Thursday, May 14, 2026 · 天火 · tianmu.org

La Graufesenque Firing-Account Fragments -- 16B and 36B Potter Ledgers

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A Good Works Translation from Marichal 1974

The La Graufesenque firing accounts do not speak as sentences. They speak as rows: names, vessel terms, dimensions, count signs, broken edges, and the repeated rhythm of a shared kiln economy.

Translation

Fragments 16B and 36B preserve account rows from the Condatomagus pottery archive: names, vessel words, count signs, and short ledger turns. The ledger form remains visible, and vessel terms such as panas, catilli us, catilli bol, sesilos us, paraxi, liquias us, pultari, mortari, acetabla, pannas, and camellas stay in source form.

16B Recto

Cautious rendering:

  1. Ingenuos: panas [...]
  2. Senedu: catilli us [...]
  3. Elenos: catilli bol [...]
  4. Uapu: catilli bol [...]
  5. Cresces: catilli bol [...]
  6. Selicu: us, thousand-mark [...]
  7. Masclinos: sesilos us [...]
  8. Cresces: paraxi [...]
  9. Urbanos: paraxi, thousand-mark [...]
  10. Uerecundos: mortari [...]
  11. Agilliu: liquias us, 500 [...]
  12. Senillis: pultari, 500 [...]
  13. [...]: paraxi, 200 [...]

Marichal groups 16B with 14B and 15B by hand. The recto is a firing account, not a sentence. Names and vessel terms alternate in account rows, and several count signs survive after vessel terms. The exact count relationships remain damaged, so the English preserves the visible structure rather than creating a modern inventory.

16B Verso

Cautious rendering:

  1. Lenos.
  2. Lustas.

The verso is written by the same hand as the recto. The two names may be connected with account copying, responsibility, or participation, but the translation does not force them into the recto sequence.

36B

Cautious rendering:

  1. Mansuetus [...]
  2. Natalis: 100? [...]
  3. Paullinus [...]
  4. Cospalus: 100? [...]
  5. Primigenius [...]
  6. Primus: acetabla [...]
  7. Mercatoris: pannas [...]
  8. camellas: 50 [...]
  9. Secundus: pannas [...]
  10. acetabla [...]

36B is shorter than 16B but unusually clear as a compact account list. Marichal notes that the Latinized names and script quality suggest a later or more regular account hand than many older La Graufesenque examples. Mercatoris appears as a genitive among nominative-like names, and camellas is a vessel-word control inside the account sequence.

Ledger Pattern

16B recto: A strong firing-account sequence with many names, vessel terms, and count traces.

16B verso: Two associated names in the same hand.

36B: A compact later account fragment with readable names, acetabla, pannas, and camellas.

These fragments show why La Graufesenque matters as a workshop archive. The page does not translate the account vocabulary into modern vessel names, and it does not claim to represent the full corpus. It gives two controlled account fragments in a reader-facing ledger form.

Reading Notes

panas, pannas, pultari, mortari, paraxi, liquias us, catilli us, catilli bol, and sesilos us are preserved as source vessel/account terms.
Senedu, Elenos, Uapu, Selicu, Masclinos, Uerecundos, Agilliu, and Senillis are kept as names or name-forms in Marichal's account rows.
Urbanos paraxi carries a high-number notation in Marichal's note; the public rendering keeps the thousand-mark relation without forcing an exact restored count.
Agilliu liquias us D[ and Senillis pultari D[ preserve D as 500 in the cautious layer.
par]axi CC[ preserves 200 as a visible account count.
Mansuetus, Natalis, Paullinus, Cospalus, Primigenius, Primus, Mercatoris, and Secundus are the readable 36B name sequence.
camellas is kept in source form. Marichal compares the Latin vessel word and warns that its material and form history are not simple.
acet a[bl]a[ on 36B line 10 is kept as an acetabla trace, not a new name.

Colophon

This page presents a source-close Good Works dossier for La Graufesenque 16B recto and verso and 36B from Robert Marichal, "Nouveaux graffites de La Graufesenque, IV," Revue des Etudes Anciennes 76.1-2 (1974), pp. 85-110, and "Nouveaux graffites de La Graufesenque, IV. Suite et fin," Revue des Etudes Anciennes 76.3-4 (1974), pp. 266-292.

The English is a New Tianmu Anglican Church Good Works Translation made from inspected Persée page text and page-image controls. It is intentionally source-close: these are damaged account fragments, so the translation preserves line order, names, account vocabulary, count traces, and uncertainty.

This is a bounded firing-account dossier, not a complete La Graufesenque corpus edition. Marichal's 1988 corpus remains the major complete-corpus control for larger claims.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Works Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: Marichal 1974, La Graufesenque Firing-Account Fragments

Latin-script source text from the inspected Persée page text for Marichal 1974. The source text is presented for reference, study, and verification alongside the English source-close translation above.

16B Recto

Source: Marichal 1974, pages 105-106.

ING]ENUOS panas[
SE]NEDU catilli us[
E]LENOS catilli bo[l
U]APU catilli bol[
CRESCES catilli bol[
SELICU us (I)[
MASCLINOS sesilos us[
CRESCES paraxi[
URBANOS paraxi I[
UERECUNDOS mortar[i
A]GILLIU liquias us D[
SE]NILLIS pultari D[
par]axi CC[

Source notes:

Marichal identifies 16B as the same hand as 14B and 15B.
The recto carries the stamp OF CALVI.
Line 9 has a thousand-mark relation that likely belongs to a larger number.
Line 13 has a certain x and two small parallel strokes after it; compare paraxi in lines 8 and 9.

16B Verso

Source: Marichal 1974, page 106.

LENOS
LUSTAS

36B

Source: Marichal 1974, pages 282-283.

MANSU[ETU]S[
NATALIS C[
PAULLINUS [
CO[SP]ALUS C[
PR[IMI]GENI[US
PR[I]M[US] ac[etabla
MERCATORIS pan[na]s[
camellas L[
SECUNDUS pa[nnas
acet a[bl]a[

Source notes:

Marichal notes that the more correct Latinized names and the quality of the writing suggest 36B is probably later than most Hermet account texts.
`Mercatoris` is a genitive among nominative-like account names.
`camellas` is a vessel word; this page leaves it in source form.
Line 10 is unlikely to be a new potter name; Marichal takes it with the `acetabla` vessel-word field.

Source Colophon

Base source: Robert Marichal, "Nouveaux graffites de La Graufesenque, IV," Revue des Etudes Anciennes 76.1-2 (1974), pp. 85-110, especially pp. 105-106; and "Nouveaux graffites de La Graufesenque, IV. Suite et fin," Revue des Etudes Anciennes 76.3-4 (1974), pp. 266-292, especially pp. 282-283.

Local controls inspected: Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/la_graufesenque_open_series/pages/rea_0035-2004_1974_num_76_1_T1_0105_0000.html; ...T1_0106_0000.html; ...T1_0282_0000.html; ...T1_0283_0000.html; and plate-image controls in Tulku/Tools/celtic/sources/major_prestige_2026-05-13/la_graufesenque_open_series/marichal_1974_13B_38B_images/, especially plate II figures 5-7 and plate XV figures 36-39.

This source text is normalized only enough for readable Good Works display. Damaged openings, bracketed restorations, source numerals, and technical vessel terms are preserved.

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