Zuozhuan Xi Gong — the thirty-three years of Duke Xi of Lu

The Zuo Commentary — Zuozhuan, 春秋左氏傳 — is the long narrative history of the Zhou world, built around the Spring and Autumn Annals, the clipped court chronicle of the state of Lu. Tradition ascribes it to Zuo Qiuming, of whom almost nothing certain is known; the text as it survives was most likely drawn together from older court records and court stories in the fourth century BCE, and the attribution is best held loosely. This file carries the reign of Duke Xi of Lu, 659–627 BCE: thirty-three years.

Each year is set down twice over — first the Annals entries, the bare Lu court record, one clipped sentence to an event, and then the Zuo narrative, which tells at length what the Annals only names — and both are given here in the order the source has them. These are the years of Duke Huan of Qi at the height of his leadership of the feudal lords, and of its collapse at his death into a war of five sons over their father's unburied body; of Jin swallowing Yu and Guo by borrowing a road; of the nineteen-year exile of the prince Chong'er, who came home as Duke Wen of Jin and broke Chu at Chengpu; and of the Duke of Song who would not strike an army still crossing a river, and lost.

Names are given in Hanyu pinyin without tone marks, and the ranks of the lords follow the conventional five — 公 duke, 侯 marquis, 伯 earl, 子 viscount, 男 baron. The Zuo often calls one man by more than one name, sometimes within a single year: Hu Yan is also Zifan, Xian Zhen is also Yuan Zhen, Cheng Dechen is also Ziyu. This translation follows the source in each place rather than flattening the names to a single form.

Translated for the Good Works Library directly from the classical Chinese, which is printed in full below. Complete published English translations of the Zuozhuan exist, and no claim of firstness is made here.

Contents

• Year 1 (僖公元年)
• Year 2 (僖公二年)
• Year 3 (僖公三年)
• Year 4 (僖公四年)
• Year 5 (僖公五年)
• Year 6 (僖公六年)
• Year 7 (僖公七年)
• Year 8 (僖公八年)
• Year 9 (僖公九年)
• Year 10 (僖公十年)
• Year 11 (僖公十一年)
• Year 12 (僖公十二年)
• Year 13 (僖公十三年)
• Year 14 (僖公十四年)
• Year 15 (僖公十五年)
• Year 16 (僖公十六年)
• Year 17 (僖公十七年)
• Year 18 (僖公十八年)
• Year 19 (僖公十九年)
• Year 20 (僖公二十年)
• Year 21 (僖公二十一年)
• Year 22 (僖公二十二年)
• Year 23 (僖公二十三年)
• Year 24 (僖公二十四年)
• Year 25 (僖公二十五年)
• Year 26 (僖公二十六年)
• Year 27 (僖公二十七年)
• Year 28 (僖公二十八年)
• Year 29 (僖公二十九年)
• Year 30 (僖公三十年)
• Year 31 (僖公三十一年)
• Year 32 (僖公三十二年)
• Year 33 (僖公三十三年)

Translation

Year 1 (僖公元年)

Annals.

• In the first year, in spring, the king's first month. The army of Qi (齊), the army of Song (宋), and the Earl of Cao (曹) halted at Niebei, to rescue Xing (邢).
• In summer, the sixth month, Xing moved to Yiyi. The army of Qi, the army of Song, and the army of Cao walled Xing.
• In autumn, the seventh month, on wuchen. The duke's wife, the lady Jiang, passed away at Yi, and the men of Qi carried her home. The men of Chu (楚) attacked Zheng (鄭).
• In the eighth month, the duke met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Zheng, the Earl of Cao, and a man of Zhu at Cheng.
• In the ninth month, the duke defeated the army of Zhu at Yan.
• In winter, the tenth month, on renwu, the ducal son You led an army and defeated the army of Ju at Li, capturing Na of Ju.
• In the twelfth month, on dingsi, the coffin of the lady arrived from Qi.

Zuo.

In the first year, in spring, the record does not say that the duke took his position, because the duke had been outside the state. That the duke went out and came in again is not written: it was concealed. To conceal what is shameful in one's own state is ritually proper.

The feudal lords rescued Xing. The men of Xing broke apart and fled out to the allied army. The army then drove off the Di, gathered up the vessels and gear of Xing, and moved them; the army took nothing for itself.

In summer, Xing moved to Yiyi. The feudal lords walled it: this was rescue from distress. In general, for the chief of the feudal lords, to rescue from distress, to share the burden of disaster, and to punish crime is ritually proper.

In autumn, the men of Chu attacked Zheng, because Zheng had gone over to Qi.

They covenanted at Luo, planning the rescue of Zheng.

In the ninth month, the duke defeated the army of Zhu at Yan; these were the garrison of Xuqiu, who were on their way home.

In winter, the men of Ju came to demand goods from us. The ducal son You defeated them at Li and captured Na, the younger brother of the Viscount of Ju. Na was not a minister; the record notes his capture as a thing to be commended. The duke granted Ji You the fields of Wenyang, together with Bi.

When the coffin of the lady arrived from Qi, the noble man held that in killing Ai Jiang the men of Qi had gone too far. A woman is one who follows her husband.

Year 2 (僖公二年)

Annals.

• In the second year, in spring, the king's first month. A wall was built at Chuqiu.
• In summer, the fifth month, on xinsi, we buried our lesser lady, Ai Jiang. The army of Yu and the army of Jin extinguished Xiayang.
• In autumn, the ninth month, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, a man of Jiang, and a man of Huang covenanted at Guan.
• In winter, the tenth month, there was no rain. The men of Chu raided Zheng.

Zuo.

In the second year, in spring, the feudal lords walled Chuqiu and there invested Wei. It is not written who did it, because our ruler came late to the gathering.

Xun Xi (荀息) of Jin (晉) asked leave to use the team of horses bred at Qu and the jade disc of Chuiji to borrow a road through Yu (虞) in order to attack Guo (虢). The duke said, "These are my treasures." He replied, "If we get the road through Yu, they will be no more than an outer treasury." The duke said, "Gong Zhiqi (宮之奇) is there." He replied, "As a man, Gong Zhiqi is timid and cannot remonstrate strongly. Moreover he grew up from childhood beside their ruler, and the ruler is familiar with him. Even if he remonstrates, he will not be heeded."

So Xun Xi was sent to borrow a road from Yu. He said: "Ji acted without the Way: it came in by Dianling and attacked the three gates of Ming. That Ji has since been brought low was also on my lord's account. Now Guo acts without the Way: it fortifies itself at a travelers' lodge in order to raid the southern border of our humble city. We dare to ask a road, so as to call Guo to account." The Duke of Yu granted it, and asked besides to be first in attacking Guo. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated; he was not heeded; and the army was raised.

In summer, Li Ke (里克) and Xun Xi of Jin led an army, joined the army of Yu, attacked Guo, and extinguished Xiayang. Yu is written first because of the bribe.

In autumn, they covenanted at Guan: Jiang and Huang had submitted.

Diao, the eunuch of Qi, first leaked the army's movements at Duoyu.

The Duke of Guo defeated the Rong at Sangtian. Bu Yan (卜偃) of Jin said: "Guo is certain to perish. It lost Xiayang and was not afraid, and now it has a success besides. This is Heaven taking away its mirror and adding to its sickness. It will surely make light of Jin and stop caring for its own people. It cannot last five harvests."

In winter, the men of Chu attacked Zheng, and Dou Zhang took Dan Bo of Zheng prisoner.

Year 3 (僖公三年)

Annals.

• In the third year, in spring, the king's first month, there was no rain.
• In summer, the fourth month, there was no rain. The men of Xu took Shu.
• In the sixth month, it rained.
• In autumn, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, a man of Jiang, and a man of Huang met at Yanggu.
• In winter, the ducal son You went to Qi to be present at a covenant. The men of Chu attacked Zheng.

Zuo.

In the third year, in spring, there was no rain.

In summer, in the sixth month, it rained. From the tenth month there had been no rain until the fifth month, yet it is not called a drought, because it did not become a disaster.

In autumn, they met at Yanggu, planning an attack on Chu. On account of the meeting at Yanggu, the Marquis of Qi came to renew the covenant.

In winter, the ducal son You went to Qi to be present at the covenant.

The men of Chu attacked Zheng, and the Earl of Zheng wished to make peace. Kong Shu would not have it, saying, "Qi is just now toiling on our behalf. To throw away such kindness would be inauspicious."

The Marquis of Qi went boating in the park with his lady of Cai, and she rocked the boat under him. The marquis took fright and changed color. He forbade her; she would not stop. The marquis was angry and sent her home, but did not break off the marriage. The men of Cai married her to another.

Year 4 (僖公四年)

Annals.

• In the fourth year, in spring, the king's first month. The duke joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao in raiding Cai. Cai broke apart, and they went on to attack Chu, halting at Xing.
• In summer, Xinchen, Baron of Xu, died. Qu Wan of Chu came to covenant with the army; they covenanted at Zhaoling. The men of Qi seized Yuan Taotu of Chen.
• In autumn, together with a man of Jiang and a man of Huang, we attacked Chen.
• In the eighth month, the duke arrived from the attack on Chu. Duke Mu of Xu was buried.
• In winter, the twelfth month, Gongsun Zi led an army and joined men of Qi, men of Song, men of Wei, men of Zheng, men of Xu, and men of Cao in raiding Chen.

Zuo.

In the fourth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi used the armies of the feudal lords to raid Cai. Cai broke apart, and they went on to attack Chu. The Viscount of Chu sent a man to speak with the army, saying: "My lord dwells by the northern sea and I dwell by the southern sea; not even horses and cattle in heat could stray from the one to the other. I did not expect my lord to wade into my land. What is the reason?"

Guan Zhong (管仲) replied: "Long ago Duke Kang of Shao charged our former lord, the Grand Duke, saying, 'The five ranks of lords and the nine regional chiefs — you are the one to bring them to order, and so uphold the house of Zhou on either side.' He granted our former lord the bounds of his tread: eastward to the sea, westward to the Yellow River, southward to Muling, northward to Wudi. Your tribute of bundled rushes has not come in; the king's sacrifices go unprovided, and there is nothing with which to strain the ale. That is what I come to exact. King Zhao went south and did not return. That is what I come to ask about."

