IA 1834 OCR Witness

ACCEDENCE
COMMENCED GRAMMAR,

SUPPLIED WITH

SUFFICIENT RULES

FOR THE USE OF SUCH AS, YOUNGER OR ELDER, ARE DESIROUS, WITHOUT MORE TROUBLE THAN NEEDS, TO ATTAIN THE LATIN
TONGUE; THE ELDER SORT ESPECIALLY, WITH LITTLE TEACHING, AND THEIR OWN INDUSTRY.

[FIRST PUBLISHED 1669.]

TO THE READER.

It hath been long* a general complaint, not without cause, in the bringing- up of youth, and still is, that the
tenth part of man's life, ordinarily extended, is taken up in learning-, and that very scarcely, the Latin Tongue.
Which tardy proficience may be attributed to several causes : in particular, the making' two labours of one, by
learning- first the Accedence, then the Grammar in Latin, ere the language of those rules be understood. The
only remedy of this was to join both books into one, and in the English Tongue; whereby the long way is
much abbreviated, and the labour of understanding much more easy: a work supposed not to have been done
formerly ; or if done, not without such difference here in brevity and alteration, as maybe found of moment.
That of Grammar, touching letters and syllables, is omitted, as learnt before, and little different from the Eng-
lish Spelling-book ; especially since few will be persuaded, to pronounce Latin otherwise than their own English.
What will not come under rule, by reason of the much variety in declension, gender, or construction, is also
here omitted, lest the course and clearness of method be clogged with catalogues instead of rules, or too much
interruption between rule and rule : which Linaker, setting down the various idioms of many verbs, was forced
to do by alphabet, and therefore, though very learned, not thought fit to be read in schools. But in such words,
a dictionary stored with good authorities will be found the readiest guide. Of figurate construction, what is
useful is digested into several rules of Syntaxis : and Prosody, after this Grammar well learned, will not need
to be Englished for him who hath a mind to read it. Account might be now given what addition or alteration
from other Grammars hath been here made, and for what reason. But he who would be short in teaching, must
not be long in prefacing : the book itself follows, and will declare sufficiently to them who can discern.

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

Latin Grammar is the art of right understanding,
speaking, or writing Latin, observed from them who
have spoken or written it best.

Grammar hath two parts: right wording, usually
called Etymology ; and right joining of words, or Syn-
taxis.

Etymology, or right wording, teacheth what belongs

_

Of Latin Speech are eight General Parts.

Noun ~\ I Adverb \

Pronoun fDeclined. Conjunction f Undecline(L

Verb ( .Preposition (

Participle ) | Interjection )

Declined are those words which have divers end-
ings ; as homo a man, hominis of a man ; amo I love,
amas thou lovest. Undeclined are those words which

458

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

have but one ending, as bene well, cum when, turn
then.

Nouns, pronouns, and participles are declined with
gender, number, and case; verbs, as hereafter in the
verb.

Of Genders.

Genders are three, the masculine, feminine, and
neuter. The masculine may be declined with this ar-
ticle hie, as hie vir a man ; the feminine with this arti-
cle, hose, as base mulier a woman ; the neuter with this
article, hoc, as hoc saxuni a stone.

Of the masculine are generally all nouns belonging
to the male kind, as also the names of rivers, months,
and winds.

Of the feminine, all nouns belonging to the female
kind, as also the names of countries, cities, trees, some
few of the two latter excepted : of cities, as Agragas
and Sulmo, masculine ; Arg'os, Tibur, Preeneste, and
such as end in urn, neuter; Anxur both. Of trees,
oleaster and spinus, masculine : but oleaster is read
also feminine, Cic. Verr. 4. Acer, siler, suber, thus,
robur, neuter.

And of the neuter are all nouns, not being proper
names, ending in urn, and many others.

Some nouns are of two genders, as hie or haec dies
a day ; and all such may be spoken both of male and
female, as hie or haec parens a father or mother: some
be of three, as hie haec and hoc felix happy.

Of Numbers.

Words declined have two numbers, the singular and
the plural. The singular speaketh but of one, as lapis
a stone. The plural of more than one, as lapides
stones ; yet sometimes but of one, as Athenae the city
of Athens, literoe an epistle, aedes cediuni a house.

Note, that some nouns have no singular, and some
no plural, as the nature of their signification requires.
Some are of one gender in the singular; of another,
or two genders, in the plural, as reading will best
teach.

Of Cases.

Nouns, pronouns, and participles are declined with
six endings, which are called cases, both in the singu-
lar and plural number. The nominative, genitive,
dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative.

The nominative is the first case, and properly nameth
the thing, as liber a book.

The genitive is euglished with this sign of as libri
of a book.

The dative with this sign to, or for, as libro to or for
a book.

The accusative hath no sign.

The vocative < alleth or speaketh to, as O liber, 0
book, and i^ commonly like the nominative.

But in the neuter gender the nominative, accusa-
nt . and vocative, are like in both numbers, and in the
plural end always in a.

The ablative i» * ogluhed with these signs, in, with,
of for, from, by, and such like, as de libro of or from

the book, pro libro for the book ; and the ablative
plural is always like the dative.

Note, that some nouns have but one ending through-
out all cases, as frugi, nequam, nihil ; and all words of
number from three to a hundred, as quatuor four,
quinque five, &c.

Some have but one, some two, some three cases only,
in the singular or plural, as use will best teach.

Of a Noun.

A Noun is the name of a thing, as manus a hand,
domus a house, bonus g*ood, pulcher fair.

Nouns be substantives or adjectives.

A noun substantive is understood by itself, as homo
a man, domus a house.

An adjective, to be well understood, requireth a sub-
stantive to be joined with it, as bonus good, parvus
little, which cannot be well understood unless some-
thing good or little be either named, as bonus vir a
good man, parvus puer a little boy ; or by use under-
stood, as honestum an honest thing-, boni good men.

The Declining of Substantives.

Nouns substantives have five declensions or forms of
ending their cases, chiefly distinguished by the different
ending of their genitive singular.

The first Declension.

The first is when the genitive and dative singular
end in ae, &c. as in the example following.

Singular.
No. Voc. Abl. musa
Gen. Dat. musae
Ace. musam.

Plural.
Nom. Voc. musae
Gen. musarum
Dat. Abl. musis
Ace. musas.

This one word familia joined with pater, mater,
filius, or filia, endeth the genitive in as, as pater fa-
milias, but sometimes familiae. Dea, mula, equa,
liberta, make the dative and ablative plural in abus ;
filia and nata in is or abus.

The first declension endeth always in a, unless in
some words derived of the Greek : and is always of the
feminine gender, except in names attributed to men,
according to the general rule, or to stars, as cometa,
planeta.

Nouns, and especially proper names derived of the
Greek, have here three endings, as, es, e, and are de-
clined in some of their cases after the Greek form.
iEneas, ace. iEnean, voc. JEnea; Anchises, ace. An-
chisen, voc. Anchise, or Anchisa, abl. Anchise. Pene-
lope, Penelopes, Penelopen, voc. abl. Penelope. Some-
times following the Latin, as Marsya, Philocteta, for as
and es; Philoctetam, Eriphylam, for an and en. Cic.

The second Declension.

The second is when the genitive singular endeth in
i, the dative in o, &c.

Singular.
Nom. Voc. liber
Gen. libri
Dat. Abl. libro
Ace. librum.

Plural
Nom. Voc. libri
Gen. librorum
Dat. Abl. libris
Ace. libros.

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

459

Note, that when the nominative endeth in us, the
vocative shall end in e, as dominus 6 domine, except
deus 6 deus. And these following-, agnus, lucus, vul-
gus, populus, chorus, fluvius, e or us.

When the nominative endeth in ius, if it be the pro-
per name of a man, the vocative shall end in i, as
Georgius 6 Georgi ; hereto add Alius 6 fili, and genius
6 geni.

All nouns of the second declension are of the mascu-
line or neuter gender ; of the masculine, such as end in
er, or, or us, except some few, humus, domus, alvus,
and others derived of the Greek, as methodus, antido-
tus, and the like, which are of the feminine, and some
of them sometimes also masculine, as atomus, phaselus;
to which add ficus the name of a disease, grossus,
pampinus, and rubus.

Those of the neuter, except virus, pelagus, and vul-
gus, (which last is sometimes masculine,) end all in
um, and are declined as followeth :

Singular.
Nom. Ac. Voc. studium
Gen. studii
Dat. Abl. studio.

Plural.
Nom. Ac. Voc. studia
Gen. studiorum
Dat. Abl. studiis.

Some nouns in this declension are of the first example
singular, of the second plural, as Pergamus the city
Troy, plur. haec Pergama; and some names of hills, as
Maenalus, Ismarus, haec Ismara ; so also Tartarus, and
the lake Avernus ; others are of both, as sibilus, jocus,
locus, hi loci, or haec loca. Some are of the second
example singular, of the first plural, as Argos, coelum,
plur. hi coeli ; others of both, as rastrum, capistrum,
filum, fraenum ; plur. frseni or fraena. Nundinum, &
epulum, are of the first declension plural, nundinae,
epulae ; balneum of both, balnese or balnea.

Greek proper names have here three endings, os, on,
and us long from a Greek diphthong. Haec Delos,
banc Delon. Hoc Ilion. The rest regular, Hie Pan-
thus, 6 Panthu, Virg.

The third Declension.

The third is when the genitive singular endeth in is,

the dative in i, the accusative in em, the ablative in e,

and sometimes in i; the nom. ace. voc. plural in es,

the genitive in um, and sometimes in ium, &c.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. Gen. Voc. panis Nom. Ace. Voc. panes

Gen. panum

Dat. Abl. panibus.

Plural.
Nom. Ac. Voc. parentes
Gen. parentum
Dat. Abl. parentibus.

Dat. pani
Ace. panem
Abl. pane

Singular.
Nom. Voc. parens
Gen. parentis
Dat. parenti
Ace. parentem
Abl. parente.
This third declension, with many endings, hath all
genders, best known by dividing all nouns hereto be-
longing into such as either increase one syllable long
or short in the genitive, or increase not at all.

Such as increase not in the genitive are generally
feminine, as nubes nubis, caro carnis.

Except such as end in er, as hie venter ventris, and

these in is following, natalis, aqualis, lienis, orbis,
callis, caulis, collis, follis, mensis, ensis, fustis, funis,
panis, penis, crinis, ignis, cassis, fascis, torris, piscis,
unguis, vermis, vectis, postis, axis, and the compounds
of assis, as centussis.

But canalis, finis, clunis, restis, sentis, amnis, corbis,
linter, torquis, anguis, hie or haec: to these add vepres.

Such as end in e are neuters, as mare, rete, and two
Greek in es, as hippomanes, cacoethes.

Nouns increasing long.

Nouns increasing one syllable long in the genitive
are generally feminine, as haec pietas pietatis, virtus
virtutis.

Except such as end in ans masculine, as dodrans,
quadrans, sextans ; in ens, as oriens, torrens, bidens, a
pickaxe.

In or, most commonly derived of verbs, as pallor,
clamor ; in o, not thence derived, as ternio, senio, ser-
mo, temo, and the like.

And these of one syllable, sal, sol, ren, splen, as, bes,
pes, mos, flos, ros, dens, mons, pons, fons, grex.

And words derived from the Greek in en, as lichen ;
in er, as crater; in as, as adamas; in es, as lebes ; to
these, hydrops, thorax, phoenix.

But scrobs, rudens, stirps, the body or root of a tree,
and calx a heel, hie or haec.

