The Sabiri Rams and the Capture of Petra

This Good Works Translation continues the Book 8 Procopius dossier passages from the Greek.

The chapter belongs to the Scythian shelf because Procopius gives a detailed account of the Sabiri, a Hunnic nation of the Caucasus, and credits them with the invention of a portable siege ram used at Petra. The full chapter preserves the diplomatic, technical, and battle context: Isdigousnas, the undermined wall, the Sabiri engineers, naphtha or Medea's oil, Bessas' assault, and the Roman capture of Petra.

The translation is newly made from the Greek source text printed below. Dewing's public-domain English translation was used only as a control.

Translation

Wars 8.11.1-64

As for Anasozadus, then, his fortune and his character ended in this way. When the fifth year of the truce had now come to an end, the Emperor Justinian sent Peter, a patrician holding the office of Magister, to Chosroes, so that they might arrange the treaty concerning the East in every detail.

But Chosroes sent him away, promising that after no long time the man who would arrange these matters in a way advantageous to both sides would follow him.

Not long afterward he sent Isdigousnas for the second time, a man of pretentious bearing and filled with a kind of unspeakable villainy, whose pompous swelling and blustering none of the Romans could endure.

He brought with him his wife, daughters, and brother, and was followed by a huge throng of retainers.

One might have supposed that the good men were going out to battle.

In his company were two of the most notable men among the Persians, who actually wore golden diadems on their heads.

It irritated the people of Byzantium that the Emperor Justinian did not receive him simply as an ambassador, but considered him worthy of much more friendly attention and magnificence.

Braducius did not come again with him to Byzantium, for they say Chosroes had removed him from the world, bringing no other charge against the man than that he had been a table-companion of the Roman emperor.

"For," he said, "as a mere interpreter he would not have attained such high honor from the emperor unless he had betrayed the cause of the Persians." But some say that Isdigousnas slandered him, asserting that he had conversed secretly with the Romans.

When this ambassador first met the emperor, he said not a word, small or great, about peace. Instead he charged that the Romans had violated the truce, alleging that Arethas and the Saracens allied with the Romans had outraged Alamoundaras in time of peace, and bringing forward other charges of no consequence, which it has not seemed at all necessary for me to mention.

While these negotiations were taking place in Byzantium, Bessas with the whole Roman army was beginning the siege of Petra.

First the Romans dug a trench along the wall exactly where Dagisthaeus had made his ditch when he pulled the wall down there. I shall explain why they dug in the same place.

Those who originally built this city placed the foundations of the circuit-wall mostly on rock, but here and there they allowed them to rest on earth.

There was such a portion of the wall on the western side of the city, not very extensive, on either side of which they had built the foundations of the circuit-wall on hard and unyielding rock.

This was the portion which Dagisthaeus on the previous occasion, and now Bessas likewise, undermined; the character of the ground did not allow them to go farther, but quite naturally determined the length of the trench for them and controlled it by nature.

Therefore, when the Persians, after Dagisthaeus' withdrawal, wished to build up this part of the wall which had fallen, they did not follow the earlier method in its construction, but acted as follows.

They filled the excavated space with gravel, laid upon it heavy timbers which they had planed very thoroughly and made entirely smooth, and then bound them together so as to cover a wide space.

They used these as a base instead of foundation stones, and upon them skillfully carried out the construction of the circuit-wall.

The Romans did not understand this and thought they were making their ditch under the foundations.

But by excavating the whole space under the timbers I have just mentioned and carrying their work across most of the ground, they did succeed in seriously damaging the wall; indeed a part of it suddenly dropped down.

Nevertheless, this fallen part did not incline at all to either side, nor was one course of stone disturbed; rather, the whole section descended intact in a straight line, as though lowered by a machine, into the excavated space, and stopped there, keeping its proper position, though not at the same height as before, but somewhat lower.

Thus, when the entire space under the timbers had been excavated, the timbers settled into it with the whole wall upon them.

But even so the wall did not become accessible to the Romans. For when Mermeroes had come there with his great throng of Persians, they had added much to the earlier masonry and built the circuit-wall exceedingly high.

So when the Romans saw that the part of the wall which had been shaken down still stood, they were at a loss and fell into great perplexity.

They could no longer mine, since their digging had produced such a result; nor were they able at all to use the ram, for they were fighting against a wall on a slope, and this engine cannot be brought up to a wall except on smooth and very flat ground.

By some chance it happened that in this Roman army there were a small number of the barbarians called Sabiri, for the following reason.

The Sabiri are a Hunnic nation and live in the region of the Caucasus, being a very numerous people and properly divided among many different rulers.

Some of these rulers from ancient times have had relations with the Roman emperor, others with the king of Persia.

Each of these two sovereigns was accustomed to pay a fixed amount of gold to those allied with him, not every year, but only as need drove him.

At that time, accordingly, the Emperor Justinian, wishing to invite those of the Sabiri who were friendly to him into a fighting alliance, had sent a man to convey money to them.

But this man, seeing that with enemies between them he could not travel safely into the Caucasus region in any way, especially while carrying money, went only as far as Bessas and the Roman army that was besieging Petra.

From there he sent to the Sabiri, bidding some of those who were to receive the money to come to him with all speed. The Sabiri selected three of their leading men and immediately sent them with a small escort into Lazica.

These, then, were the men who, when they arrived there, had entered into the attack on the wall with the Roman army.

When these Sabiri saw that the Romans were in despair and at a loss how to handle the situation, they devised a contrivance such as no one among the Romans or Persians had ever conceived since men have existed, although there have always been, and still are, many engineers in both countries.

Although both nations have often throughout their history needed this device when storming the walls of fortresses set on rough and difficult ground, this idea had come to none of them before it now occurred to these barbarians.

Thus, as time goes on, human ingenuity is accustomed to keep pace with it by discovering new devices.

For these Sabiri improvised a ram, not in the customary form, but by a new method which was their own innovation.

They put no beams into this engine, either upright or transverse; instead they bound together rather thick wands and fitted them everywhere in place of beams.

