Meryey the Vine

Chapter thirty-five of the Mandaean Book of John. Where Chapter 34 was intimate autobiography — a woman telling her own story in domestic detail — Chapter 35 is cosmic allegory. Meryey speaks again, but she is no longer a daughter in a house with doors to open. She is a vine standing at the mouth of the Euphrates, whose leaves are sweets and whose fruit is pearls. Birds nest in her branches — the souls she shelters — and when winds and storms come, some hold fast and some are torn away.

The chapter unfolds through three dramatic confrontations. First, a white eagle arrives — an emissary from the world of Light — and describes the fate of the scattered birds, then announces its mission to heal and water. Second, the Jews pursue Meryey and find her enthroned at the Euphrates with a scroll in her lap, a staff of water in her hand, preaching in a sublime voice while fish and birds assemble. Her mother makes an extraordinary speech: remember the Torah in your bosom, the keys in your hands, the priests who kissed them, the brides who weep for you. Third, Meryey laughs, refuses, and denounces the Judean establishment. A pure eagle destroys the Temple and sets fire to Jerusalem.

The register shift from Chapter 34 to 35 is characteristic of Mandaean scripture: the domestic becomes the mythic mid-sentence. The same woman who fell asleep in a tent-house now stands as a cosmic figure, and the same father who called her a rag of sackcloth is replaced by a mother who weeps and by a world-filling eagle who puts her on a throne. The narrative is not sequential but visionary — Meryey as she was and Meryey as she is in the kingdom of Light.

In the name of the Great Life,
may the sublime light be magnified!

