Splendor Has Come to Me in Abundance

Chapter 3 opens the Yushamin cycle — the longest sustained narrative arc in the Book of John, spanning eight chapters. Yushamin, the celestial rebel who was bound in Chapter 2, remains chained. But his twenty-one sons conspire to avenge him. Their eldest brother Sam counsels the younger ones to start the war themselves, reasoning that their youth will excuse their offenses. What follows is a cosmic battle of escalating intensity: insults, single combat, the drawing of all twenty-one swords, and the dispatch of Gubran astride the great scorpion Parahiel to contain the rebellion.

When diplomacy fails — Gubran catches three arrows barehanded before the fourth strikes Parahiel — the Light King mobilizes four hundred and forty-four thousand uthras. The battle is fierce: twelve sons fall to Yawar's sword, nine to Behram's. Yukabar, the most treasured of Yushamin's sons, cries out, and his cry reaches his father. Yushamin shatters his bonds, rampages from the Nether Gate to the Air-realm, and strikes down twenty-four thousand uthras before the King of Light himself intervenes, stripping Yushamin of his splendor and chaining him with nine hundred and four fetters for seven hundred and fifty years.

Good Works Translation from Classical Mandaic. Translated from the critical edition text established by Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath (De Gruyter, 2020). The Haberl and McGrath English translation was consulted as a reference for verification of difficult passages and proper names, but the English below was independently derived from the Mandaic source text.

In the name of the Great Life, may the sublime Light be magnified!

Splendor has come to me in abundance,
and that which overflows in the world is light.
The plot was the first thing
that the uthras undertook to recount to me.
The man who cast me from my place
to the earth — you shall destroy them.
Do not ruin the construction of the uthras,
and do not drive the clouds from their places.
Do not tear up the great foundation,
for it is at your right hand.

Do not hurl the troublemakers into the Jordan,
lest anyone attain its strength.
Do not destroy the abode that I built.
The day they cast battle upon you,
your sons were carried off to the Pride of Glory.
They came wandering through the settlements,
roaming and searching for their father, but not finding him.

The brothers rallied to one another.
The wicked took counsel from one another,
and they said:
"Our father has departed from the realm of Air —
how shall we wage war against him?"

Their eldest brother Sam came,
took stock of the matter,
and said:
"If I start a great battle,
they will say the eldest is ill-raised.
But you — go and start
the great battle, for
you are still young uthras.
If you succeed, they will say
'They are young uthras,'
and your offenses will not be taken up on high.

Come, start a great battle,
and ruin the works of the Maker!
Arise, forge a great weapon,
and wage a war without end!

Gird a sword, bring wrath,
and take the mortal arrows that do not miss!
Go down to the realm of Air,
to your father's settlements —
him whose land is ruined,
who has no throne to sit on."

Yushamin's son spoke
to Great Sprout, saying:
"Come, king of the air!
Let us take drawn swords
against Sprout, the king of the air!"

And he says to him:
"Who bound Yushamin before you,
to end the battle with him?"

The air king spoke to the Radiant Transplant, saying:
"The king gave the order and bound Yushamin.
Who ends a battle with the kings?"

The Radiant Transplant opened his mouth and raged.
He summoned Great Sprout, and said to Great Sprout:
"You are not fit, and neither is
the clan from which you came.
Your father is no mighty uthra."

Great Sprout spoke
to the Radiant Transplant, saying:
"A curse on you, and a curse on the clan
of your father, the agitator!
You who would end a battle with a king
are not fit for the house of the Great Life!"

The Radiant Transplant drew a sword
and fell upon Great Sprout, the air king.
The Radiant Transplant struck him once,
but his sword did not cut through his splendor.
The Radiant Transplant struck him twice,
but his sword did not cut through his splendor.
The Radiant Transplant struck him three times,
but his sword did not cut through his splendor.

Great Sprout spoke
to the Radiant Transplant, saying:
"You son of a disgraced father —
the likes of me do not fear you!"

When Great Sprout said this,
the twenty-one sons of Yushamin drew their swords.
The eldest took up the weapon;
the youngest was girded for war.
With a battle-cry against Life,
they set their weapons upon one another.
The sound of their weapons
and the crash of their armor —
their sounds reached
the great Light King, and he says:
"How did Yushamin break through
and ruin the prison?
Who began a battle
with the uthras and concealed himself?"

