Massagetae in the Plain of Nero

This Good Works Translation continues the Gothic War portion of the Procopius Wars steppe dossier from the Greek.

The chapter belongs in full on the Scythian shelf. Procopius gives one of his clearest tactical portraits of Huns/Massagetae: dismounted archery from constricted ground, accurate shooting while running in pursuit, and the figure of Chorsamantis, a Massagete guard of Belisarius whose courage becomes both victory and ruin.

The translation is newly made from the Greek source text printed below. Dewing's public-domain English translation was used only as a control.

Translation

Wars 6.1.1-34

After this the Romans no longer dared to risk everything with the whole army. Instead, making cavalry battles by sudden attacks in the former manner, they generally defeated the barbarians.

Foot soldiers also went from both sides,

not drawn up in a phalanx, but following the horsemen. Once Bessas, in the first rush, leapt among the enemy with his spear, killed three of their best horsemen, and turned the others to flight.

Again, when Constantinus led out the Huns in the Plain of Nero late in the afternoon and saw that the enemy were being overborne by weight of numbers,

he did the following. There has been in that place from ancient times a great stadium, where the gladiators of the city formerly fought. Men of old also built many other structures around this stadium, and because of them, as one would expect, narrow passages occur everywhere in the place.

At that time, since Constantinus was able neither to overcome the crowd of Goths nor to flee without great danger, he made all the Huns dismount from their horses and stood on foot with them in one of the narrow passages there.

From there, shooting from safety, they killed many of the enemy. For a time the Goths, though struck, held out.

They hoped that as soon as the arrows failed the Huns' quivers, they would surround them without difficulty, bind them, and lead them away to their own camp.

But since the Massagetae were good archers and were shooting into a great crowd, they struck an enemy with almost every shot. The Goths perceived that more than half their number had been destroyed, and since the sun was already going toward its setting and they did not know what to do, they rushed into flight.

Then many of them fell. The Massagetae followed them; and because they know how to shoot the bow with the greatest accuracy even while running at great speed, they killed them no less than before, shooting them in the back. In this way Constantinus came back to Rome with the Huns at night.

Not many days later, Peranius led some Romans through the Salarian Gate against the enemy. The Goths fled with all their might; but when a counter-pursuit suddenly took place around sunset, one Roman foot soldier, falling into great confusion, dropped into a certain deep pit, of the sort that many men of old made there, I suppose, for storing grain.

He did not dare to cry out, since the enemy were encamped somewhere near, and he was not able in any way to get out of the pit, for it had no means of ascent. He was therefore compelled to spend the night there.

On the following day, when the barbarians had again been routed, one of the Goths fell into the same pit.

There both men came together in mutual kindness and good will, necessity bringing them together. They gave pledges that each would earnestly labor for the other's safety, and then both shouted loudly and strangely.

The Goths followed the sound, looked over the edge of the pit, and asked who the man shouting might be.

As the two men had decided, the Roman kept silent. The other, in his native language, said that he had just fallen in during the rout that had taken place, and asked them to let down a rope so that he might climb up.

They threw down the ends of ropes as quickly as possible, thinking that they were pulling up the Goth. But the Roman took hold of the ropes and was drawn up, saying only this: if he went up first, the Goths would never neglect their comrade; but if they learned that only an enemy was there, they would make no account of him.

After saying this, he went up. When the Goths saw him, they marveled and were in great perplexity. After they heard the whole account from him, they next drew up his companion, who told them what had been agreed between them and what pledges both had given.

The Goth went away with his companions, and they released the Roman unharmed, allowing him to go back to the city.

After this, not many horsemen on either side often armed themselves for battle; but the contests always ended in single combat, and the Romans won all of them. These things, then, went in this way.

A little later, when an encounter was taking place in the Plain of Nero and small groups of horsemen were making pursuits in different directions, Chorsamantis, a man well regarded among the spear-bearers of Belisarius and a Massagete by birth, was pursuing seventy of the enemy with some other men.

When he had gone far out into the plain, the other Romans rode back, but Chorsamantis continued the pursuit alone. Seeing this, the Goths turned their horses and came against him.