Meryey am I, a vine,
a tree that stands at the mouth of the Euphrates.
The leaves of the tree are sweets,
and pearls are the tree's fruit.
The fruit of the vine is splendour,
and its leaves are precious light.
Its fragrance spreads among the trees
and goes out into all the worlds.
Birds breathe its scent in the air.
A flock has alighted in the tree.
5 Upon the tree a flock has alighted,
and they seek to build their nests there.
They shelter in it and are never still.
They eat what falls from its branches,
and from within it they drink sap.
They eat what is not reprehensible,
and drink what is not fermented.
While the birds sit in the vine,
winds and storms break loose.
10 They shake the good birds,
they batter the tree,
they bring down the leaves of the vine on all sides
and drive the birds from their place.
There are many birds who do not fly off
but cling tightly with their claws and wings
and hold fast until the winds and storms pass.
There are those who do not hold firm,
and some of their families go off.
15 Woe to those who do not hold fast
but are dashed from the tree and fly away!
How fair is Life's tree,
and how fair the birds within it!
The winds and storms pass over them,
and stillness comes over the world.
As the birds sit and twitter
and seek to build their nests upon it,
so that the birds may settle upon the vine,
an eagle circles and flies around.
20 A white one comes to look and sees the birds.
It circles and beats its wings
and comes to sit upon the tree.
The birds speak with it and say to it,
"By your life, eagle —
in this tree there are birds,
so many as to be without number,
but winds broke loose upon them
and angry storms came to the tree.
25 They shook them from the tree
until their wings were torn off.
There were some who held fast —
the winds and storms did not uproot them.
There were some who flew off swiftly.
We say to you, eagle —
we ask you about the birds,
since you are one that ranges abroad
and have seen everything upon the Earth.
30 Those birds, our brothers —
what have the winds and storms done to them?
What will you carry to them?"
He says to them,
"Do not seek to see, my brothers,
what becomes of those birds.
Clay bullets tore them from me
and broke the wings they had,
35 and they were torn off and shattered
and went to rest upon the banks.
A vulture and a hawk circled around them,
tore pieces from their flesh,
and ate from the fattened ones.
Woe to those whose lot was the water —
they belong now to the passage.
Blessed are you, birds,
who held on to this vine!
40 You have become a companion to Meryey,
the vine that stands at the mouth of the Euphrates.
Look, and you shall discover, birds,
that I have come into your midst.
I came to my brothers
to be their strength upon the Earth.
I came to heal Meryey
and bring water to the good plants
and precious vines
that stand at the mouth of the Euphrates.
45 I draw water in a white pitcher
and water my plants.
I carry and hold them in the arms
of splendour, which are my own.
I carry, hold, and drink.
Blessed is the one who drinks from my water.
He drinks and finds healing and endurance
and grows twofold.
The vines that drink my water
have produced good fruit.
50 Their foliage thrives and flourishes.
The vines that do not drink the water
produce bitter fruit and brambles.
Woe to those who do not walk their way,
and woe to those who do not pass a milestone!
They hated Life's Treasure,
Meryey, the precious Truth.
My brothers! Hold strong
and be a companion to Meryey,
55 whom I seek within the world,
calling forth with Life's voice,
and rousing and awakening the sleeping!"
The eagle flew from the tree.
It circles and teaches its friends
and says to them,
60 "My brothers, hear my voice!
Hold fast and endure the persecution!
Be a companion to Meryey!
For Meryey, be a companion!
Woe to the Judeans,
who brought persecution upon Meryey!
Woe to Eleazar of the Great House,
the pillar that holds up the Temple!
Woe to the pillar Zatan,
who spreads lies concerning Meryey!"
65 All the Judeans gathered together,
the teachers, the great, and the small.
They came and spoke about Meryey:
"She ran from the priests,
loved a man,
and they took one another by the hand.
By the hand they took one another
and went and sat at the mouth of the Euphrates.
70 We seek to kill them
and despise Meryey in Jerusalem.
We shall raise a gallows for the man
who ruined Meryey and led her away.
There shall be no day upon the Earth
in which strangers enter Jerusalem.
They will break open their dovecotes
and capture Jerusalem's doves."
All the Judeans gathered around
and went after Meryey.
They went and found Meryey —
75 a throne was set for her at the mouth of the Euphrates.
A white banner was spread above her,
and a scroll was spread across her lap.
She reads in the truthful books
and she stirs all worlds.
A staff of water is held in her hand,
a girdle is fastened about her waist.
Meryey prays in humility,
and she preaches in a sublime voice.
The fish assemble from the sea,
80 and the birds from the mouth of the Euphrates.
They come at Meryey's voice
and have no desire for sleep.
They breathe the fragrance that is before her
and forget this world.
When they saw this,
the Judeans rose before her.
Shamed, they clenched their fists,
struck the front of their breasts, and wept.
85 Meryey's mother spoke,
and tears fell upon her breast,
and she says to her,
"Look at me, my daughter Meryey!
Look at me — I am your mother!
You are my daughter,
and the daughter of all the head priests.
Your head is the great head
of the Temple.