The uthra Gubran saw,
and said to the Light King:
"It is the twenty-one sons of Yushamin —
they wage a great battle that will not be resolved."

Then the Light King said to Gubran:
"Arm yourself
and mount the great scorpion Parahiel!
Take hold and set out for the realm of Air.
See whether they are the sons of Yushamin."

Then Gubran took a great weapon,
mounted the scorpion Parahiel,
and went to the realm of Air.

Then Gubran opened his mouth
and said to the Radiant Transplant:
"Son of Yushamin, do not begin
a war with the house of the Mighty,
and go seek pardon for your father, my son.
If he accepts your plea — how good that would be!
And if he will not — become a servant before the king!"

"The Radiant Transplant — your father spoke
to your eldest brother and was not heard.

See how magnificent
is the chinstrap he has given me!
You will ruin the earth
with the king's word,
if you stir up conflict
with the worlds of light and terrify them."

Then the Radiant Transplant loosed an arrow,
and Gubran caught it in his right hand!
The Radiant Transplant loosed a second arrow,
and Gubran caught it in his right hand!
The Radiant Transplant loosed a third arrow,
and Gubran caught it in his right hand!

The fourth arrow
lodged in the paw of Parahiel.
Parahiel cried out,
and his cry reached the Light King.

Then the Light King opened his mouth,
with splendor and light without end.
He cast his voice to the four hundred and forty-four thousand
uthras who stand beyond,
calling them and saying:
"Arm yourselves, take up your weapons,
and mount your steeds!
Take hold of the blade
and the deadly arrows — forcefully!
Take up the sword in wrath,
and mount your steeds!"

The Light King commands and dispatches them
with a splendor and light that shall not wane,
saying to them:
"When you reach the realm of Air,
fetch the head of the Radiant Transplant,
in the lap of his mother, the Lady of Radiance.
Stage your assault in their midst —
the uthras shall be sent forth!"

Then four hundred and forty thousand uthras
went down to the realm of Air.
From the heights of the Air-realm, from the enclosure of Mind,
they reached the settlement of Yushamin.

With a mighty weapon, the uthras fall
upon the realm of Air,
with swords borne in wrath
and deadly arrows hurled in force.

Then the Radiant Yawar slew with his sword
twelve sons of Yushamin.
Behram took as many as they had —
nine sons of Yushamin — with his sword.

One of the brothers, Yukabar,
Yushamin's most treasured son, cried aloud.
To his father Yushamin
he cried, and his cry went forth.
It reached his father Yushamin,
and Yushamin said:
"Who has killed my sons,
and who has seized my beloved?"

With the cry that Yushamin cried,
he lifted the bonds from his hands and feet.

Broken were the bonds and the chains
that the Light King had set upon him.
He took to the great battle,
and recalled the great fury in his heart.
From the Nether Gate
to the realm of Air —
every settlement he reached,
he destroyed.
When he came to the realm of Air,
he cried out to the Lady.

The uthras fell upon their faces,
and did not take to the heights from their steeds.
Their swords fell from their hands,
and they did not hold fast to their steel arrows.
The swords of the uthras were shattered,
and their bowstrings snapped.

They threw themselves down upon their faces.
Yushamin dismounted from his steed,
seized twenty-four thousand uthras,
and cast down those who still stood upon their feet.

Then three hundred and sixty realms came
before the Great King, saying:
"Cut off is the head of Gubran,
who stands at the right hand of the Light King!"

Lands quake, mountains shake,
and the King rose from his throne.
He called out to Yushamin with the cry of Life.
He stripped from him the splendor,
the great strength, the fury of battle,
and the wrath that filled his mind.
The heads of his sons, together with the Lady —
the mother of the Radiant Transplant — were torn from them.

He dispatched nine hundred and four chains
of metal heavier than iron,
and set him beside the Nether Gate,
until the Eighth of Darkness is summoned forth.
For seven hundred and fifty years
he shall wait in the great shackles,
until the Great One seeks him.

And Life triumphs!