He advanced into their midst, killed one of their best men with his spear, and went after the others. They again turned and rushed into flight.

But they were ashamed before the men in the camp, for they suspected that they were already being seen by them, and wished to attack him again.

They suffered the same thing as before, lost one of their best men, and turned into flight no less than before. Chorsamantis pursued them as far as the stockade, then turned back alone.

A little later, in another battle, this man was struck in the left shin. It was thought that the missile had touched the edge of the bone.

Yet he was made unfit for battle for some days by this wound, and, since he was a barbarian, he did not bear it gently, but threatened that he would very soon punish the Goths for the outrage against his leg.

Not long afterward, when he had recovered and was drunk at lunch, as was his custom, he planned to go alone against the enemy and avenge the insult to his foot. When he came to the small Pincian Gate, he said that he was being sent by Belisarius to the enemy camp.

The guards there, since they could not distrust a man who was among the best of Belisarius' spear-bearers, opened the gates and let him go wherever he wished.

When the enemy saw him, they at first thought that some deserter was coming over to them. But when he came near and took hold of his bow, twenty men, not knowing who he might be, advanced against him.

He drove them off easily and rode back at a walk. When more Goths came against him, he did not flee.

But when a great multitude poured against him and he still thought it right to defend himself, the Romans watching from the towers suspected that the man was mad; they did not yet know that it was Chorsamantis.

After displaying great deeds, deeds worthy of much speech, he fell into an encirclement by the enemy army

and paid the penalty for unreasoning boldness. When Belisarius and the Roman army learned these things, they came into great mourning, since the hope of all men that rested on this man had been destroyed, and they lamented.

Colophon

This Good Works Translation was prepared for the Scythian shelf by the New Tianmu Anglican Church from the Greek source text printed below. The Greek text was downloaded from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository as tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml and inspected locally. Dewing's public-domain English, preserved in the local ToposText capture and Ready archival dossier, was used only as a control.

This is the thirteenth unit in the Procopius Wars steppe and Black Sea translation dossier, and the first Book 6 unit.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: Procopius, Wars 6.1.1-34

Greek source text from Procopius, Wars 6.1. Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

Wars 6.1

§ 6.1.1 Μετὰ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι παντὶ τῷ στρατῷ διακινδυνεύειν οὐκέτι ἐτόλμων· ἱππομαχίας δὲ ποιούμενοι ἐξ ἐπιδρομῆς τρόπῳ τῷ προτέρῳ τὰ πολλὰ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐνίκων.

§ 6.1.2 ᾔεσαν δὲ καὶ πεζοὶ ἑκατέρωθεν, οὐκ ἐς φάλαγγα ξυντεταγμένοι,

§ 6.1.3 ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν ἑπόμενοι. καί ποτε Βέσσας ἐν πρώτῃ ὁρμῇ ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους ξὺν τῷ δόρατι ἐσπηδήσας τρεῖς τε τῶν ἀρίστων ἱππέων ἔκτεινε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐς φυγὴν ἔτρεψεν.

§ 6.1.4 αὖθις δὲ Κωνσταντῖνος τοὺς Οὔννους ἐπαγόμενος ἐν Νέρωνος πεδίῳ ἀμφὶ δείλην ὀψίαν, ἐπειδὴ τῷ πλήθει ὑπερβιαζομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους εἶδεν,

§ 6.1.5 ἐποίει τοιάδε. στάδιον μέγα ἐνταῦθα ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἐστιν, οὗ δὴ οἱ τῆς πόλεως μονομάχοι τὰ πρότερα ἠγωνίζοντο, πολλά τε ἄλλα οἱ πάλαι ἄνθρωποι ἀμφὶ τὸ στάδιον τοῦτο ἐδείμαντο, καὶ ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ στενωπούς, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, πανταχόθι τοῦ χωρίου ξυμβαίνει εἶναι.