Then they covered the whole engine with hides and so preserved the shape of a ram. They hung a single beam by loose chains, as is customary, in the middle of the engine; its head, sharpened and covered with iron like the barb of a missile, was intended to strike repeated blows against the circuit-wall.

They made the engine so light that it no longer needed to be dragged or pushed along by the men inside. Rather, forty men, who were also to draw back the beam and thrust it forward against the wall, could carry the ram on their shoulders without difficulty while they were inside the engine and concealed by the hides.

These barbarians made three such engines, taking the beams with iron heads from the rams which the Romans had ready but could not draw up to the wall.

Roman soldiers chosen for courage, in groups of not fewer than forty, went inside each one of them and set them down very close to the wall.

Others stood on either side of each engine, armed with corselets, their heads carefully covered by helmets, and carrying poles whose ends were fitted with hook-shaped irons. These had been provided for this purpose: as soon as the ram's impact on the wall broke up the courses of stones, they could use the poles to loosen and pull down the stones that had been dislodged.

So the Romans set to work. The wall was already being shaken by frequent blows, while those on both sides of the engines used their hooked poles to pull down the stones as they were dislodged from their setting in the masonry. It seemed certain that the city would be captured at once.

But the Persians hit upon the following plan. They placed on top of the circuit-wall a wooden tower that had long before been made ready by them, filling it with their most warlike men, who had their heads and the rest of their bodies protected by iron caps and corselets.

They had filled pots with sulfur, bitumen, and the substance the Persians call naphtha and the Greeks Medea's oil; they now set fire to these and began throwing them upon the shelters of the rams, and came within a little of burning them all.

But the men standing beside them, as I have said, with the poles I just mentioned, kept removing these missiles with the greatest determination and clearing them away, so that they hurled everything down from the engines as soon as it fell.

Yet they could not expect to hold out long in this work, for the fire instantly kindled whatever it touched, unless it was immediately thrown off. Such was the course of events there.

Bessas, who had himself put on his corselet and had placed his whole army under arms, began moving many ladders forward to the part of the wall which had sunk.

After stirring their courage with a speech only long enough not to blunt the sharpness of the opportunity, he gave the rest of his exhortation through action.

For although he was a man more than seventy years old and already well past his prime, he was the first to mount the ladder.

There a battle took place, and a display of courage by both Romans and Persians, such as I, at least, believe has never once been seen in these times.

The number of the barbarians amounted to two thousand three hundred, while the Romans numbered as many as six thousand.

Practically all on both sides who were not killed received wounds, and it proved true that exceedingly few survived with their bodies intact.

The Romans, for their part, struggled with all their strength to force the ascent, while the Persians, on their side, beat them back with great vigor.

Thus many were being slain on both sides, and the Persians were not far from repelling the danger.

At the tops of the ladders there was a violent struggle for position; many of the Romans, fighting as they were against an enemy above them, were being killed, and Bessas the general also fell to the ground and lay there.

At that point a tremendous shout arose from both armies as the barbarians rushed together from every side and shot at him, while his bodyguards hurriedly gathered around him. All of them had helmets on their heads and wore corselets.

By holding their shields close together over their heads and crowding in so that they touched one another, they made a kind of roof over him, concealed their general in complete safety, and kept fending off the missiles with all their strength.

A great din arose from the missiles that were continually thrown and blunted on the shields and other armor; at the same time every man was shouting, panting, and exerting himself to the utmost.

Meanwhile all the Romans, eager to defend their general, were shooting at the wall without stopping for an instant, trying in this way to check the enemy.

In this crisis Bessas distinguished himself.

Although he could not get to his feet because of the hindrance of his armor and because his body was not nimble, since the man was fleshy and, as has been said, very old, still he did not yield to helpless despair even when he had come into such great danger. Instead he formed a plan on the spur of the moment by which he succeeded in saving both himself and the Roman cause.

He ordered his bodyguards to drag him by the foot and so pull him very far from the wall, and they carried out the order.

So while some dragged him, others retreated with him, holding their shields above him and toward one another, and walking at the same speed as he was being dragged, so that he would not be hit by the enemy through being uncovered.

As soon as Bessas reached safety, he got to his feet, urged his men forward, went toward the wall, and, setting foot on the ladder once more, hastened to mount it.

All the Romans following behind him displayed real heroism against the enemy.

Then the Persians became terrified and begged their opponents to give them some time, so that they might pack up and get out of the way when they handed over the city.

But Bessas suspected that they had contrived some trick, so that in the interval they might increase the strength of the circuit-wall. He therefore said that he was unable to stop the fighting, but that those who wished to meet him to discuss terms could, while the armies were fighting, nevertheless proceed with him to another part of the wall; and he designated a certain place for them.

This proposal, however, was not accepted by them, and once more fierce fighting began, involving a violent struggle.

While the conflict was still undecided, it happened that the wall at another point, where the Romans had previously undermined it, suddenly toppled over.

As a result, many from both armies rushed together at that spot.

Now the Romans showed their great superiority in number over the enemy, although they were divided into two parts, and kept pressing the battle against their opponents, shooting faster than ever and pushing forward with the greatest force.

The Persians, on the other hand, no longer resisted with the same strength as before, since they were violently assailed at both points; the smallness of their numbers, now divided between two fronts, was plain.

While both armies were still struggling in this way, and the Persians could not drive back the enemy pressing upon them, and the Romans could not completely force an entrance, a young man of the Armenian race named John, son of Thomas, whom they were accustomed to call Guzes, left the fallen part of the circuit-wall and the struggles there.

Taking with him a few of his Armenian followers, he climbed up by the precipice, where everyone thought the city was impregnable, and overpowered the guards at that point.

After getting onto the parapet, he killed with his spear one of the Persian defenders there, who appeared to be the most warlike.

In this way an entry was made possible for the Romans.

The Persians posted in the wooden tower had kindled a huge number of fire-bearing pots, so that by the sheer number of their missiles they could burn up the engines, men and all, since those defending them would be unable to push them all aside with their poles.