The reply came: "That the tribute has not come in is our unworthy ruler's fault. How should we dare not supply it? As for King Zhao's not returning, my lord should ask about that at the water's edge."

The army advanced and halted at Xing.

In summer, the Viscount of Chu sent Qu Wan to the army. The army drew back and halted at Zhaoling. The Marquis of Qi drew up the armies of the feudal lords in array and rode out with Qu Wan to review them.

The Marquis of Qi said, "Is this done for my own sake? It is to continue the friendship of our former lords. What of sharing that friendship with me?"

He replied, "That my lord should graciously seek blessing for the altars of our humble city, and stoop to receive our unworthy ruler — that is his own wish."

The Marquis of Qi said, "If I fight with this multitude, who can withstand it? If I assault a city with this, what city will not fall?"

He replied, "If my lord soothes the feudal lords with virtue, who would dare not submit? But if my lord uses force, then Chu has Fangcheng for its wall and the Han River for its moat; however great your multitude, there will be no use for it."

Qu Wan covenanted with the feudal lords.

Yuan Taotu of Chen said to Shen Hou of Zheng, "If the army marches out between Chen and Zheng, our states will be sorely burdened. It would be better for it to go out by the east, display its arms among the Eastern Yi, and return along the sea." Shen Hou said, "Good." Taotu reported this to the Marquis of Qi, who granted it. Then Shen Hou had audience and said, "The army is worn out. If it goes out by the east and meets an enemy, I fear it cannot be used. If it goes out between Chen and Zheng, and we supply its provisions and its sandals and shoes, that will serve." The Marquis of Qi was pleased. He gave Shen Hou Hulao, and seized Yuan Taotu.

In autumn, they attacked Chen, punishing its disloyalty.

Duke Mu of Xu died with the army. He was buried with the rites of a marquis, which was proper. In general, when a lord passes away while at a court visit or a meeting, his rank is raised one degree; when he dies in the king's service, two degrees. Hence there are cases of being dressed for burial in the dragon robe.

In winter, Shusun Dai Bo led an army and joined the armies of the feudal lords in raiding Chen. Chen made peace, and Yuan Taotu was sent home.

Earlier, Duke Xian of Jin (晉獻公) had wished to make Li Ji (驪姬) his wife. He divined by the tortoise, and it was inauspicious; he divined by the milfoil, and it was auspicious. The duke said, "Follow the milfoil." The tortoise diviner said: "The milfoil is short and the tortoise is long; better to follow the long one. Besides, the oracle runs:

Monopoly turns to change;
it steals away the duke's fine ram.
One sweet herb and one rank herb:
after ten years the stench remains.

It must not be done." The duke did not listen, and installed her. She bore Xiqi (奚齊), and her younger sister bore Zhuozi (卓子).

When he was about to install Xiqi, and had already settled the plot with the middle grandee, the lady said to the heir apparent, "The ruler dreamed of Qi Jiang. You must sacrifice to her at once." The heir apparent sacrificed at Quwo and sent back the sacrificial meat to the duke. The duke was out hunting, and the lady kept the meat in the palace. After six days the duke returned; she put poison in it and presented it. The duke poured a libation of it on the ground, and the ground swelled up; he gave some to a dog, and the dog died; he gave some to a lesser servant, and the servant died as well. The lady wept and said, "The treachery comes from the heir apparent." The heir apparent fled to Xincheng, and the duke put to death his tutor, Du Yuankuan.

Someone said to the heir apparent, "If you explain yourself, the ruler will surely sort it out." The heir apparent said, "Without the lady Ji, the ruler is not at ease where he sits and does not eat his fill. If I explain myself, the lady will certainly be found guilty. The ruler is old, and I too would take no joy in it." They said, "Then will you go away?" The heir apparent said, "The ruler has not truly examined the crime. If I go out bearing such a name, who would take me in?" In the twelfth month, on wushen, he hanged himself at Xincheng.

The lady then slandered the two ducal sons, saying, "They both knew of it." Chong'er (重耳) fled to Pu, and Yiwu (夷吾) fled to Qu.

Year 5 (僖公五年)

Annals.

• In the fifth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin put to death his heir apparent Shensheng. Bo Ji of Qi came and presented her son at court.
• In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou. The duke, with the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao, met the king's heir apparent at Shouzhi.
• In autumn, the eighth month, the feudal lords covenanted at Shouzhi. The Earl of Zheng fled home and did not covenant. The men of Chu extinguished Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang.
• In the ninth month, on wushen, the first day of the month, there was an eclipse of the sun.
• In winter, the men of Jin seized the Duke of Yu.

Zuo.

In the fifth year, in spring, the king's first month. On xinhai, the first day of the month, the sun reached its southern limit. After the duke had performed the ceremony of the new moon, he climbed the observation terrace and looked out, and the observation was written down, as is proper. In general, at the equinoxes, the solstices, the openings of spring and summer and the closings of autumn and winter, the appearance of the clouds must be recorded, for the sake of preparedness.

The Marquis of Jin sent to report to us the reason for putting the heir apparent Shensheng to death.

Earlier, the Marquis of Jin had sent Shi Wei (士蒍) to build the walls of Pu and Qu for the two ducal sons. He was careless, and packed brushwood into them. Yiwu complained of it, and the duke sent to reprove him. Shi Wei bowed his head to the ground and replied: "Your servant has heard it said, 'To mourn where there is no death — the grief will surely find its enemy. To wall where there is no war — the enemy will surely hold the wall.' If invaders and enemies are to hold it, what care is called for? To hold office and frustrate the command is disrespect; to make firm a stronghold for enemies is disloyalty. Having lost both loyalty and respect, how should I serve my ruler? The Odes say:

Cherish virtue, and there is peace;
the sons of the line are the wall.

Let my lord cultivate virtue and make firm the sons of his line — what wall is like that? Within three years an army will be brought against these places; what use is care?" He withdrew and chanted:

The fox furs are shaggy and tangled;
one state and three lords —
whom am I to follow?

When the trouble came, the duke sent the eunuch Pi to attack Pu. Chong'er said, "One does not resist the command of a father and ruler." He then proclaimed to his men, "Whoever resists is my enemy." He climbed over the wall and ran. Pi cut off his sleeve, and he went out into exile among the Di.

In summer, Gongsun Zi went to Mou and took a wife there.

They met at Shouzhi. They met Zheng, the king's heir apparent, planning to bring peace to the house of Zhou.

Yuan Xuanzhong of Chen resented that Shen Hou of Zheng had turned against him at Zhaoling; therefore he urged him to wall the town he had been granted, saying, "To wall it handsomely is a great name, and your sons and grandsons will not forget it. I will help you ask for it." So he asked the feudal lords on Shen Hou's behalf, and the town was walled, and walled handsomely. Then he slandered him to the Earl of Zheng, saying, "He has handsomely walled the town granted him: he means to revolt." From this Shen Hou incurred guilt.

In autumn, the feudal lords covenanted. The king sent the Duke of Zhou to summon the Earl of Zheng, saying, "I will settle you so that you follow Chu, with Jin to support you; then you may have some peace." The Earl of Zheng was delighted at the king's command, and afraid because he had not paid court to Qi; therefore he fled home and did not covenant. Kong Shu tried to stop him, saying, "The ruler of a state must not be light. If he is light he loses those close to him; and having lost them, trouble is sure to come. To beg for a covenant when hard pressed — how much will have been lost by then! My lord will certainly regret it." He did not listen, but slipped away from his own escort and went home.

Dou Gouwutu of Chu extinguished Xian, and the Viscount of Xian fled to Huang. At that time Jiang, Huang, Dao, and Bo were on good terms with Qi, and all were joined to Xian by marriage. The Viscount of Xian relied on this and did not serve Chu, and made no preparations besides; therefore he perished.

The Marquis of Jin again borrowed a road through Yu in order to attack Guo. Gong Zhiqi remonstrated: "Guo is the outer garment of Yu. If Guo perishes, Yu will surely follow. Jin must not be given an opening; invaders must not be trifled with. Once was already too much; can it be done a second time? The proverb about the cheekbone and the jaw depending upon each other, and the teeth growing cold when the lips are gone — that is spoken of Yu and Guo."

The duke said, "Jin is of my own clan. How would it harm me?"

He replied: "Taibo and Yuzhong were of the zhao line of the Great King. Taibo did not follow him, and therefore did not succeed. Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were of the mu line of King Ji; they served King Wen as ministers, and their merit to the royal house is stored in the covenant office. Jin is about to destroy Guo — what tenderness would it have for Yu? Besides, can Yu stand closer to Jin than the houses of Huan and Zhuang? If Jin loved them, then what crime had the kin of Huan and Zhuang, that they were slaughtered? Was it not simply that they pressed too close? If close kin who press too close through favor are still destroyed, how much more a whole state?"

The duke said, "My offerings and sacrifices are abundant and pure; the spirits will surely uphold me."

He replied: "Your servant has heard that ghosts and spirits are not partial to particular men; it is virtue alone they cleave to. Therefore the Documents of Zhou say, 'August Heaven has no kin; it supports virtue alone.' And again, 'It is not the millet that is fragrant; bright virtue alone is fragrant.' And again, 'The people do not change the offering; it is virtue that makes the offering.' If this is so, then without virtue the people will not be in harmony and the spirits will not partake. What the spirits lean upon will be virtue. If Jin takes Yu and then with bright virtue presents fragrant offerings, will the spirits spit them out?"

He did not listen, and granted the request of Jin's envoy. Gong Zhiqi left with his whole clan, saying, "Yu will not keep the winter la sacrifice. It will be on this campaign; Jin will not need to raise troops a second time."

In the eighth month, on jiawu, the Marquis of Jin besieged Shangyang. He asked Bu Yan, "Shall we succeed?" He replied, "We shall take it." The duke said, "When?" He replied: "The children's rhyme runs:

On the morning of a bing day,
the Dragon's Tail lies hidden in the sun's place;
the uniform robes are trim and bright,
they take the banners of Guo.
The Quail blazes,
the Heavenly Whip is dim,
the Fire star at the meridian, the army is made,
and the Duke of Guo takes to flight.