90 Do you not recall, Meryey,
that the Torah was in your bosom?
You opened it and read it
and knew what was written within it.
The outer keys were in your hands,
while you kept the inner ones in a chest.
All the priests and sons of priests
came and kissed your hands.
95 If you wished, he would open the door,
and if you did not wish, he would return to his place.
A thousand would rise up
and two thousand would sit down.
They would submit to you like a castrated slave
and heed your words in Jerusalem.
Why have you forsaken your brothers,
and why is your heart estranged from the priests?
See, the brides weep in Judaea,
and the women and men in Jerusalem.
They are stripping off their precious gold
and taking up mourning and wailing about you.
100 They say,
'We shall not destroy our possessions
until Meryey comes.
We shall weigh gold with weights
and place precious silks in baskets.
We will stand upon the rooftops,
waiting to see you in Jerusalem.
We will make vows to you
if you come with me and we go.'
My daughter! Rise and come back
105 to the city of Jerusalem.
Come, light the lamps
that have stood unused since the day you left.
Do not desire this man
who captivated you and carried you off.
The man who is not from your city —
leave him behind in the world,
110 lest he say, 'I went
and took Meryey from her place.'
Come, teach the children,
open it up and place it in your bosom.
From the moment and the day you hung it up,
dust has been its cover.
Shake it off, put it in your bosom,
and let us hear your voice as it was."
When Meryey heard this from her mother,
she laughed and rejoiced in her mind,
115 and she says to her,
"Are the Judeans not
shameful, worthless vessels?
Are the Judeans not
those who stand and bow to a vault?
They shall be buried in darkness."
She says to them,
"Away! Away, repulsive fools —
you are not of the world.
120 I am not a woman who chases after lust,
and it is not that I love a man.
I did not leave to return to you
and see you, wicked skullcaps.
Away! Away from before me,
who gave false witness against me!
You brought charges of adultery and theft against me
125 and made as though I were your equal.
Blessed is the man who freed me
from my chains and planted my feet here!
I did not commit adultery with him,
and I did not commit theft in the world.
The testimony you testified against me
has become prayer and praise."
While the priests rose and spoke
to Meryey at the mouth of the Euphrates,
there came a pure eagle
whose wings fill all the world.
He flew over the Judeans
and beating his wings he bound them
130 and lowered them to the bottom of the water,
deeper than its stinking scum.
He sank them deeper than the devouring waters,
within the still depths,
and sank their ships
to the bottom of the devouring water.
He destroyed the Temple
and set fire to Jerusalem.
He rained destruction upon them
and slew my disciples in Jerusalem.
135 He came down to her,
he beat his wings,
sat beside her and spoke with her,
and taught her, and loved truth from her.
He reached out and embraced her strongly,
straightened her out, and set her upon the throne.
He says to her,
"Meryey, consider me good,
and remember me before Life.
140 I am your good helper,
the man who heard your word.
I ask of you the lofty truth,
the truth that the Jordans enlighten."
She said to him,
"Good excellency, Life's excellency,
shed your splendour upon me!
145 Your light has shone forth and your glory
is known in light's place.
All who hear your voice
are enclosed in the pure place.
They are enclosed in Life's Treasure,
and your banner shines twofold.
For all who do not hear your voice,
sleep and wakefulness are blotted out.
They shall become servants to the Judeans
and to all the priests, sons of maidservants.
You and I shall become great
150 and rise victorious to light's place."
And Life is praised and Life wins!

Colophon

Good Works Translation from Classical Mandaic (Eastern Aramaic). Translated by the New Tianmu Anglican Church from the critical edition of Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020), accessed via Internet Archive under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

The English translation was independently derived from the Classical Mandaic source text. Haberl & McGrath's English translation was consulted as a reference to verify readings in ambiguous passages but the English above is the translator's own rendering. Significant departures from the reference are documented in the expeditionary tulku's Last Breath file.

Chapter 35 is the second chapter of the Meryey cycle within the Book of John, and one of the longest single chapters in the entire work. Where Chapter 34 told Meryey's story in domestic terms — doors, bolts, tent-houses — Chapter 35 recasts her as a cosmic figure: a vine at the Euphrates, tended by eagles, pursued by the Judean establishment, enthroned by divine power. The chapter is the Mandaean community's self-portrait as a persecuted diaspora finding its prophetess and, through her, its home in the kingdom of Light. First English translation published online by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

🌲

Source Text: The Book of John — Chapter 35

Classical Mandaic source text from Haberl & McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John (2020), Chapter 35. Extracted from the critical edition PDF via PyMuPDF. Couplet order corrected from extraction artifact (PyMuPDF reverses paired lines; the w- prefix on continuation lines confirms correct sequence). Presented for reference and verification.

