Eruli, Sclaveni, Thule, and the Gepaeds

This Good Works Translation continues the northern-peoples portion of the Procopius Wars dossier from the Greek.

The chapter is a full northern ethnographic chain: Eruli, Sclaveni, Varni, Dani, Thule, Scrithiphini, Gauti, and Gepaeds. It belongs beside the Scythian shelf because Procopius maps the peoples beyond the Ister and the far northern edge of the inhabited world in one historical argument about migration, kingship, and imperial frontier politics.

The translation is newly made from the Greek source text printed below. Dewing's public-domain English translation was used only as a control.

Translation

Wars 6.15.1-36

When the Eruli had been defeated by the Lombards in the battle already mentioned and had risen up from their ancestral dwelling-places, some of them, as I have related before, settled in the lands of Illyricum. But the others in no way chose to cross the river Ister; they settled somewhere at the very edges of the inhabited world.

These men, then, led by many of the royal blood, passed through all the nations of the Sclaveni in succession. After crossing much deserted country from there, they came to the people called the Varni.

After them they also ran past the nations of the Dani, the barbarians there doing them no violence.

From there they came to the Ocean, sailed upon it, put in at the island of Thule, and remained there. Thule is exceedingly large; it happens to be more than ten times the size of Britain.

It lies far away from Britain toward the north wind. On this island the land is mostly deserted, but in the inhabited country thirteen very populous nations are settled, and there are kings over each nation.

In that place something marvelous happens every year. Around the summer solstice the sun does not set anywhere for forty days, but appears continuously above the earth through all that time.

Not less than six months later, around the winter solstice, the sun is nowhere seen on this island for forty days, and endless night is poured over it. Because of this a dejection holds the people there through all that time, since they have no means of mingling with one another during the interval.

Though I was eager to go to this island and become an eyewitness of the things that have been said, it happened in no way for me.

Nevertheless, I asked those who came to us from there how they were able to reckon the measure of days when the sun neither rose nor set there at the proper times. They gave me an account both true and trustworthy.

They said that during those forty days the sun does not set, as has been stated, but appears to the people there at one time toward the east and at another toward the west.

Whenever, returning again around the horizon, it comes to the same place where they had previously been accustomed to see it rising, they reckon that one day and night have passed.

And when the time of nights comes, they always infer the measure of the days by the courses of the moon and the stars.

When a time of thirty-five days has run through this long night, certain men are sent to the summits of the mountains, for this is their custom. When they can in some way see the sun from there, they announce to the people below that in five days the sun will shine upon them.

Then the whole people celebrate a festival at the good news, and this in darkness. This is the greatest of the festivals among the Thulites.

For it seems to me that these islanders always become terribly afraid, even though the same thing happens to them every year, lest the sun fail them altogether.

Of the barbarians settled in Thule, only one nation, called the Scrithiphini, has a beastlike manner of life. They neither put on woven garments, nor walk with shoes, nor drink wine, nor have anything edible from the earth.

They do not work the land themselves, and their women do not work it for them; instead, the men always practice only hunting together with the women.

For both the woods, being exceedingly great, and the mountains that rise there bear for them a great abundance of wild animals and other living things.

They always feed on the flesh of the wild animals they catch, and wear their skins. Since they have neither flax nor a tool with which they might sew, they bind the skins together with the sinews of the animals and in this way cover the whole body.

Nor are their infants nursed in the same way as those of other human beings.

For the children of the Scrithiphini are not fed with women's milk and do not touch their mothers' breasts; they are nourished only on the marrow of the animals caught in the hunt.

As soon as a woman gives birth, she places the infant in a skin and immediately hangs it on a tree. After putting marrow in its mouth, she sets out with her husband for the accustomed hunt. For they do all other things in common and pursue this occupation together.

So, then, the way of life among these barbarians stands in this manner. The other Thulites, however, almost all of them, do not differ greatly from the rest of mankind. Yet they revere many gods and spirits: heavenly, airy, earthly, and sea spirits, and certain other spirits said to be in the waters of springs and rivers.

They very constantly offer every kind of sacrificial victim and make offerings to the dead. But the finest sacrificial victim among them is the first human being they have made captive in war.

For they sacrifice this man to Ares, since they believe him to be the greatest god. They consecrate the captive not only by sacrificing him, but also by hanging him from a tree, throwing him among thorns, and killing him by other most pitiable forms of death.