Will it not be at the turn of the ninth and tenth months? At dawn on a bingzi day, when the sun is in the Tail, the moon at the Whip, and the Quail Fire at the meridian — it must be at that time."

In winter, the twelfth month, on bingzi, the first day of the month, Jin extinguished Guo, and Chou, Duke of Guo, fled to the royal capital. The army turned back and lodged at Yu, then fell upon Yu by surprise and extinguished it. They seized the Duke of Yu and his grandee Jing Bo, sending the latter along in the train of Mu Ji of Qin; yet they kept up the sacrifices of Yu, and forwarded its due tribute to the king. Therefore the record says, "The men of Jin seized the Duke of Yu." It lays the blame on Yu, and says besides how easy it was.

Year 6 (僖公六年)

Annals.

• In the sixth year, in spring, the king's first month.
• In summer, the duke joined the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, and the Earl of Cao in attacking Zheng, and besieged Xincheng.
• In autumn, the men of Chu besieged Xu. The feudal lords thereupon rescued Xu.
• In winter, the duke arrived from the attack on Zheng.

Zuo.

In the sixth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent Jia Hua to attack Qu. Yiwu could not hold it; he made a covenant with the townsmen and left, meaning to flee to the Di. Xi Rui said, "To go out later and run to the same place is a crime. Better to go to Liang; Liang is near Qin, and Qin is in favor." So he went to Liang.

In summer, the feudal lords attacked Zheng, because it had fled from the covenant at Shouzhi. They besieged Xinmi, the city Zheng had walled out of season.

In autumn, the Viscount of Chu besieged Xu, in order to relieve Zheng. The feudal lords rescued Xu, and Chu then withdrew.

In winter, Duke Mu of Cai brought Duke Xi of Xu to appear before the Viscount of Chu at Wucheng. The Baron of Xu came with his hands bound behind him and a jade disc held in his mouth; his grandees wore mourning sackcloth and hempen bands, and his officers carried a coffin. The Viscount of Chu asked Feng Bo about it. He replied, "Long ago, when King Wu conquered Yin, Qi, the Viscount of Wei, did just this. King Wu himself untied his bonds, received his jade disc and performed the purification, burned his coffin, treated him with ceremony and gave him a charge, and restored him to his place." The Viscount of Chu did as he said.

Year 7 (僖公七年)

Annals.

• In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng.
• In summer, the Viscount of Lesser Zhu came to court. Zheng put to death its grandee Shen Hou.
• In autumn, the seventh month, the duke met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, Kuan the heir apparent of Chen, and Hua the heir apparent of Zheng, and covenanted at Ningmu. Ban, Earl of Cao, died. The ducal son You went to Qi.
• In winter, Duke Zhao of Cao was buried.

Zuo.

In the seventh year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked Zheng. Kong Shu said to the Earl of Zheng: "There is a proverb, 'If the heart is not resolute, why shrink from humiliation?' To be unable to be strong and equally unable to be weak — that is how a state is ruined. The state is in danger. I beg you to go down before Qi and so save it." The earl said, "I know where this comes from. Wait a little for me." He replied, "Morning will not reach evening. How can we wait for you?"

In summer, Zheng put Shen Hou to death to please Qi, and acting also on the slander of Yuan Taotu of Chen.

Earlier, Shen Hou had been born of a woman of Shen and was a favorite of King Wen of Chu. When King Wen was about to die he gave him a jade disc and sent him away, saying: "Only I understand you. You engross profit and are never satisfied; you take from me and demand of me, and I find no fault in you. Those who come after me will demand much of you, and you will not escape. When I am dead you must go quickly. Do not go to a small state; it will not be able to hold you." After the burial he fled to Zheng, where he became a favorite of Duke Li. When Ziwen heard of his death, he said, "The ancients had a saying, 'None knows a servant as his ruler does.' It cannot be improved upon."

In autumn, they covenanted at Ningmu, because of the plan concerning Zheng.

Guan Zhong said to the Marquis of Qi, "Your servant has heard: draw in the estranged with ritual propriety, cherish the distant with virtue. Where virtue and ritual do not waver, there is no one who is not cherished." The Marquis of Qi practiced the rites toward the feudal lords, and the feudal lords through their officers received their charges of regional tribute.

The Earl of Zheng sent his heir apparent Hua to receive orders at the meeting. Hua said to the Marquis of Qi, "The three clans Xie, Kong, and Ziren are the ones who defy my lord's commands. If my lord removes them and so makes peace, I will make Zheng an inner vassal, and there will be nothing in it that is not to your advantage." The Marquis of Qi was about to grant it. Guan Zhong said: "My lord gathers the feudal lords with ritual propriety and good faith; to end with treachery — surely that will not do? That son and father do not violate each other is called ritual propriety; to keep a charge and meet its season is called good faith. To break these two — no treachery is greater."

The marquis said, "The feudal lords have taken punitive action against Zheng without success. Now if there is a crack in it and we follow it up, will that not do?"

He replied: "If my lord soothes them with virtue, adds words of instruction, and leads the feudal lords to punish Zheng, then Zheng will have no leisure even to face its own ruin: how should it not be afraid? But if you gather up its criminals and come against it with them, Zheng will have its answer ready; what will it fear? Moreover, the feudal lords are assembled in order to exalt virtue. If at a meeting treachery is given a place in the ranks, what will be shown to those who come after? At a meeting of the feudal lords, there is no state that does not record its virtue, its punishments, its ritual, and its righteousness. If a treacherous man's place is written down, my lord's covenants will be cast aside. And to do a thing that cannot be written down is not abundant virtue. Let my lord not grant it: Zheng will certainly accept the covenant. As for Hua, being already heir apparent and yet seeking support from a great state so as to weaken his own — he too will not escape. Zheng has Shu Zhan, Du Shu, and Shi Shu, three good men, in the government; there is no gap to be pried open."

The Marquis of Qi declined. From this Hua incurred guilt in Zheng.

In winter, the Earl of Zheng sent to ask for a covenant with Qi.

In the intercalary month, King Hui died. King Xiang feared trouble from the Grand Uncle Dai and was afraid he would not be established; so he did not announce the mourning, but reported the danger to Qi.

Year 8 (僖公八年)

Annals.

• In the eighth year, in spring, the king's first month. The duke met a royal envoy, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, the Earl of Cao, and Kuan the heir apparent of Chen, and covenanted at Tao. The Earl of Zheng begged to join the covenant.
• In summer, the Di attacked Jin.
• In autumn, the seventh month, the di sacrifice was performed in the Great Temple, and by it the duke's wife was brought in.
• In winter, the twelfth month, on dingwei, the Heavenly King died.

Zuo.

In the eighth year, in spring, they covenanted at Tao, taking counsel for the royal house. The Earl of Zheng begged to join the covenant: he was asking to submit. King Xiang settled his position, and only then announced the mourning.

Li Ke of Jin led an army, with Liang Youmi driving and Guo She on the right, and defeated the Di at Caisang. Liang Youmi said, "The Di have no shame; pursue them and we shall win a great victory." Li Ke said, "It is enough to have frightened them. Do not bring the Di hordes down upon us." Guo She said, "Within a year the Di will surely come; we have shown them weakness."

In summer, the Di attacked Jin, repaying the affair at Caisang; they came back at the turn of the year, as had been said.

In autumn, the di sacrifice was held and Ai Jiang's tablet was brought in, which was contrary to ritual. In general, when a lord's wife has not passed away in her own chamber, has not been coffined in the temple, has not been announced to the states of the same covenant, and has not been set beside her husband's mother, her tablet is not brought in.

In winter, a royal envoy came to announce the death; because of the troubles it had been delayed.

The Duke of Song fell ill. His heir apparent Zifu earnestly requested, saying, "Muyi is the elder and is humane. Let my lord set him up." The duke gave the charge to Ziyu. Ziyu declined, saying, "To be able to yield the state — what humaneness is greater than that? Your servant does not come up to it. Besides, it is out of the proper order." He then hurried away and withdrew.

Year 9 (僖公九年)

Annals.

• In the ninth year, in spring, the king's third month, on dingchou, Yuyue, Duke of Song, died.
• In summer, the duke met Steward Kong the Duke of Zhou, the Marquis of Qi, the young lord of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao at Kuiqiu.
• In autumn, the seventh month, on yiyou, Bo Ji died.
• In the ninth month, on wuchen, the feudal lords covenanted at Kuiqiu. On jiazi, Guizhu, Marquis of Jin, died.
• In winter, Li Ke of Jin killed Xiqi, his ruler's son.

Zuo.

In the ninth year, in spring, Duke Huan of Song died. He was not yet buried when Duke Xiang met the feudal lords; therefore he is called "the young lord." In general, while in mourning, a king is called "the little child," and a duke or marquis "the young lord."

In summer, they met at Kuiqiu to renew the covenant and to cultivate friendship, as was proper.

The king sent Steward Kong to present sacrificial meat to the Marquis of Qi, saying, "The Son of Heaven has made offering to Kings Wen and Wu, and sends Kong to present sacrificial meat to his elder uncle." The Marquis of Qi was about to descend the steps and bow. Kong said, "There is a further command. The Son of Heaven has sent Kong to say, 'Since my elder uncle is advanced in years, and for his added labors is granted one degree of rank, he need not descend to bow.'" He replied: "Heaven's majesty is not a hand's breadth from my face. Shall I, Xiaobai, dare to seize greedily on the Son of Heaven's command and not descend to bow? I fear I should stumble and fall below, and leave shame to the Son of Heaven. How should I dare not descend and bow?" He descended and bowed, then ascended and received the gift.

In autumn, the Marquis of Qi covenanted with the feudal lords at Kuiqiu, saying, "All of us who are joined in this covenant, after the covenant is made, shall return to friendship."

Steward Kong went home first, and meeting the Marquis of Jin said: "You may do without the meeting. The Marquis of Qi does not labor at virtue but toils at distant designs. Thus in the north he attacked the Mountain Rong, in the south he attacked Chu, and in the west he holds this meeting. What he may design in the east is not known, but in the west he will do no more. Will his trouble not be at home? Let my lord attend to quieting his own disorder, and not exert himself in travel." The Marquis of Jin then turned back.