But suddenly a wind of extraordinary violence sprang up from the south and blew against them with a great roar; in some way or other it set fire to one of the planks of the tower.

The Persians there did not immediately comprehend this, for every one of them was working and shouting immoderately, filled with fear and in the midst of wild confusion; the urgency of the moment had robbed them of their senses.

So the flame rose little by little, fed by the oil bearing Medea's name and all the other things with which the tower was supplied, and consumed the whole tower and the Persians in it.

They were all burned to death, and their charred bodies fell, some inside the wall and others outside, where the engines stood with the Romans around them.

Then the other Romans also, who were fighting at the fallen part of the wall, got inside the fortifications, since the enemy were giving way before them in utter despair and no longer tried to resist; and Petra was captured completely.

About five hundred of the Persians ran up to the acropolis, seized the stronghold there, and remained quiet; but the Romans made prisoners of all the others whom they had not slain in the fighting, about seven hundred and thirty in number.

Among these they found only eighteen unhurt; all the rest had been wounded. Many of the best Romans also fell, among them John the son of Thomas, who, as he entered the city, was struck on the head by a stone thrown by one of the barbarians, but only after he had displayed marvelous deeds against the enemy.

Colophon

This Good Works Translation was prepared for the Scythian shelf by the New Tianmu Anglican Church from the Greek source text printed below. The Greek text was downloaded from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository as tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml and inspected locally. Dewing's public-domain English, preserved in the local ToposText capture and Ready archival dossier, was used only as a control.

This is the thirty-second unit in the Procopius Wars steppe and Black Sea translation dossier, and the seventh Book 8 unit.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: Procopius, Wars 8.11.1-64

Greek source text from Procopius, Wars 8.11. Presented here for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

Wars 8.11

§ 8.11.1 Τῷ μὲν οὖν Ἀνασωζάδῳ τά τε τῆς τύχης καὶ τοῦ τρόπου ἐς τοῦτο ἐτελεύτα· τὸ δὲ πέμπτον ἔτος τῆς ἐκεχειρίας διήνυστο.

§ 8.11.2 καὶ Πέτρον μὲν ἄνδρα πατρίκιον, τὴν τοῦ μαγίστρου ἀρχὴν ἔχοντα, παρὰ Χοσρόην Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς ἔστελλεν, ἐφ’ ᾧ τὰς σπονδὰς ἀμφὶ τῇ ἑῴᾳ παντάπασι διοικήσονται.

§ 8.11.3 ὁ δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπεπέμψατο, ἕψεσθαί οἱ ἄνδρα οὐκ ἐς μακρὰν ὑποσχόμενος τὸν ταῦτα διαθησόμενον, ὅπη ἑκατέροις ξυνοίσειν μέλλει.

§ 8.11.4 Ἰσδιγούσναν τε αὖθις οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον ἔπεμψεν, ὀφρυάζοντά τε καὶ ἀλαζονείᾳ τινὶ ἀμυθήτῳ ἐχόμενον, οὗ δὴ ὅ τε τῦφος καὶ τὸ φύσημα φορητὸν εἶναι Ῥωμαίων οὐδενὶ ἔδοξεν.

§ 8.11.5 ἐπήγετο δὲ τήν τε γυναῖκα καὶ τὰς παῖδας καὶ τὸν ἀδελφόν, ἑπομένων τε καὶ θεραπευόντων πάμπολυ πλῆθος. εἴκασεν ἄν τις ἐς παράταξιν τοὺς ἄνδρας ἰέναι.

§ 8.11.6 εἵποντο δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ δύο τῶν ἐν Πέρσαις λογιμωτάτων, οἳ δὴ καὶ διαδήματα ἐπὶ τῶν κεφαλῶν χρυσᾶ ἐφόρουν.

§ 8.11.7 ἔδακνέ τε τοὺς ἐν Βυζαντίῳ ἀνθρώπους, ὅτι δὴ αὐτὸν Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς οὐ κατὰ πρεσβευτήν, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ ἔτι μᾶλλον φιλοφροσύνης τε καὶ μεγαλοπρεπείας ἠξίωσε.

§ 8.11.8 Βραδούκιος μέντοι ξὺν αὐτῷ ἐς Βυζάντιον οὐκέτι ἦλθεν, ἐπεὶ Χοσρόην φασὶν αὐτὸν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀφανίσαι, ἄλλο οὐδὲν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐπενεγκόντα, πλήν γε δὴ ὅτι ὁμοτράπεζος τῷ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεῖ γέγονεν.

§ 8.11.9 “οὐ γὰρ ἄν,” ἔφη, “έρμηνεύς γε ὢν ἐς τοῦτο ἀξιώματος πρὸς βασιλέως ἀφίκετο, εἰ μὴ καταπροδοὺς ἔτυχε τὰ Περσῶν πράγματα.” τινὲς δὲ τὸν Ἰσδιγούσναν αὐτὸν διαβαλεῖν φασίν, ὡς λάθρα Ῥωμαίοις ἐς λόγους ἔλθοι.

§ 8.11.10 τὰ δὲ πρῶτα ὁ πρεσβευτὴς οὗτος βασιλεῖ ἐντυχὼν οὐ μικρὸν ἀμφὶ τῇ εἰρήνῃ, οὐ μέγα εἶπεν, ἀλλ’ ᾐτιᾶτο Ῥωμαίους ἐς τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν ἠδικηκέναι, Ἀρέθαν τε καὶ Σαρακηνοὺς τοὺς Ῥωμαίων ἐνσπόνδους Ἀλαμουνδάρῳ ἐν σπονδαῖς λυμήνασθαι φάσκων, ἄλλα τε οὐκ ἀξιόλογα ἐπιφέρων ἐγκλήματα, ὧνπέρ μοι ἐπιμνησθῆναι οὔτι ἀναγκαῖον ἔδοξεν εἶναι.

