Zuozhuan Ding Gong — 春秋左氏傳 定公, traditionally attributed to Zuo Qiuming

The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu) is the spare, year-by-year court chronicle of the state of Lu that gives the whole period its name; tradition holds that Confucius himself compiled or edited it. The Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan) is the sweeping narrative history that grew up around that chronicle, traditionally ascribed to Zuo Qiuming, a figure said to have been Confucius's contemporary; the ascription is old and cannot be confirmed, and most modern scholars place the work's compilation in the fourth century BCE, built from earlier state records and oral report. Its basic form never changes: a bare notice from the Lu chronicle, followed by a narrative, often far longer, that tells what lay behind it.

This file covers the reign of Duke Ding of Lu, 509–495 BCE, fifteen years falling in the middle of Confucius's own lifetime. Its years hold the final phase of the long war between Wu and Chu: the army of Wu under Helü broke into the Chu heartland and took the capital, Ying, in the fourth year, while the Chu envoy Shen Baoxu wept unceasingly for seven days at the Qin court until the earl of Qin sent troops to restore his ruined state. They hold the rise and fall of the steward Yang Hu, who imprisoned the head of the Ji lineage in the fifth year, seized effective control of Lu, and was finally driven out to Qi and then Jin by the ninth year; and they hold Confucius's own public service under Duke Ding, presiding as master of ceremonies at the diplomatic meeting with Qi at Jiagu in the tenth year and, as a minister of Lu, taking part in the attempt to pull down the fortified private walls of the Three Huan's home cities in the twelfth. Within each year the Annals entries and the Zuo narrative alternate as the source has them: the bare official notices are kept as bulleted Annals blocks, and the surrounding narrative as Zuo blocks, in the order the source sets them.

Names of persons, states, and places are given in Hanyu pinyin without tone marks, with the Chinese characters supplied at the first appearance of a major figure. Ranks follow the conventional five: gong duke, hou marquis, bo earl, zi viscount, nan baron. Li (禮) is rendered ritual propriety throughout, and dates are kept in the text's own reckoning, as in 'in the fifth year, in spring, in the king's third month,' with sexagenary day names left in pinyin.

Translated for the Good Works Library directly from the classical Chinese, which is printed in full below. Complete English translations of the Zuo Commentary already exist: James Legge (1872), Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, and David Schaberg (2016), and Burton Watson's volume of selections (1989). This translation makes no claim of firstness; it was made independently from the Chinese, without consulting them.

Contents

• Year 1 (定公元年)
• Year 2 (定公二年)
• Year 3 (定公三年)
• Year 4 (定公四年)
• Year 5 (定公五年)
• Year 6 (定公六年)
• Year 7 (定公七年)
• Year 8 (定公八年)
• Year 9 (定公九年)
• Year 10 (定公十年)
• Year 11 (定公十一年)
• Year 12 (定公十二年)
• Year 13 (定公十三年)
• Year 14 (定公十四年)
• Year 15 (定公十五年)

Translation

Duke Ding, Years 1–15

Year 1 (定公元年)

Annals.

• In the first year, in spring, in the king's third month, a man of Jin seized Zhong Ji (仲幾) of Song at the royal capital.
• In summer, in the sixth month, on the day guihai, our lord's coffin arrived from Ganhou. On the day wuchen, the duke took his place.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day guisi, we buried our lord Duke Zhao.
• In the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice. The temple of Duke Yang was set up.
• In winter, in the tenth month, frost fell and killed the beans.

Zuo.

In the first year, in spring, in the king's first month, on the day xinsi, Wei Shu (魏舒) of Jin assembled the grandees of the feudal lords at Diquan, intending to build the walls of Chengzhou. Master Wei presided over the business. Biao Xi of Wey said, "They are about to establish a seat for the Son of Heaven, and yet he shifts to the ruler's place in order to give orders. This is not righteous. When a great affair violates righteousness, there must be a great calamity. If Jin does not lose the feudal lords, then surely Master Wei will not escape." On this expedition Wei Xianzi had entrusted the labor to Han Jianzi and to Yuan Shouguo, and went hunting at Dalu, where he burned off the cover. On the way back he died at Ning. Fan Xianzi took away his cypress outer coffin, because he had gone hunting before reporting the discharge of his commission. Meng Yizi joined in walling Chengzhou. On the day gengyin, the frames were set. Zhong Ji of Song would not accept his allotment of work, saying, "Teng, Xue, and Ni are our labor force." The steward of Xue said, "Song acted without the Way. It cut our small state off from Zhou and made us go over to Chu; that is why we regularly followed Song. When Duke Wen of Jin made the covenant of Jiantu he said, 'Let all of us who are allied each resume our old offices.' Whether we follow Jiantu or follow Song, we await your command." Zhong Ji said, "Jiantu indeed said so." The steward of Xue said, "Our august ancestor Xi Zhong of Xue dwelt in Xue and was Director of Chariots under Xia. Xi Zhong moved to Pi, and Zhong Hui dwelt in Xue and was Minister of the Left to Tang. If old offices are to be resumed, we should hold a royal office. Why then should we do labor service for a feudal lord?" Zhong Ji said, "The three dynasties each had different institutions. How can Xue have an old office? To labor for Song is likewise its proper duty." Shi Mimou said, "Those who govern in Jin are new to it. You, sir, should accept the allotment for now and go back; I will look the matter up in the old archives." Zhong Ji said, "Even if you forget it, will the spirits of the mountains and rivers and the ghosts forget it?" Shi Bo grew angry and said to Han Jianzi, "Xue appeals to men for proof; Song appeals to ghosts. Song's offense is great. Moreover he has no argument and yet presses me down, using spirits to slander me. 'Open the way to favor and you take in insult' — this is what that means. Zhong Ji must be made an example." So they seized Zhong Ji and took him back.

In the third month they sent him to the royal capital. The walling took three ten-day periods and was finished; then they went home. Of the garrison forces of the feudal lords, Gao Zhang of Qi came late and did not keep with the other lords. Nü Shukuan of Jin said, "Chang Hong (萇弘) of Zhou and Gao Zhang of Qi will both fail to escape. Uncle Chang goes against Heaven, Master Gao goes against men. What Heaven is destroying cannot be propped up; what the multitude is doing cannot be crossed."

In summer, Shusun Chengzi went to Ganhou to meet the duke's coffin. Jisun said, "Zijiazi has spoken to me again and again, and has never failed to hit my own intent. I wish to conduct the government together with him. You must make him stay, and hear his instructions as well." Zijiazi would not see Shusun; he shifted his place and wailed there. Shusun asked to be received by Zijiazi. Zijiazi declined, saying, "I, Ji, had not yet been granted an audience when I followed the lord out into exile. The lord passed away without giving me any charge. I dare not present myself." Shusun sent a man to tell him, "It was Gong Yan and Gong Wei who made it impossible for the ministers to serve their lord. If Prince Song takes charge of the altars of soil and grain, that is what all the ministers desire. Of all who went out with the lord and may come back in, everyone will listen to you alone. The Zijia lineage has no heir; Jisun wishes to conduct the government together with you. These are all Jisun's wishes, and his messenger did not dare withhold them." He replied, "If it is a matter of establishing a ruler, there are the ministers and grandees and the tortoise of divination; I, Ji, dare not concern myself with it. As for those who followed the lord: those who went out for appearance's sake may come back in; those who went out as brigands had better keep going. As for me, Ji — the lord knew of my going out, but never knew of my coming back in. I shall flee." When the coffin reached Huaitui, Prince Song went in ahead. Those who had followed the duke all turned back from Huaitui.

In the sixth month, on the day guihai, the duke's coffin arrived from Ganhou. On the day wuchen the duke took his place. Jisun sent laborers to Kan, meaning to cut a ditch about the ducal graves. Rong Jia'e said, "In life you could not serve him; in death you would separate him as well, and thereby advertise yourself. Even if you can bear it, later someone will surely be ashamed of it." So he stopped. Jisun asked Rong Jia'e, "I wish to fix a posthumous name for the lord, so that sons and grandsons may know of it." He replied, "In life you could not serve him; in death you would revile him as well, and thereby confirm yourself. What use would that be?" So he stopped.

In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day guisi, Duke Zhao was buried south of the tomb road. When Confucius (孔子) was minister of crime, he had a ditch cut so as to join the grave to the other tombs. Because Duke Zhao had gone into exile, Ji Pingzi had prayed to Duke Yang.

In the ninth month the temple of Duke Yang was set up. Duke Jian of Gong in Zhou cast aside his own sons and younger kinsmen and liked to employ men from afar.

Year 2 (定公二年)

Annals.

• In the second year, in spring, the king's first month.
• In summer, in the fifth month, on the day renchen, the Pheasant Gate and the two watchtowers caught fire.
• In autumn, men of Chu attacked Wu.
• In winter, in the tenth month, the Pheasant Gate and the two watchtowers were newly built.

Zuo.

In the second year, in summer, in the fourth month, on the day xinyou, the sons and younger kinsmen of the Gong lineage murdered Duke Jian. Tong revolted from Chu. The viscount of Wu had the Shujiu clan entice the men of Chu, saying, "Bring an army down upon us, and we will attack Tong for you; do it so that they may be free of suspicion toward us."

In autumn, Nang Wa (囊瓦) of Chu attacked the Wu army at Yuzhang. The men of Wu displayed boats at Yuzhang while secretly moving troops to Chao.

In winter, in the tenth month, Wu encamped against the Chu army at Yuzhang and defeated it. They then besieged Chao and took it, capturing Prince Fan of Chu. Duke Zhuang of Zhu was drinking with Yi Shegu. Yi Shegu went out to relieve himself, and the gatekeeper begged some meat from him; he snatched the man's staff and beat him with it.

Year 3 (定公三年)

Annals.

• In the third year, in spring, in the king's first month, the duke went to Jin; he reached the Yellow River and turned back.
• In the second month, on the day xinmao, Chuan, the viscount of Zhu, died.
• In summer, the fourth month.
• In autumn, Duke Zhuang of Zhu was buried.
• In winter, Zhongsun Heji and the viscount of Zhu made a covenant at Ba.

Zuo.

In the third year, in spring, in the second month, on the day xinmao, the viscount of Zhu was on the gate tower looking down into the courtyard. The gatekeeper was sluicing the courtyard with water from a jar. The viscount of Zhu saw it from above and was angry. The gatekeeper said, "Yi Shegu made water there." He ordered the man seized, but he could not be found. His anger swelled; he threw himself down on his couch, fell upon the charcoal brazier, and was so scorched that he died. He was buried early, with five chariots, and five men were put to death to follow him. Duke Zhuang was hasty in temper and fond of cleanliness, and so came to this.

In autumn, in the ninth month, the men of Xianyu defeated a Jin army at Pingzhong and captured Guan Hu of Jin, who had relied on his own courage.

In winter, a covenant was made at Tan, renewing good relations with Zhu. Marquis Zhao of Cai had two jade pendants and two fur robes made and went with them to Chu. He presented one pendant and one robe to King Zhao. King Zhao wore them when he feasted the marquis of Cai, and the marquis of Cai wore the other set himself. Zichang (子常) wanted them; the marquis would not give them up, and for three years Zichang detained him. Duke Cheng of Tang went to Chu, and he had two Sushuang horses. Zichang wanted them; he would not give them up, and Zichang likewise detained him for three years. Some men of Tang laid a plan together. They asked to relieve those who had come with the duke as his first attendants, and this was granted. They gave the earlier attendants wine and got them drunk, then stole the horses and presented them to Zichang, and Zichang sent the marquis of Tang home. They put themselves under arrest before the minister of justice, saying, "Because of horses kept for pleasure, our lord shut himself away and abandoned his state and household. Your servants ask to be dealt with, every man of us paying with himself for the horses. Let it certainly be so." The marquis of Tang said, "It was my own fault. You gentlemen need feel no disgrace." And he rewarded them all. The men of Cai heard of this, and pressed their lord until the pendant was presented to Zichang. Zichang went to court and saw the marquis of Cai's party there, and gave orders to the officers: "The lord of Cai has stayed so long because the offices have not been respectful. If tomorrow the ceremonies are not complete, you shall die." The marquis of Cai, on his way home, reached the Han. He took up a jade and sank it, saying, "If ever I cross the Han and go south again, let the great river be my witness." The marquis of Cai went to Jin, giving his son Yuan and the sons of his grandees as hostages there, and asked that Chu be attacked.

Year 4 (定公四年)

Annals.

• In the fourth year, in spring, in the king's second month, on the day guisi, Wu, the marquis of Chen, died.
• In the third month, the duke met with the viscount of Liu, the marquis of Jin, the duke of Song, the marquis of Cai, the marquis of Wey, the viscount of Chen, the earl of Zheng, the baron of Xu, the earl of Cao, the viscount of Ju, the viscount of Zhu, the viscount of Dun, the viscount of Hu, the viscount of Teng, the earl of Xue, the earl of Qi, the viscount of Lesser Zhu, and Guo Xia of Qi at Zhaoling, and raided Chu.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on the day gengchen, Gongsun Xing of Cai led an army and extinguished Shen, bringing back Jia, the viscount of Shen, and killing him.
• In the fifth month, the duke and the feudal lords made a covenant at Gaoyou. Cheng, the earl of Qi, died at the meeting.
• In the sixth month, Duke Hui of Chen was buried. Xu moved to Rongcheng.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, the duke arrived from the meeting. Liu Juan died. Duke Dao of Qi was buried. Men of Chu besieged Cai. Shi Yang of Jin and Kong Yu of Wey led armies and attacked Xianyu. Duke Wen of Liu was buried.
• In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day gengwu, the marquis of Cai together with the viscount of Wu fought the men of Chu at Boju. The army of Chu was utterly defeated. Nang Wa of Chu fled to Zheng. On the day gengchen, Wu entered Ying.

Zuo.