Thus the Thulites live. One populous nation among them is the Gauti, and beside them the Eruli who had come there as immigrants settled at that time.

Now the Eruli who dwelt among the Romans, after they had committed the murder of their king, sent some of their notable men to the island of Thule to search and bring back anyone of the royal blood whom they might be able to find there.

When these men came to the island, they found many there of the royal family. Selecting one who pleased them most, they turned back and set out with him.

But when he came among the Dani, he died of disease. Therefore these men again went to the island and brought back another man, named Datius. His brother Aordus followed him, as did two hundred young men of the Eruli in Thule.

Since much time was spent by them on this journey, the Eruli around Singidunum formed the thought that they were not acting in their own interest by bringing a leader from Thule when the emperor Justinian did not wish it.

They therefore sent to Byzantium and begged the emperor to send them whatever ruler he wished.

He immediately sent them one of the Eruli who had long been spending time there, a man named Suartuas.

At first the Eruli saw him, gladly did obeisance, and listened to him when he gave the customary commands. But not many days later a man came announcing that those from the island of Thule were somewhere near.

Suartuas ordered them to go meet those men, intending to destroy them; and the Eruli, approving the plan, immediately followed him.

When the two groups were one day's journey apart, all the king's men left him by night and went over as deserters to the immigrants. He himself fled alone and went away to Byzantium.

The emperor was eager with all his power to bring him back into the office, but the Eruli, fearing the power of the Romans, resolved to go over to the Gepaeds. This was the cause of the revolt among the Eruli.

Colophon

This Good Works Translation was prepared for the Scythian shelf by the New Tianmu Anglican Church from the Greek source text printed below. The Greek text was downloaded from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository as tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml and inspected locally. Dewing's public-domain English, preserved in the local ToposText capture and Ready archival dossier, was used only as a control.

This is the fifteenth unit in the Procopius Wars steppe and Black Sea translation dossier, and the third Book 6 unit.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

🌲

Source Text: Procopius, Wars 6.15.1-36

Greek source text from Procopius, Wars 6.15. Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

Wars 6.15

§ 6.15.1 Ἡνικα Ἔρουλοι Λαγγοβαρδῶν ἡσσηθέντες τῇ μάχῃ ἐξ ἠθῶν τῶν πατρίων ἀνέστησαν, οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ μοι ἔμπροσθεν δεδιήγηται, ᾠκήσαντο ἐς τὰ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς χωρία, οἱ δὲ δὴ ἄλλοι Ἴστρον ποταμὸν διαβαίνειν οὐδαμῆ ἔγνωσαν, ἀλλ’ ἐς αὐτάς που τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τῆς οἰκουμένης ἱδρύσαντο·

§ 6.15.2 οὗτοι γοῦν πολλῶν ἐκ τοῦ βασιλείου αἵματος ἡγουμένων σφίσιν ἤμειψαν μὲν τὰ Σκλαβηνῶν ἔθνη ἐφεξῆς ἅπαντα, ἔρημον δὲ χώραν διαβάντες ἐνθένδε πολλὴν ἐς τοὺς Οὐάρνους καλουμένους ἐχώρησαν.

§ 6.15.3 μεθ’ οὓς δὴ καὶ Δανῶν τὰ ἔθνη παρέδραμον οὐ βιαζομένων σφᾶς τῶν τῇδε βαρβάρων.

§ 6.15.4 ἐνθένδε τε ἐς ὠκεανὸν ἀφικόμενοι ἐναυτίλλοντο, Θούλῃ τε προσχόντες τῇ νήσῳ αὐτοῦ ἔμειναν. Ἔστι δὲ ἡ Θούλη μεγίστη ἐς ἄγαν· Βρεττανίας γὰρ αὐτὴν πλέον ἢ δεκαπλασίαν ξυμβαίνει εἶναι.

§ 6.15.5 κεῖται δὲ αὐτῆς πολλῷ ἄποθεν πρὸς βορρᾶν ἄνεμον. ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νήσῳ γῆ μὲν ἔρημος ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τυγχάνει οὖσα, ἐν χώρᾳ δὲ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ ἔθνη τριακαίδεκα πολυανθρωπότατα ἵδρυται· βασιλεῖς τέ εἰσι κατὰ ἔθνος ἕκαστον.