In the ninth month, Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ke and Pi Zheng wished to bring in Duke Wen, and therefore raised a revolt with the partisans of the three ducal sons.

Earlier, Duke Xian had made Xun Xi tutor to Xiqi. When the duke fell ill he summoned him and said, "I lay this small orphan upon you, my grandee, to your trouble. What of it?" He bowed his head to the ground and replied, "Your servant will exhaust the strength of his thighs and arms and add to it loyalty and steadfastness. If it succeeds, it will be by my lord's spirit; if it does not, I shall follow it with my death." The duke said, "What do you call loyalty and steadfastness?" He replied, "To do everything one knows for the good of the ducal house is loyalty. To escort the departed and serve the living, so that the two are without suspicion of each other, is steadfastness."

When Li Ke was about to kill Xiqi, he told Xun Xi beforehand, saying, "The three resentments are about to break out, and Qin and Jin will support them. What will you do?" Xun Xi said, "I shall die for him." Li Ke said, "It will do no good." Xun Shu said: "I gave my word to the former ruler; I cannot be double. Can a man wish to make good his word and still spare his own body? Even though it does no good, where should I escape to? Besides, in wishing to do good, who is not the equal of me? If I wish not to be double, can I tell others to stop?"

In winter, the tenth month, Li Ke killed Xiqi in the mourning shed. The record says "killed his ruler's son," because the duke was not yet buried. Xun Xi was about to die for him; someone said, "Better to set up Zhuozi and support him." Xun Xi set up the ducal son Zhuo and carried out the burial.

In the eleventh month, Li Ke killed the ducal son Zhuo at court. Xun Xi died for him.

The noble man said: "What the Odes call

A flaw in a white jade sceptre
may still be ground away;
a flaw in what is spoken
can be done nothing with —

Xun Xi had that in him."

The Marquis of Qi used the armies of the feudal lords to attack Jin, reaching Gaoliang and turning back: he was punishing the disorder in Jin. The summons did not reach Lu, and therefore it is not written.

Xi Rui of Jin had Yiwu bribe Qin heavily to seek entry, saying, "Others are actually holding the state; what should I begrudge? If you get in and can hold the people, what is land?" He followed the advice.

Xi Peng of Qi led an army, joined the army of Qin, and brought in Duke Hui of Jin.

The Earl of Qin said to Xi Rui, "On whom does the ducal son rely?" He replied, "Your servant has heard that a man in exile has no faction; where there is a faction there is sure to be an enemy. When Yiwu was young he did not care for play; he could fight but did not go too far; grown up, he has not changed. Of the rest I know nothing."

The earl said to Gongsun Zhi, "Will Yiwu settle the state?" He replied: "Your servant has heard that only a standard settles a state. The Odes say,

Without knowing, without being aware,
he followed the standard of the Lord —

and that is said of King Wen. And again,

Neither overstepping nor injuring,
few would not take him for a standard —

that is, without partiality and without hatred, without jealousy and without overbearing. Now his words are full of jealousy and overbearing. It will be hard."

The earl said, "Jealousy makes many resentments; how then can he overbear? That is to our advantage."

Duke Xiang of Song took his position, and holding the ducal son Muyi to be humane, made him Minister of the Left to conduct the government; and thereupon Song was well governed. Therefore the Yu clan were Ministers of the Left for generations.

Year 10 (僖公十年)

Annals.

• In the tenth year, in spring, the king's first month, the duke went to Qi. The Di extinguished Wen, and the Viscount of Wen fled to Wei. Li Ke of Jin assassinated his ruler Zhuo, and his grandee Xun Xi with him.
• In summer, the Marquis of Qi and the Baron of Xu attacked the Northern Rong. Jin put to death its grandee Li Ke.
• In autumn, the seventh month.
• In winter, there was a great fall of snow.

Zuo.

In the tenth year, in spring, the Di extinguished Wen, because the Viscount of Su had no good faith. The Viscount of Su had revolted from the king and gone over to the Di, and then could not get on with the Di. The Di attacked him, and the king did not rescue him; therefore he was destroyed. The Viscount of Su fled to Wei.

In summer, the fourth month, Jifu the Duke of Zhou and Prince Dang joined Xi Peng of Qi and established the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin put Li Ke to death, to please Qin. When he was about to kill Li Ke, the duke sent a man to say to him, "Without you I should not have come to this. Even so, you have assassinated two rulers and one grandee. For the man who is to be your ruler, is it not hard?" He replied, "Had there been no deposing, how would my lord have risen? If my lord wishes to lay a crime on me, will words be lacking? Your servant has heard the command." He fell upon his sword and died. At that time Pi Zheng was on a diplomatic visit to Qin, apologizing besides for the delay of the promised bribes, and so was not caught.

The Marquis of Jin reburied the heir apparent Gong.

In autumn, Hu Tu went to the lower capital and met the heir apparent. The heir apparent had him mount and drive for him, and told him, "Yiwu is without ritual propriety. I have obtained my request from the Lord on High: Jin is to be given over to Qin, and Qin will sacrifice to me." He replied, "Your servant has heard that a spirit does not savor offerings from another kind, and that a people does not sacrifice to those not of its own line. Would my lord's sacrifices not then be cut off? And what crime have the people? To let punishment go astray and sacrifices fail — let my lord consider it." The prince said, "Very well. I shall ask again. On the seventh day, at the western side of Xincheng, there will be a shaman through whom you will see me." Hu Tu assented, and the figure was seen no more. At the appointed time he went, and was told, "The Lord on High has allowed me to punish the guilty one. He will be broken at Han."

When Pi Zheng went to Qin, he said to the Earl of Qin, "Lü Sheng, Xi Cheng, and Ji Rui are the ones who will not comply. If you summon them with heavy gifts, and your servant drives out the ruler of Jin while my lord brings in Chong'er, nothing will fail to succeed."

In winter, the Earl of Qin sent Ling Zhi to return the courtesy and to summon the three men. Xi Rui said, "The gifts are heavy and the words are sweet: they are luring us." Then they killed Pi Zheng, Qi Ju, and the grandees of the seven chariots — Gong Hua of the Left Column, Jia Hua of the Right Column, Shu Jian, Zhui Chuan, Lei Hu, Te Gong, and Shan Qi — all of them partisans of Li Ke and Pi Zheng.

Pi Bao fled to Qin and said to the Earl of Qin, "The Marquis of Jin has turned his back on his great patron and nurses petty grudges; the people are not with him. Attack him and he will surely be driven out." The earl said, "If he had lost the multitude, how could he kill? And since they shun calamity, who could drive out their ruler?"

Year 11 (僖公十一年)

Annals.

• In the eleventh year, in spring, Jin put to death its grandee Pi Zhengfu.
• In summer, the duke and his wife the lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Yanggu.
• In autumn, the eighth month, there was a great rain sacrifice.
• In winter, the men of Chu attacked Huang.

Zuo.

In the eleventh year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin sent to report to us the disorder of Pi Zheng.

The Heavenly King sent Duke Wu of Shao and the inner scribe Guo to confer the charge of investiture on the Marquis of Jin. He received the jade listlessly. On his return Guo reported to the king: "The Marquis of Jin will have no posterity. The king conferred a charge on him, and he was listless in receiving the token; he has already cast himself away. What continuation can he have? Ritual propriety is the trunk of a state; reverence is the carriage of ritual. Without reverence, ritual is not carried out; when ritual is not carried out, high and low are confounded. How can such a house last through the ages?"

In summer, the Rong of Yang, Ju, Quan, and Gao and the Rong of the Yi and Luo rivers joined in attacking the royal capital. They entered the king's city and burned the eastern gate; Prince Dai had summoned them. Qin and Jin attacked the Rong to rescue Zhou.

In autumn, the Marquis of Jin made peace between the Rong and the king. The men of Huang did not send in their tribute to Chu.

In winter, the men of Chu attacked Huang.

Year 12 (僖公十二年)

Annals.

• In the twelfth year, in spring, the king's third month, on gengwu, there was an eclipse of the sun.
• In summer, the men of Chu extinguished Huang.
• In autumn, the seventh month.
• In winter, the twelfth month, on dingchou, Chujiu, Marquis of Chen, died.

Zuo.

In the twelfth year, in spring, the feudal lords built the outer wall of Chuqiu in Wei, fearing trouble from the Di.

The men of Huang, relying on the feudal lords' concord with Qi, did not supply Chu's dues, saying, "From Ying to us is nine hundred li; how can they harm us?"

In summer, Chu extinguished Huang.

Because of the trouble with the Rong, the king took punitive action against Prince Dai.

In autumn, Prince Dai fled to Qi.

In winter, the Marquis of Qi sent Guan Yiwu to make peace between the Rong and the king, and sent Xi Peng to make peace between the Rong and Jin.

The king feasted Guan Zhong with the ceremony due a minister of the highest grade. Guan Zhong declined, saying, "Your servant is a lowly functionary. There are the Son of Heaven's two appointed guardians, Guo and Gao. If at the seasons of spring and autumn they come to receive the king's commands, with what ceremony will they then be treated? A vassal's vassal dares to decline." The king said, "Kinsman of my uncle's house, I commend your merit and answer your fine virtue; let it be called a thing held fast and not forgotten. Go and tread your office, and do not go against my command." Guan Zhong accepted the ceremony due a minister of the lowest grade and returned.

The noble man said: "That the Guan clan should have its sacrifices generation after generation is fitting indeed. In yielding, he did not forget those above him. The Odes say,

The genial and courteous nobleman —
the spirits reward him."

Year 13 (僖公十三年)

Annals.

• In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Di raided Wei.
• In summer, the fourth month, Duke Xuan of Chen was buried. The duke met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao at Xian.
• In autumn, the ninth month, there was a great rain sacrifice.
• In winter, the ducal son You went to Qi.

Zuo.

In the thirteenth year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi sent Zhongsun Qiu on a diplomatic visit to Zhou, and to speak besides on behalf of Prince Dai. When his business was finished he did not raise the matter with the king. Returning, he reported: "It cannot be done yet. The king's anger has not slackened; it will take ten years. Short of ten years, the king will not summon him back."

In summer, they met at Xian, because the Huai Yi were harrying Qi, and also to take counsel for the royal house.