In the fourth year, in spring, in the third month, Duke Wen of Liu assembled the feudal lords at Zhaoling to plan an attack on Chu. Xun Yin of Jin sought a bribe from the marquis of Cai and did not get it. He said to Fan Xianzi, "The state is in danger and the feudal lords are of divided mind. To go and strike an enemy now — is that not hard? The rains are coming down, fevers are rising, Zhongshan is not submissive. To abandon our covenant and take on resentment would do no harm to Chu and would lose us Zhongshan. Better to decline the marquis of Cai. Ever since Fangcheng we have not been able to get our will of Chu; we should only be taking toil upon ourselves." So they declined the marquis of Cai. The men of Jin borrowed feather-and-oxtail standards from Zheng, and the men of Zheng gave them; the next day one of them displayed his own pennons at the meeting. It was in this that Jin lost the feudal lords. As the meeting was about to be held, Zixing Jingzi of Wey said to Duke Ling, "Assemblies are difficult. There is clamor and vexing talk, and no one can manage it. You should have the invocator Tuo (祝佗) go along." The duke said, "Good," and so sent Ziyu. Ziyu declined, saying, "Though I stretch all four limbs to carry out my old office, I still fear falling short and troubling the book of punishments. If I take on a second duty as well, I would be courting a great offense. Moreover, the invocator is a permanent servant of the altars of soil and grain. If the altars do not move, the invocator does not cross the border: that is the rule of the office. When the ruler goes out with an army, the altar is purified and the drums are consecrated with blood, and the invocator carries the altar and follows; then he does cross the border. But in matters of friendly ceremony, when the ruler travels a division attends him and when a minister travels a lesser company attends him; there is nothing in it for me." The duke said, "Go." When they came to Gaoyou, they were about to rank Cai ahead of Wey. The marquis of Wey had the invocator Tuo speak privately with Chang Hong: "I have heard it on the road and do not know whether it is true. It is said that Cai is to precede Wey. Is it true?" Chang Hong said, "It is true. Shu of Cai was the elder brother of Shu of Kang. Is it not right that Cai should precede Wey?" Ziyu said, "Looking at it by the former kings, it was virtue that they honored. In old times King Wu conquered Shang and King Cheng settled it. They chose out and set up men of bright virtue as a hedge and screen for Zhou, and therefore the Duke of Zhou assisted the royal house and governed all under Heaven, and toward Zhou he was harmonious. To the duke of Lu they apportioned the great chariot and the great banner, the huang jade of the Xia sovereigns, the bow Fanruo of Fengfu, and six lineages of the Yin people — the Tiao, the Xu, the Xiao, the Suo, the Changshao, and the Weishao — bidding them lead their clan heads, gather in their branch lineages, bring along their dependents and followers, and take the Duke of Zhou for their model; and they went to receive the royal charge at Zhou. Thus they were made to hold their duties in Lu, so as to make manifest the bright virtue of the Duke of Zhou. They apportioned to him lands and fields with the settlements attached to them, invocators and temple officers, diviners and scribes, the full furnishings, the canonical registers, the officers and functionaries and the sacrificial vessels; they took over the people of Shangyan, gave him the charge called 'Boqin,' and enfeoffed him on the ruins of Shaohao. To Shu of Kang they apportioned the great chariot, the Shaobo banner, the Qianfa pennon, the plain and the feathered standards, the Dalü bell, and seven lineages of the Yin people — the Tao, the Shi, the Fan (繁), the Qi, the Fan (樊), the Ji, and the Zhongkui. The boundaries and lands assigned ran from Wufu southward to the northern limit of Putian. They took from the land of Youyan so that he might supply the royal service, and took from the eastern capital of Xiangtu so that he might attend the king's eastern hunt. Danji handed over the land and Taoshu handed over the people; the charge given was the 'Announcement to Kang,' and he was enfeoffed on the ruins of Yin. In both cases the fiefs were opened up with the government of Shang and their borders marked out by the rules of Zhou. To Shu of Tang they apportioned the great chariot, the drum of Misu, the armor of Quegong, the Guxian bell, the nine clans of the Huai surname, and the five directors of the offices; the charge given was the 'Announcement to Tang,' and he was enfeoffed on the ruins of Xia, opened up with the government of Xia and its borders marked out by the rules of the Rong. All three of these were younger brothers, yet they had fine virtue, and so were distinguished by the things apportioned to them. Otherwise the elder brothers of Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang were many, and they did not receive such apportionments. It is simply that age was not what was honored. Guan and Cai opened the way to Shang and worked to divide the royal house. The king thereupon killed Shu of Guan and banished Shu of Cai, sending him off with seven chariots and seventy footmen. His son Zhong of Cai changed his conduct and followed virtue; the Duke of Zhou raised him up, made him his own minister-officer, presented him to the king, and had him charged with Cai. The document of his charge says, 'The king said: Hu, do not be like your father in disobeying the king's command.' How then can Cai be set before Wey? King Wu had eight full brothers. The Duke of Zhou was grand steward, Shu of Kang minister of crime, and Danji minister of works; the other five uncles held no office. Was age honored then? Cao belongs to the zhao line of King Wen, Jin to the mu line of King Wu, and Cao is only an earl of the royal domain — that is not honoring age. Now if age is to be honored, this goes against the former kings. When Duke Wen of Jin made the covenant of Jiantu, Duke Cheng of Wey was not present, and Yishu, his own full younger brother, still took precedence over Cai. The covenant document says, 'The king speaks thus: Chong of Jin, Shen of Lu, Wu of Wey, Jiawu of Cai, Jie of Zheng, Pan of Qi, Wangchen of Song, Qi of Ju.' It is stored in the Zhou repository and can be checked. You, sir, wish to restore the design of Wen and Wu, and yet do not set their virtue straight. What will come of it?" Chang Hong was pleased. He told the viscount of Liu and planned it with Fan Xianzi, and so the marquis of Wey was ranked first at the covenant. On the return from Zhaoling, Zi Taishu of Zheng died before reaching home. Zhao Jianzi of Jin mourned for him with deep grief, saying, "At the meeting of Huangfu the master gave me nine sayings: Do not begin disorder. Do not presume on wealth. Do not rely on favor. Do not go against what has been agreed. Do not be arrogant toward the rites. Do not be proud of ability. Do not renew anger. Do not plan what is not virtuous. Do not do what is not righteous." The men of Shen did not attend at Zhaoling, and the men of Jin ordered Cai to attack them.

In summer, Cai extinguished Shen. In autumn, Chu, on account of Shen, besieged Cai. Wu Yun (伍員) served as Wu's envoy-officer and plotted against Chu. When Chu killed Xi Wan, the Bo lineage went into exile, and Pi, grandson of Bo Zhouli, became grand steward of Wu and plotted against Chu. From the accession of King Zhao of Chu there was not a year without a Wu army. The marquis of Cai took advantage of this and gave his son Qian and the sons of his grandees as hostages to Wu.

In winter, the marquis of Cai, the viscount of Wu, and the marquis of Tang attacked Chu. They left their boats at the bend of the Huai, and from Yuzhang faced Chu across the Han. Xu, marshal of the left, said to Zichang, "You move up and down the Han over against them; I will take all the troops outside Fangcheng and destroy their boats, then turn back and block Dasui, Zhiyuan, and Ming'e. You cross the Han and attack them, and I will strike them from behind. We shall certainly defeat them badly." The plan settled, they set out. Hei of Wucheng said to Zichang, "Wu uses wood, we use leather; this cannot last long. Better to fight quickly." Shi Huang said to Zichang, "The people of Chu dislike you and favor the marshal. If the marshal destroys the Wu boats on the Huai, blocks the mouths of the passes, and comes in, then he alone will have conquered Wu. You must fight quickly; otherwise you will not escape." So he crossed the Han and drew up his lines. From Lesser Bie to Greater Bie there were three engagements. Zichang knew it could not be done and wanted to run. Shi Huang said, "In quiet times you sought the office, and in difficulty you would run from it. Where will you find entry then? You must die for it, and then all your earlier offenses will be washed away."

In the eleventh month, on the day gengwu, the two armies drew up at Boju. King Fugai (夫概), younger brother of Helü (闔廬), at dawn asked of Helü, "Wa of Chu is not humane, and none of his officers has a mind to die for him. Strike him first and his troops will surely run; then let the main army follow up, and we shall certainly win." Helü did not permit it. King Fugai said, "What is called 'a subject acts on righteousness and does not wait for orders' — this is what it means. If I die today, Ying can be entered." With his own five thousand men he struck Zichang's troops first. Zichang's troops fled, the Chu army fell into disorder, and the Wu army badly defeated it. Zichang fled to Zheng, and Shi Huang died with his chariot company. Wu pursued the Chu army, and when they reached Qingfa they were about to strike it. King Fugai said, "A cornered beast still fights; how much more men? If they know they cannot escape and give themselves up to death, they will surely defeat us. But if we let those who cross first know that they can get away, those behind will long for it, and there will be no fighting spirit left. When half have crossed, then we may strike." They followed his advice and defeated them again. The men of Chu were preparing food; the men of Wu came upon them, and they fled, and the men of Wu ate their food and pursued them and defeated them at Yongshi. After five engagements they reached Ying. On the day jimao, the viscount of Chu took his younger sister Ji Mi, called Biwo, and went out with her, fording the Ju. Gu, the needle-warden, was in the same boat as the king; the king had him take torch-bearing elephants and drive them against the Wu army. On the day gengchen, Wu entered Ying, and they took quarters in the palace by rank. Zishan occupied the chief minister's palace; King Fugai wanted to attack him, and Zishan in fear left it, and King Fugai moved in. Xu, marshal of the left, reached Xi and turned back. He defeated a Wu force at Yongshi and was wounded. Earlier the marshal had been a subject of Helü, and so he was ashamed to be taken alive. He said to his followers, "Who can save my head?" Goubei of Wu said, "I am of low station; may I do it?" The marshal said, "I did indeed overlook you. You may." He had fought three times and was wounded in each. He said, "I am of no more use." Goubei spread out his skirt, cut off the head and wrapped it, hid the body, and got away with the head. The viscount of Chu forded the Ju, crossed the Yangzi, and entered Yunzhong. While the king slept, bandits attacked him and struck at him with a dagger-axe; the royal grandson Youyu took it on his back, and it landed on his shoulder. The king fled to Yun. Zhong Jian carried Ji Mi on his back and followed; Youyu slowly revived and followed. Huai, younger brother of Xin, lord of Yun, was about to kill the king, saying, "King Ping killed my father. If I kill his son, is that not fitting?" Xin said, "When a ruler punishes a subject, who dares take him for an enemy? The ruler's command is Heaven. If a man dies by Heaven's command, whom shall he take for an enemy? The Odes say:

The soft he does not swallow,
the hard he does not spit out;
he does not insult the widowed and the alone,
he does not fear the strong and violent.

Only the humane can do this. To shrink from the strong and trample the weak is not courage. To take advantage of a man's straits is not humanity. To wipe out one's lineage and end its sacrifices is not filial. To act without a good name is not wisdom. If you insist on doing this, I shall kill you." Dou Xin and his younger brother Chao fled with the king to Sui. The men of Wu followed after and said to the men of Sui, "Of the descendants of Zhou who were on the Han river plain, Chu has made an end of them all. Heaven has drawn out its inner will and brought punishment upon Chu, and now you, my lord, hide him away. What crime has the house of Zhou committed? If you would look to requiting the house of Zhou and extend it to me as well, thereby furthering Heaven's will, it would be your kindness — and the fields north of the Han would indeed be yours." The viscount of Chu was north of the ducal palace and the men of Wu were south of it. Ziqi (子期) resembled the king; he hid the king away and passed himself off as the king, saying, "Give me to them and the king will surely escape." The men of Sui divined about giving him up, and it was not auspicious. So they declined Wu, saying, "Sui is remote and small and lies close beside Chu, and it is Chu that has preserved us. For generations there have been covenants and oaths between us, unchanged to this day. If in his trouble we cast him off, how could we then serve you? What troubles you is not one man alone. If you settle the borders of Chu, dare we not obey your command?" The men of Wu then withdrew. Lu Jin had first held office under the Ziqi lineage, and it was he who arranged the words with the men of Sui. The king summoned him to be presented, but he declined, saying, "I dare not turn an agreement into private profit." The king cut flesh from Ziqi's breast and with it made a covenant with the men of Sui. Earlier, Wu Yun and Shen Baoxu (申包胥) had been friends. When Wu Yun went into exile he said to Shen Baoxu, "I will surely overturn the state of Chu." Shen Baoxu said, "Do your best. If you can overturn it, I shall certainly be able to raise it up again." When King Zhao was at Sui, Shen Baoxu went to Qin to beg for troops. He said, "Wu is a great boar and a long serpent, devouring the upper states one after another, and its cruelty began with Chu. My unworthy lord has lost the keeping of his altars and is out among the weeds and brush. He has sent me, his lowly servant, to report the emergency and to say: the nature of these Yi is never satisfied, and if they become your neighbors it will be a trouble on your borders. While Wu is not yet settled, take your share of it. If Chu is in the end destroyed, it becomes your land; but if by your spirit-power you comfort and preserve it, we will serve you generation after generation." The earl of Qin had him declined, saying, "I have heard your charge. Go to your lodging for now; I will consider and inform you." He replied, "My lord is out among the weeds and brush and has found no place to lie down. How should I, his lowly servant, dare to take my ease?" He stood leaning against the courtyard wall and wept, and day and night his voice did not cease, and not a spoonful of drink passed his lips, for seven days. Duke Ai of Qin chanted the ode "No Clothes" for him. He knocked his head nine times on the ground and sat down, and the army of Qin then went out.

Year 5 (定公五年)

Annals.

• In the fifth year, in spring, in the king's third month, on the day xinhai, the first of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun.
• In summer, grain was sent to Cai. Yue (於越) entered Wu.
• In the sixth month, on the day bingshen, Jisun Yiru died.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day renzi, Shusun Bugan died.
• In winter, Shi Yang of Jin led an army and besieged Xianyu.

Zuo.

In the fifth year, in spring, a royal officer killed Zichao in Chu.

In summer, grain was sent to Cai, to relieve its urgent need and out of pity for its lack of supplies. Yue entered Wu, the Wu forces being in Chu.

In the sixth month, Ji Pingzi traveled to the eastern fields. On his return, before he had arrived, on the day bingshen, he died at Fang. Yang Hu (陽虎) was going to have him enshrouded with the Yufan jade, but Zhongliang Huai would not give it up, saying, "When the pace changes, the jade changes." Yang Hu wanted to drive him out and told Gongshan Buniu. Buniu said, "He was acting for the ruler; why should you resent it?" After the burial, Huanzi traveled to the eastern fields. When he reached Bi, Zixie, who was steward of Bi, came out to the suburbs to greet and comfort him, and Huanzi treated him respectfully. When he greeted Zhongliang Huai, Zhongliang Huai was not respectful. Zixie grew angry and said to Yang Hu, "Will you carry it out?" Shen Baoxu arrived with the Qin army. Zipu and Zihu of Qin led five hundred chariots to rescue Chu. Zipu said, "I do not yet know the ways of Wu." He had the men of Chu fight the men of Wu first and joined them from Ji, and they badly defeated King Fugai at Yi. The men of Wu had captured Wei Yi at Boju, and his son led the fugitive troops and followed the campaign. Zixi (子西) defeated a Wu force at Junxiang. In autumn.

In the seventh month, Ziqi and Zipu extinguished Tang.

In the ninth month, King Fugai went home and set himself up as king. He fought with the king and was defeated, and fled to Chu, where he became the Tangxi lineage. A Wu army defeated a Chu army at Yongshi, and the Qin army in turn defeated the Wu army. The Wu army was camped at Jun and Ziqi was going to burn them out. Zixi said, "Our fathers and elder brothers have their bones lying exposed there and we could not gather them up. To burn them as well will not do." Ziqi said, "The state is perishing. If the dead have knowledge, they may yet savor their old sacrifices; why should they shrink from being burned?" He burned them out and fought again, and the Wu army was defeated. They fought again at the Gongxu ravine, and the Wu army was badly defeated, and the viscount of Wu then went home. They took Yinyupi prisoner; Yinyupi asked to go on ahead, and so escaped home. Houzang, younger brother of Zhuliang, the lord of She, had been following his mother in Wu, and came home without waiting for her; the lord of She never afterward looked him straight in the face. On the day yihai, Yang Hu imprisoned Ji Huanzi and Gongfu Wenbo and drove out Zhongliang Huai.