§ 8.11.11 Ἐν μὲν οὖν Βυζαντίῳ ταῦτα ἐπράσσετο. Βέσσας δὲ παντὶ τῷ Ῥωμαίων στρατῷ Πέτρας ἐς πολιορκίαν καθίστατο. Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν οὖν ἀμφὶ τὸ τεῖχος διώρυσσον, ἵνα δὴ καὶ Δαγισθαῖος τὰ πρότερα τὴν διώρυχα πεποιημένος τὸν περίβολον ταύτῃ καθεῖλεν. ὅτου δὲ δὴ ἕνεκα ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν χῶρον ὤρυσσον, ἐγὼ δηλώσω.

§ 8.11.12 οἱ τὴν πόλιν τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ταύτην δειμάμενοι, ἐπὶ πέτρας μὲν ἔθεντο ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τὰ τοῦ περιβόλου θεμέλια, ἐνιαχῆ δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ χώματος αὐτὰ ξυνέβαινε κεῖσθαι.

§ 8.11.13 ἦν δέ τις τοῦ τείχους μοῖρα ἐς τῆς πόλεως τὰ πρὸς ἑσπέραν οὐ λίαν εὐρεῖα, ἧς δὴ ἑκατέρωθεν ἐπὶ πέτρας τινὸς σκληρᾶς τε καὶ ἀμηχάνου τοῦ περιβόλου τὰ θεμέλια ἐτεκτήναντο.

§ 8.11.14 ταύτην τοίνυν τὴν μοῖραν Δαγισθαῖός τε τὰ πρότερα καὶ τανῦν Βέσσας διώρυσσον ὁμοίως, οὐκ ἐφιείσης τῆς τοῦ χωρίου φύσεως σφίσι περαιτέρω ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς διώρυχος μῆκος συμμετρούσης τε αὐτοῖς καὶ πρυτανευούσης εἰκότως.

§ 8.11.15 Ἡνίκα οὖν Πέρσαι μετὰ τὴν Δαγισθαίου ὑπαγωγὴν τὸ καταπεπτωκὸς τοῦτο τοῦ τείχους ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι ἤθελον, οὐ κατὰ τὰ πρότερα τὴν οἰκοδομίαν πεποίηνται, ἀλλὰ τρόπῳ τοιῷδε.

§ 8.11.16 κάχληκος τὸν κενωθέντα ἐμπλησάμενοι χῶρον δοκοὺς παχείας αὐτοῦ ὕπερθεν ἔθεντο, ἅσπερ ἐνδελεχέστατα ξύσαντες ὁμαλάς τε παντάπασι καταστησάμενοι ἔζευξαν μὲν ἐς ἀλλήλας ἐς μέγα τι εὖρος, κρηπῖδα δὲ αὐτὰς ἀντὶ θεμελίων ποιησάμενοι τοῦ περιβόλου καθύπερθεν αὐτῶν ἐτεκτήναντο τὴν οἰκοδομίαν ἐμπείρως. ὅπερ οὐ ξυνέντες Ῥωμαῖοι ἔνερθεν τῶν θεμελίων ποιεῖσθαι τὴν διώρυχα ᾤοντο.

§ 8.11.17 καὶ τὸν χῶρον κενώσαντες ὅλον ἐκ τῶν δοκῶν ὧνπερ ἐπεμνήσθην ἀρτίως ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τῆς γῆς τὸν μὲν περίβολον κατασεῖσαι κατὰ πολὺ ἴσχυσαν, μοῖρά τε αὐτοῦ ἐξαπιναίως κατεπεπτώκει, οὐ μέντοι οὔτε πη ἐπὶ θάτερα τὸ πεπτωκὸς τοῦτο ἐκλίθη οὔτε τις αὐτῷ τῶν λίθων ἐπιβολὴ ξυνεταράχθη, ἀλλ’ ἀκραιφνὲς ὅλον εὐθείᾳ τινὶ καταβάσει, ὥσπερ ἐκ μηχανῆς, ἐς τὸν κενωθέντα χῶρον καταβὰν ἔστη, καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν ἐφύλασσε χώραν, οὐκ ἐς ὕψος ὅσον τὰ πρότερα, ἀλλ’ ἔς τι ἧσσον.

§ 8.11.18 κενωθέντος οὖν παντὸς τοῦ τῶν δοκῶν ἔνερθεν χώρου ὑφιζάνειν αὐτὰς ἐνταῦθα ξὺν τῇ ὑπὲρ αὐτὰς οἰκοδομίᾳ πάσῃ ξυνέβη.

§ 8.11.19 Τοῖς δὲ Ῥωμαίοις οὐδ’ ὣς ἐσβατὸν ἐγεγόνει τὸ τεῖχος. ὁ γὰρ τῶν Περσῶν ὅμιλος, ἡνίκα πολὺς ξὺν τῷ Μερμερόῃ ἐνταῦθα ἦλθε, μέγα τι χρῆμα τῇ πρόσθεν οἰκοδομίᾳ ἐνθέμενοι ὑψηλὸν ἐσάγαν τὸν περίβολον ἐτεκτήναντο.

§ 8.11.20 Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ περιβόλου τὸ κατασεισθὲν αὖθις ἑστηκὸς εἶδον, διηποροῦντό τε καὶ ἀμηχανίᾳ πολλῇ εἴχοντο.

§ 8.11.21 οὔτε γὰρ διορύσσειν ἔτι ἠδύναντο, ἐς τοῦτο ἀποκεκριμένης τῆς κατώρυχος σφίσι, κριῷ τε χρῆσθαι οὐδαμῆ εἶχον, ἐπεὶ ἐν μὲν τῷ ἀνάντει ἐτειχομάχουν, ἡ δὲ μηχανὴ αὕτη ἐφέλκεσθαι οὐχ οἵα τέ ἐστιν ὅτι μὴ ἐν χωρίῳ ὁμαλῷ τε καὶ λίαν ὑπτίῳ.

§ 8.11.22 Τύχῃ δέ τινι ξυνεκύρησεν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ Ῥωμαίων στρατῷ εἶναι βαρβάρων τῶν Σαβείρων ὀλίγους τινὰς ἐξ αἰτίας τοιᾶσδε.