Page 114 (1-indexed) — Chapter 35 opening (from end of Chapter 34 page)

104 | Text
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ
ࡅࡈࡅࡇࡍ ࡖࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ‖ ࡌࡀࡓࡂࡉࡍࡀ
ࡔࡀࡄࡇࡐ ࡖࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡄࡀࡋࡉࡀ
[132]
ࡅࡀࡋࡅࡀࡕࡇ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡉࡀࡒࡓࡀ
ࡀࡅࡇࡐ ࡖࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ ࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡅࡀࡆࡉࡋ ࡁࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ
ࡓࡉࡄࡇ ࡃࡓࡀ ࡁࡏࡋࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡎࡉࡓࡀ ࡁࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡀࡓࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡉࡀࡓ5
ࡅࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡒࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡒࡉࡀࡍࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡎࡉࡓࡀ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ ࡁࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ
ࡄࡀࡉࡎࡉࡀ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡅࡋࡀࡀࡊࡉࡉࡍࡀ
ࡅࡌࡍ ࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡔࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ
ࡌࡍ ࡀࡅࡇࡐ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡍ ࡆࡉࡓࡒࡀ
ࡅࡔࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡅࡀ ࡄࡀࡌࡓࡀ
ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡅࡀ ࡎࡀࡉࡈࡀ
ࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡁࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡀࡒࡀࡓ
ࡖࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡁࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ10
ࡄࡁࡀࡈࡉࡅࡍ ࡁࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡄࡉࡁࡈࡀ
ࡓࡀࡃࡍࡉࡃࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡓࡐࡅࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡀࡉࡅࡍ
ࡀࡕࡍࡉࡓࡅࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡔࡀࡄࡉࡐࡀ ࡖࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ
ࡅࡀࡔࡀࡓ ࡁࡈࡅࡓࡐࡀ ࡅࡂࡀࡍࡀࡐ ࡅࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡏࡀࡊ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡓࡐࡀ
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡁࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡄࡋࡉࡉࡐࡅࡍ
ࡅࡀࡆࡀࡋ ࡖ‖ࡔࡀࡌࡔࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ
ࡀࡀࡊ ࡖࡋࡀࡋࡂࡀࡈ ࡅࡋࡀࡔࡀࡓ
[133]
15
ࡅࡋࡀ ࡀࡔࡀࡓ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡀࡈࡓࡀ ࡅࡓࡐࡀ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡅࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓࡉࡀ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡖࡏࡕࡁࡇ
ࡌࡊࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡐࡓ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡕࡀࡕ ࡉࡍࡄࡅࡕࡀ ࡋࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡄࡋࡀࡉࡐࡅࡍ ࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡁࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡅࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡖࡒࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡍ ࡉࡍࡒࡅࡍࡍ
ࡖࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡓࡀࡈࡉࡍࡀ
ࡄࡃࡀࡓ ࡅࡌࡉࡈࡀࡎࡀࡎ ࡉࡍࡔࡓࡀ
ࡖࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡏࡋ ࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ20
ࡄࡃࡀࡓ ࡅࡍࡀࡐࡁࡑࡅࡍ ࡁࡂࡀࡍࡇࡐ
ࡀࡕࡀ ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ ࡅࡀࡃࡉࡒ ࡄࡆࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ
ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡋࡉࡋ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡉࡋࡇ
ࡅࡀࡕࡀ ࡁࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ
ࡁࡄࡀࡉࡀࡊ ࡉࡍࡔࡓࡀ
ࡌࡊࡀ ࡖࡎࡀࡀࡊ ࡋࡉࡕࡋࡅࡍ
ࡁࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡄࡅࡀࡉࡉࡍࡍ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡕࡅࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ ࡕࡀࡁࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡓࡃࡉࡀ
ࡀࡒࡀࡓ ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ25
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡂࡀࡍࡀࡐࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡔࡌࡀࡈ
ࡓࡀࡃࡍࡉࡃࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ
ࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡁࡉࡁࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡒࡓࡅࡉࡀ
ࡏࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡔࡀࡓ ࡅࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡏࡀࡊ ࡖࡀࡈࡓࡀ ࡅࡓࡐࡀ
ࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡔࡀࡉࡋࡀࡊ ‖ ࡏࡋ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ
ࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓࡋࡀࡊ ࡉࡍࡔࡓࡀ
[134]
ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡕ ࡁࡕࡉࡁࡉࡋ ࡁࡅࡊࡋ ࡁࡑࡅ
ࡀࡌࡉࡈࡍࡅࡋ ࡖࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡎࡀࡉࡀࡓࡀ30
ࡌࡀࡄࡅ ࡖࡁࡀࡃࡅࡁࡅࡍ ࡆࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡁࡉࡁࡉࡀ
ࡄࡀࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡀࡄࡀࡍ
ࡌࡀࡄࡅ ࡃࡀࡓࡉࡕ ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ

Page 116 (1-indexed) — Chapter 35 verses continuing

106 | Text
ࡖࡌࡍ ࡄࡀࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡋࡀࡁࡀࡉࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡋࡌࡉࡄࡆࡉࡀ ࡀࡄࡀࡉ
ࡅࡕࡀࡁࡓࡅࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡂࡀࡍࡉࡐࡀ ࡖࡏࡕࡋࡅࡍ
ࡀࡈࡓࡅࡅࡍࡍ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉ ࡂࡉࡋࡌࡅࡄࡓࡉࡀ35
ࡅࡀࡆࡀࡋ ࡎࡌࡀࡊ ࡏࡋ ࡀࡊࡋࡉࡀ
ࡅࡏࡔࡕࡀࡌࡀࡈ ࡅࡏࡔࡕࡀࡁࡀࡓ
ࡅࡎࡕࡀࡓࡉࡅࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡁࡉࡎࡓࡀࡉࡅࡍ
ࡄࡃࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ ࡃࡉࡕࡀ ࡅࡁࡀࡔࡉࡒ
ࡅࡀࡀࡊࡋࡉࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡀࡍࡉࡅࡍ ࡖࡌࡔࡀࡌࡉࡍࡀ
ࡄࡉࡋࡀ ࡌࡀࡍࡕࡀ ࡋࡏࡃࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡖࡄࡅࡍ ࡌࡀࡍࡕ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡖࡀࡔࡀࡓࡕࡅࡍ ࡁࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ
ࡈࡅࡁࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡃࡉࡋࡅࡊࡍ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ40
ࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡀࡑࡅࡕࡀ ࡄࡅࡉࡕࡅࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡖࡀࡀࡍ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ ࡀࡕࡉࡕ
ࡄࡆࡅࡍ ࡅࡁࡀࡔࡒࡀࡓ ࡉࡑࡓࡐࡉࡀ ‖
[135]
ࡖࡄࡀࡅࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡁࡕࡉࡁࡉࡋ ࡎࡉࡌࡀࡀࡊ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡀࡕࡉࡕ ࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡀࡄࡀࡉ
ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡒࡅࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡔࡉࡕࡋࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡕ ࡋࡌࡉࡎࡉࡀ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡅࡉࡀࡒࡉࡓࡉࡀ ࡂࡅࡐࡀࡍ45
ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡒࡉࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡔࡉࡕࡋࡀࡉ
ࡁࡃࡀࡅࡋࡀ ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ ࡃࡀࡋࡉࡍ
ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ ࡖࡏࡕࡋࡉࡀ
ࡎࡀࡁࡉࡋࡀࡍ ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡀࡀࡍ ࡏࡋ ࡃࡓࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡈࡅࡁࡇ ࡖࡌࡍ ࡌࡉࡀࡉ ࡔࡕࡀ
ࡎࡀࡁࡉࡋࡀࡍ ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡀࡀࡍ ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡒࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡀࡍࡔࡐࡀ ࡋࡄࡀࡃ ࡕࡓࡉࡍ
ࡔࡀࡕࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡀࡎࡉࡀ ࡀࡔࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡕࡒࡀࡉࡀࡌ
ࡉࡐࡓࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡉࡀ ࡀࡍࡀࡐࡒ
ࡂࡅࡐࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡔࡕࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ50
ࡏࡕࡂࡀࡃࡀࡋ ࡀࡅࡀࡐࡉࡅࡍ ࡅࡓࡅࡀࡆ
ࡀࡍࡀࡐࡒ ࡌࡓࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡏࡋࡒࡉࡀ
ࡂࡅࡐࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡔࡕࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡋࡉࡐ ࡋࡅࡊࡃࡀࡊ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡎࡂࡅࡍ ࡁࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀ
ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡉࡀࡒࡓࡀ
ࡎࡉࡉࡍࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡎࡉࡌࡀࡕ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡄࡅࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡑࡅࡕࡀ
ࡀࡄࡀࡉ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ ࡅࡀࡔࡀࡓ55
ࡌࡉࡎࡀࡓ ‖ ࡌࡉࡒࡓࡉࡀ ࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡖࡀࡀࡍ ࡁࡀࡉࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
[136]
ࡅࡌࡓࡀࡃࡍࡉࡃ ࡅࡌࡀࡒࡅࡌࡉࡀ ࡔࡀࡁࡊࡉࡀ
ࡄࡃࡀࡓ ࡅࡌࡀࡓࡐࡉࡔ ࡓࡀࡄࡌࡇ
ࡉࡍࡔࡓࡀ ࡈࡀࡎ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡀࡍ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡅࡍ
ࡅࡔࡀࡓ ࡅࡎࡅࡁࡋࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡓࡉࡃࡀࡐ
ࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡒࡀࡋࡀࡉ ࡀࡄࡀࡉ60
ࡀࡑࡅࡕࡀ ࡄࡅࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡄࡅࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡑࡅࡕࡀ
ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡄࡅࡋࡇ ࡓࡉࡃࡀࡐ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡏࡈࡑࡅࡀࡍ ࡖࡎࡌࡉࡊ ࡋࡁࡉࡕ ࡌࡒࡀࡃࡔࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡉࡋࡉࡆࡀࡓ ࡁࡀࡉࡕࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡖࡎࡄࡉࡃ ࡀࡊࡃࡁࡀ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡅࡀࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡆࡀࡕࡀࡍ ࡏࡈࡑࡅࡀࡍ
ࡌࡉࡒࡓࡉࡀ ࡓࡅࡓࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡃࡉࡓࡃࡒࡉࡀ
ࡏࡕࡀࡊࡀࡍࡐ ࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ65
ࡅࡀࡕࡅࡍ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡓࡉࡄࡌࡀࡕ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ
ࡖࡏࡒࡓࡀࡕ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ
ࡋࡂࡀࡈࡉࡅࡍ ࡉࡀࡃ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ
ࡅࡉࡀࡃ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡋࡂࡀࡈ
ࡅࡀࡆࡀࡋ ࡏࡕࡉࡁ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ

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ࡅࡀࡍࡔࡉࡈࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡁࡀࡉࡉࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡂࡀࡈࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ70
ࡖࡀࡄࡓࡉࡁࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡅࡀࡒࡐࡇ
ࡆࡀࡒࡀࡐ ࡉࡍࡁࡉࡃࡋࡇ ࡋࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ‖
[137]
ࡖࡅࡍࡓࡊࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡀࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡋࡀࡉࡍࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡁࡕࡉࡁࡉࡋ
ࡅࡔࡀࡁࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡉࡀࡅࡉࡍࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡌࡎࡀࡃࡒࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡁࡊࡀࡉࡑࡀࡕࡅࡍ
ࡅࡀࡁࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡆࡋࡉࡀ
ࡏࡕࡀࡊࡀࡍࡐ ࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ
ࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡀ ࡕࡓࡉࡋࡑࡇ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡀࡆࡀࡋ ࡅࡀࡔࡅࡊ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ75
ࡅࡎࡉࡃࡓࡀ ࡁࡀࡊࡍࡇࡐ ࡕࡓࡉࡋࡑࡇ
ࡅࡃࡓࡀࡁࡔࡀ ࡄࡉࡅࡀࡓࡀ ࡂࡍࡉࡃࡋࡇ
ࡅࡌࡓࡀࡃࡍࡉࡃࡀࡋࡅࡍ ࡏࡋ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡉࡀ
ࡒࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡎࡉࡃࡓࡉࡀ ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ
ࡄࡉࡌࡉࡀࡀࡍ ࡁࡄࡀࡋࡇࡑ ࡏࡎࡉࡓࡋࡇ
ࡌࡀࡓࡂࡀࡍ ࡖࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡃࡇ ࡋࡂࡉࡈࡀ
ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡔࡀ ࡁࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡎࡀࡂࡃࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡃࡉࡀࡍ ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡅࡉࡑࡀࡐࡓ ࡂࡀࡃࡀࡐ ࡌࡍ ࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡊࡀࡍࡐ ࡌࡍ ࡉࡀࡌࡀ80
ࡅࡔࡉࡕࡍࡀ ࡋࡀࡓࡀࡄࡌࡉࡀ ࡖࡉࡍࡔࡉࡁࡊࡅࡍ
ࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡋࡒࡀࡋࡇ ࡖࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡅࡌࡀࡔࡍࡉࡋࡇ ‖ ࡋࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡌࡀࡓࡄࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡓࡉࡄࡀ ࡖࡋࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌࡇ
[138]
ࡌࡍ ࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌࡇ ࡒࡀࡌ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡄࡆࡅࡍ ࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡔࡒࡀࡐ ࡋࡕࡀࡓࡁࡀࡉࡑࡀ ࡄࡀࡃࡉࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡅࡁࡅࡊࡍ
ࡁࡄࡉࡕ ࡌࡋࡅࡍ ࡁࡂࡅࡓࡌࡀࡉࡆࡀࡉࡅࡍ
ࡅࡃࡉࡌࡀ ࡁࡏࡅࡌࡁࡇ ࡀࡍࡕࡓࡀࡍ
ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡋࡀࡕ ࡏࡌࡇ ࡖࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ85
ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡀࡋࡇ
ࡄࡅࡆࡉࡉࡍ ࡖࡏࡌࡉࡊ ࡀࡀࡍ
ࡄࡅࡆࡉࡉࡍ ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ
ࡅࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ
ࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡃࡉࡋࡉࡀ
ࡖࡁࡉࡕ ࡌࡒࡀࡃࡔࡉࡀ
ࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡓࡉࡔ ࡁࡀࡉࡕࡀ ࡓࡁࡀ
ࡖࡏࡅࡓࡀࡉࡕࡀ ࡁࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡊ ࡄࡅࡀࡕ
ࡋࡀࡅ ࡌࡉࡃࡀࡊࡓ ࡃࡉࡊࡓࡉࡕ ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ90
ࡅࡄࡀࡆࡉࡕ ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡇ ࡌࡀࡄࡅ ࡖࡃࡊࡉࡁ
ࡀࡐࡄࡕࡀࡕࡁࡇ ࡅࡒࡀࡓࡉࡀࡕࡁࡇ
ࡅࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡁࡎࡀࡈࡐࡉࡀ ࡌࡀࡕࡉࡍࡕ
ࡒࡋࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡄࡅࡍ ࡁࡏࡃࡉࡊ
ࡀࡕࡉࡍ ࡅࡏࡃࡉࡊ ࡀࡍࡔࡒࡉࡍ
ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ ࡅࡁࡉࡍࡀ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ
ࡅࡃࡋࡀ ࡁࡀࡉࡀࡕࡋࡇ ࡌࡉࡕࡀࡊࡌࡀࡓ ࡅࡀࡆࡉࡋ ࡋࡃࡅࡕࡊࡇ
ࡖࡁࡀࡉࡉࡕ ࡕࡐࡀࡋࡇ ࡁࡀࡁࡀ
ࡅࡕࡓࡉࡍ ࡀࡋࡉࡐࡀ ࡌࡉࡕࡀࡁ ‖ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ
ࡀࡋࡀࡐ ࡌࡉࡒࡀࡌ ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ
[139]
95
ࡅࡌࡉࡉࡍࡋࡕࡉࡊ ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡌࡉࡃࡉࡍࡋࡉࡊ ࡗ ࡀࡁࡃࡀ ࡎࡐࡉࡒࡀ
ࡅࡋࡉࡁࡉࡊ ࡕࡀࡍࡓࡊࡉࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡏࡔࡍࡉࡕ ࡀࡄࡉࡊ
ࡅࡏࡔࡍࡉࡀ ࡅࡂࡅࡁࡓࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡄࡅࡆࡀࡉ ࡄࡉࡃࡅࡕࡀࡕࡀ ࡁࡀࡉࡊࡀࡍ ࡁࡉࡀࡄࡅࡃ
ࡅࡏࡁࡋࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡋࡀࡉ ࡋࡀࡂࡈࡀࡍ ࡏࡋࡉࡊ
ࡀࡐࡋࡈࡅࡉࡀ ࡋࡃࡀࡄࡁࡀࡉࡅࡍ ࡓࡄࡉࡌࡀ
ࡀࡌࡓࡀࡍ100
ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡀࡕࡉࡀ
ࡋࡀࡀࡐࡉࡎࡉࡉࡍࡍ ࡌࡀࡋࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡒࡀࡆࡉࡆࡀ ࡓࡂࡉࡂࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡑࡈࡐࡉࡀ ࡓࡌࡉࡍ
ࡄࡀࡔࡋࡉࡉࡍࡍ ࡃࡀࡄࡁࡀ ࡌࡉࡃࡊࡅࡓ
ࡅࡌࡎࡀࡉࡊࡀࡍ ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡋࡉࡊ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡒࡀࡉࡌࡀࡍ ࡏࡋ ࡏࡂࡍࡀࡓࡉࡀ
ࡗ ࡀࡕࡉࡕ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡅࡀࡆࡋࡉࡉࡍࡍ
ࡀࡍࡃࡓࡉࡀ ࡀࡍࡃࡓࡀࡍ ࡏࡋࡉࡊ ࡃࡉࡋࡉࡊ
ࡌࡃࡉࡕࡍࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡁࡓࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡒࡅࡌ ࡄࡃࡀࡓ105