In winter, in the tenth month, on the day dinghai, they killed Gong Hemiao. On the day jichou, they made Huanzi swear a covenant inside the Ji gate. On the day gengyin, there was a great cursing ceremony, and Gongfu Chu and Qin Chuan were driven out; both fled to Qi. The viscount of Chu entered Ying. Earlier, when Dou Xin heard that the men of Wu were quarreling over the palace, he had said, "I have heard that where there is no yielding there is no concord, and that without concord one cannot campaign far. Wu is quarreling in Chu; there will surely be disorder, and with disorder they must go home. How can they settle Chu?" When the king was fleeing to Sui, he was about to ford at Chengjiu. Wei, warden of Lan, was ferrying his own wife and children over and would not give the king the boat. When quiet returned, the king wished to kill him. Zixi said, "It was only by brooding on old grudges that Zichang came to ruin. Why should you imitate him?" The king said, "Good," and restored him to his post, saying, "I shall use him to keep the wrongs of the past in mind." The king rewarded Dou Xin, the royal grandson Youyu, the royal grandson Yu, Zhong Jian, Dou Chao, Shen Baoxu, the royal grandson Jia, Song Mu, and Dou Huai. Zixi said, "Let Huai be left out." The king said, "Great virtue wipes out small grudges; that is the Way." Shen Baoxu said, "I acted for my lord, not for myself. My lord is now settled; what more should I seek? Besides, I found fault with Ziqi — shall I now do the same thing?" And so he fled from the reward. The king was about to marry off Ji Mi. Ji Mi declined, saying, "What makes a woman a woman is keeping her distance from men, and Zhong Jian carried me on his back." So she was given as wife to Zhong Jian, who was made warden of music. While the king was at Sui, Zixi made a royal carriage and robes to reassure those on the roads, and set up a government at Pixie; only when he heard where the king was did he go and follow him. The king sent Youyu to wall Jun. When he reported back, Zixi asked him the height and thickness, and he did not know. Zixi said, "If you could not do it you should have declined. For a wall, not to know its height and thickness, its size and scale — what do you know?" He replied, "I firmly declined and said I could not; you sent me all the same. Every man has what he can do and what he cannot. When the king met bandits at Yunzhong, I took their dagger-axe on myself, and the place is still here." He bared himself and showed his back, saying, "This is what I can do. The business at Pixie is likewise something I could not do." Shi Yang of Jin besieged Xianyu, in requital for the affair of Guan Hu.

Year 6 (定公六年)

Annals.

• In the sixth year, in spring, in the king's first month, on the day guihai, You Su of Zheng led an army and extinguished Xu, bringing back the baron of Xu.
• In the second month, the duke raided Zheng. The duke arrived from the raid on Zheng.
• In summer, Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji went to Jin.
• In autumn, men of Jin seized Yue Qili, the envoy of Song.
• In winter, the inner city wall was built. Jisun Si and Zhongsun Ji led an army and besieged Yun.

Zuo.

In the sixth year, in spring, Zheng extinguished Xu, taking advantage of Chu's defeat.

In the second month, the duke raided Zheng and took Kuang, punishing Zheng on Jin's behalf for its attack on Xumi. Going out, he did not ask leave of passage from Wey; and on the return Yang Hu had the Ji and Meng households enter by the south gate and go out by the east gate, and camp at Tunze. The marquis of Wey was angry and sent Mi Zixia after them. Gongshu Wenzi was old; he had himself carried in a hand-cart to the duke and said, "To blame a man and then imitate him is not according to the rites. In the troubles of Duke Zhao you were ready, if only he could be brought back in, to choose and use one of these: the Shu tripod of Duke Wen, the Zhaozhao tortoise of Duke Cheng, the girdle-mirror of Duke Ding. And your sons and the sons of two or three of your ministers were to be given as hostages for it, if only the feudal lords would concern themselves with the matter. This is what all your servants heard. Now to cover over that old kindness for the sake of a small vexation — surely that will not do? Of the sons of Taisi it was the Duke of Zhou and Shu of Kang who were most harmonious together; to imitate small men and cast that away — is it not a falsehood? Heaven will heap up Yang Hu's offenses in order to bring him down. Let my lord simply wait for it. How would that be?" And so he stopped.

In summer, Ji Huanzi went to Jin to present the captives from Zheng. Yang Hu forced Meng Yizi to go and return the lady's gifts, and the men of Jin feasted them both together. Mengsun stood outside the side chamber and said to Fan Xianzi, "If Yang Hu cannot stay in Lu and comes to rest his shoulder in Jin, and you do not make him marshal of the central army — may the former rulers be my witness." Xianzi said, "My lord has his offices and will appoint his own men to them. What do I know of it?" Xianzi said to Jianzi, "The men of Lu are troubled by Yang Hu. Mengsun knows where the crack is and thinks he must come to Jin, and so presses this request for him, in order to gain a footing here for himself."

In the fourth month, on the day jichou, Zhonglei, heir apparent of Wu, defeated the boat-army of Chu, capturing Pan Zichen, Xiaoweizi, and seven grandees. The state of Chu was in great alarm and feared destruction. Ziqi in turn was defeated with the land army at Fanyang. Zixi the chief minister was glad and said, "Now at last something can be done." Thereupon they moved Ying to Ruo, reordered the government, and so settled the state of Chu. Dan Pian of Zhou led the followers of Prince Chao and, relying on the men of Zheng, was about to raise a revolt at Zhou. Thereupon Zheng attacked Feng, Hua, Xumi, Fushu, Huren, and Quewai.

In the sixth month, Yan Mo of Jin garrisoned Zhou and also walled Xumi.

In autumn, in the eighth month, Yue Qi of Song said to Duke Jing, "Among the feudal lords only we serve Jin. If now no envoy goes, Jin will be resentful." Yue Qi told his steward Chen Yin. Chen Yin said, "He will certainly send you." Another day the duke said to Yue Qi, "I alone am pleased with your words. You must go." Chen Yin said, "Set up your heir before you go, and my household too will not perish; and the ruler will take it that I knew the danger and went even so." He presented Hun as heir and set out. Zhao Jianzi met him and gave him wine at Mianshang, and he presented sixty poplar shields to Jianzi. Chen Yin said, "Formerly we held to the Fan lineage; now you hold to the Zhao lineage, and you have made them a gift besides. To buy disaster with poplar shields — nothing can be done about it now. Yet if you die, the descendants of the Jin house will surely get their will of Song." Fan Xianzi said to the marquis of Jin, "To cross the border on his ruler's commission and, before delivering it, to drink wine privately, is to show disrespect to two rulers; he must be punished." So they seized Yue Qi. Yang Hu further made the duke and the Three Huan swear a covenant at the Zhou altar, made the people of the capital swear at the Bo altar, and held a cursing ceremony at the crossroads of Wufu.

In winter, in the twelfth month, the Heavenly King took up residence at Guyou, avoiding the revolt of Dan Pian.

Year 7 (定公七年)

Annals.

• In the seventh year, in spring, the king's first month.
• In summer, the fourth month.
• In autumn, the marquis of Qi and the earl of Zheng made a covenant at Xian. Men of Qi seized Beigong Jie, the envoy of Wey, and raided Wey. The marquis of Qi and the marquis of Wey made a covenant at Sha. The great rain sacrifice. Guo Xia of Qi led an army and attacked our western border.
• In the ninth month, the great rain sacrifice.
• In winter, the tenth month.

Zuo.

In the seventh year, in spring, in the second month, Dan Pian of Zhou entered Yili and revolted. The men of Qi returned Yun and Yangguan, and Yang Hu took up residence there and made it his seat of government.

In summer, in the fourth month, Duke Wu of Shan and Duke Huan of Liu defeated the Yin lineage at Qionggu.

In autumn, the marquis of Qi and the earl of Zheng made a covenant at Xian and summoned Wey to the meeting. The marquis of Wey wished to revolt from Jin, but the grandees would not have it. He sent Beigong Jie to Qi and privately told the marquis of Qi, "Seize Jie and raid us." The marquis of Qi did as he asked, and then they made a covenant at Suo. Guo Xia of Qi attacked us. Yang Hu drove for Ji Huanzi and Gonglian Chufu drove for Meng Yizi, and they meant to fall on the Qi army by night. The Qi army heard of it, took down their camp and lay in ambush waiting for them. Chufu said, "Hu takes no thought of disaster; he will surely get us killed." Shan Yi said, "If Hu plunges these two gentlemen into difficulty, I will not wait for the officers — I shall kill you myself." Hu was afraid and turned back, and so there was no defeat.

In winter, in the eleventh month, on the day wuwu, the viscount of Shan and the viscount of Liu met the king at the house of the Qing lineage, and Ji Qin of Jin met the king as well. On the day jisi, the king entered the royal city and lodged with the Dang lineage of the ducal clan, and afterward paid court at the Zhuang temple.

Year 8 (定公八年)

Annals.

• In the eighth year, in spring, in the king's first month, the duke raided Qi. The duke arrived from the raid on Qi.
• In the second month, the duke raided Qi.
• In the third month, the duke arrived from the raid on Qi. Lu, the earl of Cao, died.
• In summer, Guo Xia of Qi led an army and attacked our western border. The duke met the Jin army at Wa. The duke arrived from Wa.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, on the day wuchen, Liu, the marquis of Chen, died. Shi Yang of Jin led an army and raided Zheng, and then raided Wey. Duke Jing of Cao was buried.
• In the ninth month, Duke Huai of Chen was buried. Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji led an army and raided Wey.
• In winter, the marquis of Wey and the earl of Zheng made a covenant at Qupu. The former dukes were given their sacrifices in due order. Robbers stole the precious jade and the great bow.

Zuo.

In the eighth year, in spring, in the king's first month, the duke raided Qi and attacked the gate at Yangzhou. The officers were all sitting in their ranks, and they said, "Yan Gao's bow is of six jun." They all took it and passed it around to look at. The men of Yangzhou came out. Yan Gao snatched up someone's weak bow; Ziqu of Jiqiu struck at him, and he went down together with another man. Lying on his back he shot at Ziqu, hit him in the cheek, and killed him. Yan Xi shot a man and hit him in the eyebrow; he drew back and said, "I have no courage — I had aimed at his eye." The army withdrew. Ran Meng feigned a wounded foot and went on ahead, and his elder brother Hui then called out, "Meng is bringing up the rear!"

Zuo.

In the third month, on the jichou day, the Viscount of Shan attacked Gucheng and the Viscount of Liu attacked Yueli. On the xinmao day, the Viscount of Shan attacked Jiancheng and the Viscount of Liu attacked Yu. In this way they settled the royal house.

Zhao Yang (趙鞅) spoke to the Marquis of Jin, saying, "Among the feudal lords, only Song serves Jin. Even when we welcome its envoys kindly, we still fear they will not come. Now we have seized one of them. This is to cut ourselves off from the lords." He was going to send Yue Qi (樂祁) home. Shi Yang (士鞅) said, "We have held him three years. If we send him back without cause, Song will certainly revolt from Jin." Then Xianzi said privately to Ziliang, "Our ruler feared he would not be able to serve the ruler of Song, and for that reason detained you. For now, let Hun take your place." Ziliang reported this to Chen Yin, and Chen Yin said, "Song is going to revolt from Jin. This would be to throw Hun away. Better to wait." Yue Qi died on the road home, at Taihang. Shi Yang said, "Song is sure to revolt. Better to detain his body and use it to seek terms." So they kept it at Zhou.

The duke raided Qi and attacked the outer wall of Linqiu. The defenders set fire to the assault tower, but a man soaked a horse blanket and put out the fire, and the wall was then broken down. When the defenders came out, our army fled. Yang Hu (陽虎) pretended not to see Ran Meng, and said, "If Meng were here, they would surely be beaten." Meng gave chase; then he looked back and saw that no one was following, so he feigned a fall. Hu said, "It was all borrowed spirit."

A son was born to Shan Yue, and he meant to wait for some event before naming him. In the affair at Yangzhou he took a capture, and so named the boy Yangzhou.

In summer, Guo Xia and Gao Zhang of Qi attacked our western border. Shi Yang, Zhao Yang, and Xun Yin of Jin came to our relief, and the duke met the Jin army at Wa. Fan Xianzi held a lamb as his gift of introduction, while Zhao Jianzi and Zhonghang Wenzi both held geese. From this time Lu began to prize the lamb.

The Jin army was about to swear a covenant with the Marquis of Wei at Zhuanze. Zhao Jianzi said, "Which of my officers dares to swear the covenant with the ruler of Wei?" She Tuo and Cheng He said, "We can swear it with him." The men of Wei asked that their ruler hold the ox's ear. Cheng He said, "Wei is our Wen and Yuan. How can it be ranked with the feudal lords?" As they were about to smear the blood, She Tuo shoved the Marquis of Wei's hand so that the blood ran down to his wrist. The Marquis of Wei was enraged. Wangsun Jia hurried forward and said, "A covenant is the means of giving good faith to the rites. As the ruler of Wei is my witness — would he dare do anything but serve the rites? And yet he is to accept a covenant like this."

The Marquis of Wei wished to revolt from Jin, but was anxious about his grandees. Wangsun Jia had him halt in the suburbs. When the grandees asked the reason, the duke told them of the insult from Jin, and said, "I have disgraced the altars of the state. Let a new heir be divined for, and I will submit to it." The grandees said, "This is Wei's misfortune. How is it your fault, my lord?" The duke said, "There is a further trouble. They say to me, 'You must give up your son, and the sons of your grandees, as hostages.'" The grandees said, "If there is any profit in it, let the ducal sons go; and as for your servants' sons, how should they dare not all take up halter and tether and follow them?" When they were about to set out, Wangsun Jia said, "Whenever the state of Wei has had trouble, the artisans and merchants have never failed to be a source of it. Only if they all go too will it do." The duke told this to the grandees, and they were all going to send them. A day was fixed for the departure. Then the duke gave audience to the people of the capital and had Jia question them, saying, "If Wei revolts from Jin and Jin attacks us five times, how badly off shall we be?" They all said, "Though they attack us five times, we can still fight." Jia said, "Then it is best to revolt from them. If we are worn down, we can give hostages afterward. What is lost by waiting?" So Wei revolted from Jin. The men of Jin asked to alter the covenant, but Wei would not allow it.

In autumn, Shi Yang of Jin joined Duke Huan of Cheng in raiding Zheng, and besieged Chonglao. This was in requital for Yique. He then raided Wei.

In the ninth month, our army raided Wei. This was on account of Jin.

Ji Wu, Gongchu Ji, and Gongshan Buniu had all failed to get their will with the Ji clan; Shusun Zhe had no favor with the Shusun clan; and Shuzhong Zhi had failed of his ambitions in Lu. So these five men attached themselves to Yang Hu. Yang Hu wished to be rid of the Three Huan: to put Ji Wu in place of the Ji clan, Shusun Zhe in place of the Shusun clan, and himself in place of the Meng clan.

In winter, in the tenth month, the former dukes were sacrificed to in their proper order, and prayer was made to them. On the xinmao day the di sacrifice was offered to Duke Xi. On the renchen day they meant to feast the head of the Ji clan at Pupu and kill him there, and they warned the chariots of the towns, saying, "Arrive on the guisi day." Gonglian Chufu, steward of Cheng, told Mengsun, "The Ji clan has warned the chariots of the towns. What is the reason?" Mengsun said, "I have heard nothing of it." Chufu said, "Then it is a revolt, and it will certainly reach you. Prepare against it beforehand." He arranged with Mengsun to be ready on the renchen day.

Yang Hu rode in the van; Lin Chu drove for Huanzi; foresters with lances and shields flanked the carriage; Yang Yue brought up the rear. They were going to Pupu. Huanzi said abruptly to Lin Chu, "Your forefathers were all good servants of the Ji. Carry on their work in this." He answered, "Your servant heard the command too late. Yang Hu holds the government, and the state of Lu submits to him. To cross him is to call down death, and my death would be of no benefit to my master." Huanzi said, "How is it too late? Can you take me to the Meng clan?" He answered, "I do not dare grudge my life; I fear only that I cannot bring my master off safe." Huanzi said, "Go."

The Meng clan had picked out three hundred of their strongest grooms and, under pretext of building a house for Gongqi, had stationed them outside the gate. Lin Chu lashed the horses to a fury, and on reaching the crossroads they galloped. Yang Yue shot at them and missed. The builders shut the gate, and someone shot Yang Yue from within the gateway and killed him.