§ 6.1.6 τότε οὖν Κωνσταντῖνος, ἐπεὶ οὔτε περιέσεσθαι τοῦ τῶν Γότθων ὁμίλου εἶχεν οὔτε κινδύνου μεγάλου ἐκτὸς φεύγειν οἷός τε ἦν, ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων ἅπαντας τοὺς Οὔννους ἀποβιβάσας πεζὸς ξὺν αὐτοῖς ἔς τινα τῶν ἐκείνῃ στενωπῶν ἔστη.

§ 6.1.7 ὅθεν δὴ βάλλοντες ἐκ τοῦ ἀσφαλοῦς τοὺς πολεμίους συχνοὺς ἔκτεινον. καὶ χρόνον μέν τινα οἱ Γότθοι βαλλόμενοι ἀντεῖχον.

§ 6.1.8 ἤλπιζον γάρ, ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα τῶν Οὔννων τὰς φαρέτρας ἐπιλείπῃ τὰ βέλη, κύκλωσίν τε αὐτῶν οὐδενὶ πόνῳ ποιήσασθαι καὶ δήσαντες ἐς στρατόπεδον αὐτοὺς τὸ σφέτερον ἄξειν.

§ 6.1.9 ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ Μασσαγέται, τοξόται μὲν ἀγαθοὶ ὄντες, ἐς πολὺν δὲ ὅμιλον βάλλοντες, τοξεύματι σχεδόν τι ἑκάστῳ πολεμίου ἀνδρὸς ἐπετύγχανον, ᾔσθοντο μὲν ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ ἀπολωλότες, ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐς δυσμὰς ἰόντος ἡλίου οὐκ ἔχοντες ὅ τι γένωνται ἐς φυγὴν ὥρμηντο.

§ 6.1.10 ἔνθα δὴ αὐτῶν πολλοὶ ἔπεσον· ἐπισπόμενοι γὰρ οἱ Μασσαγέται, ἐπεὶ τοξεύειν ὡς ἄριστα καὶ πολλῷ χρώμενοι δρόμῳ ἐπίστανται, οὐδέν τι ἧσσον ἐς νῶτα βάλλοντες ἔκτεινον. οὕτω τε ἐς Ῥώμην Κωνσταντῖνος ξὺν τοῖς Οὔννοις ἐς νύκτα ἧκε.

§ 6.1.11 Περανίου δὲ ἡμέραις οὐ πολλαῖς ὕστερον Ῥωμαίων τισὶ διὰ πύλης Σαλαρίας ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἡγησαμένου ἔφευγον μὲν κατὰ κράτος οἱ Γότθοι, παλινδιώξεως δὲ περὶ ἡλίου δυσμὰς ἐκ τοῦ αἰφνιδίου γεγενημένης, τῶν τις Ῥωμαίων πεζὸς ἐς μέγαν καταστὰς θόρυβον ἐς βαθεῖάν τινα κατώρυχα ἐμπίπτει, οἷαι πολλαὶ τοῖς πάλαι ἀνθρώποις πρὸς σίτου παρακαταθήκην ἐνταῦθα,

§ 6.1.12 οἶμαι, πεποίηνται. οὔτε δὲ κραυγῇ χρῆσθαι τολμήσας, ἅτε που ἐγγὺς στρατοπεδευομένων τῶν πολεμίων, οὔτε τοῦ βόθρου τρόπῳ ὁτῳοῦν ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι οἷός τε ὤν, ἐπεὶ ἀνάβασιν οὐδαμῆ εἶχεν, αὐτοῦ διανυκτερεύειν ἠνάγκαστο.

§ 6.1.13 τῇ δὲ ἐπιγενομένῃ ἡμέρᾳ, τροπῆς αὖθις τῶν βαρβάρων γεγενημένης, τῶν τις Γότθων ἐς τὴν αὐτὴν κατώρυχα ἐμπίπτει.

§ 6.1.14 ἔνθα δὴ ἄμφω ἔς τε φιλοφροσύνην καὶ εὔνοιαν ξυνηλθέτην ἀλλήλοιν, ξυναγούσης αὐτοὺς τῆς ἀνάγκης, τά τε πιστὰ ἐδοσαν, ἦ μὴν κατεσπουδασμένην ἑκατέρῳ τὴν θατέρου σωτηρίαν εἶναι, καὶ τότε δὴ μέγα καὶ ἐξαίσιον ἄμφω ἐβόων.