§ 6.15.6 ἐνταῦθα γίνεταί τι ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος θαυμάσιον οἷον. ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἀμφὶ θερινὰς μὲν τροπὰς μάλιστα ἐς ἡμέρας τεσσαράκοντα οὐδαμῆ δύει, ἀλλὰ διηνεκῶς πάντα τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ὑπὲρ γῆς φαίνεται.

§ 6.15.7 μησὶ δὲ οὐχ ἧσσον ἢ ἓξ ὕστερον ἀμφὶ τὰς χειμερινάς που τροπὰς ἥλιος μὲν ἐς ἡμέρας τεσσαράκοντα τῆς νήσου ταύτης οὐδαμῆ φαίνεται, νὺξ δὲ αὐτῆς ἀπέραντος κατακέχυται· κατήφειά τε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ἔχει πάντα τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τοὺς τῇδε ἀνθρώπους, ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλοις ἐπιμίγνυσθαι μεταξὺ οὐδεμιᾷ μηχανῇ ἔχουσιν.

§ 6.15.8 ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν ἐς ταύτην ἰέναι τὴν νῆσον τῶν τε εἰρημένων αὐτόπτῃ γενέσθαι, καίπερ γλιχομένῳ, τρόπῳ οὐδενὶ ξυνηνέχθη.

§ 6.15.9 τῶν μέντοι ἐς ἡμᾶς ἐνθένδε ἀφικομένων ἐπυνθανόμην ὅπη ποτὲ οἷοί τέ εἰσι τῶν ἡμερῶν λογίζεσθαι τὸ μέτρον οὔτε ἀνίσχοντος οὔτε δύοντος τοῖς καθήκουσι χρόνοις ἐνταῦθα ἡλίου. οἵπερ ἐμοὶ λόγον ἀληθῆ τε καὶ πιστὸν ἔφρασαν.

§ 6.15.10 τὸν γὰρ ἥλιόν φασι τὰς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἐκείνας οὐ δύειν μέν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, φαίνεσθαι δὲ τοῖς ταύτῃ ἀνθρώποις πὴ μὲν πρὸς ἕω, πὴ δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέραν.

§ 6.15.11 ἐπειδὰν οὖν ἐπανιὼν αὖθις ἀμφὶ τὸν ὁρίζοντά τε γινόμενος ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ἀφίκηται χῶρον, οὗπερ αὐτὸν ἀνίσχοντα τὰ πρότερα ἑώρων, ἡμέραν οὕτω καὶ νύκτα μίαν παρῳχηκέναι διαριθμοῦνται.

§ 6.15.12 καὶ ἡνίκα μέντοι ὁ τῶν νυκτῶν χρόνος ἀφίκηται, τῆς τε σελήνης τῶν τε ἄστρων ἀεὶ τοῖς δρόμοις τεκμηριούμενοι τὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν λογίζονται μέτρον.

§ 6.15.13 ὁπηνίκα δὲ πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν χρόνος τῇ μακρᾷ ταύτῃ διαδράμοι νυκτί, στέλλονταί τινες ἐς τῶν ὀρῶν τὰς ὑπερβολάς, εἰθισμένον αὐτοῖς τοῦτό γε, τόν τε ἥλιον ἀμηγέπη ἐνθένδε ὁρῶντες ἀπαγγέλλουσι τοῖς κάτω ἀνθρώποις, ὅτι δὴ πέντε ἡμερῶν ἥλιος αὐτοὺς καταλάμψοι.

§ 6.15.14 οἱ δὲ πανδημεὶ πανηγυρίζουσιν εὐαγγέλια καὶ ταῦτα ἐν σκότῳ. αὕτη τε Θουλίταις ἡ μεγίστη τῶν ἑορτῶν ἐστι·

§ 6.15.15 δοκοῦσι γάρ μοι περιδεεῖς ἀεὶ γίνεσθαι οἱ νησιῶται οὗτοι, καίπερ ταὐτὸ συμβαῖνον σφίσιν ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, μή ποτε αὐτοὺς ἐπιλείποι τὸ παράπαν ὁ ἥλιος.