Neuter, these of one syllable, mel, fel, lac, far, ver,
cor, aes, vas vasis, os ossis, os oris, rus, thus, jus, crus,
pus. And of more syllables in al and ar, as capital,
laquear, buthalec hoc or haec.

Nouns increasing short.

Nouns increasing short in the genitive are generally
masculine, as hie sanguis sanguinis, lapis lapidis.

Except, feminine all words of many syllables ending
in do or go, as dulcedo, compago ; arbor, hyems, cus-
pis, pecus pecudis : These in ex, forfex, carex, tomex,
supellex : In ix, appendix, histrix, coxendix, filix :
Greek nouns, in as and is, as lampas, iaspis : To these
add chlamys, bacchar, sindon, icon.

But margo, cinis, pulvis, adeps, forceps, pumex, ra-
mex, imbrex, obex, silex, cortex, onyx, and sardonyx,
hie or haec.

Neuters are all ending in a, as problema : in en, ex-
cept hie pecten; in ar, as jubar : in er these, verber,
iter, uber, cadaver, zinziber, laser, cicer, siser, piper,
papaver, sometimes in ur, except hie furfur, in us, as
onus, in ut, as caput; to these marmor, oequor, ador.

Greek proper names here end in as, an, is, and ens,
and may be declined some wholly after the Greek form,
as Pallas, Pallados, Palladi, Pallada ; others in some
cases, as Atlas, ace. Atlanta, voc. Atla. Garamas, plur.
Garamantes, ace. Garamantas. Pan, Panos, Pana.
Phyllis, Phyllidos, voc. Phylli, plur. Phyllides, ace.
Phyllidas. Tethys, Tethyos, ace. Tethyn, voc. Tethy.
Neapolis Neapolios, ace. Neapolin. Paris, Paridos or
Parios, ace. Parida, or Parin. Orpheus, Orpheos, Or-
phei, Orphea, Orpheu. But names in eus borrow
sometimes their genitive of the second declension, as
Erechtheus, Erechthei. Cic. Achilles or Achilleus,

460

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

Achillei ; and sometimes their accusative in on or um,
as Orpheus Orpheon, Theseus Theseum, Perseus Per-
seum, which sometimes is formed after Greek words of
the first declension ; Latin, Perseus or Perses, Persse
Persse Persen Persse Persa.

The fourth Declension.

The fourth is when the genitive singular endeth in
us, the dative singular in ui, and sometimes in u, plural
in ibus, and sometimes in ubus.

Singular. Plural.

Norn. Gen. Voc. sensus

Dat. sensui
Ace. sensum
Abl. sensu.

Nom. Ace. Voc. sensus
Gen. sensu um
Dat. Abl. sensibus.

The fourth declension hath two endings, us and u;
us generally masculine, except some few, as hsec
mantis, ficus, the fruit of a tree, acus, porticus, tribus,
but penus and specus hie or hsec. U of the neuter,
as gelu, genu, vera; but in the singular most part
defective.

Proper names in os and o long, pertaining to the
fourth declension Greek, may belong best to the fourth
in Latin, as Audrogeos, gen. Androgeo, ace. Andro-
geon; hie Athos, hunc Atho, Virg.; hsec Sappho, gen.
Sapphus, ace. Sappho. Better authors follow the
Latin form, as Dido Didonis Didonem. But Jesus
Jesu Jesum Jesu Jesu.

The fifth Declension.

The fifth is when the genitive and dative singular
end in ei, &c.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. Voc. res
Gen. Dat. rei
Ace. rem
Abl. re.

Nom. Ac. Voc. res
Gen. rerum
Dat. Abl. rebus.

All nouns of the fifth declension are of the feminine
gender, except dies hie or hsec, and his compound me-
ridies hie only.

Some nouns are of more declensions than one, asvas
vasis of the third in the singular, of the second in the
plural vasa vasorum. Col us, laurus, and some others,
of tbe second and fourth. Saturnalia, saturnalium or
saturnaliorum, saturnalibus, and such other names of
feasts. Poernatuin, poematis or poematibus, of the
second and third plural. Plebs of the third and fifth,
plebis or plebei.

The Declining of Adjectives.

A Noun adjective is declined with three termina-
or with three articles.

An adjective of three terminations is declined like
the first and second declension of substantives joined
together after tins manner.

Singular.

N. bonus bona bonum
G. boni bona; boni
I), bono bonse bono
A. bonum bonam bonum
V. bone bona bonum
A. bono bona bono.

Plural
No. Vo. boni bonce bona
G. bonorum bonarum
bonorura

Dal. Abl. bonis

A. bonos bonas bona

In like manner those in er and ur, as sacer sacra sa-
crum, satur satura saturum ; but unus, totus, solus,
alius, alter, ullus, uter, with their compounds neuter,
uterque, and the like, make their genitive singular in
ius, the dative in i, as unus una unum, gen. unius,
dat. uni, in all the rest like bonus, save that alius
maketh in the neuter gender aliud, and in the dative
alii, and sometimes in the genitive.

Ambo and duo be thus declined in the plural only.

Nom. Voc. ambo ambse ambo
Gen. amborum ambarum amborum
Dat. Abl. ambobus ambabus ambobus
Ace. ambos or ambo, ambas ambo.

Adjectives of three articles have in the nominative
either one ending, as hie, hsec, & hoc felix ; or two,
as hie & hsec tristis & hoc triste ; and are declined
like the third declension of substantives, as followeth.

Plural.

Singular.
No. hie hsec & hoc felix
Gen. felicis
Dat. felici
Ace. hunc & banc feli-

cem, & hoc felix
Voc. 6 felix.
Abl. felice or felici.

Singular.
No. hie & hsec tristis &

hoc triste
Gen. tristis
Dat. Abl. tristi
Ace. hunc & hanc tris-

tem, & hoc triste
Voc. 6 tristis, & 6 triste.

Nom. hi & hse felices, &

hsec felicia
Gen. felicium
Dat. Abl. felicibus
Ace. hos & has felices, &

hsec felicia
Voc. 6 felices, & 6 felicia.

Plural.
Nom. hi & hse tristes &

hsec tristia
Gen. tristium
Dat Abl. tristibus
Ace. hos & has tristes, &

hsec tristia
Voc. 6 tristes, & 6 tristia.

There be also another sort which have in the nomi-
native case three terminations and three articles, as hie
acer, hie & hsec acris, hoc acre. In like manner be
declined equester, volucer, and some few others, being
in all other cases like the examples beforegoing.

Comparisons of Nouns.

Adjectives, whose signification may increase or be
diminished, may form comparison, whereof there be
two degrees above tbe positive word itself, The com-
parative, and superlative.

The positive signifieth the thing itself without com-
paring, as durus hard.

The comparative exceedeth his positive in significa-
tion, compared with some other, as durior harder ; and
is formed of the first case of his positive that endeth
in i, by putting thereto or and us, as of duri, hie & hsec
durior, & hoc durius : of dulci, dulcior, dulcius.

The superlative exceedeth his positive in the highest
degree, as durissimus hardest; and it is formed of the
first case of his positive that endeth in is, by put-
ting thereto simus, as of duris durissimus, dulcis dul-
cissimus.

If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed of
the nominative case by putting to it rimus, as pulcher
pulcherrimus. Like to these are vetus veterrimus, ma-
turus maturimus; but dexter dexterrimus, and sinister,
sinisterior, sinisterrimus.

All these nouns ending in lis make the superlative

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

461

by changing" is into limus, as humilis, similis, facilis,
gracilis, agilis, docilis docillimus.

All other nouns ending" in lis do follow the general
rule, as utilis utilissimus.

Of these positives following" are formed a different
sort of superlatives ; of superus, supremus and summus ;
inferus, infimus and imus; exterus, extimus and ex-
tremus ; posterus postremus.

Some of these want the positive, and are formed
from adverbs; of intra, interior intimus, ultra ulterior
ultimus, citra citerior citimus, pridem prior primus,
prope propior proximus.

Others from positives without case, as nequam, ne-
quior, nequissimus.

Some also from no positive, as ocior ocissimus.
Some want the comparative, as novus novissimus, in-
clytus inclytissimus.

Some the superlative, as senex senior, juvenis junior,
adolescens adolescentior.

Some ending" in us, frame their comparative as if they
ended in ens, benevolus, maledicus, magnificus magni-
ficentior magnificentissimus.

These following" are without rule, bonus melior opti-
mus, malus pejor pessimus, magnus major maximus,
parvus minor minimus ; multus plurimus, multa plu-
rima, multumplus plurimum.

If a volume come before us, it is compared with ma-
g-is and maxime, as pius, magis pius, maxime pius;
idoneus, magis and maxime idoneus. Yet some of
these follow the general rule, as assiduus assiduissi-
mus, strenuus strenuior, exiguus exiguissimus, tenuis
tenuior tenuissimus.

Of a Pronoun.

A Pronoun is a part of speech that standeth for a
noun substantive, either present or before spoken of, as
ille he or that, hie this, qui who.

There be ten pronouns, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste,
hie, is, qui, and quis, besides their compounds, egomet,
tute, hicce, idem, quisnam, aliquis, and such others.
The rest so called, as meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester,
nostras, vestras, cujus, and cujas, are not pronouns, but
adjectives thence derived.

Of pronouns such as shew the thing present are
called demonstratives, as ego, tu, hie; and such as re-
fer to a thing antecedent, or spoken of before, are
called relatives, as qui who or which.

Quis, and often qui, because they ask a question, are
called interrogatives, with their compounds, ecquis,
numquis.

Declensions of Pronouns are three.

Ego, tu, sui, be of the first declension, and be thus
declined.

Singular.

Nom. ego
Gen. mei
Dat. mihi
Ace. Abl. me
Voc. caret.

Plural.

Nom. Ace. nos
Gen. nostrum or nostri
Dat. Abl. nobis
Voc. caret.

Singular

Plural.

Nom. Voc. tu
Gen. tui
Dat. tibi
Ace. Abl. te.

Nom. Ace. Voc. vos
Gen. vestrum or vestri
Dat. Abl. vobis.

Sing. 1 Nom.
Plur. \ Gen.

Voc.
sui

caret 1 Dat. sibi

| Ace. Abl. se.

From these three be derived meus, tuus, suus, nos-
ter, vester, nostras, vestras, (which are called posses-
sives,) whereof the former five be declined like adjec-
tives of three terminations, except that meus in the vo-
cative case maketh mi, mea, meum ; nostras, vestras,
with three articles, as hie & h fee nostras, & hoc nostras
or nostrate, vestrate. In other cases according to rule.

These three, ille, iste, ipse, be of the second declen-
sion, making their genitive singular in ius, their dative
in i; and the former two be declined like the adjective
alius, and the third like nnus, before spoken of.

Nom. ille ilia illud, Gen. illius, Dat. illi.
Sing. Nom. iste ista istud, Gen. isfius, Dat. isti.

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum, Gen. ipsius, Dat. ipsi.

These four, hie, is, qui, and quis, be of the third de-
clension, making their genitive singular in jus, with j
consonant, and be declined after this manner.

Plural.
Nom. hi hae haec
Gen. horum harum horum
Dat. Abl. his
Ace. hos has haec

Singular.
Nom. hie hsec hoc
Gen. hujus
Dat. huic
Ace. hunc hanc hoc
Voc. caret
Abl. hoc hac hoc.

Voc. caret.

Of iste and hie is compounded istic, istaec, istoc or is-
tuc. Ace. istunc, istanc, istoc or istuc. Abl. istoc,
istaec only.

Plural.

Ph

istac, istoc.

Singular.
Nom. is ea id
Gen. ejus
Dat. ei

Ace. eum earn id
Voc. caret
Abl. eo ea eo.