§ 8.11.23 οἱ Σάβειροι ἔθνος μέν ἐστιν Οὐννικόν, ᾤκηνται δὲ ἀμφὶ τὰ Καυκάσια ὄρη, πάμπολυ πλῆθος μὲν ἐσάγαν ὄντες, ἐς ἀρχὰς δὲ πολλὰς ἐπιεικῶς διῃρημένοι.

§ 8.11.24 τούτων δὲ τῶν ἀρχόντων οἱ μέν τινές εἰσι τῷ Ῥωμαίων αὐτοκράτορι, οἱ δὲ τῷ Περσῶν βασιλεῖ ἐκ παλαιοῦ γνώριμοι. τοῖν τε βασιλέοιν ἑκάτερος χρυσίον εἰώθει τακτὸν τοῖς αὑτοῦ ἐνσπόνδοις προΐεσθαι, οὐκ ἐπέτειον μέντοι, ἀλλ’ ἡνίκα ἂν ἐς τοῦτο αὐτὸν ἡ χρεία ἐνάγοι.

§ 8.11.25 τότε οὖν Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς τῶν Σαβείρων τούς οἱ ἐπιτηδείους ἐς τὴν ὁμαιχμίαν παρακαλῶν ἔστειλέ τινα τὸν τὰ χρήματα παρ’ αὐτοὺς κομιοῦντα.

§ 8.11.26 ὁ δὲ ʽπολεμίων γὰρ μεταξὺ ὄντων ἐς ὄρη τὰ Καυκάσια ἰέναι ξὺν τῷ ἀσφαλεῖ ἄλλως τε καὶ χρήματα ἐπαγόμενος οὐδαμῆ εἶχεν’ ἀφικνεῖται μὲν παρά τε τὸν Βέσσαν καὶ τὸ Ῥωμαίων στρατόπεδον, ὅπερ ἐς τὴν Πέτρας πολιορκίαν καθίστατο, παρὰ δὲ τοὺς Σαβείρους πέμψας ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῶν τινὰς ὅτι τάχιστα τοὺς τὰ χρήματα ληψομένους παρ’ αὐτον ἥκειν, οἵ τε βάρβαροι τρεῖς ἀπολεξάμενοι τῶν ἐν σφίσιν ἀρχόντων, ξὺν ὀλίγοις τισὶν ἐς Λαζικὴν εὐθὺς ἔπεμψαν· οἳ δὴ ἐνταῦθα γενόμενοι ξὺν τῷ Ῥωμαίων στρατῷ ἐς τήνδε τὴν τειχομαχίαν κατέστησαν.

§ 8.11.27 Οὗτοι ἐπειδὴ Ῥωμαίους εἶδον ἀπογνόντας τε καὶ ἀπορουμένους τὸ παρὸν θέσθαι, μηχανήν τινα ἐπετεχνήσαντο, οἵα οὔτε Ῥωμαίων οὔτε Περσῶν τινί, ἐξ οὗ γεγόνασιν ἄνθρωποι, ἐς ἔννοιαν ἦλθε· καίτοι τεχνιτῶν μὲν πολὺς ὅμιλος ἐν ἑκατέρᾳ πολιτείᾳ γέγονέ τε ἀεὶ καὶ τανῦν ἔστιν.

§ 8.11.28 ἐς χρείαν δὲ πολλάκις ἐς τὸν πάντα αἰῶνα κατέστησαν τῆς μηχανῆς ἑκάτεροι ταύτης, ἐς ἐρύματα τειχομαχοῦντες ἐν χωρίοις σκληροῖς καὶ δυσβάτοις τισὶ κείμενα· ἀλλ’ αὐτῶν οὐδενὶ τὸ ἐνθύμημα τοῦτο γεγένηται ὅπερ τούτοις δὴ τοῖς βαρβάροις τανῦν γέγονεν· οὕτως ἀεὶ προϊόντι τῷ χρόνῳ συννεωτερίζειν τῶν πραγμάτων τὰς ἐπινοίας φιλεῖ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ φύσις.

§ 8.11.29 κριὸν γὰρ αὐτοσχεδιάζουσιν οἱ Σάβειροι οὗτοι, οὐχ ᾗπερ εἰώθει,

§ 8.11.30 ἀλλὰ καινουργήσαντες ἑτέρῳ τῳ τρόπῳ. οὐ γὰρ δοκοὺς ἐς τὴν μηχανὴν ταύτην, οὐκ ὀρθάς, οὐκ ἐγκαρσίας ἐμβέβληνται, ἀλλὰ ῥάβδους παχείας τινὰς ἐς ἀλλήλας ξυνδέοντες, καὶ αὐτὰς ἀντὶ τῶν δοκῶν πανταχόθι ἐναρμοσάμενοι, βύρσαις τε τὴν μηχανὴν καλύψαντες ὅλην τὸ τοῦ κριοῦ διεσώσαντο σχῆμα, μίαν δοκὸν μόνην, ᾗπερ εἴθισται, κατὰ μέσην τὴν μηχανὴν ἁλύσεσιν ἀναρτήσαντες χαλαραῖς τισίν, ἧσπερ τὸ ἄκρον ὀξὺ γεγενημένον καὶ σιδήρῳ περικαλυφθὲν ὥσπερ βέλους ἀκὶς ἔμελλε συχνὰ κατὰ τοῦ περιβόλου ἐμβάλλεσθαι.

§ 8.11.31 οὕτω δὲ κούφην τὴν μηχανὴν ἀπειργάσαντο, ὥστε οὐκέτι αὐτὴν πρὸς ἀνδρῶν τῶν ἔνδον ὄντων ἐφέλκεσθαι ἢ διωθεῖσθαι ἀναγκαῖον ἐγίνετο, ἀλλ’ ἄνδρες τεσσαράκοντα, οἳ καὶ τὴν δοκὸν ἀνασύρειν τε καὶ κατὰ τοῦ περιβόλου ἐμβάλλεσθαι ἔμελλον, ἔνδον τῆς μηχανῆς ὄντες καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν βυρσῶν καλυπτόμενοι ἔφερον τὸν κριὸν ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων οὐδενὶ πόνῳ.

