Pesharim

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  • Catena AA Good Works Translation of 4Q177 from Hebrew — a Cave 4 chain of Psalm quotations with sectarian pesher interpretation; the genre-companion to Florilegium (4Q174). Psalm quotations translated from the Masoretic Text; interpretive sections noted but not reconstructed without DJD V access.
  • Commentary on Genesis AA Good Works Translation of Commentary on Genesis A (4Q252) from Hebrew — the Qumran community's reworking of the flood narrative and the messianic pesher on the Branch of David.
  • Commentary on Genesis BA Good Works Translation of 4Q253 from Hebrew — a Cave 4 pesher on Genesis, the second of four Genesis commentary manuscripts from Qumran. Three fragments; Fragment 2 preserves a passage on burnt offerings and the gates of heaven.
  • Commentary on Genesis CA Good Works Translation of 4Q254 from Hebrew — a Cave 4 pesher on Genesis, the third of four Genesis commentary manuscripts from Qumran. Preserves a variant of the Ham-Canaan narrative (Gen 9) and a substantial passage on Judah and Tamar (Gen 38).
  • Commentary on Genesis DA Good Works Translation of 4Q254a from Hebrew — the fourth of four Genesis pesher manuscripts from Cave 4. Preserves the ark measurements (Gen 6:15), a passage on Dan as judge (Gen 49:16–17), and Jacob's final blessing of Joseph (Gen 49:24–25).
  • Commentary on HabakkukThe Pesher on Habakkuk — the Qumran sect's interpretation of the prophet, revealing the Teacher of Righteousness and the Wicked Priest.
  • Commentary on Habakkuk — Source TextSource text for Commentary on Habakkuk
  • Commentary on IsaiahPesher Isaiah A from Qumran Cave 4 — the community's running commentary on Isaiah 10–11, interpreting the Assyrian march as the Kittim invasion and the Branch of Jesse as the coming Prince of the Congregation.
  • Commentary on Isaiah — Source TextSource text: 4Q161 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Isaiah
  • Commentary on Isaiah BPesher on Isaiah (4Q162) — sectarian commentary on Isaiah 5, naming the Seekers of Smooth Things who have rejected the instruction of the LORD of Hosts
  • Commentary on Isaiah B — Source TextSource text: 4Q162 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Isaiah B
  • Commentary on Isaiah CPesher on Isaiah (4Q163) — sectarian commentary on Isaiah 8, 10, 29, 30, and 31, condemning those who seek Egypt's help and the "Seekers of Smooth Things"
  • Commentary on Isaiah C — Source TextSource text: 4Q163 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Isaiah C
  • Commentary on Isaiah DCave 4 pesher on Isaiah 54:11–12, interpreting the jeweled city of restoration as the council of the Qumran community — its foundations, leaders, and assembly as living precious stones.
  • Commentary on Isaiah D — Source TextSource text: 4Q164 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Isaiah D (4Q164)
  • Commentary on Isaiah ECave 4 pesher fragments on Isaiah — the fifth and most lacunose of the Qumran Isaiah commentaries. Fragment 6 preserves the most legible text; remaining fragments yield vocabulary traces only.
  • Commentary on Isaiah E — Source TextSource text: 4Q165 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Isaiah E (4Q165)
  • Commentary on MalachiA Good Works Translation of the Commentary on Malachi (4Q253a) from Hebrew. A Cave 4 pesher applying Malachi 3:16–18 to the Qumran community, identifying them as God's elect treasure, with a halakhic fragment on blood offerings and a reference to the House of Peleg.
  • Commentary on MicahPesher on Micah (1Q14) — Qumran sectarian commentary on Micah 1, 4, 6, and 7, applying the prophet's oracles to the community's own age
  • Commentary on Micah — Source TextSource text: 1Q14 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Micah
  • Commentary on NahumThe Pesher on Nahum — the Qumran sect's interpretation of Nahum, naming Demetrius king of Greece, the Lion of Wrath, and the crucifixion of men alive upon the tree.
  • Commentary on Nahum — Source TextSource text: 4Q169 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Nahum
  • Commentary on PsalmsThe Pesher on Psalms — the Qumran sect's interpretation of Psalms 37, 45, and 60, naming the Teacher of Righteousness, the Wicked Priest, and the Man of the Lie.
  • Commentary on Psalms — Source TextSource text: 4Q171 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Psalms
  • Commentary on Psalms BThe Pesher on Psalms B — Qumran commentary on Psalms 127 and 118:22, interpreting 'the stone which the builders rejected' against the sect's opponents.
  • Commentary on Psalms B — Source TextSource text: 4Q173 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Commentary on Psalms B
  • Commentary on Psalms CThe Pesher on Psalms C — 1Q16 from Cave 1, fragmentary Qumran commentary on Psalm 57 and Psalm 68, applying the psalms of David to the sect's eschatological situation.
  • Commentary on the Apocalypse of WeeksCave 4 Hebrew pesher applying the ten-week periodization of 1 Enoch to the community's eschatological history. Sixth week — exile to Babylon. Seventh week — betrayal by the sons of Levi, the Kittim.
  • Commentary on ZephaniahDead Sea Scrolls pesher on Zephaniah 1:12–13, from Cave 1 (1Q15) and Cave 4 (4Q170). Among the most fragmentary of the Qumran biblical commentaries.
  • FlorilegiumA Good Works Translation of the Florilegium (4Q174) from Hebrew. An eschatological midrash on the Temple, the Branch of David, and the end of days.
  • Midrash Mishpatim4Q251 — A Dead Sea Scrolls halakhic midrash expanding biblical law from Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers, including incest prohibitions, assault rulings, firstborn offerings, and Sabbath rules.
  • Pesher HoseaThe Dead Sea Scrolls pesher commentary on the Book of Hosea — interpreting the prophet's oracles of divine judgment and Israel's spiritual adultery as addressed to the Qumran sect's own last days.
  • Pesher Hosea — Source TextSource text for Pesher Hosea
  • Pesher on the Latter Days CDead Sea Scrolls eschatological commentary (4Q182), the third of three pesher compositions on the latter days. Single fragment; column i preserves biblical language of stubborn rebellion applied to the sect's enemies; column ii nearly destroyed.
  • TestimoniaA Good Works Translation of the Testimonia (4Q175) from Hebrew. Four proof-texts of the Prophet, the Star, the Priest, and the cursed man of Belial.
  • Testimonia — Source TextSource text: 4Q175 — Hebrew/Aramaic transcription for Testimonia