Singular.
Nom. qui quae quod
Gen. cujus
Dat. cui

Ace. quern quam quod
Voc. caret
Ab. quo qua quo or qui.

In like manner, quivis, quilibet, and quicunque the
compounds.

Sing. Nom. quis, qua or quae, quid, Gen. fyc. like
qui. So quisquam, quisnam, compounds.

Of quis are made these pronoun adjectives, cujus
cuja cujum, whose; and hie & haec cujus and hoc
cujate, of what nation.

Quisquis is defective, and thus declined,

Nom. ii eae ea

Gen. eorum earum eorum

Dat. Abl. iis or eis

Ace. eos eas ea

Voc. caret.

Plural.
Nom. qui, quae quae
Gen. quorum quarum quo-
rum.
Dat. Abl. quibus or queis
Ace. quos quas quae
Voc. caret.

Nom.

r Quisquis
I Quicquid

Ace. < Quicquid

Ab.

Quoquo

aqua

Quoquo.

rQu
?Qu
CQu

Of a Verb.
A Verb is a part of speech, that betokeneth being,

462

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

as sum I am ; or doing, as laudo I praise ; and is de-
clined with mood, tense, number, and person.

Moods.

There be four moods, which express the manner of
doing; the indicative, the imperative, the potential or
subjunctive, and the infinitive.

The indicative mood sheweth or declareth, as laudo
I praise.

The imperative biddeth or exhorteth, as lauda
praise thou.

The potential or subjunctive is englished with these
signs, ruay, can, might, would, could, should : or with-
out them as the indicative, if a conjunction go before or
follow ; as laudem I may or can praise. Cum lauda-
rem when I praised. Cavissem, si praevidissem, I had
bewared if I had foreseen.

The infinitive is englished with this sign, to, as lau-
dare to praise.

Tenses.

There be three tenses which express the time of
doing : the present, the preterit or past, and the future.

The present tense speaketh of the time that now is, as
laudo I praise.

The preterit speaketh of the time past, and is distin-
guished by three degrees : the preterimperfect, the pre-
terperfect, and the preterpluperfect.

The preterimperfect speaketh of the time not per-
fectly past, as laudabam I praised or did praise.

The preterperfect speaketh of the time perfectly past,
as laudavi I have praised.

The preterpluperfect speaketh of the time more than
perfectly past, as laudaveram I had praised.

The future tense speaketh of the time to come, as
laudabo I shall or will praise.

Persons.

Through all moods, except the infinitive, there be
three persons in both numbers, as, sing, laudo I praise,
laudas thou praisest, laudat he praiseth ; plur. lauda-
mus we praise, laudatis ye praise, laudant they praise.
Except some verbs which are declined or formed in the
third person only, and have before them this sign, it,
as tedet it irketh, oportet it behoveth, and are called
impersonals.

The verb which betokeneth being is properly the
verb sum only, which is therefore called a verb sub-
stantive, and formed after this manner.

Indicative.
I am.
Sum, es, est, Plur. sumus, estis, sunt.

I was.
Eram, eras, erat, PL eramus, eratis. erant.
I have been.
lui, fuisti, fuit, Plur. fuimus, fuistis, fuerunt

or fuere.
I bad been.

Tret. Fueram, fueras, fuerat, Plur. fueramus, fueratis,
plup. fuerant.
Fo- | I shall or will be.
ture. | Ero, eris, erit, Plur. erimus, eritis, erunt.

Pres.
ring.
Pret.
imp.

Pret.

perfect.

Sing.

Pres.
sing.

Be thou.

Sis,es, I Sit,
esto. j esto.

Imperative.

Plur

Si-
mus,

Sitis,este,
estote,

Sint,
sunto.

Potential.

I may or can be.
Sim, sis, sit, PL simus, sitis, sint.
I might or could be.
Essem or forem, es, et, PL essemus, essetis,
essent or forent.
I might or could have been.
Fuerim, ris, rit, PL rimus, litis, rint.
If I had been.
Fuissem, es, et. PL emus, etis, ent.

Fuisse, to have or had
been.

Preter-
imperf
Preter-
perfect

Preterplup.
with a con-
junction, Si

Future, I If I shall be, or shall have been.
Si. I Fuero, ris, rit, PL rimus, litis, rint.

Infinitive.

Pres. , Preter-

a"d Esse, to be Perfe<*'
preter- ' & pret.

imperf. pluper.

Future. Fore, to be hereafter.

In like manner are formed the compounds ; absum,
adsum, desum, obsum, praesum, prosum, possum; but
possum something varies after this manner.

Indicat. Pres. Sing. Possum, potes, potest, Plur. pos-
sumus, potestis, possunt. The other are regular, pote-
ram, potui, potueram, potero.

Imperative it wants.

Potent. Pres. Possum, &c. Preterimperfect, Possem.

Infin. Pres. Posse. Preterit, Potuisse.

Voices.

In Verbs that betoken Doing are two voices, the
Active and the Passive.

The Active signifieth to do, and always endeth in o,
as doceo I teach.

The Passive signifieth what is done to one by an-
other, and always endeth in or, as doceor I am taught.

From these are to be excepted two sorts of verbs.
The first are called Neuters, and cannot take or in the
passive, as curro I run, sedeo I sit; yet sig-nify some-
times passively, as vapulo I am beaten.

The second are called Deponents, and signify act-
ively, as loquor I speak ; or neuters, as glorior I boast :
but are formed like passives.

Conjugations.

Verbs both active and passive have four conjuga-
tions, or forms of declining, known and distinguished
by their infinitive mood active, which always endeth
in re.

In the first conjugation, after a long, as laudare to
praise.

In the second, after e long, as habere to have.

In the third, after e short, as legere to read.

In the fourth, after i long, as audire to hear.

In these four conjugations, verbs are declined or
formed by mood, tense, number, and person, after these
examples.

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

463

Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.

Singular.

Plural.

I Thou He
praise, praisest. praiseth
Laudo, laudas, laudat
Habeo, habes, habet,
Lego, leg-is, leg-it,
Audio, audis, audit,

Laudabam,
Habebam,
Legebam,
Audiebam,

Laudavi^
Habui
Legi
Audivi )

Laudaveram
Habueram

Preter-
imperfect
tense sing.

Preter-
perfect
tense sing.

Preter-

We

praise.

Ye

praise,
laudamus, laudatis.
habemus, habetis,
legimus, leg-itis,

They
praise.

laudant.

habent.

legunt.

audimus, auditis, audiunt.
I praised, or did praise,
bas, bat, PI. bamus, batis, bant.

I have praised,
isti, it, PI. imus, istis, erunt or ere.

V ras, r

I had praised.

at, PI. ramus, ratis, rant.

pluperfect L

tense sing. . n. %

J Audiveram. )

Future Habebo° \ bis' bit' Pl bimus' bitis' bunt'

tense sing. Legam ) , nJ ...

• j- c es, et, Plur. emis, etis, ent.
  Audiam )

Imperative Mood.

Praise Let him Let us Praise Let them

thou. praise. praise. ye. praise.

fLauda, Laudet, PL Lau- Laudate, Laudent,

laudato, laudato, demus. laudatote. laudanto.

Habe, Habeat, PI. Ha- Habete, Habeant,

habeto. habeto. beamus. habetote. habento.

Lege, Legat, PI. Le- Legite, Leg-ant,

legito. legito. gamus. legitote. leguuto.

Audi, Audiat, PI. Au- Audite. Audiant,

^.audito. audito. diamus. auditote. audiunto.

Potential Mood.

Laudem, laudes, laudet, PI. laudemus, lau-
Present Habeam, } detis, laudent.

tense sing. Leg*am, > as, at, PI. amus, atis, ant.

Audiam. )

Preterim- Laudarem?>) I might or could praise.

r -. Haberem, f ,. -m

perfect Lecrerem >res, ret, PI. remus, retis, rent.

tense^Audirem.' 3

I might or could have praised.
Laudaverim, ^

Habuerim,
Leg-erim,

ris, rit, PI. rimus, litis, rink

Preter-
perfect
tense sing. Xu3ive7im.

If I had praised.
Preterplu. Laudavissem, }

sing-, with Habuissem, ( ses, set, Plur. semus, setis,
a conjunc- Leg-issem, t sent,

tion, Si Audivissem, 3

If I shall praise, or shall have praised.

-v . Laudavero, "}

Future „ r ' /

Habuero, f • .. n, . ...

tense sing. L }■ ris, rit, Plur. rimus, ntis, nnt

Audivero, )

Infinitive Mood.

Present Laudare,
aud Pre- Habere
terimper- Legere.
feet tense. Audire,

'}

r Praise.
rp 1 Have.

To ) Read.
CHear.

To have or had

Preterper- Laudavisse,)
feet & Pre- Habuisse, (
terpluper- Legisse, I
feet tense. Audivisse, )

Verbs of the third conjugation irregular in some
Tenses of the Active Voice.

( Praised.
JHad.
) Read.
(.Heard.

Singular.
Volo, vis, vult,

Nolo,

The rest is want-
Malo, mavis, mavult,

Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.

Plural.
Volumus, vultis, volunt.
Nolumus nolunt.

inar in this Tense.

Preterit.

C Volui.
^ Nolui.

( Malui.

Volo and Malo want the Imperative Mood.

Imperative.

S Noli, „, f Nolite,

• Nolito. ™r- \ Nolitote.

Potential.

Sing.

Present

Velim

Nolim
tense sing. MaKm

Preterim- Vellem
perfect Nollem
tense sing. Mallem

, Vis, it
, > es, et,

Plur. imus, itis, int.

Plur. emus, etis, ent
Infinitive.

C Velle,

Present. 1 Nolle,

( Malle.

Indicat, Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est, Plur. editis
or estis.

Imper. Ede or es. Edito or esto. Edat, edito or
esto. Plur. Edite or este. Editote or estote.

Poten. Preterimperfect Tense, Ederem or essem.

Infinit. Edere or esse.

Verbs of the fourth Conjugation irregular, in some
Tenses active.

Eo, and queo with his compound nequeo, make eunt
and queuut in the plural indicative present, and in their
preterimperfect ibam and quibam ; their future, ibo and.
quibo.

Imperat. I, ito. Eat, ito. Plur. Eamus. Ite, itote.
Eant, eunto.

Potent. Earn, Irem, &c.

The forming of the Passive Voice.

Indicative.

I am praised.

Laudor, aris or are, atur, I I amur, amini, antur.

Habeor, eris or ere, etur, | I emur, emini, entur.

Legor, eris or ere, itur, ^ imur, imini, untur.

Audior, iris or ire, itur, j imur, imini, iuntur.

QQ

I was praised.
„ . Laudabar,"
Preterim- Habebai% / baris or bare, batur,

Pei ec . Legebar, (Plur. bamur, bamini, bantur.
tense sing. Au|iebar )

464

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

Note that the passive voice hath no preterperfect, nor
the tenses derived from thence in any mood.

I shall or will be praised.

Laudabor, } beris or bere, bitur, Plur.
Future Habebor, S bimur, bimini, buntur.

tense sing. Legar, } eris or ere, etur, PL emur, emini,

Audiar, S entur.

Imperative.

Be thou praised. Let him be praised.

Laudare, laudator. Laudetur, laudator,

Habere, habetor. Habeatur, habetor,

Legere, legator. Legatur, legitor.

Audire, auditor. Audiatur, auditor.

Let us be -r> • j Let them be

. , Be ye praised. • A

praised. J r praised.

Laudemur. Laudamini, laudaminor. Laudentur,

laudantor.
Habeamur. Habemini, habeminor. Habeantur,

habentor.
Legamur. Legimini, legiminor. Legantur,

leguntor.
Audiamur. Audimini, audiminor. Audiantur,

audiuntor.