§ 6.1.15 Γότθοι μὲν οὖν τῇ τε φωνῇ ἐπισπόμενοι καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς κατώρυχος διακύψαντες ἐπυνθάνοντο ὅστις ποτὲ ὁ βοῶν εἴη.

§ 6.1.16 οὕτω δὲ τοῖν ἀνδροῖν δεδογμένον, σιωπὴν μὲν ὁ Ῥωμαῖος εἶχεν, ἅτερος δὲ τῇ πατρίῳ γλώσσῃ ἔναγχος ἔφασκεν ἐν τῇ γενομένῃ τροπῇ ἐμπεπτωκέναι, βρόχον τε αὐτούς, ὅπως ἀναβαίνοι, ἠξίου καθεῖναι.

§ 6.1.17 καὶ οἱ μὲν ὡς τάχιστα τῶν κάλων τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀπορρίψαντες τοῦ Γότθου ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀνολκὴν ᾤοντο, λαβόμενος δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαῖος τῶν βρόχων εἵλκετο ἄνω, τοιοῦτον εἰπών, ὡς, ἢν μὲν αὐτὸς ἀναβαίνοι πρῶτος, οὔποτε τοῦ ἑταίρου ἀμελήσειν τοὺς Γότθους, ἢν δέ γε τὸν πολέμιον πύθωνται μόνον ἐνταῦθα εἶναι, οὐδένα ἂν αὐτοῦ ποιοῖντο λόγον.

§ 6.1.18 ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀνέβη. καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπεὶ οἱ Γότθοι εἶδον, ἐθαύμαζόν τε καὶ ἀμηχανίᾳ πολλῇ εἴχοντο, πάντα τε παρ’ αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον ἀκούσαντες ἐν δευτέρῳ τὸν ἑταῖρον ἀνεῖλκον, ὃς δὴ αὐτοῖς τά τε ξυγκείμενα σφίσι καὶ τὰ δεδομένα πρὸς ἀμφοτέρων πιστὰ ἔφρασε.

§ 6.1.19 καὶ αὐτὸς μὲν ξὺν τοῖς ἑταίροις ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο, τὸν δὲ Ῥωμαῖον κακῶν ἀπαθῆ ἐς τὴν πόλιν ἀφῆκαν ἰέναι.

§ 6.1.20 ἔπειτα δὲ ἱππεῖς μὲν πολλάκις ἑκατέρωθεν οὐ πολλοὶ ὡς ἐς μάχην ὡπλίζοντο, ἐς μονομαχίαν δὲ ἀεὶ τὰ τῆς ἀγωνίας αὐτοῖς ἐτελεύτα καὶ πάσαις Ῥωμαῖοι ἐνίκων. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὧδέ πη ἔσχεν.

§ 6.1.21 Ὀλίγῳ δὲ ὕστερον χρόνῳ ξυμβολῆς ἐν Νέρωνος γινομένης πεδίῳ, διώξεις τε ἄλλων ἄλλῃ κατ’ ὀλίγους ἱππεῖς ποιουμένων, Χορσάμαντις, ἐν τοῖς Βελισαρίου δορυφόροις εὐδόκιμος, Μασσαγέτης γένος, ξὺν ἑτέροις τισὶν ἄνδρας ἑβδομήκοντα τῶν πολεμίων ἐδίωκεν.

§ 6.1.22 ἐπειδή τε τοῦ πεδίου πόρρω ἐγένετο, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι Ῥωμαῖοι ὀπίσω ἀπήλαυνον, Χορσάμαντις δὲ μόνος ἔτι ἐδίωκεν. ὅπερ κατιδόντες οἱ Γότθοι στρέψαντες τοὺς ἵππους ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ᾔεσαν.

§ 6.1.23 καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐς μέσους χωρήσας, ἕνα τε τῶν ἀρίστων δόρατι κτείνας, ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ᾔει, οἱ δὲ αὖθις τραπόμενοι ἐς φυγὴν ὥρμηντο.