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ࡖࡌࡍ ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡖࡍࡀࡐࡒࡕ ࡏࡃࡀࡅࡊࡍ
ࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡕࡋࡀࡉ ࡔࡓࡀࡂࡉࡀ
ࡖࡔࡉࡁࡉࡉࡊ ࡅࡀࡒࡐࡉࡊ ‖
ࡋࡀࡁࡀࡉࡀࡕࡋࡇ ࡋࡄࡀࡆࡉࡍ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ
[140]
ࡔࡀࡌࡀࡓ ࡅࡔࡅࡁࡒࡇ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡋࡀࡅ ࡌࡍ ࡌࡀࡕࡉࡊ
ࡅࡀࡉࡐࡒࡕࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡇ
ࡖࡋࡀࡉࡍࡌࡀࡓ ࡖࡏࡆࡋࡉࡕ
ࡉࡑࡋࡀࡐ ࡅࡀࡕࡀࡍࡉ ࡋࡏࡅࡓࡀࡉࡕࡀ
ࡀࡕࡀࡉ ࡀࡋࡀࡐࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡃࡉࡓࡃࡒࡉࡀ110
ࡄࡀࡋࡀ ࡄࡅࡉࡋࡇ ࡀࡊࡎࡉࡀ
ࡌࡍ ࡓࡀࡀࡐ ࡅࡌࡍ ࡉࡅࡌࡀ ࡖࡀࡀࡍࡕ ࡃࡀࡋࡉࡕࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡔࡌࡀࡉࡀࡍࡍ ࡒࡀࡋࡉࡊ ࡗ ࡖࡄࡅࡀ
ࡀࡍࡐࡉࡑࡀ ࡅࡀࡕࡀࡍࡉ ࡁࡀࡊࡍࡉࡐࡊ
ࡂࡀࡄࡀࡊ ࡅࡄࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡅࡓࡑࡇ
ࡗ ࡄࡀࡆࡀ ࡔࡉࡌࡀࡕ ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡌࡍ ࡏࡌࡇ
ࡅࡀࡌࡓࡀࡋࡇ
ࡀࡊࡎࡉࡀ ࡁࡄࡉࡕࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡈࡋࡉࡀ
ࡋࡀࡄࡅࡍ ࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ115
ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡋࡀࡆࡂࡀ ࡎࡀࡂࡃࡉࡀ
ࡋࡀࡄࡅࡍ ࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡄࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡁࡄࡔࡅࡀࡊ ࡌࡉࡕࡒࡀࡁࡓࡉࡀ
ࡀࡌࡓࡀࡋࡅࡍ
ࡋࡀࡄࡅࡍ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡎࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ ࡀࡍࡐࡉࡑࡀ
ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡍࡄࡅࡉࡀ ࡖࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡓࡉࡄࡌࡉࡕ
ࡋࡀࡅ ࡀࡕࡅࡀࡕ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡉࡍࡒࡐࡉࡕ ࡋࡆࡅࡁࡉࡀ120
ࡅࡌࡉࡄࡆࡉࡍࡅࡊࡍ ࡋࡒࡅࡌࡁࡀ ࡖࡏࡅࡋࡀ
ࡋࡀࡉࡍࡒࡐࡉࡕ ࡋࡌࡉࡄࡃࡅࡓࡉࡀ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡀࡉࡅࡊࡍ
ࡖࡆࡉࡀࡐ ࡅࡔࡉࡒࡓࡀ ࡎࡄࡉࡃࡕࡅࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ
ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ‖ ࡏࡆࡉࡋ ࡌࡍ ࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌࡀࡉ
[141]
ࡅࡔࡀࡅࡉࡕࡅࡍ ࡗ ࡃࡉࡋࡅࡊࡍ
ࡎࡄࡉࡃࡕࡅࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ ࡂࡀࡅࡓࡀ ࡅࡂࡅࡁࡍࡀ
ࡌࡍ ࡏࡎࡅࡓࡀࡉ ࡅࡋࡉࡂࡓࡀࡉ ࡄࡀࡀࡊ ࡔࡕࡀࡋ
ࡁࡓࡉࡊ ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡔࡉࡓࡉࡀࡍ
ࡅࡋࡀࡂࡅࡁࡍࡀ ࡂࡉࡁࡍࡉࡕ ࡁࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡋࡀࡂࡀࡅࡓࡀ ࡂࡀࡓࡉࡕ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ125
ࡁࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡕࡅࡔࡁࡉࡄࡕࡀ ࡀࡕࡀࡋࡉࡀ
ࡎࡀࡄࡃࡅࡕࡀ ࡖࡎࡄࡉࡃࡕࡅࡍ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ
ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡖࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡋࡅࡐࡌ ࡓࡐࡀࡔ
ࡏࡋ ࡖࡒࡀࡉࡌࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡀࡌࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ
ࡖࡂࡀࡍࡇࡐ ࡌࡋࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡖࡀࡋࡌࡀ
ࡀࡕࡀ ࡉࡍࡔࡓࡀ ࡃࡀࡉࡊࡀ
ࡅࡍࡀࡐࡁࡑࡅࡍ ࡁࡂࡀࡍࡇࡐ ࡓࡂࡀࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ
ࡈࡀࡎ ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ
ࡌࡉࡇࡍ ࡖࡒࡉࡉࡐࡀ ࡎࡀࡓࡉࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡔࡋࡐࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡃࡀࡍࡁ ࡌࡉࡀ130
ࡁࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡌࡉࡀ ࡕࡀࡄࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡔࡉࡐࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ
ࡋࡃࡀࡍࡁ ࡌࡉࡀ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ
ࡅࡀࡔࡉࡐࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡎࡉࡐࡀࡍࡕࡅࡍ
ࡅࡅࡍࡓࡀ ࡀࡕࡋࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡀࡐࡎࡇ ࡋࡁࡉࡕ ࡌࡒࡀࡃࡔࡉࡀ
ࡅࡂࡀࡈࡋࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡀࡉ ࡁࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ
ࡎࡀࡐ ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡎࡉࡄࡅࡕࡐࡀ
ࡅࡔࡀࡓࡔࡉࡋࡇ ࡋࡂࡀࡍࡇࡐ
ࡄࡍࡉࡕ ࡀࡕࡀ ࡋࡅࡀࡕࡇ ‖
[142]
135
ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡉࡔࡋࡇ ࡅࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡓࡄࡉࡌࡀ ࡌࡉࡇࡍ
ࡅࡏࡕࡉࡁࡋࡇ ࡅࡏࡔࡕࡀࡉࡉࡋࡇ
ࡅࡌࡉࡄࡕࡇ ࡅࡀࡕࡇࡍ ࡋࡅࡊࡓࡎࡉࡀ
ࡔࡐࡀࡈ ࡄࡉࡁࡒࡇ ࡁࡄࡁࡀࡒ ࡄࡀࡉࡋࡀ
ࡀࡌࡀࡓࡋࡇ
ࡋࡒࡅࡃࡀࡌ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡀࡃࡀࡊࡓ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ
ࡌࡉࡓࡉࡀࡉ ࡄࡅࡆࡉࡉࡍ ࡋࡈࡀࡁ
ࡂࡀࡁࡓࡀ ࡖࡔࡀࡌࡀࡋࡇ ࡋࡌࡉࡌࡓࡉࡊ
ࡀࡔࡂࡀࡃࡍࡉࡊ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡈࡀࡁࡀ140
ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡖࡁࡉࡄࡓࡅࡉࡀ ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡀࡉࡉࡀࡍ ࡌࡉࡉࡍࡊ ࡅࡊࡔࡈࡀ ࡓࡀࡌࡀ