§ 6.15.16 Τῶν δὲ ἱδρυμένων ἐν Θούλῃ βαρβάρων ἓν μόνον ἔθνος, οἳ Σκριθίφινοι ἐπικαλοῦνται, θηριώδη τινὰ βιοτὴν ἔχουσιν. οὔτε γὰρ ἱμάτια ἐνδιδύσκονται οὔτε ὑποδεδεμένοι βαδίζουσιν οὔτε οἶνον πίνουσιν οὔτε τι ἐδώδιμον ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἔχουσιν.

§ 6.15.17 οὔτε γὰρ αὐτοὶ γῆν γεωργοῦσιν οὔτε τι αὐτοῖς αἱ γυναῖκες ἐργάζονται, ἀλλὰ ἄνδρες ἀεὶ ξὺν ταῖς γυναιξὶ τὴν θήραν μόνην ἐπιτηδεύουσι.

§ 6.15.18 θηρίων τε γὰρ καὶ ἄλλων ζῴων μέγα τι χρῆμα αἵ τε ὗλαι αὐτοῖς φέρουσι, μεγάλαι ὑπερφυῶς οὖσαι, καὶ τὰ ὄρη ἃ ταύτῃ ἀνέχει.

§ 6.15.19 καὶ κρέασι μὲν θηρίων ἀεὶ τῶν ἁλισκομένων σιτίζονται, τὰ δέρματα δὲ ἀμφιέννυνται, ἐπεί τε αὐτοῖς οὔτε λίνον οὔτε ὄργανον ὅτῳ ῥάπτοιέν ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ τῶν θηρίων τοῖς νεύροις τὰ δέρματα ἐς ἄλληλα ταῦτα ξυνδέοντες οὕτω δὴ ἐς τὸ σῶμα ὅλον ἀμπίσχονται.

§ 6.15.20 οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὰ βρέφη αὐτοῖς κατὰ ταὐτὰ τιθηνοῦνται τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις.

§ 6.15.21 οὐ γὰρ σιτίζονται Σκριθιφίνων παιδία γυναικῶν γάλακτι οὐδὲ μητέρων ἅπτονται τιτθοῦ, ἀλλὰ ζῴων τῶν ἁλισκομένων τοῖς μυελοῖς ἐκτρέφονται μόνοις.

§ 6.15.22 ἐπειδὰν οὖν γυνὴ τάχιστα τέκοι, δέρματι τὸ βρέφος ἐμβαλομένη κρεμᾷ μὲν εὐθὺς ἐπὶ δένδρου τινός, μυελὸν δέ οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος ἐνθεμένη ξὺν τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐπὶ τὴν εἰωθυῖαν στέλλεται θήραν. ἐπὶ κοινῇ γὰρ τά τε ἄλλα δρῶσι καὶ τὸ ἐπιτήδευμα μετίασι τοῦτο.

§ 6.15.23 τούτοις μὲν οὖν δὴ τοῖς βαρβάροις τὰ ἐς τὴν δίαιταν ταύτῃ πη ἔχει. Οἱ μέντοι ἄλλοι Θουλῖται ὡς εἰπεῖν ἅπαντες οὐδέν τι μέγα διαλλάσσουσι τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων, θεοὺς μέντοι καὶ δαίμονας πολλοὺς σέβουσιν, οὐρανίους τε καὶ ἀερίους, ἐγγείους τε καὶ θαλασσίους, καὶ ἄλλα ἄττα δαιμόνια ἐν ὕδασι πηγῶν τε καὶ ποταμῶν εἶναι λεγόμενα.

§ 6.15.24 θύουσι δὲ ἐνδελεχέστατα ἱερεῖα πάντα καὶ ἐναγίζουσι, τῶν δὲ ἱερείων σφίσι τὸ κάλλιστον ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν ὅνπερ δορυάλωτον ποιήσαιντο πρῶτον·

§ 6.15.25 τοῦτον γὰρ τῷ Ἄρει θύουσιν, ἐπεὶ θεὸν αὐτὸν νομίζουσι μέγιστον εἶναι. ἱερεύονται δὲ τὸν αἰχμάλωτον οὐ θύοντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ ξύλου κρεμῶντες, καὶ ἐς τὰς ἀκάνθας ῥιπτοῦντες, ταῖς ἄλλαις τε κτείνοντες θανάτου ἰδέαις οἰκτίσταις.