Potential.

I may or can be praised.
Lauder, eris or ere, etur, Plur. emur, emini,
Habear, } entur.

Present
sin y.

r, 3

Legar, \ aris or are, atur, Plur. amur, amini,
Audiar, ) antur.

I might or should be praised

Preterim Laud

perfect

sing.

reris or rere, retur, Plur. remur,
remini, rentur.

Infinitive.

Present and

preterim-

perfect.

Laudari
Haberi
Legi
Audiri

r Praised ,
v Heard.

Verbs irregular in some Tenses passive.

Edor, editur or estur: the rest is regular.

The verb Fio, is partly of the third, and partly of
the fourth conjugation, and hath only the infinitive of
the passive form.

Indicat. Pres. sing. Fio, fis, fit, plur. fimus, fitis,
fiunt. Preterimperfect, Fiebam. Preterperfect it wants.
Future, Fiam, &c.

Imperat. Fi, fito. plur. Fite, fitote, Finant, fiunto.

Poten. Pres. Fiam, &c. Preterimperfect, Fierem.

Infinit. Fieri.

Also this verb Fero, is contracted or shortened in
some tenses, both active and passive, as Fers, fert, for
l'< ris, f'erit, &c.

Indicat. Pres. ring. Fero, fers, fert. plur. — fertis —
Preterperfect, Tali.

[mperat I < r, ferto, &c. pi. Ferte, fertote.

Pc* nt. Preterimperfect, Ferrem, -Sec.

Infinit. Ferre.

Passive.
Indie. Pres. sing. Feror, ferris or ferre, fertur, &c.
Imperat. sing. Ferre, fertor, &c.
Potent. Preterimperfect, Ferrer.
Infinit. Feri.

Of Gerunds and Supines.

There be also belonging to the infinitive mood of
all verbs certain voices called gerunds and supines,
both of the active and passive signification.

The first gerund in di, as laudandi of praising or of
being praised. The second in do, as laudando in prais-
ing or in being praised. The third in dum, as laudan-
dum to praise or to be praised.

Note that in the two latter conjugations the gerunds
end sometimes in undi, do, dum, as dicendi or dicundi :
but from eo always eundi, except in the compound am-
biendi.

Supines are two. The first signifieth actively, as
laudatum to praise ; the latter passively, as laudatu to
be praised. Note that most neuters of the second con-
jugation, and volo, nolo, malo, with many other verbs,
have no supine.

Verbs of the four conjugations irregular in the preter-
perfect tense or supines.

Verbs of the first conjugation form their preterper-
fect tense in avi, supine in atum, as laudo laudavi lau-
datum.

Except

Poto potavi potatum or potum ; neco necavi necatum
or nectum.

Domo, tono, sono, crepo, veto, cubo, form ui, itum,
as cubui cubitum ; but secui sectum, fricui frictum,
mico micui: yet some of these are found regular in the
preterperfect tense or supine, especially compounded,
as increpavit, discrepavit, dimicavit, sonatum, dimica-
tum, intonatum, infricatum, and the like.

Plico and his compounds form ui or avi, as explicui
or explicavi, explicitum or explicatum ; except suppli-
co, and such as are compounded with a noun, as dupli-
co, multiplico in avi only.

But lavo lavi lautum lotum or lavatum, juvo juvi,
adjuvo adjuvi adjutum.

Do dedi datum. Sto steti statum, in the compounds,
stitum, and sometimes stato, as prsestum proestiti
prcestitum and prajstatum.

Verbs of the second conjugation form their preter-
perfect tense in ui, their supine in itum, as habeo habui
habitum.

Some are regular in their preterperfect tense, but not
in their supines, as doceo docui doctum, misceo miscui
mistum, tenco tenui tentum, torreo torrui tostum, cen-
seo censui censum, pateo patui passum, careo carui
cassum and caritum.

Others are irregular both in preterperfect tense and
supines, as jubeo jussi jussum, sorbeo sorbui and sorpsi
sorptum, mulceo mulsi mulsum, luceo luxi.

Deo in di, as sedeosed/sessum, video vidi visum, pran-

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

465

deo prandi pransum. And some in si, as suadeo suasi
suasum, video risi risum, ardeo arsi arsum. Four double
their first letters, as pendeo pependi pensurn, mordeo
momordi morsum, spondeo spopondi sponsum, tondeo
totondi tonsum; but not in their compounds, as depen-
di depensum.

Geo in si, and some in xi, as urgeo ursi, mulgeo
mulsi and mulxi mulctum, augeo auxi auctum, indul-
geo indulsi indultum, frigeo frixi, lugeo luxi.

Ieo, leo, and neo nevi, vieo vievi vietum : but cieo
cievi citum, deleo delevi deletum, fleo flevi fletum, com-
pleo complevi completum ; as also the compounds of
oleo, except redoleo and suboleo ; but adolevi adultum,
neo nevi netum, but maneo mansi, torqueo torsi tortum,
hsereo hsesi.

Veo in vi, as ferveo fervi, but deferveo deferbui, con-
niveo connivi and connixi, movi motum, vovi votum,
cavi cautum, favi fautum.

The third conjugation formeth the preterperfect
tense by changing- o of the present tense into i : the
supine without certain rule, as lego legi lectum, bibo
bibi bibitum, lambo Iambi, scabo scabi, ico ici ictum,
mando mandi mansum, pando pandi passum, edo edi
esum or estum, in like manner comedo, the other com-
pounds esum only ; rudo nidi, sallo salli salsum, psallo
psalli, emo emi emptum, viso visi visum, verto verti
versum, solvo solvi solutum, volvo volvi volutum, exuo
exui exutum, but ruo rui ruitum, in compound rutum,
as derui derutum; ingruo, metuo metui.

Others are irregular both in preterperfect tense and
supine.

In bo, scribo scripsi scriptum, nubo nupsi nuptum,
cumbo cubui cubitum.

In co, vinco vici vietum, dico dixi dictum ; in like
manner duco ; parco peperci and parsi parsum and
parcitum.

In do, these three lose n, findo fidi fissum, scindo
scidi scissum, fundo fudi fusum. These following,
vado, rado, leedo, ludo, divido, trudo, claudo, plaudo,
rodo, si and sum, as rosi rosum, but cedo cessi cessum.
The rest double their first letters in the preterperfect
tense, but not compounded, as tundo tutudi tunsum,
contundo contudi contusum, and so in other com-
pounds. Pendo pependi pensum, dependo dependi,
tendo tetendi tensum and tentum, contendo contendi,
pedopepedi peditum, cado cecidi casum, occido, recido
recidi recasum. The other compounds have no supine.
Csedo cecidi csesum, occido occidi occisum. To these
add all the compounds of do in this conjugation, addo,
credo, edo, dedo, reddo, perdo, abdo, obdo, condo, indo,
trado, prodo, vendo vendidi venditum, except the double
compound, obscondo obscondi.

In go, ago egi actum, dego degi, satago sategi, frango
fregi fractum, pango to join pegi pactum, pango to
singpanxi, ango anxi, jungo junxijunctum; but these
five, fingo mingo pingo stringo ringo lose n in their
supines, as finxifictum ; mingo minxi, figo fixi fixum,
rego rexi rectum ; diligo, negligo, intelligo, lexi lec-
tum, spargo sparsi sparsum. These double their first
letter, tango tetigi factum, but not in his compounds,

as contingo contigi, pango to bargain pepigi pactum,
pungo and repungo pupugi and punxi punctum, the
other compounds punxi only.

Ho in xi, traho traxi tractum, veho vexi vectum.

In lo, vello velli and vulsi vulsum, colo colui out-
turn ; excello, prsecello, cellui celsum ; alo alui alitum
and altum. The rest not compounded, double then-
first letter, fallo fefelli falsum, refello refelli, pello
pepuli pulsum, compello compuli, cello ceculi, percello
perculi and perculsi perculsum.

In mo, vomo vomui vomitum, tremo tremui, premo
pressi pressum, como, premo, demo, sumo, after the
same manner as sumpsi sumptum.

In no, sino sivi situm, sterno stravi stratum, sperno
sprevi spretum, lino levi lini and livi litum, cerno crevi
cretum, temno tempsi, contemno contempsi contemp-
tum, gigno genui genitum, pono posui positum, cano
cecini cantum, concino concinui concentum.

In po, rumpo rupi ruptum, scalpo scalpsi scalptum ;
the rest in ui, strep o strep ui strepitum.

In quo, linquo liqui, relinquo reliqui relictum, coquo
coxi coctum.

In ro, verro verri and versi versum, sero to sow sevi
satum, in compound, situm, as inserto insitum ; sero of
another signification most used in his compounds,
assero, consero, desero, exero, serui sertum; uro ussi
ustum, gero gessi gestum, qusero qusesivi quaesitum,
tero trivi tritum, curro, excurro, prsecurro, cucurri cur-
sum, the other compounds double not, as concurro con-
curri.

In so, accerso, arcesso, incesso, lacesso, ivi itum, ca-
pesso both i and ivi, pinso pinsui pistum and pinsitum.

In sco, pasco pavi pastum ; compesco, dispesco, ui ;
posco poposci, disco didici, quinisco quexi, nosco novi
notum, but agnosco agnitum, cognosco cognitum.

In to, sisto stiti statum, flecto flexi flexum, pecto
pexui and pexi pexum and pectitum, necto nexui and
nexi nexum, plecto plexi plexum, sterto stertui, meto
messui messum, mitto misi missum, peto petivipetitum.

In vo, vivo vixi vietum.

In xo, texo texui textum, nexo nexui nexum.

In cio, facio feci factum, jacio jeci j actum, lacio lexi
lectum, specio spexi spectum, with their compounds,
but elicio elicui elicitum.

In dio, fodio fodi fossum.

In gio, fugio fugi fugitum.

In pio, capio cepi captum, rapio rapui raptum, cupio
cupivi cupitum, sapio sapui and sapivi sapitum.

In rio, pario peperi partum.

In tio, quatio quassi quassum, concutio concussi con-
cussum.

In uo, pluo plui and pluvi plutum, struo struxi struc-
tum, fluo fluxi fluxum.

The fourth conjugation formeth the preterperfect
tense in ivi, the supine in itum.

Except, Venio veni ventum, comperio, reperio reperi
repertum, cambio campsi campsum,sepio sepsi septum,
sarcio sarsi sartum, fulceo fulci fultum, sen tio sensi
sensum, haurio hausi haustum, sancio sanxi sanctum
and sancitum, vincio vinxi vinctum, salio salui saltum,

466

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

in compound sultum, as desilio desilui desultum, amicio
amicui amictum, aperio, operio perui pertum, veneo
venivi venum, siugultivi singultum, sepelivi sepul-
tuni.

Of Verbs Compounded.

These verbs compounded change a into e through-
out, damno, lacto, sacro, fallo, arceo, tracto, partio, far-
cio, carpo, patro, scando, spargo, as conspergo conspersi
conspersuin.

These following change their first vowel into i, and
some of them their supines into e, habeo, lateo, salio,
statuo, cado, loedo, cano, qusero, caedo, tango, egeo,
teneo, taceo, sapio, rapio, placeo, displiceo displicui
displicitum ; except, complaceo, perplaceo, posthabeo.

Scalpo, calco, salto, change a into u, as exculpo ;
claudo, quatio, lavo, lose a, as excludo, excutio, eluo.