In autumn, because of the trouble with the Rong, the feudal lords garrisoned Zhou. Zhongsun Qiu of Qi brought this about.

In winter, Jin suffered famine for a second year, and sent to beg grain from Qin. The Earl of Qin said to Zisang, "Shall we give it?" He replied, "If you give generously and are repaid, what more will my lord seek? If you give generously and are not repaid, their people will surely fall away; and when you punish them after they have fallen away, having no multitude behind him he must be defeated." He said to Baili, "Shall we give it?" He replied, "Heaven's calamities go their rounds; states have them by turns. To relieve disaster and pity a neighbor is the Way. To walk in the Way brings blessing." Bao, the son of Pi Zheng, was in Qin, and asked that Jin be attacked. The Earl of Qin said, "It is their ruler who is evil; what crime have their people?" So Qin shipped grain to Jin, boat following boat from Yong to Jiang; and it was called "the campaign of the floating boats."

Year 14 (僖公十四年)

Annals.

• In the fourteenth year, in spring, the feudal lords walled Yuanling.
• In summer, the sixth month, Ji Ji and the Viscount of Zeng met at Fang, and she made the Viscount of Zeng come to court.
• In autumn, the eighth month, on xinmao, Shalu collapsed. The Di raided Zheng.
• In winter, Xi, Marquis of Cai, died.

Zuo.

In the fourteenth year, in spring, the feudal lords walled Yuanling and moved Qi there. The men who did it are not written, because something was wanting in the work.

Ji Ji, the wife of the Viscount of Zeng, came to visit her parents. The duke was angry and detained her, because the Viscount of Zeng had not come to court.

In summer, they met at Fang, and she made him come to court.

In autumn, the eighth month, on xinmao, Shalu collapsed. Bu Yan of Jin said, "Within the year there will be a great calamity, and the state will come near to perishing."

In winter, Qin suffered famine and sent to beg grain from Jin. The men of Jin would not give it. Qing Zheng said, "To turn one's back on a gift is to be without kin; to rejoice at calamity is inhumane; to be greedy of what one loves is inauspicious; to anger a neighbor is unrighteous. Losing all four of these virtues, how shall we hold the state?" Guo She said, "If the hide is not there, where will the hair attach?" Qing Zheng said, "If we throw away good faith and turn our backs on a neighbor, who will pity us in trouble? Without good faith, trouble arises; losing support, we must fall. That is how it is." Guo She said, "It will not lessen their resentment and will only fatten an enemy; better not to give." Qing Zheng said, "To turn one's back on a gift and rejoice at calamity is what the people cast off. Even those close to us would hate us for it; how much more a resentful enemy?" He was not heeded. Withdrawing, he said, "Our ruler will regret this."

Year 15 (僖公十五年)

Annals.

• In the fifteenth year, in spring, the king's first month, the duke went to Qi. The men of Chu attacked Xu.
• In the third month, the duke met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao, and covenanted at Muqiu; then they halted at Kuang. Gongsun Ao led an army and, with the grandees of the feudal lords, rescued Xu.
• In summer, the fifth month, there was an eclipse of the sun.
• In autumn, the seventh month, the army of Qi and the army of Cao attacked Li.
• In the eighth month, there were locusts.
• In the ninth month, the duke arrived from the meeting. Ji Ji went home to Zeng. On jimao, the last day of the month, lightning struck the temple of Yi Bo.
• In winter, the men of Song attacked Cao. The men of Chu defeated Xu at Loulin.
• In the eleventh month, on renxu, the Marquis of Jin fought the Earl of Qin at Han, and the Marquis of Jin was taken.

Zuo.

In the fifteenth year, in spring, the men of Chu attacked Xu, because Xu had gone over to the states of Xia.

In the third month, they covenanted at Muqiu, renewing the covenant of Kuiqiu and relieving Xu besides. Meng Mubo led an army and, with the armies of the feudal lords, rescued Xu; the feudal lords halted at Kuang to wait for them.

In summer, the fifth month, there was an eclipse of the sun. The new-moon day and the day-name are not written, because the officials lost them.

In autumn, they attacked Li, in order to relieve Xu.

When the Marquis of Jin came into the state, Mu Ji of Qin had entrusted the lady of Jia to his care, and said besides, "Bring back all the ducal sons." The Marquis of Jin took the lady of Jia, his father's consort, to himself, and did not bring back the ducal sons; and for this Mu Ji resented him. The Marquis of Jin had promised bribes to the middle grandees, and afterward went back on them all. He had promised the Earl of Qin five walled cities in a row beyond the Yellow River — eastward to the whole march of Guo, southward as far as Mount Hua, and inward as far as the city of Jieliang — and afterward did not hand them over. When Jin was in famine, Qin shipped it grain; when Qin was in famine, Jin shut off the sale of grain to it. Therefore the Earl of Qin attacked Jin.

Bu Tufu (卜徒父) divined by milfoil, and it was auspicious: "Cross the river; the marquis's chariots will be broken." They pressed him about it. He answered: "It is greatly auspicious. Three defeats, and we shall surely take the ruler of Jin. The hexagram obtained was Gu (蠱), which says:

A thousand chariots thrice driven off;
and from what the three flights leave,
they take its male fox.

Now the fox of Gu must be their ruler. The inner trigram of Gu is wind; its outer trigram is mountain. The year has now come to autumn: we shall bring down its fruit and take its timber, and by this we conquer. With fruit fallen and timber gone, what can they look for but defeat?" Three defeats brought them to Han.

The Marquis of Jin said to Qing Zheng (慶鄭): "The invaders have come deep in. What is to be done?" He answered: "It was my lord himself who brought them deep in. What can be done?" The duke said: "Insolence." They divined for the right-hand man of the war chariot, and Qing Zheng was the auspicious choice. He did not employ him. Bu Yang drove the war chariot, and Jia Putu was the right-hand man. The duke rode the Little Si team, horses brought in from Zheng.

Qing Zheng said: "In antiquity, in great affairs one always rode horses of one's own raising. Born of that land's water and soil, they know the hearts of its men; they are at ease with its training and habituated to its ways, and wherever they are directed nothing fails to go as intended. Now you ride foreign-bred horses in the business of war. When they take fright and change, they will turn against their handlers. Their disordered breath grows wild and swollen, the dark blood works all through them, the stretched veins bulge and rise: strong without and dried out within. They will be able neither to advance nor to retreat, neither to turn nor to wheel. My lord will surely regret it." He did not listen.

In the ninth month the Marquis of Jin went out to meet the army of Qin, sending Han Jian (韓簡) to observe it. He returned and said: "Their troops are fewer than ours, but their fighting men are twice ours." The duke said: "For what reason?" He answered: "When you went out you relied on their means; when you came back in you used their favor; when you starved you ate their grain. Three times they gave, and there was no repayment — that is why they have come. And now we strike them besides. We are slack and Qin is roused; twice over does not say it." The duke said: "Even one man may not be trifled with, how much less a state." So he sent to ask for battle, saying: "I am without ability. I can gather my host together but cannot make it disperse. If my lord does not turn back, there will be no escaping your command."

The Earl of Qin sent Gongsun Zhi (公孫枝) to answer: "While my lord had not yet entered his state, I feared for him; when he had entered but his ranks were not yet settled, that too was my worry. If now the ranks are settled, dare I not receive the command?" Han Jian withdrew and said: "I shall be fortunate to be taken prisoner."

On renxu they fought on the plain of Han. The Jin war-horses wheeled into the mire and stuck fast, and the duke cried out for Qing Zheng. Qing Zheng said: "You were stubborn against remonstrance and went against the divination; you sought defeat of set purpose. What escape is there now?" And he left him.

Liang Youmi drove for Han Jian, with Guo Yi as right-hand man. They came head-on against the Earl of Qin and were about to take him. Zheng led them astray by calling them to rescue the duke, and so they lost the Earl of Qin. Qin took the Marquis of Jin captive and went home with him. The grandees of Jin, with their hair unbound, pulling up their lodgings and camping in the open, followed after. The Earl of Qin sent to decline this, saying: "Sirs, why such grief? In taking your ruler westward with me I do no more than tread out the ill-omened dream of Jin. How should I dare go further than that?" The grandees of Jin bowed three times, touching their heads to the ground, and said: "My lord treads upon the Sovereign Earth and bears up August Heaven. August Heaven and Sovereign Earth have truly heard my lord's words, and your servants venture to stand downwind of them."

Mu Ji (穆姬) heard that the Marquis of Jin was about to arrive. With the heir apparent Ying, with Hong, and with her daughter Jianbi, she climbed a terrace and stood upon piled brushwood. She sent a messenger in mourning cap, sackcloth, and hempen bands to meet him, and to announce: "High Heaven has sent down calamity, so that our two rulers meet not with jade and silk but by raising arms. If the ruler of Jin enters in the morning, then your handmaid dies in the evening; if he enters in the evening, then I die in the morning. Let my lord decide it." So the duke lodged him at the Ling Terrace.

The grandees asked that he be brought into the capital. The duke said: "I took the Marquis of Jin captive and thought to come home the richer for it; and if I now come home with a funeral, what use is that? What would the grandees have of it? Moreover the men of Jin press their weight on me with their grief, and Heaven and Earth bind me. If I take no thought for Jin's sorrow, I shall double their anger; if I eat my own words, I turn my back on Heaven and Earth. Doubled anger is hard to bear, and turning one's back on Heaven is unlucky. I must send the ruler of Jin home."

The ducal son Zhi (公子縶) said: "Better to kill him, and not let evil gather about us." Zisang (子桑) said: "Send him home and hold his heir apparent as hostage, and we shall certainly get a great settlement. Jin cannot yet be extinguished, and killing its ruler would only complete an evil. Besides, Shi Yi had a saying: 'Do not begin calamity; do not presume upon another's disorder; do not double anger.' Doubled anger is hard to bear, and to trample on others is unlucky." So he agreed to peace with Jin.

The Marquis of Jin sent Xi Qi to inform Xialü Yisheng (瑕呂飴甥) and to summon him. Zijin instructed him what to say: "Hold court with the people of the capital and give out rewards in the ruler's name. And tell them: 'Though I return, I have disgraced the altars of the land. Let the tortoise be consulted about making Yu my second.'" The multitude all wept, and Jin thereupon instituted the yuan land allotment (爰田).