§ 8.11.32 Τρεῖς μὲν οὗτοι οἱ βάρβαροι μηχανὰς τοιαύτας εἰργάσαντο, τὰς δοκοὺς ξὺν τῷ σιδήρῳ ἐκ τῶν κριῶν ἀφελόμενοι, οὓς δὴ Ῥωμαῖοι ἐν παρασκευῇ ἔχοντες οὐχ οἷοί τε ἦσαν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος ἐφέλκειν· ὑποδύντες δὲ αὐτῶν ἑκάστην οὐχ ἥσσους ἢ κατὰ τεσσαράκοντα στρατιῶται Ῥωμαῖοι ἀριστίνδην ἀπολεχθέντες ὡς ἀγχοτάτω τοῦ τείχους ἔθεντο.

§ 8.11.33 ἑκατέρωθεν δὲ μηχανῆς ἑκάστης ἕτεροι ἵσταντο, τεθωρακισμένοι τε καὶ κράνεσι τὰς κεφαλὰς ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς κεκαλυμμένοι καὶ κοντοὺς ἔχοντες, ὧνπερ τὰ ἄκρα σιδηρίοις ἀγκιστροειδέσιν ἐρήρειστο, τούτου δὴ παρεσκευασμένων αὐτοῖς ἕνεκα, ὅπως, ἐπειδὰν ἡ τοῦ κριοῦ ἐς τὸν περίβολον ἐμβολὴ ξυγχέῃ τὰς τῶν λίθων ἐπιβολάς, τούτοις δὴ τοῖς κοντοῖς περιαιρεῖν τε τοὺς ξυγχεομένους τῶν λίθων καὶ ἀπορρίπτειν δυνατοὶ εἶεν.

§ 8.11.34 Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν οὖν ἔργου εἴχοντο καὶ τὸ τεῖχος ἤδη συχναῖς ταῖς ἐμβολαῖς κατεσείετο, οἱ δὲ τῶν μηχανῶν ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα ὄντες τοῖς ἀγκιστροειδέσι κοντοῖς τῶν λίθων τοὺς ξυνταρασσομένους ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν οἰκοδομίαν ξυνθήκης ἐρρίπτουν, ἁλώσεσθαί τε ἡ πόλις αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα ἐπίδοξος ἦν.

§ 8.11.35 Οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι ἐπενόουν τάδε. ξύλινον πύργον, ὅσπερ αὐτοῖς ἐκ παλαιοῦ παρεσκεύαστο, καθύπερθεν τοῦ περιβόλου ἐτίθεντο, ἀνδρῶν ἔμπλεων τῶν ἐν σφίσι μαχιμωτάτων, ἥλοις τε σιδηροῖς καὶ θώραξι τάς τε κεφαλὰς καὶ τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα περιβαλόντων.

§ 8.11.36 ἀγγεῖα δὲ θείου τε καὶ ἀσφάλτου ἐμπλησάμενοι καὶ φαρμάκου ὅπερ Μῆδοι μὲν νάφθαν καλοῦσιν, Ἕλληνες δὲ Μηδείας ἔλαιον, πυρί τε ταῦτα ὑφάψαντες ἐπὶ τὰς μηχανὰς τῶν κριῶν ἔβαλλον, ἅσπερ ὀλίγου ἐμπιπράναι πάσας ἐδέησαν.

§ 8.11.37 ἀλλ’ οἱ παρὰ ταύτας, ὥσπερ μοι ἐρρήθη, ἑστῶτες, τοῖς κοντοῖς, ὧνπερ ἐπεμνήσθην ἀρτίως, ἐνδελεχέστατα περιαιροῦντες τὰ βαλλόμενα καὶ περικαθαίροντες, ἅπαντα ἐς τὸ ἔδαφος ἐκ τῶν μηχανῶν εὐθὺς ἐρρίπτουν.

§ 8.11.38 οὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο ἀνθέξειν ὑπώπτευον· τὸ γὰρ πῦρ οὗ προσψαύσειεν ἐνεπίμπρα αὐτίκα, εἰ μὴ εὐθυωρὸν ἀποβληθείη. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπράσσετο τῇδε.

§ 8.11.39 Βέσσας δὲ αὐτὸς τεθωρακισμένος καὶ ἅπαν ἐξοπλίσας τὸ στράτευμα κλίμακας πολλὰς ἐς τὸ πεπτωκὸς τοῦ τείχους προῆγε.

§ 8.11.40 καὶ λόγῳ τοσοῦτον παραθαρρύνας, ὅσον μὴ ἀμβλῦναι τοῦ καιροῦ τὴν ἀκμήν, ἔργοις τῆς παρακελεύσεως τὰ λοιπὰ ἔνειμεν. ἀνὴρ γὰρ πλέον ἢ ἑβδομήκοντα γεγονὼς ἐτῶν καὶ παντάπασιν ἔξωρος ὢν ἤδη πρῶτος ἐπέβη τῆς κλίμακος.

§ 8.11.41 ἐνταῦθα μάχη καὶ ἀρετῆς ἐπίδειξις γίνεται Ῥωμαίοις τε καὶ Πέρσαις οἵαν ἔγωγε κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον οὐδαμῆ οἶμαι ξυνενεχθῆναι.

§ 8.11.42 τὸ μὲν γὰρ βαρβάρων πλῆθος εἰς δισχιλίους καὶ τριακοσίους ξυνῄει, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ ἐς ἑξακισχιλίους ἐτύγχανον ὄντες.

§ 8.11.43 καὶ αὐτῶν ἑκατέρωθεν ὅσοι οὐ διεφθάρησαν τραυματίαι σχεδόν τι γεγόνασι πάντες, ὀλίγοις τε λίαν ἐπ’ ἀθῴοις τοῖς σώμασι περιεῖναι ξυνέβη. Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν οὖν τὴν ἀνάβασιν ἐβιάζοντο δυνάμει τῇ πάσῃ, Πέρσαι δὲ αὐτοὺς πόνῳ πολλῷ ἀπεκρούοντο.