These following change their first vowel into i, but
not in the preterperfect tense, and sometimes a into e
in the supine, emo, sedeo, rego, frango, capio, jacio,
lacio, specio, premo, as comprimo compressi compres-
sum, conjicio conjeci conjectum, pango in two only,
compiugo, impingo : ago, in all but perago, satago,
circumago, dego, and cogo coegi : facio with a prepo-
sition only, not in other compounds, as inficio, olfacio:
lego in these only, diligo, eligo, intelligo, negligo,
seligo, in the rest not, as preelego, add to these super-
sedeo.

Of Verbs Defective.

Verbs called inceptives, ending- in sco, borrow their
preterperfect tense from the verb whereof they are de-
rived, as tepesco tepui from tepeo, ingemisco ingemui
from ingemo ; as also these verbs cerno to see, vidi
from video, sido sedi from sedeo, fero tuli from tulo out
of use, in the supine latum, tollo sustuli sublatum from
suffero.

These want the preterperfect tense.

Verbs ending in asco, as puerasco; in isco, as satis-
co ; in urio, except parturio, esurio ; these also, vergo,
ambigo, ferio, furo, polleo, nideo, have no preterperfect
tense.

Contrary, these four, odi, coepi, novi, memini, are
found in the preterperfect tense only, and the tenses
derived, as odi, oderam, oderim, odisse, except memini,
which hath memento mementote in the imperative.

Others are defective both in tense and person, as aio,
ais, ait, Plur. aiunt. The preterimperfect aiebam is
intire. Imperative, ai. Potential, aias, aiat, Plur.
aiamus, aiant.

Ausim, for ausus sim, ausis, ausit, Plur. ausint.

Salveo, salvebis, salve salveto, salvete salvetote, sal-
vere.

Ave aveto, avete avetote.

1 axo, faxis, faxit, faxint.

Qtueso, Plur. qiuesumus.

Infit, infiuut.

Inquio or inquam, inquis, inquit, Plur. inquiunt.
Inquiebat. Cic. Topic, inquisti, inquit. Future, inquies,
inqniet Imperat inque inquito. Potent, inquiat.

Dor the first person passive of do, and for before far-

ris or farre in the indicative, are not read, nor der or
fer in the potential.

Of a Varticiple.

A Participle is a part of speech, partaking with the
verb from whence it is derived in voice, tense, and sig-
nification, and with a noun adjective in manner of
declining'.

Participles are either of the active or passive voice.

Of the active two. One of the present tense ending
in ans, or ens, as laudans praising', habens, legens, au-
diens, and is declined like fojlix, as hie hsec & hoc
habens, Gen. habentis, Dat. habenti, &c. Docens, do-
centis, &c. But from eo, euns, and in the compounds
iens euntis, except ambiens ambientis. Note that
some verbs otherwise defective have this participle, as
aiens, inquiens.

The other of the future tense is most commonly
formed of the first supine, by changing m into rus, as
of laudatum laudaturus to praise or about to praise,
habiturus, lecturus, auditurus ; but some are not regu-
larly formed, as of sectum secaturus, of jutum juva-
turus, sonitum soniturus, partum pariturus, argutum
arguiturus, and such like ; of sum, futurus : this as
also the other two participles following are declined
like bonus.

This participle, with the verb sum, affordeth a second
future in the active voice, as laudaturus sum, es, est,
&c. as also the future of the infinitive, as laudaturum
esse to praise hereafter, futurum esse, &c.

Participles of the passive voice are also two, one of
the preterperfect tense, another of the future.

A participle of the preterperfect tense is formed of
the latter supine, by putting thereto s, as of laudatu
laudatus praised, of habitu habitus, lectu lectus, auditu
auditus.

This participle, joined with the verb sum, supplieth
the want of a preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense
in the indicative mood passive, and both them and the
future of the potential ; as also the preterperfect and
preterpluperfect of the infinitive, and with ire or fore
the future; as laudatus sum or fui I have been praised,
Plur. laudati sumus or fuimus we have been praised,
laudatus eram or fueram, &c. Potential, laudatus sim
or fuerim, laudatus essem or fuissem, laudatus ero or
fuero. Infinit. laudatum esse or fuisse to have or had
been praised ; laudatum ire or fore to be praised hereafter.

Nor only passives, but some actives also or neuters,
besides their own preterperfect tense borrow another
from this participle ; Coeno ccenavi and coenatus sum,
Juravi and juratus, Potavi and potus sum, Titubavi
and titubatus, Careo carui cassus sum, Prandeo prandi
and pransus, Pateo patui and passus sum, Placeo placui
placitus, Suesco suevi suetus sum, Libet libuit and li-
bitum est, Licet licuit licitum, Pudet puduit puditum,
Pigct piguit pigitum, Taedet tseduit pertaesum est, and
this deponent Mereor merui and meritus sum.

These neuters following, like passives, have no other
preterperfect tense, but by this participle, Gaudeo ga-
visus sum, Fido fisus, Audeo ausus, Fio factus, Soleo
solitus sum.

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

46?

These deponents also form this participle from supines
irregular ; Labor lapsus, patior passus, perpetior per-
pessus, fateor fassus, confiteor confessus, diffiteor dif-
fessus, gradior gressus, ingredior ingressus, fatiscor
fessus, metior mensus, utor usus, ordior to spin orditus,
to begin orsus, nitor nisus and nixus, ulciscor ultus,
irascor iratus, reor ratus, obliviscor oblitus, fruor fruc-
tus or fruitus, misereor misertus, tuor and tueor tuitus,
loquor locutus, sequor secutus, experior expertus, pa-
cicor pactus, nanciscor nactus, apiscor aptus, adipis-
cor adeptus, queror questus, proficiscor profectus, ex-
pergiscor experrectus, comminiscor commentus, nascor
natus, morior mortuus, orior ortus sum.

A participle of the future passive is formed of the
gerund in dum, by changing m into s, as of laudandum
laudandus to be praised, of habendum habendus, &c.
And likewise of this participle with the verb Sum, may
be formed the same tenses in the passive, which were
formed with the participle of the preterperfect tenses,
as laudandus sum or fui, &c.

Infinit. Landandum esse or fore.

Of verbs deponent come participles both of the ac-
tive and passive form, as loquor loquens locutus loco-
turus loquendus ; whereof the participle of the preter
tense signifieth sometimes both actively and passively,
as dignatus, testatus, meditatus, and the like.

Of an Adverb.

An Adverb is a part of speech joined with some
other to explain its signification, as valde probus very
honest, bene est it is well, valde doctus very learned,
bene mane early in the morning.

Of adverbs, some be of Time, as hodie to-day, eras
to-morrow, &c.

Some be of Place, as ubi where, ibi there, &c. And
of many other sorts needless to be here set down.

Certain adverbs also are compared, as docte learnedly,
doctius doctissime, fortiter fortius fortissimo, saepe ssepi-
us saepissime, and the like.

Of a Conjunction.

A Conjunction is a part of speech that joineth words
and sentences together.

Of Conjunctions some be copulatives, as et and, quo-
que also, nee neither.

Some be disjunctive, as aut or.

Some be causal, as nam for, quia because, and many
such like.

Adverbs when they govern mood and tense, and
join sentences together, as cum, ubi, postquam, and the
like, are rather to be called conjunctions.

Of a Preposition.

A Preposition is a part of speech most commonly
either set before nouns in apposition, as ad patrem, or
joined with any other words in composition, as indoctus.

These six, di, dis, re, se, am, con, are not read but in
composition.

As adverbs having cases after them may be called
prepositions, so prepositions having none, may be
counted adverbs.

Of an Interjection.

An Interjection is a part of speech, expressing some
passion of the mind.

Some be of sorrow, as heu, hei.

Some be of marvelling, as papse.

Some of disdaining, as vah.

Some of praising, as euge.

Some of exclaiming, as 6, proh, and such like.

Figures of Speech.

Words are sometimes increased or diminished by a
letter or syllable in the beginning, middle, or ending,
which are called Figures of speech.

Increased.

In the beginning, as Gnatus for natus, tetuli for tuli.
Prothesis.

In the middle, as Rettulit for retulit, cinctutus for
cinctus. Epenthesis.

In the end, as Dicier for dici. Paragoge.

Diminished.

In the beginning, as Ruit for eruit. Apherisis.

In the middle, as Audiit for audivit, dixti for dixisti,
lamna for lamina. Syncope.

In the end, as Consili for consilii; scin for scisne.
Apocope.

2 H

THE

SECOND PART OF GRAMMAR,

COMMONLY CALLED

SYNTAXIS, OR CONSTRUCTION

Hitherto the eight parts of speech declined and un-
declined have been spoken of single, and each one by
itself: now followeth Syntaxis or Construction, which
is the right joining of these parts together in a sentence.
Construction consisteth either in the agreement of
words together in number, gender, case, and person,
which is called concord ; or the governing of one the
other in such case or mood as is to follow.

Of the Concords.

There be Three concords or agreements.

The first is of the adjective with his substantive.

The second is of the verb with his nominative case.

The third is of the relative with his antecedent.

An adjective (under which is comprehended both
pronoun and participle) with his substantive or substan-
tives, a verb with his nominative case or cases, and a
relative with his antecedent or antecedents, agree all
in number, and the two latter in person also : as Amicus
certus. Viri docti. Praeceptor praelegit, vos vero neg-
ligitis. Xenophon et Plato fuere aequales. Vir sapit
qui pauca loquitur. Pater et praeceptor veniunt. Yea
though the conjunction be disjunctive, as, Quos neque
desidia neque luxuria vitiaverant. Celsus. Pater et
praeceptor, quos qua?ritis. But if a verb singular fol-
low many nominatives, it must be applied to each of
them apart, as, Nisi foro et curiae officium ac verecun-
dia sua constiterit. Val. Max.

An adjective with his substantive, and a relative with
his antecedent agree in gender and case ; but the rela-
tive not in case always, being ofttimes governed by
other constructions : as, Amicus certus in re incerta
cernitur. Liber quern dedisti mihi.

And if it be a participle serving the infinitive mood
future, it ofttimes agrees with the substantive neither
in gender nor in number, as, Hanc sibi rem praesidio
sperat futurum. Cic. Audierat non datum iri filio uxo-
rem. Terent. Omnia potius actum iri puto quam de
proviridis. Cic.

But when a verb cometh between two nominative
cases not of the same number, or a relative between
two substantives not of the same gender, the verb in

number, and the relative in gender may agree with
either of them ; as, Amantium irae amoris reintegratio
est. Quid enim nisi vota supersunt. Tuentur ilium
globum qui terra dicitur. Animal plenum rationis,
quem vocamus hominem. Lutetia est quam nos Pari-
sios dicimus.

And if the nominative cases be of several persons, or
the substantives and antecedents of several genders, the
verb shall agree with the second person before the third,
and with the first before either ; and so shall the ad-
jective or relative in their gender; as, Ego et tu sumus
in tuto. Tu et pater periclitamini. Pater et mater
mortui sunt. Frater et soror quos vidisti.

But in things that have not life, an adjective or re-
lative of the neuter gender may agree with substantives
or antecedents masculine or feminine, or both together ;
as, Arcus et calami sunt bona. Arcus et calami quae
fregisti. Pulcbritudinem, constantiam, ordinem in
consiliis factisque conservanda putat. Cic. Off. 1. Ira
et aegritudo permista sunt. Sal.

Note that the infinitive mood, or any part of a sen-
tence, may be instead of a nominative case to the verb,
or of a substantive to the adjective, or of an antece-
dent to the relative, and then the adjective or relative
shall be of the neuter gender : and if there be more
parts of a sentence than one, the verb shall be in the
plural number ; Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est.
Virtutem sequi, vita est honestissima. Audito procon-
sulem in Ciliciam tendere. In tempore veni, quod
omnium rerum est primum. Tu multum dormis et saepe
potas, quae duo sunt corpori inimica.