Lü Sheng said: "The ruler does not grieve over his own exile but sorrows for his servants. This is kindness at its height. What shall we do for him?" The multitude said: "What can be done?" He answered: "Levy taxes and repair the armor, to support the young lord. When the feudal lords hear of it — that we have lost a ruler and have a ruler, that the servants are harmonious and united, that mail and weapons grow ever more numerous — those who like us will be encouraged and those who hate us will be afraid. Surely there is profit in it." The multitude was pleased, and Jin thereupon instituted the district levies (州兵).

Earlier, when Duke Xian of Jin divined by milfoil about marrying Bo Ji to Qin, he met Guimei (歸妹) going to Kui (睽). Shi Su read it and said: "Not auspicious. Its oracle says:

The man stabs the sheep, yet there is no blood;
the woman holds up the basket, yet there is no gift.
The western neighbor will speak reproaches,
and they cannot be made good.
Guimei going to Kui —
it is as though there were no helper.

Zhen turning into Li, and Li likewise into Zhen:

It makes thunder, it makes fire;
it makes Ying defeat Ji.
The chariot slips its axle-strap,
fire burns its banner.
Not favorable for marching an army:
defeat at Zongqiu.
Guimei and Kui, and one left solitary —
the bandit draws his bow.
The nephew shall follow the aunt;
in six years he will run off,
flee home to his own state,
and abandon his household;
and the year after, he will die
on the waste of Gaoliang."

When Duke Hui was in Qin, he said: "If the former ruler had followed Shi Su's reading, I would not have come to this." Han Jian was in attendance and said: "The tortoise gives images; the milfoil gives numbers. A thing comes to be, and then there are images; there are images, and then there is increase; there is increase, and then there are numbers. Can the former ruler's ruin of virtue be reached by numbers? And as for Shi Su's reading, what good would following it have done? The Odes say:

The woes of the people below
do not come down from Heaven.
Fair speech to the face and hatred behind the back —
the strife of it comes wholly from men."

Lightning struck the temple of Yi Bo. It was a punishment upon him; for at that time the Zhan clan had a hidden evil there.

In winter the men of Song attacked Cao, punishing an old grievance.

Chu defeated Xu at Loulin. Xu had relied on being rescued.

In the tenth month Yin Yisheng of Jin met the Earl of Qin and covenanted with him at Wangcheng. The Earl of Qin said: "Is the state of Jin at harmony?" He answered: "It is not at harmony. The lesser men are ashamed at losing their ruler and grieve for the loss of their kin. They do not shrink from levies and repairs, in order to set up Yu, and they say: 'We must avenge the wrong; sooner would we serve the Rong and Di.' The noble men love their ruler and know his fault. They do not shrink from levies and repairs, while awaiting Qin's command, and they say: 'We must repay the kindness; there is death, but no double heart.' By this they are not at harmony."

The Earl of Qin said: "What does the state say of its ruler?" He answered: "The lesser men grieve and say he will not get free. The noble men are forbearing and hold that he will surely be returned. The lesser men say: 'We have injured Qin; will Qin return our ruler?' The noble men say: 'We know our fault; Qin will surely return our ruler. When he was of a double heart, Qin seized him; when he submits, Qin will release him. No virtue is more generous than that, no punishment more awe-inspiring. Those who submit will cherish the virtue, and the double-hearted will fear the punishment. By this one action Qin may become hegemon. But to bring a man in and not settle him, to cast one down and set no one up, to turn virtue into resentment — surely Qin will not do so.'" The Earl of Qin said: "This is my own heart." He moved the Marquis of Jin to better lodgings and sent him seven full sets of sacrificial beasts.

E Xi said to Qing Zheng: "Why not go away?" He answered: "I sank my ruler in defeat; after the defeat I did not die; and now I would make him fail in his punishing as well. That is not a servant. A servant who is no servant — where would he go and be taken in?"

In the eleventh month the Marquis of Jin returned. On dingchou he put Qing Zheng to death, and only then entered.

That year Jin was again in famine, and the Earl of Qin again sent them grain, saying: "I resent their ruler but pity their people. Moreover I have heard that when Tang Shu was enfeoffed, Jizi said: 'His posterity will surely be great.' Is Jin then a thing to covet? For now let us plant virtue there and wait for one who is capable." Thereupon Qin first levied taxes in Jin's Hedong and set officers over it.

Year 16 (僖公十六年)

Annals.

• In the sixteenth year, in spring, in the king's first month, on wushen, the first day of the month, stones fell in Song: five of them. In that month six yi birds (鷁) flew backward, passing over the capital of Song.
• In the third month, on renshen, the ducal son Ji You died.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on bingshen, Ji Ji of Zeng died.
• In autumn, in the seventh month, on jiazi, Gongsun Zi died.
• In winter, in the twelfth month, the duke met the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Wei, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, the Marquis of Xing, and the Earl of Cao at Huai.

Zuo.

In the sixteenth year, in spring, five stones fell in Song: they were falling stars. Six yi birds flew backward past the capital of Song: it was the wind. Shu Xing, inner scribe of Zhou, was on a diplomatic visit to Song, and Duke Xiang of Song asked him: "What omens are these? Where does the good or ill fortune lie?" He answered: "This year Lu will have many great funerals; next year Qi will have disorder. My lord will win the feudal lords but will not hold them to the end." Withdrawing, he told someone: "The ruler asked wrongly. These are affairs of yin and yang; they are not what good and ill fortune are born from. Fortune and misfortune come from men. I simply did not dare to cross my lord."

In summer Qi attacked Li and could not take it. They relieved Xu and returned.

In autumn the Di raided Jin and took Hu, Chu, and Shouduo. They crossed the Fen and reached Kundu, taking advantage of Jin's defeat.

The king reported the trouble with the Rong to Qi, and Qi summoned the feudal lords to garrison Zhou.

In winter, in the eleventh month, on yimao, Zheng put Zihua to death.

In the twelfth month there was the meeting at Huai, to plan concerning Zeng and also to campaign eastward.

They were walling Zeng when the laborers fell sick, and someone climbed a hill by night and cried out: "There is disorder in Qi!" In the end they did not wall it, and returned.

Year 17 (僖公十七年)

Annals.

• In the seventeenth year, in spring, men of Qi and men of Xu attacked the Ying clan.
• In summer, Xiang was extinguished.
• In autumn, the duke's wife, the lady Jiang, met the Marquis of Qi at Bian.
• In the ninth month the duke arrived from the meeting.
• In winter, in the twelfth month, on yihai, Xiaobai, Marquis of Qi, died.

Zuo.

In the seventeenth year, in spring, the men of Qi attacked the Ying clan on Xu's behalf, in requital for the affair at Loulin.

In summer, Yu, heir apparent of Jin, was made a hostage in Qin. Qin gave back Hedong and gave him a wife.

When Duke Hui was in Liang, the Earl of Liang gave him a wife. The Liang Ying woman conceived and went past her term. Bu Zhaofu and his son divined about it, and the son said: "She will bear one boy and one girl." Zhao said: "So it is. The boy will be another man's servant; the girl will be another man's handmaid." Therefore they named the boy Yu, "the groom," and the girl Qie, "the handmaid." When Ziyu went west as hostage, Qie became a serving woman there.

The army extinguished Xiang. At the meeting at Huai the duke had business with the feudal lords, and before he returned he took Xiang. The men of Qi treated this as an offense to be punished and detained the duke.

In autumn Sheng Jiang, on the duke's account, met the Marquis of Qi at Bian.

In the ninth month the duke arrived. The record says "arrived from the meeting" because he still had business with the feudal lords, and also to conceal the matter.

The Marquis of Qi had three wives — Wang Ji, Xu Ying, and Cai Ji — and none of them had a son. The Marquis of Qi was fond of the inner apartments and had many favorites within, and of the inner favorites who ranked as wives there were six: the elder Wei Ji bore Wu Meng; the younger Wei Ji bore Duke Hui; Zheng Ji bore Duke Xiao; Ge Ying bore Duke Zhao; Mi Ji bore Duke Yi; and Hua Zi of Song bore the ducal son Yong. The duke and Guan Zhong entrusted Duke Xiao to Duke Xiang of Song, making him heir apparent.

Yong Wu was favored by Gong Ji of Wei, and through the eunuch Diao he presented delicacies to the duke and was favored as well. The duke consented to her request and would set up Wu Meng. When Guan Zhong died, all five princes sought to be set up.

In winter, in the tenth month, on yihai, Duke Huan of Qi died. Yi Ya entered, and with the eunuch Diao, relying on the inner favorites, killed the assembled officers and set up the ducal son Wukui. Duke Xiao fled to Song.

In the twelfth month, on yihai, the death was announced. On xinsi he was coffined by night.

Year 18 (僖公十八年)

Annals.

• In the eighteenth year, in spring, in the king's first month, the Duke of Song, the Earl of Cao, men of Wei, and men of Zhu attacked Qi.
• In summer, our army went to the relief of Qi.
• In the fifth month, on wuyin, the army of Song fought the army of Qi at Yan, and the army of Qi was routed. The Di relieved Qi.
• In autumn, in the eighth month, on dinghai, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.
• In winter, men of Xing and men of Di attacked Wei.

Zuo.

In the eighteenth year, in spring, Duke Xiang of Song led the feudal lords in attacking Qi.

In the third month the men of Qi killed Wukui.

The Earl of Zheng went to court at Chu for the first time. The Viscount of Chu bestowed metal on him, then regretted it, and covenanted with him, saying: "Do not cast weapons with it." So he cast three bells with it.

The men of Qi were about to set up Duke Xiao, but could not overcome the partisans of the four princes, and so fought with the men of Song.

In summer, in the fifth month, Song defeated the army of Qi at Yan, set up Duke Xiao, and returned.

In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Huan of Qi was buried.

In winter men of Xing and men of Di attacked Wei and besieged Tupu. The Marquis of Wei offered to yield the state to his elder kinsmen and his sons and younger brothers, and to the assembly at court, saying: "If any of you can govern it, I, Hui, beg to follow him." The assembly would not have it, and followed him with the army to Zilou. The Di army withdrew.