§ 6.1.24 αἰσχυνόμενοι δὲ τοὺς ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ ʽἤδη γὰρ καὶ πρὸς αὐτῶν καθορᾶσθαι ὑπώπτευον’ πάλιν ἰέναι ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἤθελον.

§ 6.1.25 ταὐτὸ δὲ παθόντες, ὅπερ καὶ πρότερον, ἕνα τε τῶν ἀρίστων ἀποβαλόντες, ἐς φυγὴν οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐτράποντο, μέχρι τε τοῦ χαρακώματος τὴν δίωξιν ὁ Χορσάμαντις ποιησάμενος ἀνέστρεψε μόνος.

§ 6.1.26 ὀλίγῳ δὲ ὕστερον ἐν μάχῃ ἑτέρᾳ κνήμην τὴν ἀριστερὰν βληθέντι τούτῳ ἐνομίσθη εἶναι ἄκρου ὀστέου τὸ βέλος ἁψάμενον.

§ 6.1.27 ἀπόμαχος μέντοι ἡμέρας ὅσας δὴ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γεγονὼς τῇ πληγῇ ἅτε ἀνὴρ βάρβαρος οὐκ ἤνεγκε πρᾴως, ἀλλ’ ἠπείλησε τῆς ἐς τὸ σκέλος ὕβρεως τοὺς Γότθους ὅτι τάχιστα τίσασθαι.

§ 6.1.28 ῥαΐσας οὖν οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον ἔν τε ἀρίστῳ οἰνωμένος, ὥσπερ εἰώθει, μόνος ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἐβούλευσεν ἰέναι καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸν πόδα ὕβρεως τίσασθαι, ἔν τε Πιγκιανῇ γενόμενος πυλίδι, στέλλεσθαι πρὸς Βελισαρίου ἔφασκεν ἐπὶ τὸ τῶν ἐναντίων στρατόπεδον.

§ 6.1.29 οἱ δὲ ταύτῃ φρουροὶ ʽοὐ γὰρ ἀπιστεῖν ἀνδρὶ τῶν Βελισαρίου δορυφόρων ἀρίστῳ εἶχον’ τάς τε πύλας ἀνέῳξαν καὶ ὅπη βούλοιτο ἀφῆκαν ἰέναι.

§ 6.1.30 κατιδόντες τε αὐτὸν οἱ πολέμιοι, τὰ μὲν πρῶτα αὐτόμολον σφίσι τινὰ προσχωρεῖν ᾤοντο, ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀγχοῦ γενόμενος τοῦ τόξου εἴχετο, οὐκ εἰδότες ὅστις ποτὲ εἴη, χωροῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν εἴκοσιν.

§ 6.1.31 οὓς δὴ εὐπετῶς ἀπωσάμενος ἀπήλαυνε βάδην, πλειόνων τε Γότθων ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἰόντων οὐκ ἔφυγεν.

§ 6.1.32 ὡς δὲ πλήθους πολλοῦ ἐπιρρέοντος ἀμύνεσθαι ἠξίου, Ῥωμαῖοι ἐκ τῶν πύργων θεώμενοι μαίνεσθαι μὲν τὸν ἄνδρα ὑπώπτευον, ὡς δὲ Χορσάμαντις εἴη οὔπω ἠπίσταντο.

§ 6.1.33 ἔργα μὲν ἐπιδειξάμενος μεγάλα τε καὶ λόγου πολλοῦ ἄξια, ἔς τε κύκλωσιν ἐμπεπτωκὼς τοῦ τῶν πολεμίων στρατεύματος,

§ 6.1.34 ποινὰς ἀλόγου θράσους ἐξέτισεν. ἅπερ ἐπειδὴ Βελισάριός τε καὶ ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατὸς ἔμαθον, ἐν πένθει μεγάλῳ γενόμενοι, ἅτε τῆς πάντων ἐλπίδος ἐπὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ διαφθαρείσης, ὠδύροντο.

Source Colophon

Greek source text from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository file tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml, inspected locally for this translation unit.

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