Colophon

Chapter 3 of the Mandaean Book of John (Drashia d-Yahia), "Splendor Has Come to Me in Abundance," opens the Yushamin cycle — one of the most dramatic narrative arcs in Mandaean scripture. The cosmic war here has no parallel in other Gnostic traditions: twenty-one sons conspire, single combat fails, arrows are caught barehanded, and the Light King mobilizes four hundred and forty-four thousand divine warriors. Yet the rebellion is ultimately futile; Yushamin is chained for seven hundred and fifty years.

Translated from Classical Mandaic by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026. Source text from the critical edition established by Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2020). The Haberl and McGrath English translation was consulted as a reference for verification of proper names, verse boundaries, and difficult passages (particularly the damaged text at verse 4 and the ambiguous pronouns in the Gubran-Transplant dialogue), but the English above was independently derived from the Mandaic source text. The Mandaic text is Eastern Aramaic in the Mandaic script and reads naturally with knowledge of Syriac and Aramaic grammar and vocabulary.

Key translation choices: "uthras" for utria (the Mandaean technical term for divine beings, consistent with Chapters 1–2); "the Radiant Transplant" for Etinṣib Ziwa (rendering ziwa as "radiant" to match the established epithet pattern "Yusmir the Radiant" from Chapter 1); "the Lady of Radiance" for anata šina; "mortal arrows" for giria šmimia; "metal heavier than iron" for zeyna.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

🌲

Source Text: ࡃࡓࡀࡔࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ — ࡐࡓࡀࡒࡀ 3

Classical Mandaic source text from the critical edition established by Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2020). Unicode Mandaic text extracted from the open-access PDF (Internet Archive). Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