Yang Hu seized the duke and Wushu and with them attacked the Meng clan. Gonglian Chufu led the men of Cheng in through the Upper East Gate and fought the Yang party inside the south gate, without winning; they fought again below the thorn trees, and the Yang party was beaten. Yang Hu took off his armor, went to the ducal palace, took the precious jade and the great bow, and went out. He halted at the Wufu crossroads, lay down, and had food prepared. His followers said, "The pursuit will be upon us." Hu said, "When the men of Lu hear that I am gone, they will be too glad that death has passed them by to have leisure to pursue me." An attendant said, "Ah! Yoke up quickly. Gonglian Yang is there." Gonglian Yang asked leave to pursue him, but Mengsun would not allow it. Yang wished to kill Huanzi, and Mengsun took fright and sent him home. Ziyan set out cups of libation throughout the ancestral temple of the Ji clan and then went out. Yang Hu entered Huan and Yangguan and revolted.

In Zheng, Si Chuan succeeded Zi Taishu in the government.

Year 9 (定公九年)

Annals.

• In the ninth year, in spring, in the king's first month.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on the wushen day, Chai, Earl of Zheng, died. The precious jade and the great bow were recovered.
• In the sixth month, Duke Xian of Zheng was buried.
• In autumn, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Wumin. The Earl of Qin died.
• In winter, Duke Ai of Qin was buried.

Zuo.

In the ninth year, in spring, the Duke of Song sent Yue Daxin to swear a covenant in Jin and at the same time to bring home the body of Yue Qi. He declined, feigning illness. So Xiang Chao was sent to Jin to swear the covenant and to bring home Ziliang's body. Ziming spoke to the Master of the Right of the Tong Gate as he came out, saying, "I am still in mourning weeds, and you strike the bells. Why?" The Master of the Right said, "Because the mourning is not in this house." Afterward he said to people, "He is in mourning weeds himself, and yet he begets a son. Why then should I put away my bells?" Ziming heard of it and in anger said to the duke, "The Master of the Right means harm to the Dai lineage. He would not go to Jin; he means to raise a revolt. Otherwise he has no illness." So the Master of the Right of the Tong Gate was driven out.

In Zheng, Si Chuan put Deng Xi to death, and yet used his Bamboo Code. The gentleman says that in this Zi Ran was not loyal. If a man has anything that can be added to the good of the state, it is enough to discard his wickedness. Of the three stanzas of "The Quiet Girl," what is taken is the red tube; of "The Oxtail Banner," what is taken from "with what shall I answer him?" is its loyalty. Therefore, when one uses a man's way, one does not cast the man away. The Odes say:

Bushy is that sweet pear tree;
do not clip it, do not fell it —
the Earl of Shao lodged beneath it.

If, thinking of the man, they still cherished his tree, how much more, when one uses a man's way, should one care for the man himself. Zi Ran has nothing left with which to encourage ability.

In summer, Yang Hu returned the precious jade and the great bow. The text writes "recovered," because they are implements of use. In general, to take implements of use is called "recovering"; to take a living thing that has use is called "capturing."

In the sixth month, Yangguan was attacked. Yang Hu had the Lai Gate set on fire; the army was thrown into alarm, and he broke through and got out. He fled to Qi and asked for troops to attack Lu, saying, "Three assaults and it will surely be taken." The Marquis of Qi was about to consent, but Bao Wenzi remonstrated, saying, "Your servant was once a bondsman in the Shi household. Lu cannot yet be taken. High and low there are still in accord, the multitude is still at peace, it is able to serve the great states, and it suffers no calamity from Heaven. How could it be taken? Yang Hu wants to wear out the army of Qi. When the army of Qi is exhausted and many of its great ministers are dead, he will then unloose his deceitful schemes. Yang Hu enjoyed the favor of the Ji clan, and yet was going to kill Jisun; he did harm to the state of Lu and now seeks a place here. He is intimate with wealth and not with humaneness. What use has my lord for him? My lord is richer than the Ji clan and greater than the state of Lu, and this is just what Yang Hu wishes to overturn. Lu has rid itself of the sickness, and my lord takes it in. Will that not be harmful?"

The Marquis of Qi seized Yang Hu and was going to send him east. Yang Hu said that he wished to go east, so he was imprisoned on the western border. He borrowed all the carts of the townsmen, notched their axles, bound them with hemp, and returned them. He loaded a covered wagon, lay down inside it, and escaped; but he was pursued and taken, and imprisoned in Qi. Again he escaped by means of the covered wagon, fled to Song, and then fled to Jin, going to the Zhao clan. Zhongni said, "The Zhao clan will have disorder for generations to come."

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi attacked Yiyi of Jin. The father of Bi Wucun was about to get him a wife; he declined, and gave her to his younger brother, saying, "In this campaign, if I do not die, on my return I shall certainly take a wife from the Gao or the Guo house." He was first up the wall; he asked to go out by the gate, and died beneath the eaves. Dongguo Shu had yielded the honor of mounting first, and Li Mi followed him, saying, "You yield to the left and I will yield to the right; let those who are climbing be cut off, and then we will come down." Shu went to the left, but Mi came down first. Shu was resting with Wang Meng, and Meng said, "I was first up." Shu gathered up his armor and said, "There was trouble just now, and here is trouble again." Meng laughed and said, "I follow you as the outside horse follows the breast strap."

A thousand chariots of Jin were at Zhongmou. The Marquis of Wei was about to go to Wushi, and divined about passing by them; the tortoise shell scorched. The Marquis of Wei said, "It will do. Wei's chariots are a match for half of them, and I am a match for the other half. We are equal." So he passed by Zhongmou. The men of Zhongmou wanted to attack him. Chushi Pu of Wei, who was living in exile at Zhongmou, said, "Small as Wei is, its ruler is with them; they cannot be beaten. The army of Qi has taken a city and grown arrogant, and its commander is besides a man of low rank. Meet them, and you will certainly beat them. Better to go after Qi." So they attacked the army of Qi and defeated it, and the Marquis of Qi presented Zhuo, Mei, and Xing to Wei.

The Marquis of Qi was going to reward Li Mi. Li Mi declined, saying, "There was one who mounted first, and your servant followed him. He was fair of skin, wore a headcloth, and was clothed in wildcat fur." The duke had him look at Dongguo Shu, and he said, "It is this gentleman." "Then I make you a present of it." The duke rewarded Dongguo Shu, but he declined, saying, "That man is a guest from abroad." So the reward was given to Li Mi. While the army of Qi was at Yiyi, the Marquis of Qi had said to the people of Yiyi, "Whoever finds Bi Wucun shall be exempted, and five households with him." So his body was found. The duke presented grave clothes to him three times, gave him a rhinoceros-hide carriage and a straight canopy, and sent him home before the rest; he seated the men who drew the hearse, had the army weep for him, and himself pushed the carriage three times.

Year 10 (定公十年)

Annals.

• In the tenth year, in spring, in the king's third month, peace was made with Qi.
• In summer, the duke met the Marquis of Qi at Jiagu. The duke arrived from Jiagu. Zhao Yang of Jin led an army and besieged Wei. Men of Qi came and restored the fields of Yun, Huan, and Guiyin. Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led an army and besieged Hou.
• In autumn, Shusun Zhouchou and Zhongsun Heji led an army and besieged Hou. Yue Daxin of Song fled to Cao. Prince Di of Song fled to Chen.
• In winter, the Marquis of Qi, the Marquis of Wei, and You Su of Zheng met at Anfu. Shusun Zhouchou went to Qi. Chen, the younger brother of the Duke of Song, together with Zhong Tuo and Shi Kou, fled to Chen.

Zuo.

In the tenth year, in spring, peace was made with Qi.

In summer, the duke met the Marquis of Qi at Zhuqi, which is Jiagu. Kong Qiu (孔丘) acted as master of ceremonies. Li Mi said to the Marquis of Qi, "Kong Qiu knows the rites but has no courage. If you send the Lai people to seize the Marquis of Lu with weapons, you will certainly get your will." The Marquis of Qi followed this. Kong Qiu withdrew with the duke and said, "Officers, to arms! Two rulers are joining in friendship, and captives of the outer Yi disturb it with weapons. This is not the way for the ruler of Qi to give commands to the feudal lords. The outer regions do not plot against Xia; the Yi do not throw Hua into disorder; captives do not interfere with a covenant; weapons do not press upon friendship. Before the spirits this is inauspicious; in virtue it is an offense against righteousness; among men it is a failure of the rites. My lord surely does not mean this." The Marquis of Qi heard him and hastily had them removed.

As they were about to swear, the men of Qi added to the covenant text: "If, when the army of Qi goes beyond its borders, you do not follow us with three hundred armored chariots, may this covenant deal with you." Kong Qiu had Zi Wuhuan bow and answer, "And if you do not restore to us the fields of Wenyang, and yet look to us to furnish your commands, may the same befall you."

The Marquis of Qi was going to feast the duke. Kong Qiu said to Liangqiu Ju, "The old usages of Qi and Lu — how is it that you have not heard of them? The business is already concluded, and to hold a feast besides is to trouble your officers. Moreover, the ox-shaped and elephant-shaped vessels do not go outside the gate, and the fine music is not performed in the open country. If the feast were fully furnished, that would be to cast away the rites; if it were not furnished, that would be to use husks and tares. Using husks and tares disgraces your lord; casting away the rites gives him an ill name. Why not think it over? A feast is the means of displaying virtue; if it does not display it, better to leave it undone." So the feast did not take place.

The men of Qi came and restored the fields of Yun, Huan, and Guiyin.

Zhao Yang of Jin besieged Wei. This was in requital for Yiyi. Earlier, the Marquis of Wei had attacked Handan Wu at Hanshi, walled the northwest of the place and held it, but in the night his force melted away. When Jin besieged Wei, Wu with seventy footmen attacked the west gate of Wei, killed men within the gateway, and said, "I ask leave to repay the affair at Hanshi." She Tuo said, "That gentleman is brave enough. But if I go, they will certainly not dare open the gate." He too took seventy footmen and attacked the gate at dawn. He paced to left and right, and all his men came up and stood as though planted there. By midday the gate had not been opened, and he withdrew. When the campaign was over, the men of Jin looked into the cause of Wei's revolt and said, "It came from She Tuo and Cheng He." Thereupon they seized She Tuo and sought terms with Wei; the men of Wei would not agree, and so the men of Jin put She Tuo to death, and Cheng He fled to Yan. The gentleman says: This is what is called casting away the rites; such a thing cannot come out even. The Odes say:

A man without the rites —
why does he not quickly die?

She Tuo too was quick about it.

Earlier, Shusun Chengzi had wished to establish Wushu. Gongruo Miao remonstrated firmly, saying, "It will not do." Chengzi established him and then died. Gongnan sent an assassin to shoot Gongruo, but could not kill him. Gongnan became master of horse and made Gongruo steward of Hou. When Wushu was firmly settled, he ordered Hou Fan (侯犯), master of horse at Hou, to kill Gongruo; he could not do it. His groom said, "I will pass through the court with a sword. Gongruo will surely ask whose sword it is; I will name you in reply, and he will surely want to see it. I will feign clumsiness and hand it to him by the point, and then he can be killed." They did so. Gongruo said, "Do you mean to serve me as the king of Wu was served?" And so Gongruo was killed. Hou Fan then revolted with Hou. Wushu and Yizi besieged Hou, but could not take it.

In autumn, the two men, together with the army of Qi, again besieged Hou, and could not take it. Shusun said to Si Chi (駟赤), master of the artisans at Hou, "Hou is not only the Shusun clan's worry; it is a danger to the altars of the state. What is to be done?" He answered, "Your servant's undertaking lies in the four words of the last stanza of 'The Rising Waters.'" Shusun bowed his head to the ground.

Si Chi said to Hou Fan, "To hold a place between Qi and Lu with no backing cannot possibly do. Why not seek service with Qi, so as to keep your hold on the people? Otherwise they will revolt." Hou Fan followed this. When the envoy from Qi arrived, Si Chi and men of Hou put out a report for him throughout Hou, saying, "Hou Fan is going to exchange Hou for land in Qi, and the men of Qi will move the people of Hou." The multitude was terrified. Si Chi said to Hou Fan, "The talk of the multitude has turned. You had better make the exchange with Qi. Rather than die here — it will still be a Hou, and you will get relief. Why must it be this place? The men of Qi want to use it to press Lu, and will surely give you double the land. And why not store much armor at your gate, to prepare against the unforeseen?" Hou Fan said, "Agreed," and stored much armor there. Hou Fan then asked to make the exchange with Qi, and the officers of Qi who were to inspect Hou were about to arrive. Si Chi had men run about crying, "The army of Qi has come!" The men of Hou were greatly frightened; they put on the armor at Hou Fan's gate and surrounded him. Si Chi was about to shoot at them, but Hou Fan stopped him and said, "Plan how to get me off." Hou Fan asked leave to depart, and it was granted. Si Chi went ahead to Su, and Hou Fan came last. Each time he passed out of a gate, the men of Hou shut it behind him. When he reached the outer gate they stopped him and said, "You are carrying out the armor of the Shusun clan. If the officers punish us for it, your servants fear death." Si Chi said, "The Shusun clan's armor has its markings, and I have not dared to take it out." Fan said to Si Chi, "Stay behind and reckon it with them." Si Chi stayed behind and let the men of Lu in. Hou Fan fled to Qi, and the men of Qi then delivered up Hou.

Prince Di of Song favored Qu Fula; he divided his household into eleven parts and gave him five of them. Prince Di had four white horses. The duke favored Xiang Tui, and Tui wanted them; so the duke took them, reddened their tails and manes, and gave them to him. Di was angry, and sent his followers to flog Tui and take the horses back. Tui was afraid and was about to flee, and the duke shut the gate and wept for him until his eyes were quite swollen. His full younger brother Chen said, "You divided your household to give to La, and yet you alone humble Tui; there is partiality in this too. Do the ruler the courtesy of withdrawing; you need go no further than the border, and the ruler will certainly stop you." Prince Di fled to Chen, and the duke did not stop him. Chen pleaded for him, but he would not listen. Chen said, "This is my having deceived my elder brother. I will go out with the people of the capital; then with whom will the ruler dwell?"

In winter, his full younger brother Chen, together with Zhong Tuo and Shi Kou, fled to Chen.

Wushu paid a diplomatic visit to Qi. The Marquis of Qi feasted him and said, "Master Shusun, had Hou lain on some other border of your ruler's, what should I have known of it? But it happens to adjoin my poor city, and so I ventured to help your ruler in his worry over it." He replied, "That was not what our ruler looked for. The way we serve you, my lord, is by our borders and our altars of state. How should we dare trouble your officers with a household bondsman? A disobedient servant is what all the world hates. Would my lord then count this as a favor bestowed on our ruler?"

Year 11 (定公十一年)

Annals.

• In the eleventh year, in spring, Chen, the younger brother of the Duke of Song, together with Zhong Tuo, Shi Kou, and Prince Di, entered Xiao from Chen and revolted.
• In summer, the fourth month.
• In autumn, Yue Daxin of Song entered Xiao from Cao.
• In winter, peace was made with Zheng. Shu Xuan went to Zheng to be present at the covenant.

Zuo.

In the eleventh year, in spring, Chen, the full younger brother of the Duke of Song, together with Zhong Tuo, Shi Kou, and Prince Di, entered Xiao and revolted.

In autumn, Yue Daxin joined them, and they became a great trouble to Song. This was on account of the favor shown to Xiang Tui.

In winter, peace was made with Zheng. This was the beginning of the revolt from Jin.

Year 12 (定公十二年)

Annals.