Sometimes also an adverb is put for the nominative
case to a verb, and for a substantive to an adjective ;
as, Partim signorum sunt combusta. Prope senties et
vicies erogatum est. Cic. Verr. 4.

Sometimes also agreement, whether it be in gender
or number, is grounded on the sense, not on the words ;
as, Ilium senium, for ilium senem. Iste scelus, for iste
scclestus. Ter. Transtulit in Eunuchum suam, mean-
ing comoediam. Ter. Pars magna obligati, meaning
homines. Liv. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque, for
ambo. Ov. Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus,

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

469

Ovid : that is, Alter et alter. Insperanti ipsa refers
te nobis, for mihi. Catul. Disce omnes, Virg. Mn. 2,
for tu quisquis es. Dua importuna prodigia, quos
egestas tribuno plebis constrictos addixerat. Cic. pro
Sest. Pars mersi tenuere ratem. Rhemus cam fratre
Quirino jura dabant, Virg : that is, Rhemus et frater
Quirinus. Divellimur inde Iphitus et Pelias mecum.
Virg.

Construction of Substantives.

Hitherto of concord or agreement ; the other part
followeth, which is Governing, whereby one part of
speech is governed by another, that is to say, is put in
such case or mood as the word that governeth or goeth
before in construction requireth.

When two substantives come together betokening
divers things, whereof the former may be an adjective
in the neuter gender taken for a substantive, the latter
(which also maybe a pronoun) shall be in the genitive
case ; as, Facundia Ciceronis. Amator studiorum.
Ferimur per opaca locorum. Corruptus vanis rerum,
Hor. Desiderium tui. Pater ejus.

Sometimes, the former substantive, as this word offi-
cium or mos, is understood ; as Oratoris est, it is the
part of an orator. Extremse est dementiae, it is the
manner of extreme madness. Ignavi est, it is the qua-
lity of a slothful man. Ubi ad Dianse veneris ; tem-
plum is understood. Justitisene prius mirer belline
laborum, Virg: understand causa. Neque ille sepositi
ciceris, neque longae invidit avenae. Hor. Supply
partem.

But if both the substantives be spoken of one thing,
which is called apposition, they shall be both of the
same case ; as, Pater meus vir amat me puerum.

Words that signify quality, following the substantive
whereof they are spoken, may be put in the genitive or
ablative case ; as, Puer bonae indolis, or bona indole.
Some have a genitive only ; as, Ingentis rex nominis.
Liv. Decern annorum puer. Hujusmodipax. Hujus
generis animal. But genus is sometimes in the accu-
sative : as, Si hoc genus rebus non proficitur. Varr. de
Re rust. And the cause or manner of a thing in the
ablative only : as, Sum tibi natura parens, praeceptor
consiliis.

Opus and Usus, when they signify need, require an
ablative ; as, Opus est mihi tuo judicio. Viginti minis
usus est filio. But opus is sometimes taken for an ad-
jective undeclined, and signifieth needful : as, Dux
nobis et auctor opus est. Alia quae opus sunt para.

Construction of Adjectives, governing a Genitive.

Adjectives that signify desire, knowledge, ignor-
ance, remembrance, forgetfulness, and such like ; as
also certain others derived from verbs, and ending in
ax, require a genitive; as Cupidus auri. Peritus belli.
Ignarus omnium. Memor praeteriti. Reus furti. Te-
nax propositi. Tempus edax rerum.

Adjectives called nouns partitive, because they sig-
nify part of some whole quantity or number, govern
the word that signifieth the thing parted or divided, in
the genitive ; as Aliquis nostrum. Primus omnium.

Aurium mollior est sinistra. Oratorum eloquentissimus.
And oft in the neuter gender ; as Multum lucri. Id
negotii. Hoc noctis. Sometimes, though seldom, a
word signifying the whole, is read in the same case
with the partitive, as Habet duos gladios quibus altero
te occisurum minatur, altero villicum, Plaut. for Quo-
rum altero. Magnum opus habeo in manibus ; quod
jampridem ad hunc ipsum (me autem dicebat) quaedam
institui. Cic. Acad. I. Quod quaedam for cujus quaedam.

A Dative.

Adjectives that betoken profit or disprofit, likeness
or unlikeness, fitness, pleasure, submitting or belong-
ing to any thing, require a dative ; as Labor est utilis
corpori. Equalis Hectori. Idoneus bello. Jucundus
omnibus. Parenti supplex. Mihi proprium.

But such as betoken profit or disprofit have some-
times an accusative with a preposition ; as Homo ad
nullam partem utilis. Cic. Inter se aequales.

And some adjectives signifying likeness, unlikeness,
or relation, may have a genitive. Par hujus. Ejus
culpae affines. Domini similis es. Commune animan-
tium est conjunctionis appetitus. Alien um dignitatis
ejus. Cic. Fin. 1. Fuit hoc quondam proprium populi
Romani, longe a domo bellare. But propior and
proximus admit sometimes an accusative ; as proximus
Pompeium sedebam. Cic.

An Accusative.

Nouns of measure are put after adjectives of like sig-
nification in the accusative, and sometimes in the abla-
tive; as Turris alta centum pedes. Arbor lata ties di-
gitos. Liber crassus ties pollices, or tribus pollicibus.
Sometimes in the genitive ; as Areas latas pedum de-
num facito.

All words expressing part or parts of a thing, may
be put in the accusative, or sometimes in the ablative ;
as Saucius frontem or fronte. Excepto quod non simul
esses ceetera laetus. Hor. Nuda pedem. Ov. Os hu-
merosque deo similis. Virg. Sometimes in the genitive ;
as Dubius mentis.

An Ablative.

Adjectives of the comparative degree englished
with this sign then or by, as dignus, indignus, praedi-
tus, contentus, and these words of price, carus, vilis,
require an ablative ; as Frigidior glacie. Multo doc-
tior. Uno pede altior. Dignus honore. Virtu te prae-
ditus. Sorte sua contentus. Asse charum.

But of comparatives, plus, amplius, and minus, may
govern a genitive ; also a nominative, or an accusative ;
as Plus quinquaginta hominum. Amplius duorum
millium. Ne plus tertia pars eximatur mellis. Varro.
Paulo plus quingentos passus. Ut ex sua cuj usque
parte ne minus dimidium ad fratrem perveniret, Cic.
Verr. 4. And dignus, indignus, have sometimes a ge-
nitive after them ; as Militia est operis altera digna
tui. Indignus avorum. Virg.

Adjectives betokening plenty or want, will have an
ablative, and sometimes a genitive ; as Vacuus ira, or
irae. Nulla epistola inanis re aliqua. Ditissimus agri.

470

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR,

Stultorum plena sunt omnia. Integer vitoe, scelerisque
purus. Expers omnium. Vobis immunibus hujus esse
moli dabitur.

Words also betokening the cause, or form, or man-
ner of a thing, are put after adjectives in the ablative
case; as Pallidus ira. Trepidus morte futura. No-
mine Grammaticus, re Barbarus.

Of Pronouns.

Pronouns differ not in construction from nouns, ex-
cept that possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester,
by a certain manner of speech, are sometimes joined to
a substantive, which governs their primitive understood
with a noun or participle in a genitive case; as Dico
mea unius opera rempublicam esse liberatam, Cic. for
Mci unius opera. In like manner Nostra duorum, trium,
paucorum, omnium virtute, for nostrum, duorum, &c.
Meum soli us peccatum, Cic. Ex tuo ipsius animo, for
Tui ipsius. Ex sua cujusque parte, Id. Verr. 2. Ne
tua quidem recentia proximi praetoris vestigia persequi
poterat. Cic. Verr. 4. Si meas praesentis preces non
putas profuisse, Id. pro. Plane. Nostros vidisti flentis
ocellos. Ovid.

Also a relative, as qui or is, sometimes answers to
an antecedent noun or pronoun primitive understood
in the possessive ; as, Omnes laudare fortunas meas,
qui filium haberem tali ingenio praeditum. Terent.

Construction of Verbs.

Verbs for the most part govern either one case after
them, or more than one in a different manner of con-
struction.

Of the Verb substantive Sum, and such like, with a
nominative and other oblique cases.

Verbs that signify being, as Sum, existo, fio ; and
certain passives, as Dicor, vocor, salutor, appellor, ha-
beor, existimor, videor ; also verbs of motion or rest, as
incedo, discedo, sedeo, with such like, will have a
nominative case after them, as they have before them,
because both cases belong to the same person or thing,
and the latter is rather in an apposition with the former,
than governed by the verb; as Temperantia est virtus.
Horatius salutatur poeta. Ast ego quae divum incedo
regina.

And if est be an impersonal, it may sometimes go-
vern a genitive, as Usus poetae, ut moris est, licentia.
Phsedrus 1. 4. Negavit moris esse Graecorum ut, &c.
Cic. Verr. 2.

But if the following noun be of another person, or
not directly spoken of the former, both after Sum and
all his compounds, except possum, it shall be put in
the dative ; as Est mihi domi pater. Multa petentibus
desont multa.

And if a thing be spoken of, relating to the person,
it may be also in the dative ; as Sum tibi prsesidio.
Bee res est mihi voluptati. Quorum alteri Capitoni
cognomen fuit. Cic. Pastori nomen Faustulo fuisse
ferunt Liv.

Of Verbs transitive with an accusative, and the excep-
tions thereto belonging.
Verbs active or deponent, called transitive, because
their action passeth forth on some person or thing, will
have an accusative after them of the person or thing
to whom the action is done ; as Amo te. Vitium fuge.
Deum venerare. Usus promptos facit. Juvat me.
Oportet te.

Also verbs called neuters, may have an accusative of
their own signification ; as Duram servit servitutem.
Long-am ire viam. Endymionis somnum dormis.
Pastillos Rusillus olet. Nee vox hominem sonat. Cum
glaucum saltasset. Paterc. Agit laetum convivam.
Horat. Hoc me latet.

But these verbs, though transitive, Misereor and.
miseresco, pass into a genitive ; as Miserere mei.
Sometimes into a dative : Huic misereor. Sen. Dilige
bonos, miseresce malis. Boetius.

Reminiscor, obliviscor, recordor, and memini, some-
times also require a genitive ; as Datae fidei reminisci-
tur. Memini tui. Obliviscor carminis. Sometimes
retain the accusative; as Recordor pueritiam. Omnia
qua? curant senes meminerunt. Plaut.

These impersonals also, interest and refert, signify-
ing to concern, require a genitive, except in these ab-
latives feminine, Mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, cuja.
And the measure of concernment is often added in these
genitives, magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, with their com-
pounds; as Interest omnium recte agere. Tua refert
teipsum nosse. Vestra parvi interest.

But verbs of profiting or disprofiting, believing,
pleasing, obeying, opposing, or being angry with, pass
into a dative : as Non potes mihi commodare nee in-
commodare. Placeo omnibus. Crede mihi. Nimium
ne crede colori. Pareo parentibus. Tibi repugno.
Adolescenti nihil est quod succenseat. But of the first
and third sort, Juvo, adjuvo, laedo, offendo, retain an
accusative.

Lastly these transitives, fungor, fruor, utor, potior,
and verbs betokening want, pass direct into an ablative.
Fungitur officio. Aliena frui insania. Utere sorte tua.
But fungor, fruor, utor, had anciently an accusative.
Verbs of want, and potior, may have also a genitive.
Pecuniae indiget. Quasi tu hujus indigeas patris.
Potior urbe, or urbis.