8 | Text
ࡖࡎࡉࡍࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡃ ࡁࡉࡔ ࡌࡀࡔࡀࡊ ࡈࡀࡁ
ࡖࡀࡁࡀࡃ ࡈࡀࡁ ࡌࡀࡔࡀࡊ ࡈࡀࡁ
ࡆࡅࡈࡀ ࡁࡕࡉࡁࡉࡋ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡔࡀࡅࡉࡀࡍ
ࡏࡌࡓࡉࡕ ࡖࡏࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡁࡃࡀࡍࡁ ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡏࡅࡕࡁࡀࡍ
ࡏࡌࡓࡉࡕ ࡖࡏࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ
ࡅࡌࡅࡆࡀࡉࡍࡀ ࡏࡋ ࡏࡃࡀࡉ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡓࡌࡀ
ࡏࡌࡓࡉࡕ ࡖࡏࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡏࡓࡐࡉࡔࡀࡉࡀ40
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡌࡓࡉࡃࡀ ࡒࡓࡅࡍ
ࡗ ࡉࡍࡄࡀ ࡄࡅࡉࡕ ࡅࡌࡉࡊࡀࡊ
ࡅࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡁࡉࡕ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡌࡀ
ࡋࡓࡅࡄࡀ ࡏࡌࡓࡀ ࡌࡀࡃࡍࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡃࡍࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡀࡓࡃࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ
ࡋࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡂࡀࡋࡉࡋࡇ ࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ
ࡅࡌࡀࡓࡂࡅࡔ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡌࡀࡁࡇ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡉࡍࡄࡅࡕࡀ ࡀࡕࡉࡀ ࡉࡅࡀࡊࡁࡀࡓ
ࡅࡀࡀࡍࡍ ࡓࡀࡆࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡂࡋࡀ
ࡕࡐࡀࡄࡉࡋ ࡀࡄࡓࡉࡁ ࡏࡁࡉࡃࡀࡕࡀ45
ࡁࡉࡄࡓࡀࡌ ࡏࡌࡓࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡉࡍࡋࡕࡀ ࡗ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡅࡀࡕ
ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡔࡀࡂࡉࡔ ࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ
ࡅࡉࡍࡁࡈࡀ ࡓࡌࡀࡁࡇ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡕࡐࡀࡄࡉࡋ ࡀࡕࡉࡉࡇ ࡋࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡀࡐࡋࡂࡇ ࡅࡓࡉࡌࡉࡇ ࡁࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡀࡕࡀࡓ ‖
ࡄࡉࡁࡉࡋ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡀ ࡋࡉࡂࡈࡇ ࡋࡕࡅࡔࡁࡉࡄࡕࡀ
ࡁࡌࡓࡅࡌࡀ ࡒࡓࡀ ࡅࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡎࡋࡉࡒ ࡋࡁࡉࡕ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡀ
[10]
ࡅࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡍ50
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡖࡉࡀࡕࡉࡓ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡁࡍࡉࡐࡔ ࡀࡕࡀࡋࡉࡀ
ࡖࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡔࡕࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ
ࡄࡀࡔࡀࡁࡕࡀ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ ࡒࡀࡃࡌࡀࡉࡕࡀ
ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ]...[ ࡀࡐࡉࡎࡀࡕࡋࡅࡍ
ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡀࡔࡋࡐࡀࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡀࡉ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ
ࡅࡋࡀࡕࡉࡔࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡀࡀࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡁࡀࡈࡋࡇ ࡋࡁࡉࡕࡍࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡉࡈࡍࡅࡋ ࡖࡌࡍ ࡉࡀࡌࡉࡀࡍࡊ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡒࡓࡇ ࡋࡁࡅࡍࡀࡊ ࡓࡁࡀ5
ࡖࡏࡉࡍࡔ ࡁࡄࡀࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡀࡌࡉࡑࡀ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡓࡌࡉࡀ ࡌࡔࡀࡂࡔࡉࡀ ࡁࡉࡀࡓࡃࡀࡍ
ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡒࡓࡇ ࡋࡃࡀࡅࡓࡀ ࡖࡁࡀࡍࡉࡕࡇ
ࡁࡀࡍࡊ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡁࡂࡉࡅࡀࡕ ࡏࡒࡀࡓࡀ
ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡖࡓࡀࡌࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡄࡀࡃࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡀࡁࡅࡄࡅࡍ ‖ ࡅࡋࡀࡌࡀࡔࡉࡊࡍ
ࡀࡕࡅࡍ ࡄࡀࡃࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ
[11]
ࡅࡌࡍ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔࡉࡀ ࡁࡉࡔࡉࡀ
ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡀࡄࡉࡀ ࡁࡉࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ10
ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡁࡌࡀࡄࡅ ࡉࡍࡓࡌࡉࡀ ࡏࡋࡇ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡀࡁࡅࡉࡀࡍ ࡍࡀࡐࡒ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡁࡀࡍࡔࡐࡉࡇ
ࡅࡀࡕࡀ ࡎࡀࡌ ࡀࡄࡅࡉࡅࡍ ࡒࡀࡔࡉࡔࡀ
ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ ࡒࡀࡔࡉࡔ ࡋࡀࡌࡉࡕࡀࡓࡐࡀࡔ ࡄࡅ
ࡏࡅ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡀࡍ ࡋࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ15
ࡏࡋ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡀࡀࡊࡃࡍࡉࡕ
ࡄࡉࡏࡍࡋࡀ ࡀࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ ࡓࡅࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅ ࡀࡁࡃࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡕࡅࡍ ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡀࡒࡍࡉࡀ ࡀࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ
ࡅࡎࡅࡊࡋࡕࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡁࡏࡌࡓࡅࡌ ࡋࡀࡋࡀࡂࡈࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡀࡒࡍࡉࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ

10 | Text
ࡅࡀࡄࡓࡉࡁࡉࡅࡍ ࡏࡁࡉࡃࡀࡕࡀ ࡖࡌࡕࡀࡒࡀࡍ
ࡀࡕࡅࡍ ࡓࡅࡌࡉࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡖࡎࡀࡀࡊ ࡋࡉࡕࡋࡇ
ࡒࡅࡌ ࡀࡁࡅࡃ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡓࡁࡀ20
ࡅࡂࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡌࡉࡌࡉࡀ ‖ ࡖࡋࡀࡁࡀࡈࡋࡉࡀ
ࡓࡌࡅ ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡅࡃࡓࡅ ࡓࡅࡂࡆࡀ
[12]
ࡋࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡖࡀࡁࡅࡅࡊࡍ
ࡃࡓࡅ ࡅࡄࡍࡅࡕ ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡋࡉࡀࡊ ࡖࡉࡀࡕࡉࡁ ࡏࡋࡇ
ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡖࡉࡐࡎ ࡀࡓࡒࡇ ࡅࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡀ
ࡁࡓࡇ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡅࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡉࡍࡋࡉࡂࡈࡇ ࡎࡉࡉࡐࡀ ࡖࡌࡔࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀ
ࡀࡕࡀ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ25
ࡏࡋ ࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡅࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡌࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡏࡎࡓࡇ ࡀࡒࡀࡌࡀࡊ ࡋࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ
ࡋࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡊࡀ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡀ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡀࡐࡒࡉࡃ ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡏࡎࡓࡇ ࡋࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ
ࡋࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡒࡓࡀ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡕࡐࡀ ࡅࡐࡌࡇ ࡅࡓࡂࡀࡆ30
ࡒࡉࡀࡍ ࡖࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡄࡅࡉࡕ
ࡋࡀࡔࡉࡄࡉࡕ ࡅࡋࡀࡔࡉࡄࡀ
ࡀࡁࡅࡊ ࡋࡀࡅ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡀ ࡆࡓࡉࡆࡀ ࡄࡅ
ࡋࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡖࡀࡁࡅࡊ ࡔࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ‖ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡋࡉࡈࡉࡕ ࡅࡋࡉࡈࡀ ࡒࡉࡀࡍ
[13]
ࡖࡌࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡕ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡋࡀࡔࡉࡄࡉࡕ ࡋࡁࡉࡕ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ35
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡍࡀࡐࡋ
ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡔࡋࡀࡐ
ࡅࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡁࡆࡉࡅࡇ ࡋࡀࡎࡐࡀࡒ
ࡄࡀࡃ ࡆࡉࡁࡀࡍ ࡌࡄࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡁࡆࡉࡅࡇ ࡋࡀࡎࡐࡀࡒ
ࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡆࡉࡁࡉࡍࡀ ࡌࡄࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡁࡆࡉࡅࡇ ࡋࡀࡎࡐࡀࡒ
ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ ࡆࡉࡁࡉࡍࡀ ࡌࡄࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡋࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ40
ࡋࡀࡅ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡄࡀࡉࡒࡀ ࡃࡌࡅࡕࡀࡉ
ࡉࡀ ࡁࡓ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡁࡄࡉࡕࡀ
ࡎࡓࡉࡍ ࡅࡄࡃࡀ ࡁࡇࡍ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡔࡋࡀࡐ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡁࡍࡀࡈ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡆࡅࡈࡀ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡏࡕࡋࡀࡁࡀࡔ
ࡒࡀࡔࡉࡔࡀ ࡋࡁࡀࡔ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡏࡋ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡃࡒࡉࡍ
ࡅࡀࡁࡂࡀࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡍ
ࡅࡒࡀࡋ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀࡉࡅࡍ
ࡒࡀࡋ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡍ45
ࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡌࡈࡀ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓ
ࡒࡀࡋࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ
ࡅࡌࡁࡀࡈࡉࡋ ࡁࡉࡕ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡌࡊࡀ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡎࡐࡉࡒ
ࡋࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡏࡕࡉࡎࡊࡉࡀ ‖
ࡌࡀࡍ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ
ࡄࡆࡀ ࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡀ
[14]
ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡉࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡌࡉࡔࡕࡓࡉࡀ
ࡎࡓࡉࡍ ࡅࡄࡃࡀ ࡁࡇࡍ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡅࡍࡍ50
ࡏࡋ ࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡀࡐࡄࡓࡏࡉࡋ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡋࡁࡅࡔ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡄࡆࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡁࡇࡍ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡅࡍࡍ
ࡃࡓࡀ ࡅࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡀࡐࡄࡓࡏࡉࡋ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡎࡍࡉࡁ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡓࡁࡀ

12 | Text
ࡅࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡌࡀࡎࡂࡉࡀ55
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡉࡐࡄࡕࡇ ࡋࡅࡐࡌࡇ
ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡁࡉࡕ ࡓࡅࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡁࡓࡇ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡋࡀࡕࡉࡓࡌࡉࡀ
ࡅࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡕࡉࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ ࡏࡋ ࡀࡁࡅࡊ ࡁࡓ
ࡏࡅ ࡋࡀࡌࡉࡁࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡀࡁࡃࡀ ࡀࡒࡀࡌࡇ ࡖࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡄࡅࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅ ࡌࡉࡁࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡌࡊࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ
ࡀࡁࡅࡊ ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ ‖ ࡅࡋࡀࡏࡔࡕࡌࡀ
ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡁࡓࡇ ࡒࡀࡔࡉࡔࡀ
[15]
60
ࡀࡊࡆࡍࡀࡋࡀ ࡖࡏࡄࡀࡁࡋࡉࡀ
ࡄࡆࡉࡀ ࡌࡊࡀ ࡔࡀࡀࡍࡉ
ࡀࡐࡉࡎࡉࡕ ࡄࡀࡔࡕࡀ
ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡁࡌࡉࡉࡍࡋࡀࡕ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ
ࡋࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡅࡌࡔࡀࡓࡄࡉࡆࡀࡕࡋࡅࡍ
ࡏࡅ ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡀࡌࡉࡀࡕࡋࡅࡍ
ࡅࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡒࡀࡁࡋࡇ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡂࡉࡓࡀ ࡔࡓࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡒࡀࡁࡋࡇ
ࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡂࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡓࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ65
ࡅࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ ࡁࡉࡀࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡒࡀࡁࡋࡇ
ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡀ ࡂࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡓࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡁࡏࡃࡇ ࡖࡀࡐࡄࡓࡏࡉࡋ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡂࡉࡓࡀ ࡀࡓࡁࡉࡀࡉࡀ
ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡌࡈࡀࡕ
ࡒࡃࡀ ࡁࡒࡉࡃࡉࡄࡕࡇ ࡅࡒࡉࡃࡉࡄࡕࡇ
ࡁࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡅࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡖࡎࡀࡀࡊ ࡋࡉࡕࡋࡇ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡕࡐࡀ ࡅࡐࡌࡇ
ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡖࡋࡄࡉࡋ ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ
ࡓࡌࡀ ࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡉࡌࡀ ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡉࡍ70
ࡅࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡏࡅࡔࡀࡍࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ ‖
ࡋࡁࡅࡔ ࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡅࡃࡓࡅࡍ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ
ࡅࡂࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡌࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡕࡅࡒࡀࡐ
ࡅࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡃࡓࡅࡍ
[16]
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡏࡅࡔࡀࡍࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡅࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡁࡓࡅࡂࡆࡀ ࡃࡓࡅࡍ
ࡁࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡅࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡖࡁࡅࡈࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡋࡉࡕࡋࡇ
ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡐࡒࡉࡃࡋࡅࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ75
ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ
ࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡖࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡗ ࡌࡀࡈࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡁࡀࡊࡍࡇࡐ ࡖࡁࡉࡄࡓࡀࡕ ࡀࡀࡍࡀࡍ ࡏࡌࡇ ࡀࡌࡈࡅࡉࡀ
ࡅࡉࡍࡌࡓࡅࡍ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡌࡔࡀࡃࡓࡉࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ
ࡀࡁࡅࡃ ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡔࡀࡋࡐࡉࡀ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡀࡓࡁࡉࡌࡀ ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡉࡍ ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀ80
ࡔࡉࡊࡕࡍࡀ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡌࡈࡅࡍ
ࡌࡍ ࡓࡉࡔ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡉࡊࡌࡀࡑ ࡌࡀࡀࡍ
ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ ࡔࡀࡋࡐࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡓࡀࡌࡀ
ࡅࡂࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡔࡌࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡕࡅࡒࡀࡐ
ࡗ ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡁࡓࡅࡂࡆࡀ ࡃࡓࡉࡀ
ࡕࡓࡉࡎࡀࡓ ࡁࡇࡍ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡁࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡍࡀࡊࡎࡉࡅࡍࡍ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡉࡀࡅࡀࡓ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡕࡔࡀ ࡁࡇࡍ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡁࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡎࡍࡀࡁ
ࡁࡉࡄࡓࡀࡌ ࡄࡀࡉࡊࡌࡀ ࡏࡕࡁࡅࡍ85
ࡁࡓࡇ ‖ ࡉࡀࡒࡉࡓࡀ ࡖࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡁࡒࡉࡃࡉࡄࡕࡇ ࡒࡃࡀ
ࡉࡅࡀࡊࡁࡀࡓ ࡀࡄࡅࡉࡀ
[17]
ࡒࡃࡀ ࡅࡀࡆࡋࡀࡕ ࡒࡉࡃࡉࡄࡕࡇ
ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡀࡁࡅࡉࡀ
ࡌࡈࡀࡕ ࡅࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ
ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡀࡁࡅࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡄࡀࡁࡉࡁࡀࡉ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡎࡀࡓࡊࡇ
ࡋࡁࡓࡀࡉ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡂࡉࡈࡋࡇ
ࡀࡎࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡃࡇ ࡅࡋࡉࡂࡓࡇ ࡔࡒࡀࡋ
ࡁࡒࡃࡉࡄࡕࡀ ࡖࡒࡃࡀ ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ90