• In the twelfth year, in spring, Ding, Earl of Xue, died.
• In summer, Duke Xiang of Xue was buried. Shusun Zhouchou led an army and pulled down the walls of Hou. Gongmeng Kou of Wei led an army and attacked Cao. Jisun Si and Zhongsun Heji led an army and pulled down the walls of Bi.
• In autumn, the great rain sacrifice.
• In winter, in the tenth month, on the guihai day, the duke met the Marquis of Qi and swore a covenant at Huang.
• In the eleventh month, on the bingyin day, the first of the month, the sun was eaten. The duke arrived from Huang.
• In the twelfth month, the duke besieged Cheng. The duke arrived from besieging Cheng.

Zuo.

In the twelfth year, in summer, Gongmeng Kou of Wei attacked Cao. He took Jiao and turned back, with Hua Luo commanding the rear; but until they were out he would not fall back behind the ranks. His charioteer said, "To command the rear and yet stay in the ranks — will this not be taken for want of courage?" Luo said, "Rather than a hollow show of fierceness, I would sooner be thought to want courage."

Zhong You was steward of the Ji clan, and was about to pull down the walls of the three cities. Thereupon the Shusun clan pulled down the walls of Hou. The Ji clan was about to pull down those of Bi, when Gongshan Buniu and Shusun Zhe led the men of Bi in a surprise attack on Lu. The duke and the heads of the three houses went into the palace of the Ji clan and climbed the terrace of Wuzi. The men of Bi attacked it without success, though some got in as far as the duke's side. Zhongni ordered Shen Jüxu and Yue Qi to go down and strike them. The men of Bi fled; the people of the capital pursued them and defeated them at Gumie. The two men fled to Qi, and the walls of Bi were then pulled down.

They were about to pull down the walls of Cheng. Gonglian Chufu said to Mengsun, "If the walls of Cheng are pulled down, the men of Qi will certainly reach the north gate. Besides, Cheng is the Meng clan's bulwark; without Cheng there is no Meng clan. Pretend that you know nothing of it, and I will not let them fall."

In winter, in the twelfth month, the duke besieged Cheng and could not take it.

Year 13 (定公十三年)

Annals.

• In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Chuijia.
• In summer, the park at Sheyuan was built. There was a great review at Bipu. Gongmeng Kou of Wei led an army and attacked Cao. Zhao Yang of Jin entered Jinyang and revolted.
• In winter, Xun Yin and Shi Jishe of Jin entered Zhaoge and revolted. Zhao Yang of Jin returned to Jin. Xue assassinated its ruler Bi.

Zuo.

In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Chuijia, which is Nishi. They sent an army to attack Jin, and were about to cross the Yellow River. All the grandees said it could not be done. Bing Yizi said it could: "If crack troops strike Henei, the relays will take several days to reach Jiang, and Jiang cannot get out to the river in less than three months. By then we shall already have crossed the water." So they attacked Henei. The Marquis of Qi took away the carriages of all the grandees; only Bing Yizi rode in a carriage.

The Marquis of Qi wished to have the Marquis of Wei ride with him. He gave him a banquet, had the war chariot yoked and armor loaded on it, and sent a man to report, "The army of Jin has come!" The Marquis of Qi said, "Until your own chariot is yoked, let me take your place." So he put on armor, rode with him, and drove off. Then someone reported that there was no Jin army, and they stopped.

Zhao Yang of Jin said to Handan Wu, "Return to me the five hundred households of Wei's tribute; I will settle them at Jinyang." Wu agreed. He went home and told his elders, and they all said, "It will not do. It is on account of these households that Wei is bound to Handan; to place them at Jinyang would be to cut off our road to Wei. Better to raid Qi and then contrive it." So they did that, and afterward sent the households to Jinyang. Zhao Meng was angry; he summoned Wu and imprisoned him at Jinyang, ordering his followers to take off their swords before entering. She Bin would not. So he sent word to the men of Handan, saying, "I have a private punishment to inflict on Wu. You gentlemen may set up whomever you wish." Then he killed Wu, and Zhao Ji and She Bin revolted with Handan.

In summer, in the sixth month, Ji Qin, marshal of the upper army, besieged Handan. Handan Wu was Xun Yin's sister's son, and Xun Yin was connected by marriage with Fan Jishe; they were on good terms with each other, and so they took no part in the siege. Handan was about to rise in revolt. Dong Anyu (董安于) heard of it and told Zhao Meng, "Prepare against it beforehand." Zhao Meng said, "In Jin there is an ordinance: he who begins a calamity dies. It is better to be the later party." Anyu said, "Rather than harm come to the people, let me alone die. Let me be the excuse for it." Zhao Meng would not have it.

In autumn, in the seventh month, the Fan and Zhonghang clans attacked the mansion of the Zhao clan. Zhao Yang fled to Jinyang, and the men of Jin besieged him there. Fan Gaoyi had no favor with Fan Jishe and wished to raise trouble within the Fan clan. Liang Yingfu was a favorite of Zhi Wenzi, and Wenzi wished to make him a minister. Han Jianzi and Zhonghang Wenzi hated each other, and Wei Xiangzi likewise hated Fan Zhaozi. So these five plotted to drive out Xun Yin and put Liang Yingfu in his place, and to drive out Fan Jishe and put Fan Gaoyi in his place. Xun Li said to the Marquis of Jin, "My lord charged the great ministers that he who begins a calamity should die, and the covenant text lies in the river. Now three ministers have begun a calamity, and Yang alone is driven out. The punishment is already uneven. I ask that they all be driven out."

In winter, in the eleventh month, Xun Li, Han Buxin, and Wei Manduo, supporting the duke, attacked the Fan and Zhonghang clans, and could not overcome them. The two men were going to attack the duke. Gao Qiang of Qi said, "A man who has broken his arm three times knows how to be a good physician. Only attacking the ruler will not do; the people will not side with you. It was by attacking my ruler that I came to be here. The three houses are not yet in accord, and can all be overcome. Overcome them, and with whom will the ruler stand? But if you attack the ruler first, you will make them accord." They would not listen, and attacked the duke. The people of the capital helped the duke; the two men were beaten, and were pursued and attacked. On the dingwei day, Xun Yin and Shi Jishe fled to Zhaoge. Han and Wei made a plea on behalf of the Zhao clan.

In the twelfth month, on the xinwei day, Zhao Yang entered Jiang and swore a covenant in the ducal palace.

Earlier, Gongshu Wenzi of Wei went to court and asked leave to feast Duke Ling. On withdrawing he saw Shi Qiu and told him of it. Shi Qiu said, "You will surely meet with misfortune. You are rich and the ruler is greedy; will it not reach you?" Wenzi said, "True. That I did not tell you first is my fault. But the ruler has already given me leave. What is to be done?" Shi Qiu said, "No harm will come. You are a subject in truth, and can escape. A man who is rich and can still be a subject will certainly escape calamity; high and low are alike in this. But Shu is arrogant. Will he not perish? Those who are rich and not arrogant are few, and you are the only one I have seen; but of the arrogant, there has never yet been one who did not perish. Shu will surely be among them." When Wenzi died, the Marquis of Wei began to hate Gongshu Shu, because of his wealth. Gongshu Shu was moreover going to remove the lady's party, and the lady accused him, saying, "Shu is going to raise a revolt."

Year 14 (定公十四年)

Annals.

• In the fourteenth year, in spring, Gongshu Shu of Wei fled to us. Zhao Yang of Wei fled to Song.
• In the second month, on the xinsi day, Prince Jie of Chu and Gongsun Tuoren of Chen led armies and extinguished Dun, and returned with Zang, Viscount of Dun.
• In summer, Beigong Jie of Wei fled to us. In the fifth month, Yue defeated Wu at Zuili. Guang, Viscount of Wu, died. The duke met the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei at Qian. The duke arrived from the meeting.
• In autumn, the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song met at Tao. The King of Heaven sent Shi Shang to present sacrificial flesh. Kuaikui, heir apparent of Wei, fled to Song. Gongmeng Kou of Wei fled to Zheng. Chen, the younger brother of the Duke of Song, fled to us from Xiao. There was a great review at Bipu. The Viscount of Zhu came to meet the duke. The walls of Jufu and Xiao were built.

Zuo.

In the fourteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Wei drove out Gongshu Shu and his party. Hence Zhao Yang fled to Song, and Shu fled to us.

Liang Yingfu hated Dong Anyu. He said to Zhi Wenzi, "If Anyu is not killed, and is left to govern the Zhao clan to the end, the Zhao clan will surely get the state of Jin. Why not, on the ground that he was the first to set the trouble going, demand his punishment of the Zhao clan?" Wenzi sent word to Zhao Meng: "Though the Fan and Zhonghang clans did indeed make the revolt, it was Anyu who set it off, and so Anyu shared in plotting the revolt. In Jin there is an ordinance: he who begins a calamity dies. The two men have already submitted to their punishment. I venture to report this." Zhao Meng was troubled by it. Anyu said, "If by my death Jin is at peace and the Zhao clan settled, what use is my life? Who among men does not die? My death comes late enough." And he hanged himself. Zhao Meng exposed his body in the market and reported to the Zhi clan, "My lord commanded that the guilty man be executed. Anyu has now submitted to his punishment. I venture to report it." The Earl of Zhi then swore a covenant with Zhao Meng, and thereafter the Zhao clan was secure. They sacrificed to Anyu in their ancestral temple.

Zang, Viscount of Dun, wished to serve Jin; he turned his back on Chu and broke off friendly relations with Chen.

In the second month, Chu extinguished Dun.

In summer, Beigong Jie of Wei fled to us. This was on account of Gongshu Shu.

Wu attacked Yue. Goujian (勾踐), Viscount of Yue, resisted them, drawing up his ranks at Zuili. Goujian was troubled by the good order of the men of Wu. He sent men sworn to die to charge them twice, and they did not stir. Then he had condemned men form three ranks, put their swords to their necks, and declare: "The two rulers have business in hand, and your servants have offended against the flags and drums. Having failed in our duty before your ranks, we do not dare flee our punishment, and venture to give ourselves up to death." Then they cut their own throats. The army of Wu had its eyes fixed on them, and Goujian took the moment to strike and greatly defeated them. Ling Gufu struck Helü (闔廬) with a dagger-axe; Helü was wounded in the great toe, and Ling Gufu took one of his shoes and went back. Helü died at Xing, seven li from Zuili. Fuchai (夫差) had men stand in his courtyard, so that whenever he went in or out they would say to him, "Fuchai! Have you forgotten that the king of Yue killed your father?" And he would answer, "No. I dare not forget." In three years he took his revenge on Yue.

The men of Jin besieged Zhaoge. The duke met the Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei between Pi and Shangliang, to plan the rescue of the Fan and Zhonghang clans. Xi Chengfu and Xiaowang Taojia led a Di army in a surprise attack on Jin and fought within Jiang; they failed and turned back. Shi Fu fled to Zhou, and Xiaowang Taojia entered Zhaoge.

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi and the Duke of Song met at Tao. This was on account of the Fan clan. The Marquis of Wei, for the sake of his wife Nanzi, summoned Chao of Song, and they met at Tao. The heir apparent Kuaikui (蒯聵) presented Yu to Qi, and passing through the countryside of Song, the country folk sang at him:

You have satisfied your breeding sow;
why not send back our old boar?

The heir was ashamed of it, and said to Xiyang Su, "Follow me when I wait upon the young lady. When she receives me I will look back, and you will kill her." Su said, "Agreed." So he waited upon the lady. The lady received the heir, and the heir looked back three times, but Su did not come forward. The lady saw his face, and ran off crying, "Kuaikui is going to kill me!" The duke took her hand and climbed the terrace with her. The heir fled to Song, and all his party were driven out; hence Gongmeng Kou fled to Zheng, and from Zheng to Qi. The heir told people, "Xiyang Su brought this ruin on me." Xiyang Su told people, "It was the heir who brought ruin on me. The heir has no principle: he ordered me to kill his mother. If I had refused, he would have killed me; if I had killed the lady, he would have made me his excuse. Therefore I agreed and did not do it, and so put off my death. The proverb says, 'The people rest secure in good faith.' I acted by good faith and righteousness."

In winter, in the twelfth month, the men of Jin defeated the army of the Fan and Zhonghang clans at Lu and captured Ji Qin and Gao Qiang. They also defeated an army of Zheng, together with an army of the Fan clan, at Baiquan.

Year 15 (定公十五年)

Annals.

• In the fifteenth year, in spring, in the king's first month, the Viscount of Zhu came to court. A shrew-mouse gnawed the ox for the suburban sacrifice, and the ox died; another ox was divined for.
• In the second month, on the xinchou day, the Viscount of Chu extinguished Hu, and returned with Bao, Viscount of Hu.
• In summer, in the fifth month, on the xinhai day, the suburban sacrifice was performed. On the renshen day the duke passed away in the High Chamber. Han Da of Zheng led an army and attacked Song. The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Quchu. The Viscount of Zhu came to the mourning.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, on the renshen day, the lady of the Si clan died.
• In the eighth month, on the gengchen day, the first of the month, the sun was eaten.
• In the ninth month, the Viscount of Teng came to attend the burial. On the dingsi day our ruler Duke Ding was to be buried; it rained, and the burial could not be completed. On the wuwu day, when the sun had passed its height, the burial was completed. On the xinsi day, Ding Si was buried.
• In winter, the wall of Qi was built.

Zuo.

In the fifteenth year, in spring, Duke Yin of Zhu came to court, and Zigong observed it. The Viscount of Zhu held the jade high, and his bearing was tilted upward; the duke received the jade low, and his bearing was bent downward. Zigong said, "Looking at it by the rites, both these rulers have death and ruin in them. The rites are the body of death and life, of survival and ruin. In turning to left and right, in advancing and withdrawing, in bending down and looking up, they are taken; in court audiences, in sacrifices, in mournings, and in war, they are observed. Now in the first month the two attend court upon each other, and both are out of measure. Their hearts are already gone. When at an auspicious occasion they lack the proper form, how can they last long? To hold high and look up is arrogance; to hold low and bend down is decay. Arrogance is close to disorder, and decay is close to sickness. Our ruler is the host: will he not perish first?"

When Wu entered Chu, the Viscount of Hu carried off as captives all the people of the Chu towns near to Hu. After Chu was settled again, Bao, Viscount of Hu, still would not serve Chu, saying, "Survival and ruin have their mandate. What good is serving Chu? It only costs much." In the second month, Chu extinguished Hu.

In summer, in the fifth month, on the renshen day, the duke passed away. Zhongni said, "Ci had the misfortune to speak and hit the mark. This will make Ci a man of many words."

Han Da of Zheng defeated an army of Song at Laoqiu. The Marquis of Qi and the Marquis of Wei encamped at Quna, to plan the rescue of Song.

In autumn, in the seventh month, on the renshen day, the lady of the Si clan died. She is not styled the duke's wife because no notice was sent abroad and her tablet was not placed with her husband's.

Duke Ding was buried. It rained, and the business could not be carried through. This was according to the rites.

Ding Si was buried. She is not styled the lesser ruler because the mourning was not completed.

In winter, the wall of Qi was built. It is recorded because notice of it was given out of season.

Colophon

This translation was prepared for the Chinese shelf of the Good Works Library and made independently from the classical Chinese text printed in full below. The source is the Chinese Wikisource transcription of the Duke Ding section of the Zuo Commentary, which carries both layers together across all fifteen years: the Chunqiu annal entries, marked jing (經), set here as bulleted Annals blocks with one bullet per entry, and the Zuo narrative, marked zhuan (傳), set as Zuo blocks. Every year keeps its own heading, every annal entry and every narrative paragraph is translated in full, and the alternation and order of the two layers follow the source exactly. Speeches, remonstrances, and diplomatic exchanges are rendered as continuous direct speech; the two quotations from the Odes keep their line breaks where the source sets them as verse.