§ 6.15.26 οὕτω μὲν Θουλῖται βιοῦσιν. ὦν ἔθνος ἓν πολυάνθρωπον οἱ Γαυτοί εἰσι, παρ’ οὓς δὴ Ἐρούλων τότε οἱ ἐπηλύται ἱδρύσαντο.

§ 6.15.27 Νῦν δὲ Ἔρουλοι οἳ δὴ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ᾤκηνται, φόνου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως ἐξειργασμένου, ἔπεμψαν τῶν λογίμων τινὰς ἐς Θούλην τὴν νῆσον, τοὺς διερευνησομένους τε καὶ κομιοῦντας, ἤν τινα ἐνταῦθα εὑρεῖν αἵματος τοῦ βασιλείου οἷοί τε ὦσιν.

§ 6.15.28 ἐπεί τε οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἐγένοντο, πολλοὺς μὲν ἐνταῦθα γένους τοῦ βασιλείου εὗρον, ἕνα μέντοι ἀπολέξαντες ὅσπερ αὐτοῖς μάλιστα ἤρεσκεν, ὀπίσω ἀναστρέφοντες ξὺν αὐτῷ ᾔεσαν.

§ 6.15.29 ὃς δὴ ἐπεὶ ἐν Δανοῖς ἐγένετο, τελευτᾷ νόσῳ. διὸ δὴ αὖθις οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ γενόμενοι ἕτερον ἐπηγάγοντο Δάτιον ὄνομα. ᾧ δὴ ὅ τε ἀδελφὸς Ἄορδος εἵπετο καὶ τῶν ἐν Θούλῃ Ἐρούλων νεανίαι διακόσιοι.

§ 6.15.30 χρόνου δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ πορείᾳ ταύτῃ τριβέντος συχνοῦ Ἐρούλοις τοῖς ἀμφὶ Σιγγιδόνον ἔννοια γέγονεν ὡς οὐ τὰ ξύμφορα σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ποιοῖεν ἐκ Θούλης ἀρχηγὸν ἐπαγόμενοι Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλέως οὔτι ἐθελουσίου.

§ 6.15.31 πέμψαντες οὖν ἐς Βυζάντιον βασιλέως ἐδέοντο ἄρχοντα σφίσι πέμψαι, ὃν ἂν αὐτῷ βουλομένῳ εἴη.

§ 6.15.32 ὁ δὲ αὐτοῖς τῶν τινα Ἐρούλων ἐκ παλαιοῦ διατριβὴν ἐνταῦθα ἔχοντα εὐθὺς ἔπεμψε, Σουαρτούαν ὄνομα.

§ 6.15.33 ὅνπερ Ἔρουλοι εἶδον μὲν τὰ πρῶτα καὶ προσεκύνησαν ἄσμενοι ἐπιστέλλοντί τε τὰ εἰωθότα ἐπήκουον· ἡμέραις δὲ οὐ πολλαῖς ὕστερον ἧκέ τις ἀγγέλλων τοὺς ἐκ Θούλης νήσου ἄγχιστά πη εἶναι.

§ 6.15.34 καὶ Σουαρτούας μὲν ὡς ἀπολέσων αὐτοὺς ὑπαντιάζειν ἐκέλευεν, Ἔρουλοι δὲ τὸ βούλευμα ἐπαινέσαντες εὐθὺς εἵποντο.

§ 6.15.35 ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡμέρας ὁδῷ ἀλλήλων διεῖχον, νύκτωρ μὲν ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ἅπαντες ἐς τοὺς ἐπηλύτας αὐτόμολοι ἦλθον, αὐτὸς δὲ μόνος ἐς Βυζάντιον ἀποδρὰς ᾤχετο.

§ 6.15.36 καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν πάσῃ δυνάμει κατάγειν ἐς τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτὸν ἐν σπουδῇ ἐποιεῖτο, Ἔρουλοι δὲ δύναμιν τῶν Ῥωμαίων δειμαίνοντες Γήπαισι προσχωρεῖν ἔγνωσαν. αὔτη μὲν Ἐρούλοις αἰτία τῆς ἀποστάσεως γέγονε.

Source Colophon

Greek source text from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository file tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml, inspected locally for this translation unit.

🌲