The Earl of Liang enlarged his state but could not fill it. He named the place Xinli, and Qin took it.

Year 19 (僖公十九年)

Annals.

• In the nineteenth year, in spring, in the king's third month, the men of Song seized Yingqi, Viscount of Teng.
• In summer, in the sixth month, the Duke of Song, men of Cao, and men of Zhu covenanted at Caonan. The Viscount of Zeng joined the covenant at Zhu. On jiyou the men of Zhu seized the Viscount of Zeng and used him as a victim.
• In autumn, the men of Song besieged Cao. The men of Wei attacked Xing.
• In winter, the duke met men of Chen, men of Cai, men of Chu, and men of Zheng, and covenanted in Qi. Liang perished.

Zuo.

In the nineteenth year, in spring, they thereupon walled it and settled there.

The men of Song seized Duke Xuan of Teng.

In summer the Duke of Song had Duke Wen of Zhu use the Viscount of Zeng as a victim at the altar of Cisui, wishing thereby to attach the Eastern Yi to himself. The marshal Ziyu (子魚) said: "In antiquity the six kinds of livestock were not used one for another; for a small service no great victim was used — how much less would one dare use a human being? Sacrifices are performed for the sake of men. The people are the masters of the spirits. If you use a man, who will feast upon him? Duke Huan of Qi preserved three ruined states in order to attach the feudal lords to him, and righteous men still called his virtue thin. Now at a single meeting you have outraged the rulers of two states, and used one of them besides for a licentious and benighted ghost. To seek the hegemony by this — is it not hard? To die in your bed would be good fortune."

In autumn the men of Wei attacked Xing, in requital for the affair at Tupu. At that time Wei was suffering a great drought. They divined about performing sacrifices to the mountains and rivers, and it was not auspicious. Ning Zhuangzi said: "Long ago Zhou was in famine, and when it conquered Yin the year was abundant. Now Xing is without the Way, and the feudal lords have no leader. Perhaps Heaven means to make Wei punish Xing." They followed him; the army was raised, and it rained.

The men of Song besieged Cao, punishing its refusal to submit. Ziyu said to the Duke of Song: "King Wen heard that Chong's virtue was in disorder and attacked it. His army lay before it thirty days, and it did not surrender. He withdrew, cultivated his teaching, and attacked again; and taking up the same earthworks, he received its surrender. The Odes say:

He set the pattern for his own wife,
and it reached to his brothers,
and so he governed house and state.

Now can it be that my lord's virtue still has gaps in it, and yet he attacks others? What of that? Why not for the present examine your virtue within, and act only when there is no gap?"

Duke Mu of Chen proposed renewing good relations among the feudal lords, so as not to forget the virtue of Duke Huan of Qi.

In winter there was the covenant in Qi, renewing the friendship of Duke Huan.

Liang perished. The record does not name who did it: Liang brought it upon itself. Earlier, the Earl of Liang was fond of earthworks. He repeatedly walled places and did not settle them, and the people were worn out and could not bear it; and then he would say: "Such-and-such an enemy is about to come." He dug a moat about the ducal palace and said: "Qin is about to fall upon us." The people took fright and scattered, and Qin then took Liang.

Year 20 (僖公二十年)

Annals.

• In the twentieth year, in spring, the South Gate was newly built.
• In summer, the Viscount of Gao came to court.
• In the fifth month, on yisi, the Western Palace burned. The men of Zheng entered Hua.
• In autumn, men of Qi and men of Di covenanted at Xing.
• In winter, the men of Chu attacked Sui.

Zuo.

In the twentieth year, in spring, the South Gate was newly built. It is recorded because it was out of season. As a rule, the making of gates and barriers follows the season.

The men of Hua revolted from Zheng and submitted to Wei.

In summer the ducal son Shi of Zheng and Xie Dukou led an army and entered Hua.

In autumn Qi and the Di covenanted at Xing, planning for Xing against the trouble from Wei; for at that time Wei was pressing Xing hard.

Sui, with the feudal lords east of the Han, revolted from Chu.

In winter Dou Gouwutu of Chu led an army and attacked Sui; he obtained a settlement and returned.

The noble man said: "Sui's being attacked came of not measuring its strength. Move after measuring your strength, and your errors will be few. Success and failure come from oneself — how should they come from others? The Odes say:

Is it not that I would go early and late?
I say there is too much dew on the road."

Duke Xiang of Song wished to bring the feudal lords together. Zang Wenzhong (臧文仲) heard of it and said: "To make one's desires follow other men will do; to make other men follow one's desires seldom succeeds."

Year 21 (僖公二十一年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-first year, in spring, the Di raided Wei. Men of Song, men of Qi, and men of Chu covenanted at Lushang.
• In summer, there was a great drought.
• In autumn, the Duke of Song, the Viscount of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the Baron of Xu, and the Earl of Cao met at Yu; the Duke of Song was seized and Song was attacked.
• In winter, the duke attacked Zhu. The men of Chu sent Yishen to come and present the spoils of victory.
• In the twelfth month, on guichou, the duke met the feudal lords and covenanted at Bo. The Duke of Song was released.

Zuo.

In the twenty-first year, in spring, the men of Song made the covenant at Lushang, asking Chu for the allegiance of the feudal lords, and the men of Chu granted it. The ducal son Muyi said: "For a small state to contend for the leadership of covenants is calamity. Song will perish — it will be fortunate if it only suffers defeat."

In summer there was a great drought, and the duke wished to burn the shamaness and the crook-backed man. Zang Wenzhong said: "That is no provision against drought. Repair the walls and ramparts, reduce food and cut down expenditure, attend to the harvest and urge sharing — these are the tasks. What have the shamaness and the crook-back to do with it? If Heaven wished to kill them, it would have been better not to let them be born; and if they can make drought, burning them will make it far worse." The duke followed him. That year there was scarcity, but no harm.

In autumn the feudal lords met the Duke of Song at Yu. Ziyu said: "Will not the calamity be here? My lord's desires have gone too far. How is it to be borne?" Thereupon Chu seized the Duke of Song and attacked Song.

In winter there was the meeting at Bo, and he was released. Ziyu said: "The calamity is not over yet; this is not enough to chasten my lord."

Ren, Su, Xuqu, and Zhuanyu are of the Feng surname. They have charge of the sacrifices to Tai Hao and to the Ji River, and by this they serve the states of Xia. The men of Zhu extinguished Xuqu, and the Viscount of Xuqu came here as a fugitive, on account of Cheng Feng. Cheng Feng spoke for him to the duke, saying: "To honor the bright sacrifices and to protect the small and the few is the ritual of Zhou; for the Man and Yi to trouble the Xia states is the calamity of Zhou. If you enfeoff Xuqu, this will be honoring Hao and the Ji, maintaining their sacrifices and easing calamity."

Year 22 (僖公二十二年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-second year, in spring, the duke attacked Zhu and took Xuqu.
• In summer, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Wei, the Baron of Xu, and the Viscount of Teng attacked Zheng.
• In autumn, in the eighth month, on dingwei, we fought the men of Zhu at Shengxing.
• In winter, in the eleventh month, on jisi, the first day of the month, the Duke of Song fought the men of Chu at the Hong, and the army of Song was routed.

Zuo.

In the twenty-second year, in spring, we attacked Zhu and took Xuqu, and restored its ruler there. This was according to ritual.

In the third month the Earl of Zheng went to Chu.

In summer the Duke of Song attacked Zheng. Ziyu said: "The calamity I spoke of is here."

Earlier, when King Ping moved east, Xin You went to Yichuan and saw a man sacrificing in the open with his hair unbound. He said: "In less than a hundred years this will be Rong country. Its rites are gone already."

In autumn Qin and Jin moved the Rong of Luhun to Yichuan.

Yu, heir apparent of Jin, was a hostage in Qin. About to flee home, he said to the lady Ying: "Will you go home with me?" She answered: "You are the heir apparent of Jin, and you are held in disgrace in Qin. That you wish to go home — is it not fitting? My lord sent your handmaid to serve you with towel and comb, in order to hold you here. To follow you and go would be to cast aside my lord's command. I dare not follow you, and I dare not speak of it either." He then fled home.

Fu Chen said to the king: "Let the Grand Uncle be recalled. The Odes say:

Be harmonious and close with your neighbors,
and your relations by marriage will be full of accord.

If our own brothers are not in harmony, how can we resent the feudal lords for not being at peace?" The king was pleased. Prince Dai returned from Qi to the capital, the king having summoned him.

The men of Zhu sent out an army on account of Xuqu. The duke made light of Zhu and went to meet them without making preparations. Zang Wenzhong said: "No state is to be counted small; none may be taken lightly. Without preparation, numbers cannot be relied on. The Odes say:

Trembling, trembling, cautious, cautious,
as though facing a deep abyss,
as though treading upon thin ice.

And again:

Revere it, revere it!
Heaven is bright indeed;
the mandate is not easy to keep.

The bright virtue of the former kings still found nothing that was not hard, nothing that was not to be feared — how much more we, a small state? Let my lord not say that Zhu is small. Wasps and scorpions carry poison; how much more a state?" He did not listen.

In the eighth month, on dingwei, the duke fought the army of Zhu at Shengxing, and our army was routed. The men of Zhu took the duke's helmet and hung it on the Fish Gate.

The men of Chu attacked Song in order to relieve Zheng. The Duke of Song was about to give battle. The grand marshal Gu remonstrated, saying: "Heaven cast off Shang long ago. My lord would raise it up again; that cannot be pardoned." He did not listen.

In winter, in the eleventh month, on jisi, the first day of the month, the Duke of Song fought the men of Chu at the Hong. The men of Song had completed their ranks; the men of Chu had not finished crossing. The marshal said: "They are many and we are few. Before they have finished crossing, let us strike them." The duke said: "It may not be." When they had crossed but had not yet formed their ranks, he told him again. The duke said: "Not yet." Only after they had drawn up their array did he strike them. The army of Song was routed, the duke was wounded in the thigh, and his gate officers were wiped out.