Complete published English translations of the Zuo Commentary exist and are long established: James Legge (1872), in The Ch'un Ts'ew with the Tso Chuen, and Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, and David Schaberg's complete Zuo Tradition / Zuozhuan (2016); Burton Watson (1989) published a volume of selections. These are named here as controls in existence only. None of them was fetched or consulted, and no claim of firstness is made for this translation, which was derived directly from the Chinese characters of the source.

A note on names and terms. The Chu minister who provoked Wu's invasion appears under two names in the source, Zichang and Nang Wa, both kept here exactly as the source itself uses them rather than flattened to one. Among recurring technical terms, ling yin (令尹) is chief minister of Chu, zuo si ma (左司馬) marshal of the left, si kou (司寇) minister of crime, si kong (司空) minister of works, da zai (大宰) grand steward, and she ji (社稷) the altars of soil and grain.

Prepared for the Good Work Library by the Tianmu Anglican Church with AI-assisted translation and editorial work.

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Source Text: 春秋左氏傳 定公

Classical Chinese text in the Chinese Wikisource transcription. Presented complete for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

定公元年

經

元年春．王三月．晉人執宋仲幾于京師．

夏．六月．癸亥．公之喪至自乾侯．戊辰．公即位．

秋．七月．癸巳．葬我君昭公．

九月．大雩．立煬宮．

冬．十月．隕霜殺菽．

傳

元年春．王正月．辛巳．晉魏舒合諸侯之大夫于狄泉．將以城成周．魏子蒞政．衛彪傒曰．將建天子．而易位以令．非義也．大事奸義．必有大咎．晉不失諸侯．魏子其不免乎．是行也．魏獻子屬役於韓簡子．及原壽過．而田於大陸．焚焉．還．卒於甯．范獻子去其柏槨．以其未復命而田也．孟懿子會城成周．庚寅．栽．宋仲幾不受功曰．滕．薛．郳．吾役也．薛宰曰．宋為無道．絕我小國於周．以我適楚．故我常從宋．晉文公為踐土之盟曰．凡我同盟．各復舊職．若從踐土．若從宋亦唯命．仲幾曰．踐土固然．薛宰曰．薛之皇祖奚仲居薛．以為夏車正．奚仲遷于邳．仲虺居薛．以為湯左相．若復舊職．將承王官．何故以役諸侯．仲幾曰．三代各異物．薛焉得有舊．為宋役．亦其職也．士彌牟曰．晉之從政者新．子姑受功歸．吾視諸故府．仲幾曰．縱子忘之．山川鬼神．其忘諸乎．士伯怒謂韓簡子曰．薛徵於人．宋徵於鬼．宋罪大矣．且己無辭而抑我．以神誣我也．啟寵納侮．其此之謂矣．必以仲幾為戮．乃執仲幾以歸．

三月．歸諸京師．城三旬而畢．乃歸．諸侯之戌齊高張後．不從諸侯．晉女叔寬曰．周萇弘．齊高張．皆將不免．萇叔違天．高子違人．天之所壞．不可支也．眾之所為．不可奸也．

夏．叔孫成子逆公之喪于乾侯．季孫曰．子家子亟言於我．未嘗不中吾志也．吾欲與之從政．子必止之．且聽命焉．子家子不見叔孫．易幾而哭．叔孫請見子家子．子家子辭曰．羈未得見．而從君以出．君不命而薨．羈不敢見．叔孫使告之曰．公衍．公為．實使群臣不得事君．若公子宋主社稷．則群臣之願也．凡從君出而可以入者．將唯子是聽．子家氏未有後．季孫願與子從政．此皆季孫之願也．使不敢以告．對曰．若立君．則有卿大夫與守龜在．羈弗敢知．若從君者．則貌而出者．入可也．寇而出者．行可也．若羈也．則君知其出也．而未知其入也．羈將逃也．喪及壞隤．公子宋先入．從公者皆自壞隤反．

六月．癸亥．公之喪至自乾侯．戊辰公即位．季孫使役如闞．公氏將溝焉．榮鴐鵝曰．生不能事．死又離之．以自旌也．縱子忍之．後必或恥之．乃止．季孫問於榮鴐鵝曰．吾欲為君謚．使子孫知之．對曰．生弗能事．死又惡之．以自信也．將焉用之．乃止．

秋．七月．癸巳．葬昭公於墓道南．孔子之為司寇也．溝而合諸墓．昭公出故．季平子禱于煬公．

九月．立煬宮．周鞏簡公棄其子弟而好用遠人．

定公二年

經

二年春．王正月．

夏．五月．壬辰．雉門及兩觀災．

秋．楚人伐吳．

冬．十月．新作雉門及兩觀．

傳

二年夏．四月．辛酉．鞏氏之群子弟賊簡公．桐叛楚．吳子使舒鳩氏誘楚人曰．以師臨我．我伐桐．為我使之無忌．

秋．楚囊瓦伐吳師于豫章．吳人見舟于豫章．而潛師于巢．

冬．十月．吳軍楚師于豫章．敗之．遂圍巢．克之．獲楚公子繁．邾莊公與夷射姑飲酒．私出．閽乞肉焉．奪之杖以敲之．

定公三年

經

三年春．王正月．公如晉．至河乃復．

二月．辛卯．邾子穿卒．

夏．四月．

秋．葬邾莊公．

冬．仲孫何忌及邾子盟于拔．

傳

三年春．二月．辛卯．邾子在門臺．臨廷．閽以缾水沃廷．邾子望見之．怒．閽曰．夷射姑旋焉．命執之．弗得．滋怒．自投于床．廢于鑪炭．爛遂卒．先葬以車五乘．殉五人．莊公卞急而好潔．故及是．

秋．九月．鮮虞人敗晉師于平中．獲晉觀虎．恃其勇也．

冬．盟于郯．脩邾好也．蔡昭侯為兩佩與兩裘以如楚．獻一佩一裘於昭王．昭王服之．以享蔡侯．蔡侯亦服其一．子常欲之．弗與．三年止之．唐成公如楚．有兩肅爽馬．子常欲之．弗與．亦三年止之．唐人或相與謀．請代先從者．許之．飲先從者酒．醉之．竊馬而獻之子常．子常歸唐侯．自拘於司敗．曰．君以弄馬之故．隱君身．棄國家．群臣請相．夫人以償馬．必如之．唐侯曰．寡人之過也．二三子無辱．皆賞之．蔡人聞之．固請而獻佩于子常．子常朝見蔡侯之徒．命有司曰．蔡君之久也．官不共也．明日禮不畢．將死．蔡侯歸及漢．執玉而沈曰．余所有濟漢而南者．有若大川．蔡侯如晉．以其子元．與其大夫之子為質焉．而請伐楚．

定公四年

經

四年春．王二月．癸巳．陳侯吳卒．

三月．公會劉子．晉侯．宋公．蔡侯．衛侯．陳子．鄭伯．許男．曹伯．莒子．邾子．頓子．胡子．滕子．薛伯．杞伯．小邾子．齊國夏．于召陵．侵楚．

夏．四月．庚辰．蔡公孫姓帥師滅沈．以沈子嘉歸．殺之．

五月．公及諸侯盟于皋鼬．杞伯成卒于會．

六月．葬陳惠公．許遷于容城．

秋．七月．公至自會．劉卷卒．葬杞悼公．楚人圍蔡．晉士鞅衛孔圉帥師伐鮮虞．葬劉文公．

冬．十有一月．庚午．蔡侯以吳子及楚人戰于柏舉．楚師敗績．楚囊瓦出奔鄭．庚辰．吳入郢．

傳

四年春．三月．劉文公合諸侯于召陵．謀伐楚也．晉荀寅求貨於蔡侯．弗得．言於范獻子曰．國家方危．諸侯方貳．將以襲敵．不亦難乎．水潦方降．疾瘧方起．中山不服．棄盟取怨．無損於楚．而失中山．不如辭蔡侯．吾自方城以來．楚未可以得志．祗取勤焉．乃辭蔡侯．晉人假羽旄於鄭．鄭人與之．明日或旆以會．晉於是乎失諸侯．將會．衛子行敬子言於靈公曰．會同難．嘖有煩言．莫之治也．其使祝佗從．公曰善．乃使子魚．子魚辭曰．臣展四體．以率舊職．猶懼不給．而煩刑書．若又共二．徼大罪也．且夫祝．社稷之常隸也．社稷不動．祝不出竟．官之制也．君以軍行．祓社釁鼓．祝奉以從．於是乎出竟．若嘉好之事．君行師從．卿行旅從．臣無事焉．公曰行也．及皋鼬．將長蔡於衛．衛侯使祝佗私於萇弘曰．聞諸道路．不知信否．若聞蔡將先衛．信乎．萇弘曰．信．蔡叔．康叔之兄也．先衛．不亦可乎．子魚曰．以先王觀之．則尚德也．昔武王克商．成王定之．選建明德．以藩屏周．故周公相王室以尹天下．於周為睦．分魯公以大路大旂．夏后氏之璜．封父之繁弱．殷民六族．條氏．徐氏．蕭氏．索氏．長勺氏．尾勺氏．使帥其宗氏．輯其分族．將其類醜．以法則周公．用即命于周．是使之職事于魯．以昭周公之明德．分之土田倍敦．祝宗卜史．備物典策．官司彝器．因商奄之民．命以伯禽．而封於少皞之虛．分康叔以大路．少帛．綪茷．旃旌．大呂．殷民七族．陶氏．施氏．繁氏．錡氏．樊氏．饑氏．終葵氏．封畛土略．自武父以南．及圃田之北竟．取於有閻之土．以共王職．取於相土之東都．以會王之東蒐．聃季授土．陶叔授民．命以康誥．而封於殷虛．皆啟以商政．疆以周索．分唐叔以大路密須之鼓．闕鞏沽洗．懷姓九宗．職官五正．命以唐誥．而封於夏虛．啟以夏政．疆以戎索．三者皆叔也．而有令德．故昭之以分物．不然．文武成康之伯猶多．而不獲是分也．唯不尚年也．管蔡啟商．惎間王室．王於是乎殺管叔而蔡蔡叔．以車七乘．徒七十人．其子蔡仲．改行帥德．周公舉之．以為己卿士．見諸王．而命之以蔡．其命書云．王曰．胡．無若爾考之違王命也．若之何其使蔡先衛也．武王之母弟八人．周公為太宰．康叔為司寇．聃季為司空．五叔無官．豈尚年哉．曹．文之昭也．晉．武之穆也．曹為伯甸．非尚年也．今將尚之．是反先王也．晉文公為踐土之盟．衛成公不在．夷叔．其母弟也．猶先蔡．其載書云．王若曰．晉重．魯申．衛武．蔡甲午．鄭捷．齊潘．宋王臣．莒期．藏在周府．可覆視也．吾子欲復文武之略．而不正其德．將如之何．萇弘說．告劉子．與范獻子謀之．乃長衛侯於盟．反自召陵．鄭子大叔未至而卒．晉趙簡子為之臨甚哀．曰．黃父之會．夫子語我九言曰．無始亂．無怙富．無恃寵．無違同．無敖禮．無驕能．無復怒．無謀非德．無犯非義．沈人不會于召陵．晉人使蔡伐之．

夏．蔡滅沈．秋楚為沈故圍蔡．伍員為吳行人以謀楚．楚之殺郤宛也．伯氏之族出．伯州犁之孫嚭．為吳大宰以謀楚．楚自昭王即位．無歲不有吳師．蔡侯因之．以其子乾與其大夫之子為質於吳．

冬．蔡侯．吳子．唐侯．伐楚．舍舟于淮汭．自豫章與楚夾漢．左司馬戌謂子常曰．子沿漢而與之上下．我悉方城外以毀其舟．還塞大隧．直轅．冥阨．子濟漢而伐之．我自後擊之．必大敗之．既謀而行．武城黑謂子常曰．吳用木也．我用革也．不可久也．不如速戰．史皇謂子常．楚人惡子而好司馬．若司馬毀吳舟于淮．塞城口而入．是獨克吳也．子必速戰．不然不免．乃濟漢而陳．自小別至于大別．三戰．子常知不可．欲奔．史皇曰．安求其事．難而逃之．將何所入．子必死之．初罪必盡說．

十一月．庚午．二師陳于柏舉．闔廬之弟夫概王．晨請於闔廬曰．楚瓦不仁．其臣莫有死志．先伐之．其卒必奔．而後大師繼之．必克．弗許．夫概王曰．所謂臣義而行．不待命者．其此之謂也．今日我死．楚可入也．以其屬五千．先擊子常之卒．子常之卒奔．楚師亂．吳師大敗之．子常奔鄭．史皇以其乘廣死．吳從楚師．及清發．將擊之．夫概王曰．困獸猶鬥．況人乎．若知不免．而致死．必敗我．若使先濟者知免．後者慕之．蔑有鬥心矣．半濟而後可擊也．從之．又敗之．楚人為食．吳人及之．奔食而從之．敗諸雍澨．五戰及郢．己卯．楚子取其妹季芊．畀我．以出．涉雎．鍼尹固與王同舟．王使執燧象以奔吳師．庚辰．吳入郢．以班處宮．子山處令尹之宮．夫概王欲攻之．懼而去之．夫概王入之．左司馬戌及息而還．敗吳師于雍澨．傷．初．司馬臣闔廬．故恥為禽焉．謂其臣曰．誰能免吾首．吳句卑曰臣賤可乎．司馬曰．我實失子．可哉．三戰皆傷．曰．吾不用也已．句卑布裳．剄而裹之．藏其身而以其首免．楚子涉睢濟江．入于雲中．王寢．盜攻之．以戈擊王．王孫由于以背受之．中肩．王奔鄖．鍾建負季芊以從．由于徐蘇而從．鄖公辛之弟懷．將弒王曰．平王殺吾父．我殺其子．不亦可乎．辛曰．君討臣．誰敢讎之．君命天也．若死天命．將誰讎．詩曰．柔亦不茹．剛亦不吐．不侮矜寡．不畏彊禦．唯仁者能之．違彊陵弱．非勇也．乘人之約．非仁也．滅宗廢祀．非孝也．動無令名．非知也．必犯是．余將殺女．鬥辛與其弟巢．以王奔隨．吳人從之．謂隨人曰．周之子孫．在漢川者．楚實盡之．天誘其衷．致罰於楚．而君又竄之．周室何罪．君若顧報周室．施及寡人．以獎天衷．君之惠也．漢陽之田．君實有之．楚子在公宮之北．吳人在其南．子期似王．逃王．而己為王．曰．以我與之．王必免．隨人卜與之．不吉．乃辭吳曰．以隨之辟小．而密邇於楚．楚實存之．世有盟誓．至于今未改．若難而棄之．何以事君．執事之患．不唯一人．若鳩楚竟．敢不聽命．吳人乃退．鑪金初官於子期氏．實與隨人耍言．王使見辭曰．不敢以約為利．王割子期之心．以與隨人盟．初．伍員與申包胥友．其亡也．謂申包胥曰．我必復楚國．申包胥曰．勉之．子能復之．我必能興之．及昭王在隨．申包胥如秦乞師．曰．吳為封豕長蛇．以荐食上國．虐始於楚．寡君失守社稷．越在草莽．使下臣告急曰．夷德無厭．若鄰於君．疆場之患也．逮吳之未定．君其取分焉．若楚之遂亡．君之土也．若以君靈．撫之．世以事君．秦伯使辭焉．曰．寡人聞命矣．子姑就館．將圖而告．對曰．寡君越在草莽．未獲所伏．下臣何敢即安．立依於庭牆而哭．日夜不絕聲．勺飲不入口．七日．秦哀公為之賦無衣．九頓首而坐．秦師乃出．