§ 8.11.44 ἀμφοτέρωθεν δὲ κτεινομένων πολλῶν οὐ μακράν που ἐγένοντο τοῦ ἀπεῶσθαι τὸν κίνδυνον Πέρσαι· ὠθισμοῦ γὰρ πολλοῦ ἐν τῇ τῶν κλιμάκων ὑπερβολῇ γεγενημένου ἄλλοι τε Ῥωμαίων συχνοὶ ἅτε πολεμίοις καθύπερθεν οὖσι μαχόμενοι ἔθνησκον καὶ Βέσσας ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐς τὸ ἔδαφος πεσὼν ἔκειτο.

§ 8.11.45 καὶ τότε δὴ κραυγῆς ἐξαισίας πρὸς ἀμφοτέρων γεγενημένης οἱ μὲν βάρβαροι πανταχόθεν ξυρρέοντες ἐπ’ αὐτὸν ἔβαλον, οἱ δὲ δορυφόροι ξυνέστησάν τε σπουδῇ ἀμφ’ αὐτὸν καὶ κράνη μὲν ἐν ταῖς κεφαλαῖς ἔχοντες, θώρακας δὲ ἀμπεχόμενοι πάντες, ἔτι μέντοι καθύπερθεν ταῖς ἀσπίσι φραξάμενοι καὶ ἐν χρῷ ξυνιόντες ἀλλήλοις, ὀροφῆς αὐτῷ σχῆμα ἐποίουν καὶ τόν τε στρατηγὸν ὡς ἀσφαλέστατα ἔκρυψαν καὶ τὰ βαλλόμενα παντὶ σθένει ἀπεκρούοντο.

§ 8.11.46 καὶ πάταγος μὲν τῶν ἀεὶ πεμπομένων κἀν ταῖς ἀσπίσιν τε καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλοις ἀποκαυλιζομένων πολὺς ἐγεγόνει, κραυγῇ δὲ καὶ ἄσθματι καὶ ταλαιπωρίᾳ ἕκαστος εἴχετο.

§ 8.11.47 Ῥωμαῖοί τε ἅπαντες τῷ στρατηγῷ ἀμύνειν ἐν σπουδῇ ἔχοντες ἔβαλλον ἐς τὸ τεῖχος, οὐδένα ἀνιέντες καιρόν, καὶ ταύτῃ τοὺς πολεμίους ἀνέστελλον.

§ 8.11.48 Τότε δὴ ὁ Βέσσας ʽοὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξανίστασθαι εἶχε, τῆς ὁπλίσεως ἀντιστατούσης, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ σώματός οἱ οὐκ εὐσταλοῦς ὄντος, ἦν γὰρ οὗτος ἀνὴρ εὔσαρκός τε καί, ὅπερ ἐρρήθη, ἐσχατογέρων’ οὐκ ἐς ἀμηχανίαν ἐξέπεσε, καίπερ ἐς τοσοῦτον κινδύνου ἥκων, ἀλλὰ βουλεύεταί τι ἐκ τοῦ αἰφνιδίου ᾧπερ αὑτόν τε καὶ τὰ Ῥωμαίων πράγματα διασώσασθαι ἔσχε.

§ 8.11.49 τοῖς γὰρ δορυφόροις ἐπέστελλε σύρειν τε αὐτὸν ἐκ ποδὸς καὶ ὡς ἀπωτάτω τοῦ τείχους ἐφέλκειν.

§ 8.11.50 οἱ δὲ κατὰ ταῦτα ἐποίουν. καὶ αὐτὸν οἱ μὲν ἔσυρον, οἱ δὲ ξὺν αὐτῷ ὑπεχώρουν, τὰς μὲν ἀσπίδας ὕπερθεν ἐπ’ ἀλλήλους ἔχοντες, τοσαύτην δὲ ποιούμενοι βάδισιν ὅσον ἐκεῖνος ἐσύρετο, ὡς μὴ ἀπαρακάλυπτος γεγονὼς πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων βληθείη.

§ 8.11.51 ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὁ Βέσσας ἐν τῷ ἀσφαλεῖ ἐγεγόνει, ἐξανίστατό τε καὶ παρακελευσάμενος ἐπὶ τὸ τεῖχος ᾔει, τῆς τε κλίμακος ἐπιβατεύσας αὖθις ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν ὥρμητο.

§ 8.11.52 ἐπισπόμενοι δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι πάντες ἔργα ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπεδείκνυντο ἀρετῆς ἄξια. περίφοβοί τε γενόμενοι Πέρσαι καιρὸν σφίσι τινὰ τοὺς ἐναντίους διδόναι ᾔτουν, ὅπως συσκευασάμενοι ἀπαλλάσσωνται τὴν πόλιν ἐνδόντες.

§ 8.11.53 Βέσσας δὲ δολώσεις αὐτοὺς ἐπιτεχνάσασθαι ὑποτοπάζων, ὅπως μεταξὺ κρατύνωνται τὸ τοῦ περιβόλου ὀχύρωμα, τὴν μὲν ξυμβολὴν καταπαύειν ἔφη οὐχ οἷός τε εἶναι, τοὺς δὲ ἀμφὶ τῇ ὁμολογίᾳ βουλομένους αὐτῷ ξυγγενέσθαι, τῶν στρατοπέδων μαχομένων, οὐδέν τι ἧσσον εἰς ἑτέραν τινὰ ξὺν αὐτῷ ἰέναι τοῦ τείχους μοῖραν, δείξας τι χωρίον αὐτοῖς.

§ 8.11.54 Τῶν δὲ οὐκ ἐνδεχομένων τὸν λόγον γίνεται μὲν αὖθις καρτερά τις μάχη καὶ ὠθισμὸς πολύς, ἔτι δὲ ἀγχωμάλου τῆς ξυμβολῆς οὔσης ξυνηνέχθη τὸ τεῖχος ἑτέρωθι, οὗπερ διορύξαντες Ῥωμαῖοι πρότερον ἔτυχον, ἐξαπιναίως καταπεσεῖν. ἐνταῦθα οὖν πολλοὶ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ξυνέρρεον.