Page 122 (1-indexed) — Chapter 35 verses concluding

112 | Text
ࡀࡌࡓࡀࡋࡇ
ࡔࡉࡄࡋࡅࡉࡀ ࡏࡋࡀࡅࡀࡉࡀࡍ
ࡉࡀ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡀ ࡏࡅࡕࡓࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡌࡁࡀࡔࡒࡀࡓ ࡁࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡆࡉࡅࡀࡊ ࡅࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀࡊ ࡃࡀࡍ ࡅࡏࡒࡀࡓࡀࡊ
ࡁࡀࡕࡓࡀ ࡃࡀࡉࡊࡀ ࡉࡍࡕࡀࡊࡓࡀࡊ
ࡅࡊࡋ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡒࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡔࡀࡌࡀ145
ࡅࡉࡍࡃࡀࡍ ࡃࡓࡀࡁࡔࡀࡊ ࡋࡄࡀࡃ ࡕࡓࡉࡍ
ࡉࡍࡕࡀࡊࡓࡀࡊ ࡁࡎࡉࡌࡀࡕ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ
ࡏࡓࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡔࡉࡕࡍࡀ ࡕࡉࡊࡀࡐࡓ ࡏࡋࡇ
ࡅࡊࡋ ࡌࡀࡍ ࡖࡒࡀࡋࡀࡊ ࡋࡀࡔࡀࡌࡀ
ࡅࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡄࡉࡍࡀ ࡁࡉࡍࡀ ࡀࡌࡕࡀ
ࡉࡍࡄࡅࡉࡋࡅࡍ ࡋࡉࡀࡄࡅࡈࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡀࡁࡃࡉࡀ
ࡅࡉࡍࡎࡀࡒ ࡁࡆࡀࡅࡊࡕࡀ ‖ ࡋࡀࡕࡀࡓ ࡄࡍࡅࡓ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡅࡃࡉࡋࡀࡊ ࡉࡍࡕࡂࡀࡃࡀࡋ
[143]
ࡅࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡆࡀࡉࡊࡍ
ࡅࡌࡔࡀࡁࡉࡍ ࡄࡉࡉࡀ150
ࡎـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــࡀ
ࡌࡓࡀࡅࡓࡀࡁ ࡄࡍࡅࡓࡀ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡀ
ࡁࡔࡅࡌࡀࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡓࡁࡉࡀ
ࡖࡌࡍ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡁࡄࡉࡓ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ
ࡅࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡖࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡊࡋࡉࡀ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡁࡄࡉࡓ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ
ࡋࡂࡉࡉࡑࡀ ࡂࡀࡅࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡅࡕࡀࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ
ࡋࡄࡀࡅࡓࡉࡀ ࡉࡀࡃࡀࡅࡍࡍ
ࡅࡏࡋ ࡏࡉࡊࡋࡉࡀࡕࡀ ࡅࡊࡋࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡉࡉࡋࡀࡍ
ࡌࡁࡀࡔࡒࡀࡓࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡀࡍࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡄࡀࡅࡓࡉࡀ
ࡅࡎࡉࡐࡕࡍࡀࡉ ࡋࡀࡂࡀࡆࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡌࡉࡎࡕࡀࡀࡊࡓࡀࡍ
ࡅࡎࡀࡉࡀࡓࡀࡍ ࡀࡂࡌࡀ ࡁࡄࡀࡁࡀࡓࡀ 5
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡒࡀࡃࡌࡉࡕ ࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀ
ࡁࡋࡉࡋࡉࡀ ࡄࡀࡆࡉࡀࡍࡋࡇ ࡋࡅࡍࡀࡍ ࡁࡓࡀࡎࡊࡀ
ࡁࡎࡀࡄࡓࡀࡀࡍ ࡖࡋࡀࡄࡅࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡀࡐࡓࡆࡋࡀ
ࡖࡏࡋ ࡃࡉࡋࡀࡍ ࡄࡀࡌࡁࡀࡂࡀ ࡄࡅࡀ
ࡀࡀࡍ ࡒࡓࡀࡌࡕࡇ ࡋࡎࡒࡅࡀࡐࡀࡍ
ࡖࡏࡅࡄࡓࡀ ࡖࡄࡉࡉࡀ ࡎࡀࡓࡊࡉࡀ
ࡀࡀࡍ ‖ ࡔࡀࡉࡍࡕࡉࡅࡍࡍ ࡋࡒࡀࡀࡐࡉࡉࡀ
[144]
ࡖࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ ࡁࡈࡅࡋࡇ ࡉࡀࡕࡁࡉࡀ
ࡕࡓࡉࡋࡑࡉࡀ ࡒࡅࡓࡀࡄࡀ ࡁࡓࡉࡔࡀࡉ10
ࡁࡄࡉࡓࡀ ࡌࡍ ࡃࡅࡕࡊࡇ
ࡀࡐࡋࡕࡀ ࡖࡏࡀࡊ ࡁࡏࡃࡀࡉ ࡌࡀࡓࡂࡀࡍ
ࡖࡄࡀࡆࡉࡋࡇ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡌࡉࡔࡕࡀࡓࡄࡉࡆࡉࡀ
ࡂࡀࡅࡀࡆࡀ ࡖࡌࡉࡀ ࡃࡀࡉࡊࡀ
ࡅࡀࡕࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡕࡉࡁࡉࡋ ࡖࡀࡅࡃࡉࡀ
ࡉࡀࡕࡉࡁࡀࡍ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀ ࡖࡆࡉࡅࡀ
ࡌࡀࡎࡂࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡖࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡓࡉࡔ ࡌࡉࡀ
ࡀࡕࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡔࡀࡁࡀࡉࡕࡀ ࡁࡎࡉࡂࡉࡀ ࡉࡍࡄࡀ ࡅࡌࡒࡀࡉࡌࡀ
ࡅࡌࡀࡎࡂࡉࡀࡍ ࡁࡓࡉࡔࡀ ࡖࡏࡃࡉࡀ15
ࡅࡒࡀࡋࡀ ࡖࡀࡓࡁࡀࡉ ࡋࡀࡌࡉࡔࡕࡌࡀ
ࡋࡀࡀࡍࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡀ ࡁࡀࡓࡁࡀࡉ
ࡏࡋ ࡀࡂࡀࡌࡁࡀࡉ ࡄࡆࡀࡉࡉࡀ ࡔࡉࡕࡉࡋ
ࡀࡒࡀࡌࡀࡉ ࡒࡀࡉࡉࡌ ࡄࡉࡁࡉࡋ
ࡀࡋࡉࡄࡃࡀࡉ ࡀࡍࡀࡐࡉ ࡉࡀࡕࡉࡁ ࡅࡃࡀࡓࡉࡔ ࡀࡅࡍࡔ
ࡁࡀࡎࡉࡌ ࡔࡅࡌࡇ ࡀࡋࡉࡄࡃࡀࡉ
ࡀࡌࡓࡉࡀ
ࡉࡀ ࡀࡋࡋࡀ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡖࡁࡀࡎࡉࡌ ࡔࡅࡌࡇ
ࡉࡀ ࡀࡁ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡀ20
ࡔࡀࡌࡀࡀࡍࡄࡉࡂࡌࡀ ‖ ࡖࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ
ࡀࡋࡉࡄࡃࡀࡉ ࡀࡋࡉࡄࡃࡉࡀ ࡀࡓࡁࡀࡍ
[145]
ࡅࡓࡉࡄࡀ ࡖࡎࡓࡅࡕࡅࡍ ࡀࡕࡉࡀ ࡏࡋࡀࡉ
ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡀࡋࡊࡉࡀ ࡅࡍࡉࡍࡀ
ࡖࡌࡂࡀࡉࡍࡍ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡋࡀࡉࡈࡉࡀ
ࡒࡀࡋ ࡀࡑࡉࡃࡉࡀ ࡅࡒࡀࡋ ࡕࡀࡂࡍࡀࡓࡅࡍ

Source Colophon

Classical Mandaic source text from Charles G. Haberl and James F. McGrath, The Mandaean Book of John: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020). Accessed via Internet Archive under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Text extracted using PyMuPDF from the critical edition PDF; couplet order corrected based on the w- continuation prefix pattern documented across all chapters of this translation project.

Pages 113-121 (0-indexed) of the PDF. Chapter 35 verses 1-150.

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