定公五年

經

五年春．王三月．辛亥．朔．日有食之．

夏．歸粟于蔡．於越入吳．

六月．丙申．季孫意如卒．

秋．七月．壬子．叔孫不敢卒．

冬．晉士鞅帥師圍鮮虞．

傳

五年春．王人殺子朝于楚．

夏．歸粟於蔡．以周亟．矜無資．越入吳．吳在楚也．

六月．季平子行東野．還．未至．丙申．卒于房．陽虎將以璵璠斂．仲梁懷弗與．曰．改步改玉．陽虎欲逐之．告公山不狃．不狃曰．彼為君也．子何怨焉．既葬．桓子行東野．及費子洩為費宰．逆勞於郊．桓子敬之．勞仲梁懷．仲梁懷弗敬．子洩怒．謂陽虎．子行之乎．申包胥以秦師至．秦子蒲．子虎．帥車五百乘以救楚．子蒲曰．吾未知吳道．使楚人先與吳人戰．而自稷會之．大敗夫概王于沂．吳人獲薳射於柏舉．其子帥奔徒以從．子西敗吳師于軍祥．秋．

七月．子期．子蒲．滅唐．

九月．夫概王歸．自立也．以與王戰而敗．奔楚為堂谿氏．吳師敗楚師于雍澨．秦師又敗吳師．吳師居麇．子期將焚之．子西曰．父兄親暴骨焉．不能收．又焚之．不可．子期曰．國亡矣．死者若有知也．可以歆舊祀．豈憚焚之．焚之而又戰．吳師敗．又戰于公婿之谿．吳師大敗．吳子乃歸．囚闉輿罷．闉輿罷請先．遂逃歸．葉公諸梁之弟后臧．從其母於吳．不待而歸．葉公終不正視．乙亥．陽虎囚季桓子．及公父文伯．而逐仲梁．懷．

冬．十月．丁亥．殺公何藐．己丑．盟桓子于稷門之內．庚寅．大詛逐公父歜及秦遄．皆奔齊．楚子入于郢．初．鬥辛聞吳人之爭宮也．曰．吾聞之．不讓則不和．不和不可以遠征．吳爭於楚．必有亂．有亂則必歸．焉能定楚．王之奔隨也．將涉於成臼．藍尹亹涉其帑．不與王舟．及寧．王欲殺之．子西曰．子常唯思舊怨以敗．君何效焉．王曰．善．使復其所．吾以志前惡．王賞鬥辛．王孫由于．王孫圉．鍾建．鬥巢．申包胥．王孫賈．宋木．鬥懷．子西曰．請舍懷也．王曰．大德滅小怨．道也．申包胥曰．吾為君也．非為身也．君既定矣．又何求．且吾尤子旗．其又為諸．遂逃賞．王將嫁季芊．季芊辭曰．所以為女子．遠丈夫也．鍾建負我矣．以妻鍾建．以為樂尹．王之在隨也．子西為王輿服．以保路．國于脾洩．聞王所在．而後從王．王使由于城麇．復命子西問高厚焉．弗知．子西曰．不能如辭．城不知高厚小大．何知．對曰．固辭不能．子使余也．人各有能有不能．王遇盜於雲中．余受其戈．其所猶在．袒而示之背．曰．此余所能也．脾洩之事．余亦弗能也．晉士鞅圍鮮虞．報觀虎之役也．

定公六年

經

六年春．王正月．癸亥．鄭游速帥師滅許．以許男歸．

二月．公侵鄭公．至自侵鄭．

夏．季孫斯．仲孫何忌．如晉．

秋．晉人執宋行人樂祁犁．

冬．城中城．季孫斯．仲孫忌．帥師圍鄆．

傳

六年春．鄭滅許．因楚敗也．

二月．公侵鄭．取匡．為晉討鄭之伐胥靡也．往不假道於衛．及還．陽虎使季孟自南門入．出自東門．舍於豚澤．衛侯怒．使彌子瑕追之．公叔文子老矣．輦而如公．曰．尤人而效之．非禮也．昭公之難．君將以文之舒鼎．成之昭兆．定之鞶鑑．苟可以納之．擇用一焉．公子與二三臣之子．諸侯苟憂之．將以為之質．此群臣之所聞也．今將以小忿蒙舊德．無乃不可乎．大姒之子．唯周公康叔為相睦也．而效小人以棄之．不亦誣乎．天將多陽虎之罪以斃之．君姑待之．若何．乃止．

夏．季桓子如晉．獻鄭俘也．陽虎強使孟懿子．往報夫人之幣．晉人兼享之．孟孫立于房外．謂范獻子曰．陽虎若不能居魯．而息肩於晉所．不以為中軍司馬者．有如先君．獻子曰．寡君有官．將使其人．鞅何知焉．獻子謂簡子曰．魯人患陽虎矣．孟孫知其釁．以為必適晉．故強為之請．以取入焉．

四月．己丑．吳大子終纍敗楚舟師．獲潘子臣．小惟子．及大夫七人．楚國大惕．懼亡子期．又以陵師敗于繁揚．令尹子西喜曰．乃今可為矣．於是乎遷郢於鄀．而改紀其政．以定楚國．周儋翩率王子朝之徒．因鄭人將以作亂于周．鄭於是乎伐馮．滑．胥靡．負黍．狐人．闕外．

六月．晉閻沒戍周．且城胥靡．

秋．八月．宋樂祁言於景公曰．諸侯唯我事晉．今使不往．晉其憾矣．樂祁告其宰陳寅．陳寅曰．必使子往．他日．公謂樂祁曰．唯寡人說子之言．子必往．陳寅曰．子立後而行．吾室亦不亡．唯君亦以我為知難而行也．見溷而行．趙簡子逆而飲之酒於綿上．獻楊楯六十於簡子．陳寅曰．昔吾主范氏．今子主趙氏．又有納焉．以楊楯賈禍．弗可為也已．然子死．晉國子孫．必得志於宋．范獻子言於晉侯曰．以君命越疆而使．未致使而私飲酒．不敬二君．不可不討也．乃執樂祁．陽虎又盟公及三桓於周社．盟國人于亳社．詛于五父之衢．

冬．十二月．天王處于姑蕕．辟儋翩之亂也．

定公七年

經

七年春．王正月．

夏．四月．

秋．齊侯．鄭伯．盟于鹹．齊人執衛行人．北宮結．以侵衛．齊侯．衛侯．盟于沙．大雩．齊國夏帥師伐我西鄙．

九月．大雩．

冬．十月．

傳

七年春．二月．周儋翩入于儀栗以叛．齊人歸鄆陽關．陽虎居之以為政．

夏．四月．單武公．劉桓公．敗尹氏于窮谷．

秋．齊侯．鄭伯．盟于鹹．徵會于衛．衛侯欲叛晉．諸大夫不可．使北宮結如齊．而私於齊侯．曰．執結以侵我．齊侯從之．乃盟于瑣．齊國夏伐我．陽虎御季桓子．公斂處父御孟懿子．將宵軍齊師．齊師聞之．墮伏而待之．處父曰．虎不圖禍．而必死．苫夷曰．虎陷二子於難．不待有司．余必殺女．虎懼．乃還．不敗．

冬．十一月．戊午．單子．劉子．逆王于慶氏．晉籍秦逆王．己巳．王入于王城．館于公族黨氏．而後朝于莊宮．

定公八年

經

八年春．王正月．公侵齊．公至自侵齊．

二月．公侵齊．

三月．公至自侵齊．曹伯露卒．

夏．齊國夏帥師伐我西鄙．公會晉師于瓦．公至自瓦．

秋．七月．戊辰．陳侯柳卒．晉士鞅帥師侵鄭．遂侵衛．葬曹靖公．

九月．葬陳懷公．季孫斯．仲孫何忌．帥師侵衛．

冬．衛侯．鄭伯．盟于曲濮．從祀先公．盜竊寶玉大弓．

傳

八年春．王正月．公侵齊．門于陽州．士皆坐列．曰．顏高之弓六鈞．皆取而傳觀之．陽州人出．顏高奪人弱弓．籍丘子鉏擊之．與一人俱斃．偃且射子鉏．中頰．殪．顏息射人中眉．退曰．我無勇．吾志其目也．師退．冉猛偽傷足而先．其兄會乃呼曰．猛也殿．

三月．己丑．單子伐穀城．劉子伐儀栗．辛卯．單子伐簡城．劉子伐盂．以定王室．趙鞅言於晉侯曰．諸侯唯宋事晉．好逆其使．猶懼不至．今又執之．是絕諸侯也．將歸樂祁．士鞅曰．三年止之．無故而歸之．宋必叛晉．獻子私謂子梁曰．寡君懼不得事宋君．是以止子．子姑使溷代子．子梁以告陳寅．陳寅曰．宋將叛晉．是棄溷也．不如待之．樂祁歸卒於大行．士鞅曰．宋必叛．不如止其尸．以求成焉．乃止諸州．公侵齊．攻廩丘之郛．主人焚衝．或濡馬褐以救之．遂毀之．主人出．師奔．陽虎偽不見冉猛者．曰．猛在此必敗．猛逐之．顧而無繼．偽顛．虎曰．盡客氣也．苫越生子．將待事而名之．陽州之役獲焉．名之曰陽州．夏．齊國夏．高張．伐我西鄙．晉士鞅．趙鞅．荀寅．救我．公會晉師于瓦．范獻子執羔．趙簡子．中行文子．皆執鴈．魯於是始尚羔．晉師將盟衛侯于鄟澤．趙簡子曰．群臣誰敢盟衛君者．涉佗成何曰．我能盟之．衛人請執牛耳．成何曰．衛．吾溫原也．焉得視諸侯．將歃．涉佗捘衛侯之手及捥．衛侯怒．王孫賈趨進曰．盟以信禮也．有如衛君．其敢不唯禮是事．而受此盟也．衛侯欲叛晉．而患諸大夫．王孫賈使次于郊．大夫問故．公以晉詬語之．且曰．寡人辱社稷．其改卜嗣．寡人從焉．大夫曰．是衛之禍．豈君之過也．公曰．又有患焉．謂寡人必以而子．與大夫之子為質．大夫曰．苟有益也．公子則往．群臣之子．敢不皆負羈絏以從．將行．王孫賈曰．苟衛國有難．工商未嘗不為患．使皆行而後可．公以告大夫．乃皆將行之．行有日．公朝國人．使賈問焉．曰．若衛叛晉．晉五伐我．病何如矣．皆曰．五伐我．猶可以能戰．賈曰．然則如叛之．病而後質焉．何遲之有．乃叛晉．晉人請改盟．弗許．

秋．晉士鞅會成桓公侵鄭．圍蟲牢．報伊闕也．遂侵衛．

九月．師侵衛．晉故也．季寤．公鉏極．公山不狃．皆不得志於季氏．叔孫輒無寵於叔孫氏．叔仲志不得志於魯．故五人因陽虎．陽虎欲去三桓．以季寤更季氏．以叔孫輒更叔孫氏．己更孟氏．

冬．十月．順祀先公而祈焉．辛卯．禘于僖公．壬辰．將享季氏于蒲圃而殺之．戒都車曰．癸巳至．成宰公斂處父告孟孫曰．季氏戒都車．何故．孟孫曰．吾弗聞．處父曰．然則亂也．必及於子．先備諸．與孟孫以壬辰為期．陽虎前驅．林楚御桓子．虞人以鈹盾夾之．陽越殿．將如蒲圃．桓子咋謂林楚曰．而先皆季氏之良也．爾以是繼之．對曰．臣聞命後．陽虎為政．魯國服焉．違之徵死．死無益於主．桓子曰．何後之有．而能以我適孟氏乎．對曰．不敢愛死．懼不免主．桓子曰．往也．孟氏選圉人之壯者三百人．以為公期築室於門外．林楚怒．馬及衢而騁．陽越射之不中．築者闔門．有自門間射陽越．殺之．陽虎劫公與武叔以伐孟氏．公斂處父．帥成人．自上東門入與陽氏戰于南門之內．弗勝．又戰于棘下．陽氏敗．陽氏說甲如公宮．取寶玉大弓以出．舍于五父之衢．寢而為食其徒曰．追其將至．虎曰．魯人聞余出．喜於徵死．何暇追余．從者曰．嘻．速駕．公斂陽在．公斂陽請追之．孟孫弗許．陽欲殺桓子．孟孫懼而歸之．子言辨舍爵於季氏之廟而出．陽虎入于讙陽關以叛．鄭駟歂嗣子大叔為政．

定公九年

經

九年春．王正月．

夏．四月．戊申．鄭伯蠆卒．得寶玉大弓．

六月．葬鄭獻公．

秋．齊侯．衛侯．次于五民．秦伯卒．

冬．葬秦哀公．

傳

九年春．宋公使樂大心盟于晉．且逆樂祁之尸．辭．偽有疾．乃使向巢如晉盟．且逆子梁之尸．子明謂桐門．右師出曰．吾猶衰絰．而子擊鍾．何也．右師曰．喪不在此故也．既而告人曰．已衰絰而生子．余何故舍．鍾子明聞之．怒言於公曰．右師將不利戴氏．不肯適晉．將作亂也．不然無疾．乃逐桐門右師．鄭駟歂殺鄧析．而用其竹刑．君子謂子然於是不忠．苟有可以加於國家者．棄其邪可也．靜女之三章．取彤管焉．竿旄何以告之．取其忠也．故用其道不棄其人．詩云．蔽芾甘棠．勿翦勿伐．召伯所茇．思其人．猶愛其樹．況用其道．而不恤其人乎．子然無以勸能矣．

夏．陽虎歸寶玉大弓．書曰得．器用也．凡獲器用曰得．得用焉曰獲．

六月．伐陽關．陽虎使焚萊門．師驚．犯之而出．奔齊．請師以伐魯．曰．三加必取之．齊侯將許之．鮑文子諫曰．臣嘗為隸於施氏矣．魯未可取也．上下猶和．眾庶猶睦．能事大國．而無天菑．若之何取之．陽虎欲勤齊師也．齊師罷．大臣必多死亡．已於是乎奮其詐謀．夫陽虎有寵於季氏．而將殺季孫．以不利魯國而求容焉．親富不親仁．君焉用之．君富於季氏．而大於魯國．茲陽虎所欲傾覆也．魯免其疾．而君又收之．無乃害乎．齊侯執陽虎．將東之．陽虎願東．乃囚諸西鄙．盡借邑人之車．鍥其軸．麻約而歸之．載蔥靈．寢於其中而逃．追而得之．囚於齊．又以蔥靈逃．奔宋．遂奔晉．適趙氏．仲尼曰．
趙氏其世有亂乎．

秋．齊侯伐晉夷儀．敝無存之父將室之．辭．以與其弟．曰．此役也．不死．反必取於高國．先登．求自門出．死於霤下．東郭書讓登．犁彌從之．曰．子讓而左．我讓而右．使登者絕而後下．書左．彌先下．書與王猛息．猛曰．我先登．書斂甲曰．曩者之難．今又難焉．猛笑曰．吾從子．如驂之靳．晉車千乘．在中牟．衛侯將如五氏．卜過之．龜焦．衛侯曰．可也．衛車當其半．寡人當其半．敵矣．乃過中牟．中牟人欲伐之．衛褚師圃亡在中牟．曰．衛雖小．其君在焉．未可勝也．齊師克城而驕．其帥又賤．遇必敗之．不如從齊．乃伐齊師．敗之．齊侯致禚．媚．杏．於衛．齊侯賞犁彌．犁彌辭曰．有先登者．臣從之．皙幘而衣貍製．公使視東郭書．曰．乃夫子也．吾貺子．公賞東郭書．辭曰．彼賓旅也．乃賞犁彌．齊師之在夷儀也．齊侯謂夷儀人曰．得敝無存者．以五家免．乃得其尸．公三襚之．與之犀軒．與直蓋而先歸之．坐引者以師哭之．親推之三．

