὶ τοῦτο αἰσχρὸν οὐχ ἡγοῦνται, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ὅταν τις αὐτῶν χαριζομένων μὴ προσδέξηται τὴν διδομένην χάριν, ἄτιμον ἡγοῦνται.
Source Colophon
The Greek source was captured from Perseus Hopper on 2026-05-13 and inspected on disk in chapter files at Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/continental_batch_2026-05-13/diodorus_5_24_greek_perseus.html through diodorus_5_32_greek_perseus.html. The English translation is a New Tianmu Anglican Church Good Works Translation made from the Greek source.
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