§ 8.11.55 καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν πλήθει τοὺς πολεμίους παρὰ πολὺ ὑπεραίροντες, καίπερ δίχα διῃρημένοι, πολλῷ ἔτι μᾶλλον βάλλοντές τε καὶ ὠθοῦντες καρτερώτατα τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἐνέκειντο.

§ 8.11.56 Πέρσαι δὲ οὐκέτι ὁμοίως ἀντεῖχον, ἑκατέρωθι βιαζόμενοι, ἀλλὰ διαιρεθεῖσα ἡ ὀλιγανθρωπία ἐς ἄμφω τὰ μέρη διαφανὴς ἦν.

§ 8.11.57 οὕτω δὲ πονουμένων ἀμφοτέρων ἔτι τῶν στρατευμάτων καὶ οὔτε Περσῶν ἀποκρούεσθαι δυναμένων ἐγκειμένους σφίσι τοὺς πολεμίους οὔτε Ῥωμαίων βιάζεσθαι παντάπασι τὴν εἴσοδον οἵων τε ὄντων, νεανίας ἀνήρ, Ἀρμένιος γένος, Ἰωάννης ὄνομα, Θωμᾶ υἱὸς ὅνπερ ἐπίκλησιν ἐκάλουν Γούζην, τὰ μὲν καταπεπτωκότα τοῦ περιβόλου καὶ τοὺς ἐνταῦθα ὠθισμοὺς εἴασεν, Ἀρμενίων δὲ τῶν οἱ ἑπομένων ἐπαγαγόμενος ὀλίγους τινὰς διὰ τοῦ κρημνωδους, ᾗπερ ἅπαντες τὴν πόλιν ἀνάλωτον εἶναι ὑπώπτευον, βιασάμενος ἀνέβη τοὺς ταύτῃ φρουρούς.

§ 8.11.58 κατά τε τὰς ἐπάλξεις γενόμενος ἕνα Περσῶν τῶν τῇδε ἀμυνομένων, ὅσπερ μαχιμώτατος ἐδόκει εἶναι, δόρατι ἔκτεινεν. ἐσβατόν τε Ῥωμαίοις ξυνηνέχθη τρόπῳ τοιῷδε.

§ 8.11.59 Πέρσαι οἳ ἐν πύργῳ τῷ ξυλίνῳ ἑστήκεσαν μέγα τι χρῆμα τῶν πυρφόρων ἀγγείων ὑφῆψαν, ὅπως τῶν βαλλομένων τῷ περιόντι καταφλέξαι αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσι τὰς μηχανὰς οἷοί τε ὦσιν, οὐ δυναμένων τῶν ἀμυνομένων ἅπαντα τοῖς κοντοῖς διωθεῖσθαι.

§ 8.11.60 πνεῦμα δὲ νότου σκληρόν τε καὶ ὑπερφυὲς ἄγαν ἐξαπιναίως ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῖς ξὺν πολλῷ πατάγῳ ἐπιπεσόν, τῶν τοῦ πύργου σανίδων ἀμηγέπη μιᾶς ἥψατο.

§ 8.11.61 οὐ ξυνιέντων δὲ αὐτίκα τῶν ἐνταῦθα Περσῶν ʽπόνῳ γὰρ καὶ θορύβῳ καὶ δέει καὶ ταραχῇ ἀμέτρῳ εἴχοντο ἅπαντες, ἥ τε ἀνάγκη αὐτοῖς παρῃρεῖτο τὴν αἴσθησιν’ ἡ φλὸξ κατὰ βραχὺ αἰρομένη τῷ τε τῆς Μηδείας ἐπωνύμῳ ἐλαίῳ καὶ οἷσπερ ἄλλοις ἐξήρτυτο τὸν πύργον ὅλον καὶ Πέρσας τοὺς ἐνταῦθα ἐνέπρησεν.

§ 8.11.62 ἐξηνθρακωμένοι τε ἅπαντες ἔπεσον, οἱ μὲν ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου, οἱ δὲ τούτου ἐκτός, ἵνα δὴ αἵ τε μηχαναὶ καὶ οἱ ἀμφ’ αὐτὰς Ῥωμαῖοι ἑστήκεσαν· οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Ῥωμαῖοι, ὅσοι δὴ ἐς τοῦ περιβόλου τὰ καταπεπτωκότα ἐμάχοντο, ἐνδιδόντων σφίσι τῶν πολεμίων ἔς τε ὀλιγωρίαν ἐμπεπτωκότων, ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου ἐγένοντο, καὶ κατ’ ἄκρας ἡ Πέτρα ἑάλω.

§ 8.11.63 Τῶν μὲν οὖν Περσῶν ἐς πεντακοσίους ἐς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἀναδραμόντες καὶ τὸ ἐκείνῃ καταλαβόντες ὀχύρωμα ἡσυχῆ ἔμενον, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους Ῥωμαῖοι, ὅσους οὐκ ἔκτειναν ἐν τῇ ξυμβολῇ, ἐζώγρησαν ἅπαντας ἐς τριάκοντα καὶ ἑπτακοσίους μάλιστα ὄντας.

§ 8.11.64 καὶ αὐτῶν ὀκτὼ μὲν καὶ δέκα ἀκραιφνεῖς εὗρον, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἅπαντες τραυματίαι ὄντες ἐτύγχανον. ἔπεσον δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων πολλοί τε καὶ ἄριστοι, καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ Θωμᾶ υἱός, λίθῳ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐν τῇ ἐς τὴν πόλιν εἰσόδῳ πρός του τῶν βαρβάρων βληθεὶς ἔργα τε θαυμαστὰ ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπιδειξάμενος.

Source Colophon

Greek source text from the PerseusDL canonical Greek repository file tlg4029.tlg001.perseus-grc2.xml, inspected locally for this translation unit.

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