定公十年

經

十年春．王三月．及齊平．

夏．公會齊侯于夾谷．公至自夾谷．晉趙鞅帥師圍衛．齊人來歸鄆．讙．龜陰．田．叔孫州仇．仲孫何忌．帥師圍郈．

秋．叔孫州仇．仲孫何忌．帥師圍郈．宋樂大心出奔曹．宋公子地出奔陳．

冬．齊侯．衛侯．鄭游速．會于安甫．叔孫州仇如齊．宋公之弟辰．暨仲佗．石彄．出奔陳．

傳

十年春．及齊平．

夏．公會齊侯于祝其．實夾谷．孔丘相．犁彌言於齊侯曰．孔丘知禮而無勇．若使萊人以兵劫魯侯．必得志焉．齊侯從之．孔丘以公退．曰．士兵之．兩君合好．而裔夷之俘．以兵亂之．非齊君所以命諸侯也．裔不謀夏．夷不亂華．俘不干盟．兵不偪好．於神為不祥．於德為愆義．於人為失禮．君必不然．齊侯聞之．遽辟之．將盟．齊人加於載書曰．齊師出竟．而不以甲車三百乘從我者．有如此盟．孔丘使茲無還揖對曰．而不反我汶陽之田．吾以共命者．亦如之．齊侯將享公．孔丘謂梁丘．據．曰．齊魯之故．吾子何不聞焉．事既成矣．而又享之．是勤執事也．且犧象不出門．嘉樂不野合．饗而既具．是棄禮也．若其不具．用秕稗也．用秕稗君辱．棄禮名惡．子盍圖之．夫享所以昭德也．不昭不如其已也．乃不果享．齊人來歸鄆讙龜陰之田．晉趙鞅圍衛．報夷儀也．初．衛侯伐邯鄲午於寒氏．城其西北而守之．宵熸．及晉圍衛．午以徒七十人門於衛西門．殺人於門中．曰．請報寒氏之役．涉佗曰．夫子則勇矣．然我往．必不敢啟門．亦以徒七十人．旦門焉．步左右．皆至而立．如植．日中不啟門．乃退．反役．晉人討衛之叛故．曰．由涉佗成何．於是執涉佗以求成於衛．衛人不許．晉人遂殺涉佗．成何奔燕．君子曰．此之謂棄禮．必不鈞．詩曰．人而無禮．胡不遄死．涉佗亦遄矣哉．初．叔孫成子欲立武叔．公若藐固諫曰．不可．成子立之而卒．公南使賊射之．不能殺．公南為馬正．使公若為郈宰．武叔既定．使郈馬正侯犯．殺公若．不能．其圉人曰．吾以劍過朝．公若必曰．誰之劍也．吾稱子以告．必觀之．吾偽固．而授之未．則可殺也．使如之．公若曰．爾欲吳王我乎．遂殺公若．侯犯以郈叛．武叔懿子圍郈．弗
克．

秋．二子及齊師復圍郈．弗克．叔孫謂郈工師駟赤曰．郈非唯叔孫氏之憂．社稷之患也．將若之何．對曰．臣之業．在揚水卒章之四言矣．叔孫稽首．駟赤謂侯犯曰．居齊魯之際而無事．必不可矣．子盍求事於齊以臨民．不然．將叛．侯犯從之．齊使至．駟赤與郈人為之宣言於郈中．曰．侯犯將以郈易于齊．齊人將遷郈民．眾兇懼．駟赤謂侯犯曰．眾言異矣．子不如易於齊．與其死也．猶是郈也．而得紓焉．何必此．齊人欲以此偪魯．必倍與子地．且盍多舍甲於子之門．以備不虞．侯犯曰．諾．乃多舍甲焉．侯犯請易於齊．齊有司觀郈將至．駟赤使周走呼曰．齊師至矣．郈人大駭．介侯犯之門甲．以圍侯犯．駟赤將射之．侯犯止之．曰．謀免我．侯犯請行．許之．駟赤先如宿．侯犯殿．每出一門．郈人閉之．及郭門．止之曰．子以叔孫氏之甲出．有司若誅之．群臣懼死．駟赤曰．叔孫氏之甲有物．吾未敢以出．犯謂駟赤曰．子止而與之數．駟赤止而納魯人．侯犯奔齊．齊人乃致郈．宋公子地嬖蘧富臘．十一分其室．而以其五與之．公子地有白馬四．公嬖向魋．魋欲之．公取而朱其尾鬣以與之．地怒．使其徒抶魋而奪之．魋懼將走．公閉門而泣之目盡腫．母弟辰曰．子分室以與獵也．而獨卑魋．亦有頗焉．子為君禮．不過出竟．君必止子．公子地出奔陳．公弗止．辰為之請．弗聽．辰曰．是我迋吾兄也．吾以國人出．君誰與處．

冬．母弟辰．暨仲佗．石彄．出奔陳．武叔聘于齊．齊侯享之．曰．子叔孫．若使郈在君之他竟．寡人何知焉．屬與敝邑際．故敢助君憂之．對曰．非寡君之望也．所以事君．封疆社稷是以．敢以家隸．勤君之執事．夫不令之臣．天下之所惡也．君豈以為寡君賜．

定公十一年

經

十有一年春．宋公之弟辰．及仲佗．石彄．公子地．自陳入于蕭以叛．

夏．四月．

秋．宋樂大心自曹入于蕭．

冬．及鄭平．叔還如鄭蒞盟．

傳

十一年春．宋公母弟辰．暨仲佗．石彄．公子地．入于蕭以叛．

秋．樂大心從之．大為宋患．寵向魋故也．

冬．及鄭平．始叛晉也．

定公十二年

經

十有二年春．薛伯定卒．

夏．葬薛襄公．叔孫州仇帥師墮郈．衛公孟彄帥師伐曹．季孫斯．仲孫何忌．帥師墮費．

秋．大雩．

冬．十月．癸亥．公會齊侯盟于黃．

十有一月．丙寅．朔．日有食之．公至自黃．

十有二月．公圍成．公至自圍成．

傳

十二年夏．衛公孟彄伐曹．克郊還．滑羅殿．未出．不退于列．其御曰．殿而在列．其為無勇乎．羅曰．與其素厲．寧為無勇．仲由為季氏宰．將墮三都．於是叔孫氏墮郈．季氏將墮費．公山不狃．叔孫輒．帥費人以襲魯．公與三子入于季氏之宮．登武子之臺．費人攻之弗克．入及公側．仲尼命申句須．樂頎．下伐之．費人北．國人追之．敗諸姑蔑．二子奔齊．遂墮費．將墮成．公斂處父謂孟孫．墮成．齊人必至于北門．且成．孟氏之保障也．無成是無孟氏也．子
偽不知．我將不墜．

冬．十二月．公圍成弗克．

定公十三年

經

十有三年春．齊侯．衛侯．次于垂葭．

夏．築蛇淵囿．大蒐于比蒲．衛公孟彄帥師伐曹．晉趙鞅入于晉陽以叛．

冬．晉荀寅．士吉射．入于朝歌以叛．晉趙鞅歸于晉．薛弒其君比．

傳

十三年春．齊侯．衛侯．次于垂葭．實郥氏．使師伐晉．將濟河．諸大夫皆曰不可．邴意茲曰可．銳師伐河內．傳必數日而後及絳．絳不三月．不能出河．則我既濟水矣．乃伐河內．齊侯皆斂諸大夫之軒．唯邴意茲乘軒．齊侯欲與衛侯乘．與之宴．而駕乘廣．載甲焉．使告曰．晉師至矣．齊侯曰．比君之駕也．寡人請攝．乃介而與之乘．驅之．或告曰．無晉師．乃止．晉趙鞅謂邯鄲午曰．歸我衛貢五百家．吾舍諸晉陽．午許諾．歸告其父兄．父兄皆曰．不可．衛是以為邯鄲．而寘諸晉陽．絕衛之道也．不如侵齊而謀之．乃如之．而歸之于晉陽．趙孟怒．召午而囚諸晉陽．使其從者說劍而入．涉賓不可．乃使告邯鄲人曰．吾私有討於午也．二三子唯所欲立．遂殺午．趙稷．涉賓．以邯鄲叛．

夏．六月．上軍司馬籍秦圍邯鄲．邯鄲午荀寅之甥也．荀寅范吉射之姻也．而相與睦．故不與圍．邯鄲將作亂．董安于聞之．告趙孟曰．先備諸．趙孟曰．晉國有命．始禍者死．為後可也．安于曰．與其害於民．寧我獨死．請以我說．趙孟不可．

秋．七月．范氏中行氏伐趙氏之宮．趙鞅奔晉陽．晉人圍之．范皋夷無寵於范吉射．而欲為亂於范氏．梁嬰父嬖於知文子．文子欲以為卿．韓簡子與中行文子相惡．魏襄子亦與范昭子相惡．故五子謀將逐荀寅．而以梁嬰父代之．逐范吉射而以范皋夷代之．荀躒言於晉侯曰．君命大臣．始禍者死．載書在河．今三臣始禍．而獨逐鞅．刑已不鈞矣．請皆逐之．

冬．十一月．荀躒．韓不信．魏曼多．奉公以伐范氏．中行氏．弗克．二子將伐公．齊高彊曰．三折肱知為良醫．唯伐君為不可．民弗與也．我以伐君在此矣．三家未睦．可盡克也．克之．君將誰與．若先伐君．是使睦也．弗聽．遂伐公．國人助公．二子敗．從而伐之．丁未．荀寅．士吉射．奔朝歌．韓魏以趙氏為請．

十二月．辛未．趙鞅入于絳．盟于公宮．初．衛公叔文子朝而請享靈公．退見史鰌而告之．史鰌曰．子必禍矣．子富而君貪．其及子乎．文子曰．然．吾不先告子．是吾罪也．君既許我矣．其若之何．史鰌曰．無害．子臣．可以免．富而能臣．必免於難．上下同之．戌也驕．其亡乎．富而不驕者．鮮．吾唯子之見．驕而不亡者．未之有也．戌必與焉．及文子卒．衛侯始惡於公叔戌．以其富也．公叔戌又將去夫人之黨．夫人愬之曰．戌將為亂．

定公十四年

經

十有四年春．衛公叔戌來奔．衛趙陽出奔宋．

二月．辛巳．楚公子結．陳公孫佗人．帥師滅頓．以頓子牂歸．

夏．衛北宮結來奔．五月．於越敗吳于檇李．吳子光卒．公會齊侯．衛侯．于牽．公至自會．

秋．齊侯．宋公．會于洮．天王使石尚來歸脤．衛世子蒯瞶出奔宋．衛公孟彄出奔鄭．宋公之弟辰．自蕭來奔．大蒐于比蒲．邾子來會公．城莒父及霄．

傳

十四年春．衛侯逐公叔戌與其黨．故趙陽奔宋．戌來奔．梁嬰父惡董安于謂知文子曰．不殺安于．使終為政於趙氏．趙氏必得晉國．盍以其先發難也．討於趙氏．文子使告於趙孟曰．范中行氏雖信為亂．安于則發之．是安于與謀亂也．晉國有命．始禍者死．二子既伏其罪矣．敢以告．趙孟患之．安于曰．我死而晉國寧．趙氏定．將焉用生．人誰不死．吾死莫矣．乃縊而死．趙孟尸諸市．而告於知氏曰．主命戮罪人．安于既伏其罪矣．敢以告．知伯從趙孟盟．而後趙氏定．祀安于於廟．頓子牂欲事晉．背楚而絕陳好．

二月．楚滅頓．

夏．衛北宮結來奔．公叔戌之故也．吳伐越．越子勾踐禦之．陳于檇李．勾踐患吳之整也．使死士再禽焉．不動．使罪人三行．屬劍於頸．而辭曰．二君有治．臣奸旗鼓．不敏於君之行前．不敢逃刑．敢歸死．遂自剄也．師屬之目．越子因而伐之．大敗之．靈姑浮以戈擊闔廬．闔廬傷將指．取其一屨還．卒於陘．去檇李七里．夫差使人立於庭．苟出入．必謂己曰．夫差．而忘越王之殺而父乎．則對曰．唯不敢忘．三年乃報越．晉人圍朝歌．公會齊侯．衛侯．于脾上梁之間．謀救范中行氏．析成鮒．小王桃甲．率狄師以襲晉．戰于絳中．不克而還．士鮒奔周．小王桃甲入于朝歌．

秋．齊侯．宋公．會于洮．范氏故也．衛侯為夫人南子召宋朝．會于洮．大子蒯聵獻盂于齊．過宋野．野人歌之曰．既定爾婁豬．盍歸吾艾豭．大子羞之．謂戲陽速曰．從我而朝少君．少君見我．我顧乃殺之．速曰諾．乃朝夫人．夫人見大子．大子三顧．速不進．夫人見其色．啼而走曰．蒯聵將殺余．公執其手以登臺．大子奔宋．盡逐其黨．故公孟彄出奔鄭．自鄭奔齊．大子告人曰．戲陽速禍余．戲陽速告人曰．大子則禍余．大子無道．使余殺其母．余不許．將戕於余．若殺夫人．將以余說．余是故許而弗為．以紓余死．諺曰．民保於信．吾以信義也．

冬．十二月．晉人敗范中行氏之師於潞．獲籍秦．高彊又敗鄭師．及范氏之師于百泉．

定公十五年

經

十有五年春．王正月．邾子來朝．鼷鼠食郊牛．牛死．改卜牛．

二月．辛丑．楚子滅胡．以胡子豹歸．

夏．五月．辛亥郊．壬申．公薨于高寢．鄭罕達帥師伐宋．齊侯．衛侯．次于渠蒢．邾子來奔喪．

秋．七月．壬申．姒氏卒．

八月．庚辰．朔．日有食之．

九月．滕子來會葬．丁巳．葬我君定公．雨不克葬．戊午．日下吳．乃克葬．辛巳．葬定姒．

冬．城漆．

傳

十五年春．邾隱公來朝．子貢觀焉．邾子執玉高．其容仰．公受玉卑．其容俯．子貢曰．以禮觀之．二君者皆有死亡焉．夫禮．死生存亡之體也．將左右周旋．進退俯仰．於是乎取之．朝祀喪戎．於是乎觀之．今正月相朝．而皆不度．心巳亡矣．嘉事不體．何以能久．高仰．驕也．卑俯．替也．驕近亂．替近疾．君為主．其先亡乎．吳之入楚也．胡子盡俘楚邑之近胡者．楚既定．胡子豹又不事楚．曰．存亡有命．事楚何為．多取費焉．二月．楚滅胡．

夏．五月．壬申．公薨．仲尼曰．賜不幸言而中．是使賜多言者也．鄭罕達敗宋師于老丘．齊侯．衛侯．次于蘧挐．謀救宋也．

秋．七月．壬申．姒氏卒．不稱夫人．不赴且不祔也．葬定公．雨．不克襄事．禮也．葬定姒．不稱小君．不成喪也．

冬．城漆．書不時告也．

Source Colophon

The Chinese text follows the Chinese Wikisource transcription of the Zuo Commentary (article 春秋左氏傳/定公, revision of 8 March 2024), inspected from a witness copy captured on 22 August 2026. Chinese Wikisource transcriptions are published under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the GFDL; the text itself is ancient and in the public domain. The wiki header, navigation links, license templates, and modern contributors' footnotes have been removed; the text is otherwise complete and unaltered.

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