Sometimes a phrase of the same signification with a
single verb, may have the case of the verb after it ; as
Id operam do, that is to say, id ago. Idne estis au-
thores mihi ? for id suadetis. Quid me vobis tactio
est? for tangitis. Plaut. Quid tibi hanc curatio est
rem? Id.

The Accusative with a Genitive.

Hitherto of transitives governing their accusative,
or other case, in single and direct construction : now
of such as may have after them more cases than one
in construction direct and oblique, that is to say, with
an accusative, a genitive, dative, other accusative, or
ablative.

Verbs of esteeming, buying, or selling, besides their

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR,

471

accusative, will have a genitive betokening- the value
or price : Flocci, nihili, pili, hujus, and the like after
verbs of esteeming- : Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, and
such like, put without a substantive, after verbs of
buying or selling; as Non hujus te sestimo. Ego ilium
flocci pendo. iEqui boni hoc facio or consulo. Quanti
mercatus es hunc equum ? Pluris quam vellem.

But the word of value is sometimes in the ablative;
as Parvi or parvo sestimas probitatem. And the word
of price most usually; as Teruncio eum non emerim.
And particularly in these adjectives, Vili, paulo, mini-
ino, magno, nimio, plurimo, duplo, put without a sub-
stantive ; as Vili vendo tritfcum. Redimite captum
quam queas minimo. And sometimes minore for mi-
noris. Nam a Cselio propinqui minore centessimis
minimum movere non possunt. Cic. Att. 1. 1. But
verbs neuter or passive have only the oblique cases
after them ; as Tanti eris aliis, quanti tibi fueris. Pu-
dor parvi penditur. Which is also to be observed in
the following rules.

And this neuter valeo governeth the word of value
in the accusative ; as Denarii dicti quod denos -aeris
valebant. Varr.

Verbs of admonishing, accusing, condemning, ac-
quitting, will have, besides their accusative, a genitive
of the crime, or penalty, or thing; as Admonuit me
errati. Accusas me furti? Vatem sceleris damnat.
Furem dupli condemnavit. And sometimes an ablative
with a preposition, or without ; as Condemnabo eodem
ego te crimine. Accusas furti, an stupri, an utroque ?
De repetundis accusavit, or damnavit. Cic.

Also these impersonals, poenitet, taedet, miseret, mise-
rescit, pudet, piget, to their accusative will have a

(genitive, either of the person, or of the thing; as Nos-
tri nosmet poenitet. Urbis me taedet. Pudet me neg-
ligently.

An Accusative with a Dative.

Verbs of giving or restoring, promising or paying,
commanding or shewing, trusting or threatening, add
to their accusative a dative of the person ; as Fortuna
multisnimiumdedit. Haec tibi promitto. Ms alienum
mihi numeravit. Frumentum imperat civitatibus.
Quod et cui dicas, videto. Hoc tibi suadeo. Tibi or
ad te scribo. Pecuniam omnem tibi credo. Utrique
mortem minatus est.

To these add verbs active compounded with these
prepositions, prse, ad, ab, con, de, ex, ante, sub, post,
ob, in, and inter; as Prsecipio hoc tibi. Admovit urbi
exercitum. Collegse suo imperium abrogavit. Sic
parvis componere magna solebam.

Neuters have a dative only; as Meis majoribus vir-
tute prreluxi. But some compounded with prse and
ante may have an accusative; as Prsestat ingenio alius
alium. Multos anteit sapientia. Others with a pre-
position ; as Quce ad ventris victum conducunt. In
htfec studia incumbite. Cic.

Also all verbs active, betokening acquisition, liken-
ing, or relation, commonly englished with to or for,
have to their accusative a dative of the person ; as
Magnam laudem sibi peperit. Huic habeo, non tibi.

Se illis eequarunt. Expedi mihi hoc negotium : but
mihi, tibi, sibi, sometimes are added for elegance, the
sense not requiring ; as Suo hunc sibi jugulat gladio.
Terent. Neuters a dative only ; as Non omnibus dor-
mio. Libet mihi. Tibi licet.

Sometimes a verb transitive will have to his accusa-
tive a double dative, one of the person, another of the
thing ; as Do tibi vestem pignori. Verto hoc tibi
vitio. Hoc tu tibi laudi duces.

A double Accusative.

Verbs of asking, teaching*, arraying, and concealing,
will have two accusatives, one of the person, another of
the thing ; as Rogo te pecuniam. Doceo te literas.
Quod te jamdudum hortor. Induit se calceos. Hoc
me celabas.

And being passives, they retain one accusative of
the thing, as Sumtumque recingitur anguem. Ovid.
Met. 4. Induitur rogam. Mart.

But verbs of arraying sometimes change the one ac-
cusative into an ablative or dative ; as Induo te tunica,
or tibi tunicam. Instravit equum penula, or equo pe-
nulam.

An Accusative with an Ablative.

Verbs transitive may have to their accusative an ab-
lative of the instrument or cause, matter or manner of
doing ; and neuters the ablative only ; as Ferit eum
gladio. Taceo metu. Malis gaudet alienis. Summa
eloquentia causam egit. Capitolium saxo quadrato
substructum est. Tuo consilio nitor. Vescor pane.
Affluis opibus. Amore abundas. Sometimes with a
preposition of the manner; as Summa cum humanitate
me tractavit.

Verbs of endowing, imparting, depriving, discharg-
ing, filling, emptying, and the like, will have an abla-
tive, and sometimes] a genitive ; as Dono te hoc annulo.
Plurima salute te impertit. Aliquem familiarem suo
sermone participavit. Paternum servum sui participavit
consilii. Interdico tibi aqua, et igni. Libero te hoc
metu. Implentur veteris Bacchi.

Also verbs of comparing or exceeding, will have an
ablative of the excess ; as Prsefero hunc multis gradi-
bus. Magno intervallo eum superat.

After all manner of verbs, the word signifying any
part of a thing may be put in the genitive, accusative,
or ablative; as Absurde facis qui angas te animi.
Pendet animi. Discrucior animi. Desipit mentis.
Candet dentes. Rubet capillos. iEgrotat animo,
magis quam corpore.

Nouns of Time and Place after Verbs.

Nouns betokening part of time be put after verbs in
the ablative, and sometimes in the accusative ; as
Nocte vigilas, luce dormis. Nullam partem noctis re-
quiescit. Cic. Abhinc triennium ex Andro commigra-
vit. Ter. Respondit triduo ilium, ad summum quatri-
duo periturum. Cic. Or if continuance of time, in the
accusative, sometimes in the ablative ; as Sexaginta
annos natus. Hyemem totam stertis. Imperium dc-

472

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

ponere maluerunt, quam id tenere punctum temporis
contra religionem. Cic. Imperavit triennio, et decern
mensibus. Suet. Sometimes with a preposition ; as
Fere in diebus paucis, quibus haec acta sunt. Ter.
Rarely with a genitive ; as, Temporis angusti mansit
concordia discors. Lucan.

Also nouns betokening space between places are put
in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative ; as,
Pedem hinc ne discesseris. Abest ab urbe quingentis
millibus passuum. Terra marique gentibus imperavit.

Nouns that signify place, and also proper names of
greater places, as countries, be put after verbs of moving
or remaining, with a preposition, signifying to, from,
in, or by, in such case as the preposition require th ;
as Proflciscor ab urbe. Vivit in Anglia. Veni per
Galliam in Italiam.

But if it be the proper name of a lesser place, as of
a city, town, or lesser island, or any of these four,
Humus, domus, militia, bellum, with these signs,
on, in, or at, before them, being of the first or second
declension, and singular number, they shall be put in
the genitive; if of the third declension, or plural num-
ber, or this word rus, in the dative or ablative ; as,
Vixit Romae, Londini. Ea habitabat Rhodi. Conon
plurimum Cypri vixit. Cor. Nep. Procumbit humi
bos. Domi belliquesimul viximus. Militavit Cartha-
gini, or Carthagine. Studuit Athenis. Ruri or rure
educatus est.

If the verb of moving be to a place, it shall be put
in the accusative ; as Eo Romam, domum, rus. If
from a place, in the ablative ; as Discessit Londino.
Abiit domo. Rure est reversus.

Sometimes with a preposition ; as A Brundusio pro-
fectus est, Cic. Manil. Ut ab Athenis in Bceotiam
irem. Sulpit. apud Cic. Fam. 1. 4. Cum te profectum
ab domo scirem. Liv. 1. 8.

Construction of Passives.

A Verb passive will have after it an ablative of the
doer, with the preposition a or ab before it, sometimes
without, and more often a dative ; as Virgilius legitur
a me. Fortes creantur fortibus. Hor. Tibi fama peta-
tur. And neutro-passives, as Vapulo, veneo, liceo, ex-
ulo, fio, may have the same construction ; as Ab hoste
venire.

Sometimes an accusative of the thing is found after
a passive: as Coronari Olympia. Hor. Epist. 1. Cy-
clopa movetur. Hor. for saltat or egit. Purgor bilem.
1.1.

Construction of Gerunds and Supines.

Gerunds and supines will have such cases as the
verb from whence they come ; as Otium scribendi lite-
ras. Eo auditum poetas. Ad consulendum tibi.

A gerund in di is commonly governed both of sub-
stantives and adjectives in manner of a genitive; as
Causa videndi. Amorhabendi. Cupidus visendi. Cer-
tus eundi. And sometimes governeth a genitive plural;
as Illornm videndi gratia. Ter.

Gerunds in do are used after verbs in manner of an
ablative, according to former rules, with or without a

preposition ; as, Defessus sum ambulando. A discendo
facile deterretur. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignos-
cendo, gloriam adeptus est. In apparando consumunt
diem.

A gerund in dum is used in manner of an accusative
after prepositions governing that case ; as, Ad eapien-
dum hostes. Ante domandum ingentes tollent animos.
Virg. Ob redimendum captivos. Inter coenandum.

Gerunds in signification are ofttimes used as parti-
ciples in dus ; Tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum
causa. Cic. Orationem Latinam legendis nostris efficies
pleniorem. Cic. Ad accusandos homines praemio du-
citur.

A gerund in dum joined with the impersonal est, and
implying some necessity or duty to do a thing, may
have both the active and passive construction of the
verb from whence it is derived ; as Utendum est aetate.
Ov. Pacem Trojano a rege petendum. Virg. Iterandum
eadem ista mihi. Cic. Serviendum est mihi amicis.
Plura dixi, quam dicendum fuit. Cic. pro Sest.

Construction of Verb with Verb.

When two verbs come together, without a nomina-
tive case between them, the latter shall be in the in-
finitive mood; as Cupio discere. Or in the first supine
after verbs of moving; as Eo cubitum, spectatum. Or
in the latter with an adjective; as Turpe est dictu.
Facile factu. Opus scitu.

But if a case come between, not governed of the
former verb, it shall always be an accusative before the
infinitive mood ; as Te rediisse incolumem gaudeo.
Malo me divitem esse, quam haberi.

And this infinitive esse, will have always after it an
accusative, or the same case which the former verb
governs; as Expedit bonos esse vobis. Quo mihi com-
misso, non licet esse piam. But this accusative agree-
eth with another understood before the infinitive ; as
Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Natura beatis omnibus
esse dedit. Nobis non licet esse tam disertis. The
same construction may be used after other infinitives
neuter or passive like to esse in signification ; as Max-
imo tibi postea et civi, et duci evadere contigit. Val.
Max. 1. 6.

Sometimes a noun adjective or substantive governs
an infinitive: as Audax omnia perpeti. Dignusamari.
Consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere. Caes. Minari
divisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. Verr. 1.