14 | Text
ࡖࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡀࡐࡒࡉࡃ ࡏࡋࡇ
ࡏࡕࡀࡐࡎࡀࡒ ࡀࡎࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡔࡅࡔࡋࡀࡕࡀ
ࡅࡃࡉࡓࡊࡇ ࡋࡒࡉࡀࡍ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡁࡋࡉࡁࡇ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡅࡒࡀࡌࡁࡇ ࡁࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡅࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡋࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ
ࡌࡍ ࡁࡀࡁࡀ ࡖࡎࡅࡀࡐࡕ
ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡐࡎࡉࡅࡍࡍ
ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡖࡌࡈࡀ
ࡒࡉࡃࡉࡄࡕࡀ ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡀࡀࡍࡀࡍ ࡒࡃࡀ
ࡗ ࡌࡈࡀ ࡀࡓࡒࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ95
ࡅࡌࡍ ࡏࡅࡔࡀࡍࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡁࡏࡌࡓࡅࡌࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡀࡂࡈࡉࡀ
ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡍࡀࡐࡋ ࡏࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡐࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡅࡂࡉࡓࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡅࡎࡈࡌࡅࡌࡅࡍ ࡋࡀࡌࡀࡔࡓࡉࡀ
ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡍࡀࡐࡋ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡃࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡅࡏࡕࡀࡐࡎࡀࡒ ࡉࡀࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡖࡒࡀࡔࡕࡀࡕࡅࡍ ‖
ࡏࡕࡀࡐࡎࡀࡒ ࡎࡉࡀࡐࡉࡅࡍ ࡖࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ
ࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡄࡍࡉࡕ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡅࡔࡀࡇࡍ
ࡅࡎࡕࡀࡄࡀࡐ ࡏࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡐࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡍࡀࡐࡋ
[18]
ࡅࡔࡃࡀ ࡏࡋ ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡏࡋ ࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡅࡎࡓࡉࡍ ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡉࡀ ࡎࡍࡉࡁ100
ࡋࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡌࡈࡅࡍ ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡄࡀࡉࡆࡀࡊ ࡕࡋࡀࡕࡌࡀ ࡅࡔࡉࡕࡉࡍ ࡀࡓࡒࡀࡄࡀࡕࡀ
ࡖࡏࡋ ࡏࡃࡇ ࡖࡉࡀࡌࡉࡀࡍ ࡖࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡎࡐࡉࡒ ࡓࡉࡔࡉࡇ ࡖࡂࡅࡁࡓࡀࡍ
ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡌࡍ ࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡉࡇ ࡒࡀࡌ
ࡀࡍࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡀࡓࡒࡀࡄࡀࡕࡀ ࡅࡀࡍࡒࡔࡀࡍ ࡈࡅࡓࡉࡀ
ࡔࡉࡒࡋࡇ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡋࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡁࡂࡀࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡋࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡒࡓࡀ
ࡅࡆࡉࡃࡀ ࡖࡄࡅࡀࡁࡇ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡑࡇ
ࡅࡋࡄࡀࡉࡋࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ ࡅࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ105
ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡀࡀࡍࡀࡍ ࡏࡌࡇ ࡖࡏࡕࡉࡍࡉࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡍ
ࡖࡌࡉࡒࡀࡓ ࡓࡉࡔࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡁࡇࡍ
ࡖࡆࡀࡉࡀࡍ ࡖࡀࡊࡃࡉࡓ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡐࡓࡆࡋࡀ
ࡅࡔࡀࡃࡓࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡕࡔࡉࡌࡀ ࡅࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡏࡎࡒࡉࡀ
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡕࡌࡀࡀࡍࡉࡀ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡌࡉࡕࡉࡒࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡋࡁࡀࡁࡀ ࡖࡎࡅࡀࡐࡕ ࡀࡅࡕࡁࡅࡉࡀ
ࡉࡍࡈࡍࡅࡓࡁࡇ ࡁࡎࡀࡃࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡋࡔࡀࡁࡉࡌࡀ ‖ ࡅࡄࡀࡌࡔࡉࡍ ࡔࡉࡍࡀ
[19]
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡓࡁࡉࡀ ࡀࡑࡁࡉࡍ ࡏࡋࡇ110
ࡅࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡍ
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡁࡁࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡕࡅࡔࡁࡉࡄࡕࡀ ࡖࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀࡉ
ࡁࡔࡅࡋࡈࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀࡉ
ࡅࡉࡊࡋࡀ ࡌࡀࡐࡒࡃࡀࡀࡍ
ࡉࡊࡋࡀ ࡖࡌࡀࡋࡉࡊࡀ ࡀࡁࡃࡉࡕ
ࡅࡉࡊࡋࡀ ࡌࡋࡀࡋࡅࡊࡍ
ࡉࡊࡋࡀ ࡒࡓࡉࡕ ࡅࡉࡊࡋࡀ ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡉࡀ
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡒࡓࡉࡕ ࡖࡌࡀࡄࡓࡉࡁࡀࡀࡍ
ࡄࡉࡓࡁࡀ ࡅࡎࡉࡀࡐ ࡉࡍࡎࡁࡉࡕ
ࡏࡃࡀ ࡔࡂࡀࡔࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡔࡂࡀࡔࡕࡀ
ࡅࡔࡉࡊࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡕࡓࡀࡑ5
ࡅࡓࡌࡉࡁࡇ ࡁࡏࡌࡓࡅࡌ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ
ࡖࡋࡀࡕࡓࡀࡑ ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡖࡄࡅࡀ ࡌࡕࡀࡒࡀࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡀࡉࡉࡍ
ࡄࡀࡎࡓࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡏࡋ ࡏࡁࡉࡃࡀࡕࡀ
ࡖࡋࡀࡁࡅࡍ ࡓࡅࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡒࡓࡀࡁࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀࡉ ࡌࡉࡈࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡀࡉࡕࡉࡕࡇ ࡋࡏࡎࡅࡓࡀ ࡋࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀࡉ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡔࡀࡂࡉࡔࡕ ࡋࡔࡉࡂࡔࡀ
ࡋࡉࡅࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡍࡀࡑࡁ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ10
ࡅࡋࡀࡕࡉࡓࡌࡉࡀ ࡕࡉࡂࡓࡀ ࡁࡉࡀࡓࡃࡀࡍ
ࡋࡀࡅ ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡖࡋࡀࡕࡉࡁࡀࡃ ࡓࡅࡂࡆࡀ

Source Colophon

The Mandaic source text is from the critical edition: Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, eds., The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2020). ISBN 978-3-11-048651-3. The open-access PDF was made freely available "for non-commercial purposes, with friendly permission by Walter de Gruyter GmbH" and is archived at archive.org/details/mandaeanbookofjohn. The Mandaic text was set in the Ardwan Lidzbarski font, preserving characteristics of pioneer translator Mark Lidzbarski's handwriting, and encoded in Unicode (Mandaic block U+0840–U+085F).

The critical edition was supported by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Rutgers University Research Council.

Note: The source text above includes the tail end of Chapter 2 (verses 37–50) and the beginning of Chapter 4 on the boundary pages, as these share physical pages with Chapter 3 in the edition. The Chapter 3 text begins after the closing formula "And Life triumphs!" of Chapter 2 and the standard opening invocation, and ends at the closing formula at verse 3:110.

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