Sometimes the infinitive is put absolute for the pre-
terimperfect or preterperfect tense : as, Egoillud sedulo
negare factum. Ter. Galba autem multas similitudines
aflferre. Cic. Hie contra hsec omnia mere, agere vitam.
Ter.

Construction of Participles.

Participles govern such cases as the verb from
whence they come, according to their active or passive
signification; as, Fruiturus amicis. Nunquam audita
mihi. Diligendus ab omnibus. Sate sanguine divum.
Telamone creatus. Corpore mortali cretus. Lucret.
Nate dea. Edite regibus. Laevo suspensi loculos tabu-
lasque lacerto. Hor. Census equestrem summam. Id.

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

473

Abeundum est mihi. Venus orta mari. Exosus bella.
Virg. Exosus diis. Gell. Arma perosus. Ovid. But
Pertaesus hath an accusative otherwise than the verb ;
as Pertaesus ignaviam. Semet ipse pertaesus. Suet.
To these add participial adjectives ending- in bilis of
the passive signification, and requiring like case after
them ; as Nulli penetrabilis astro lucus erat.

Participles changed into adjectives have their con-
struction by the rules of adjectives, as Appetens vini.
Fugitans litum. Fidens animi.

An Ablative put absolute.

Two Nouns together, or a noun and pronoun with a
participle expressed or understood, put absolutely, that
is to say, neither governing nor governed of a verb,
shall be put in the ablative ; as Authore senatu bellum
geritur. Me duce vinces. Caesare veniente hostes
fugerunt. Sublato claraore prselium committitur.

Construction of Adverbs.

En and ecce will have a nominative, or an accusative,
and sometimes with a dative ; En Priamus. Ecce tibi
status noster. En habitum. Ecce autem alterum.

Adverbs of quantity, time, and place require a geni-
tive ; as Satis loquentiae, sapientice parum satis. Also
compounded with a verb ; as Is rerum suarum satagit.
Tunc temporis ubique gentium. Eo impudentiae pro-
cessit. Quoad ejus fieri poterit.

To these add Ergo signifying the cause ; as Illius
ergo. Virg. Virtutis ergo. Fugae atque formidinis ergo
non abiturus. Liv.

Others will have such cases as the nouns from whence
they come ; as Minime gentium. Optime omnium.
Venit obviam illi. Canit similiter huic. Albanum,
sive Falernum te magis oppositis delectat. Hor.

Adverbs are joined in a sentence to several moods of
verbs.

Of time. Ubi, postquam, cum or quum, to an indica-
tive or subjunctive ; as Haec ubi dicta dedit. Ubi nos
laverimus. Postquam excessit ex ephebis. Cum faciam
vitula. Virg. Cum canerem reges. Id.

Donee while, to an indicative. Donee eris faelix.
Donee until, to an indicative or subjunctive; Cogere
donee oves jussit. Virg. Donee ea aqua decocta sit.
Colum.

Dum while, to an indicative. Dum apparatur virgo.
Dum until, to an indicative or subjunctive; as Dum
redeo. Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas.
Dum for dummodo so as, or so that, to a subjunctive;
Dum prosim tibi.

Quoad while, to an indicative. Quoad expectas con-
tubernalem. Quoad until, to a subjunctive. Omnia
integra servabo, quoad exercitus hue mittatur.

Simulac, simulatque to an indicative or subjunctive;
as Simulac belli patiens erat, simulatque adoleverit
aetas.

Ut as, to the same moods. Ut salutabis, ita resalu-
taberis. Ut sementem feceris, ita et metos. Hor. Ut
so soon as, to an indicative only : as Ut ventum est in
urbem.

Quasi, tanquam, perinde, ac si, to a subjunctive only;

as Quasi non norimus nos inter nos. Tanquam feceris
ipse aliquid.

Ne of forbidding, to an imperative or subjunctive;
as Ne saevi. Ne metuas.

Certain adverbs of quantity, quality, or cause; as
Quam, quoties, cur, quare, &c. Thence also qui, quis,
quantus, qualis, and the like, coming into a sentence
after the principal verb, govern the verb following in
a subjunctive ; as Videte quam valde malitiae suae
confidat. Cic. Quid est cur tu in isto loco sedeas ? Cic.
pro Cluent. Subsideo mihi diligentiam comparavi,
quae quanta sit intelligi non potest, nisi, &c. Cic. pro
Quint. Nam quid hoc iniquius dici potest. Quam me
qui caput alterius fortunasque defendam, priore loco
discere. Ibid. Nullum est officium tam sanctum atque
solenne, quod non avaritia violare soleat. Ibid. Non
me fallit, si consulamini quid sitis responsuri. Ibid.
Dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante
fieri oportere. Ibid. Docui quo die hunc sibi promi-
sisse dicat, eo die ne Romae quidem eum fuisse. Ibid.
Conturbatus discedit neque mirum cui haec optio tam
misera daretur. Ibid. Narrat quo in loco viderit Quin-
tium. Ibid. Recte majores eum qui socium fefellisset
in virorum bonorum numero non putarunt haberi opor-
tere. Cic. pro Rose. Am. Quae concursatio percontan-
tium quid praetor edixisset, ubi coenaret, quid enunti-
asset. Cic. Agrar. 1.

Of Conjunctions.

Conjunctions copulative and disjunctive, and these
four, Quam, nisi, praeterquam, an, couple like cases;
as Socrates docuit Xenophontem et Platonem. Aut
dies est, aut nox. Nescio albus an ater sit. Est minor
natu quam tu. Nemini placet praeterquam sibi.

Except when some particular construction requireth
otherwise; as Studui Romae et Athenis. Emi fundum
centum nummis et pluris. Accusas furti, an stupri, an
utroque ?

They also couple for the most part like moods and
tenses, as Recto stat corpore, despicitque terras. But
not always like tenses ; as Nisi me lactasses, et vana
spe produceres. Et habetur, et referetur tibi a me
gratia.

Of other conjunctions, some govern an indicative,
some a subjunctive, according to their several signifi-
cations.

Etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, quanquam, an indicative ;
quam vis and licet, most commonly a subjunctive; as
Etsi nihil novi afferebatur. Quanquam animus memi-
nisse horret. Quamvis Elysios miretur Graecia cam-
pos. Ipse licet venias.

Ni, nisi, si, siquidem, quod, quia, postquam, postea-
quam, antequam, priusquam, an indicative or subjunc-
tive ; as Nisi vi mavis eripi. Ni faciat. Castigo te, non
quod odeo habeam, sed quod amem. Antequam dicam.
Si for quamvis, a subjunctive only. Redeam? Non si
me obsecret.

Si also conditional may sometimes govern both verbs
of the sentence in a subjunctive ; as Respiraro si te vi-
dero. Cic. ad Attic.

Quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, an indicative; as

474

ACCEDENCE COMMENCED GRAMMAR.

Dicite quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba.
Quouiara convenimus ambo.

Cum, seeing that, a subjunctive; as Cum sis officiis
Gradive virilibus aptus.

Ne, an, num, of doubting-, a subjunctive; as Nihil
refert, fecerisne, an persuaseris. Vise num redierit.

Iuterrogatives also of disdain or reproach understood,
govern a subjunctive; as Tantum dem, quantum ille
poposcerit ? Cic. Verr. 4. Sylvam tu Scantiam vendas ?
Cic. Agrar. Hunc tu non ames ? Cic. ad Attic. Fu-
rem aliquem aut rapacem accusaris? Vitand a semper
erit omnis avaritiae suspicio. Cic. Ver. 4. Sometimes
an infinitive; as Mene incoepto desistere victam? Virg.

Ut that, lest not, or although, a subjunctive ; as Te
oro, ut redeat jam in viam. Metuo ut substet hospes.
Ut omnia contingat quae volo.

Of Prepositions.

Of Prepositions some will have an accusative after
them, some an ablative, some both, according to their
different signification.

An accusative these following, Ad, apud, ante, ad-
versus, ad ver sum, cis, citra, circum, circa, circiter, con-
tra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, juxta, ob, pone, per,
prope, propter, post, penes, praeter, secundum, supra,
secus, trans, ultra, usque, versus : but versus is most
commonly set after the case it governs, as Londinum
versus.

And for an accusative after ad, a dative sometimes
is used in poets ; as It clamor ccelo. Virg. Coelo si
gloria tollit iEneadum. Sil. for ad ccelum.

An ablative these, A, ab, abs, absque, cum, coram,
de, e, ex, pro, prae, palam, sine, tenus, which last is
also put after his case, being most usually a genitive,
if it be plural; as Capulo tenus. Aurium tenus.

These, both cases, In, sub, super, subter, clam, pro-
cul.

In, signifying to, towards, into, or against, requires
an accusative ; as Pisces emptos obolo in ccenam seni.
Animus in Teucros benignus. Versa est in cineres
Troja. In te committere tantum quid Troes potuere ?
Lastly, when it signifies future time, or for; as Bellum
in trigesimum diem indixerunt. Designati consulesin

annum sequentem. Alii pretia faciunt in singula ca-
pita canum. Var. Otherwise in will have an ablative ;
as In urbe. In terris.

Sub, when it signifies to, or in time, about, or a little
before, requires an accusative; as Sub umbram pro-
peremus. Sub id tempus. Sub noctem. Otherwise
an ablative. Sub pedibus. Sub umbra.

Super signifying beyond, or present time, an accu-
sative ; as Super Garamantas et Indos. Super cccnain,
Suet, at supper time. Of or concerning, an ablative ;
as Multa super Priamo rogitans. Super hac re.

Super, over or upon, may have either case; as Su-
per ripas Tiberis effusus. Saeva sedens super arma.
Fronde super viridi.

So also may subter ; as Pugnatum est super subter-
que terras. Subter densa testudine. Virg. Clam pa-
trem or patre. Procul muros. Liv. Patria procul.

Prepositions in composition govern the same cases as
before in apposition. Adibo hominem. Detrudunt
naves scopulo. And the preposition is sometimes re-
peated ; as Detrahere de tua fama nunquam cogitavi.
And sometimes understood, governeth his usual case;
as Habeo te loco parentis. Apparuit humana specie.
Cumis erant oriundi. Liv. Liberis parentibus oriun-
dis. Colum. Mutat quadrata rotundis. Hor. Pridie
compitalia. Pridie nonas or calendas. Postridie idus.
Postridie ludos. Before which accusatives ante or
post is to be understood. Filii id aetatis. Cic. Hoc
noctis. Liv. Understand Secundum. Or refer to part of
time. Omnia Mercurio similis. Virg. Understand per.

Of Interjections.

Certain interjections have several cases after them.
0, a nominative, accusative, or vocative ; as O festus
dies hominis. O ego laevus. Hor. 0 fortunatos. O
formose puer.

Others a nominative or an accusative ; as Heu pris-
ca fides ! Heu stirpem invisam ! Proh sancte Jupiter !
Proh deum atque hominum fidem ! Hem tibi Davum !

Yea, though the interjection be understood ; as Me
miserura ! Me ccecum, qui haec ante non viderim*

Others will have a dative; as Hei mihi. Vae misero
mihi. Terent.

Colophon

This archival text follows the Internet Archive OCR witness for The prose works of John Milton; with an introductory review (London: Westley and Davis, 1834). Internet Archive metadata identifies the creators as John Milton and Robert Fletcher, records the Library of Congress as sponsor and contributor, and states that the Library of Congress is unaware of any copyright restrictions for this item.

The Internet Archive scanning wrapper and surrounding index matter were not included in the reading body. OCR spacing was lightly normalized for the Good Work Library, while the source witness's line structure and wording were otherwise preserved.

This is an archival source-text witness, not a Good Works Translation.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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