The people of the capital all blamed the duke. The duke said: "The noble man does not wound a second time, and does not take the gray-haired prisoner. In making war the ancients did not use narrow defiles. Though I am the remnant of a fallen state, I do not beat the drum against ranks that are not formed." Ziyu said: "My lord does not understand war. Mighty enemies hemmed in a defile and not drawn up in ranks: that is Heaven helping us. To block them and beat the drum — is that not permissible? Even then there would be reason to fear. Besides, the strong men of today are all our enemies. Even if we come upon the aged, when we catch them we take them; what is this about the gray-haired? We make shame clear and teach war in order to kill the enemy. If a wound has not yet brought death, why should it not be doubled? If you spare a second wound, then it were better not to wound at all; if you spare the gray-haired, then it were better to submit to them. The three armies are used for advantage, and bell and drum rouse the spirit by their sound. Since it is for advantage that they are used, a defile may be used; since it is loudness of sound that arouses the will, drumming against a disordered enemy may be done."

On the morning of the day bingzi, the wives of Duke Wen of Zheng, the lady Mi and the lady Jiang, feasted the Viscount of Chu at Kaoze. The Viscount of Chu had the music master Jin show them the captives and the severed ears.

The noble man said: "This was contrary to ritual. A woman, seeing guests off or receiving them, does not go beyond the gate; when she sees her brothers she does not cross the threshold; and in the business of war one does not come near the vessels of women."

On dingchou the Viscount of Chu entered Zheng and was feasted. There were nine presentations of wine, the courtyard offerings were set out by the hundred, and six additional kinds of food were served on the stands and bowls. When the feast was over he went out at night, and Wen Mi escorted him to the army. He took two Ji women of Zheng away with him.

Shu Zhan said: "Will the king of Chu not come to a good end? He performed the rites and finished by making no distinctions. Where there is no distinction it cannot be called ritual; how then shall he end well?" By this the feudal lords knew that he would not achieve the hegemony.

Year 23 (僖公二十三年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min.
• In summer, in the fifth month, on gengyin, Zifu, Duke of Song, died.
• In autumn, the men of Chu attacked Chen.
• In winter, in the eleventh month, the Viscount of Qi died.

Zuo.

In the twenty-third year, in spring, the Marquis of Qi attacked Song and besieged Min, punishing it for not joining the covenant in Qi.

In summer, in the fifth month, Duke Xiang of Song died, on account of the wound at the Hong.

In autumn Cheng Dechen (成得臣) of Chu led an army and attacked Chen, punishing its double dealing with Song. He then took Jiao and Yi, walled Dun, and returned. Ziwen counted this as merit in him and had him made chief minister. Shu Bo said: "And what of the state, sir?" He answered: "It is to quiet the state that I do it. When a man has great merit and no honorable office, how many are there who can stay quiet?"

In the ninth month Duke Hui of Jin died.

Duke Huai ordered that none should follow the exile. A term was fixed, and any who did not come by the term would have no pardon. Hu Tu's sons Mao and Yan were with Chong'er in Qin, and he did not call them back.

In winter Duke Huai seized Hu Tu and said: "If your sons come, you go free." He answered: "When a son can hold office, his father teaches him loyalty: this is the rule of antiquity. To write one's name on the tablets and submit one's pledge, and then to be of two minds, is a crime. Now my sons' names have been on Chong'er's roll for some years. If I were now to call them back, I should be teaching them to be of two minds; and if a father teaches his sons to be of two minds, how shall he serve his ruler? That punishment should not be excessive is my lord's enlightenment and your servant's wish. If punishment runs wild for a ruler's pleasure, who then is without crime? Your servant has heard your command." So he had him killed.

Bu Yan pleaded illness and did not go out, saying: "The Documents of Zhou have it: 'Then, being greatly enlightened, they submitted.' He himself is not enlightened, yet he kills men for his pleasure. Is that not hard? The people see no virtue and hear only of executions; what posterity can he have?"

In the eleventh month Duke Cheng of Qi died. The record says "viscount" because Qi had become Yi in its ways. His name is not recorded because he had not covenanted with us. As a rule, when feudal lords have covenanted together, a death is announced with the name; this is ritual. When it is announced with the name it is likewise recorded, and otherwise not, so as to avoid error where one is not well informed.

When Chong'er, prince of Jin, met with the trouble, the men of Jin attacked him at Pucheng. The people of Pucheng wished to fight, but Chong'er would not have it, saying: "Holding my lord and father's charge, I have enjoyed the living he granted me, and by that I have got men. To have men and use them to resist him — no crime is greater. I shall flee." So he fled to the Di. Those who followed him were Hu Yan (狐偃), Zhao Cui (趙衰), Dian Jie, Wei Wuzi, and Sikong Jizi.

The Di attacked the Qiangjiuru and captured their two daughters, Shu Wei and Ji Wei, and presented them to the prince. The prince took Ji Wei, and she bore Bo Chou and Shu Liu. He gave Shu Wei as a wife to Zhao Cui, and she bore Dun. When he was about to go to Qi, he said to Ji Wei: "Wait for me twenty-five years; if I have not come, then marry." She answered: "I am twenty-five years old already. If I wait another such span and then marry, I shall be going to my coffin. Let me wait for you." He stayed among the Di twelve years and then went on.

Passing through Wei, he was not treated with ritual courtesy by Duke Wen of Wei. Going out by Wulu, he begged food from a countryman, and the countryman gave him a clod of earth. The prince was angry and wanted to whip him. Zifan said: "It is Heaven's gift." He bowed his head to the ground, received it, and loaded it on the cart.

Reaching Qi, Duke Huan of Qi gave him a wife, and he had twenty teams of horses. The prince was content there. His followers held that this would not do, and being about to leave, they laid their plans under a mulberry tree. A silkworm maid was up in the tree and reported it to the lady Jiang. The lady Jiang put her to death and said to the prince: "You have designs on the four quarters. The one who heard of it, I have killed." The prince said: "There is no such design." Jiang said: "Go. Clinging and comfort truly ruin a name." The prince refused. Jiang plotted with Zifan; they made him drunk and sent him off. When he woke, he chased Zifan with a dagger-axe.

Reaching Cao, Duke Gong of Cao heard that his ribs were joined in one piece and wished to see him naked; and when he bathed, he came close and looked at him. The wife of Xi Fuji said: "I have observed the followers of the prince of Jin: every one of them is fit to be chancellor of a state. If they serve as his chancellors, the gentleman will surely return to his state; returning to his state, he will surely get his will among the feudal lords; getting his will among the feudal lords, he will punish those who failed in ritual, and Cao will be the first of them. Why do you not set yourself apart from it early?" So he sent him a dish of food with a jade disc laid in it. The prince accepted the food and returned the jade.

Reaching Song, Duke Xiang of Song presented him with twenty teams of horses.

Reaching Zheng, he was likewise not treated with ritual courtesy by Duke Wen of Zheng. Shu Zhan remonstrated, saying: "Your servant has heard that where Heaven opens the way, men cannot match it. The prince of Jin has three such marks; perhaps Heaven means to establish him, and my lord should treat him with the rites. When a man and a woman share a surname, their offspring do not thrive. The prince of Jin is born of a Ji mother, and yet he has lived until now: that is the first. He has suffered the troubles of exile abroad, and Heaven has not let the state of Jin be at peace — it seems Heaven is opening the way for him: that is the second. He has three officers fit to stand above other men, and they follow him: that is the third. Jin and Zheng are of equal standing, and when their sons and younger brothers pass through, one ought in any case to treat them with the rites — how much more one to whom Heaven opens the way?" He did not listen.

Reaching Chu, the Viscount of Chu feasted him and said: "If the prince returns to the state of Jin, how will he repay me?" He answered: "Youths and maidens, jade and silk, my lord has; feathers and fur, ivory and hides, my lord's own land produces. What spills over as far as Jin is my lord's leavings. With what should I repay you?" The ruler said: "Even so, how will you repay me?" He answered: "If by my lord's good spirit I obtain a return to the state of Jin, and Jin and Chu order their troops and meet in the central plain, I shall withdraw before my lord three days' march. And if then I do not obtain your leave, with whip and unstrung bow in my left hand and quiver and bow-case at my right, I shall wheel about in contest with my lord."

Ziyu (子玉) asked leave to kill him. The Viscount of Chu said: "The prince of Jin is broad-minded yet frugal, cultivated and possessed of ritual propriety. His followers are grave yet generous, loyal and capable. The Marquis of Jin has no kin, and without and within men hate him. I have heard that of the Ji surname, the line of Tang Shu will be the last to decline. Will that not be through the prince of Jin? If Heaven is going to raise him up, who can cast him down? To go against Heaven is sure to bring great blame." So he sent him on to Qin.

The Earl of Qin presented five women, Huai Ying among them. She held the basin and poured the water for his washing; and when he had done he flicked the water from his hands at her. She grew angry and said: "Qin and Jin are equals. Why do you demean me?" The prince was afraid. He put off his robes and set himself under confinement.

On another day the earl feasted him. Zifan said: "I am not equal to Cui in cultivation; let Cui attend him." The prince chanted "The River Waters," and the earl chanted "The Sixth Month." Zhao Cui said: "Chong'er, bow for the gift." The prince came down from the hall, bowed and touched his head to the ground; the earl came down one step and declined the honor. Cui said: "My lord has named what serves to assist the Son of Heaven in charging Chong'er. Dare Chong'er not bow?"

Year 24 (僖公二十四年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, the king's first month.
• In summer, the Di attacked Zheng.
• In autumn, the seventh month.
• In winter, the Heavenly King went out and dwelt in Zheng. Yiwu, Marquis of Jin, died.

Zuo.

In the twenty-fourth year, in spring, in the king's first month, the Earl of Qin brought him in. It is not recorded because no announcement of his entry was made.

When they reached the Yellow River, Zifan handed the prince a jade disc and said: "Your servant has borne halter and tether and followed my lord in his wanderings over the world. Your servant's faults have been very many, and your servant himself knows them — how much more my lord? Let me depart from here." The prince said: "If I am not of one mind with my uncle, may the bright waters bear witness." And he threw the jade into the river.

They crossed the river, besieged Linghu, entered Sangquan, and took Jiucui.

In the second month, on jiawu, the army of Jin encamped at Luliu. The Earl of Qin sent the ducal son Zhi to the Jin army. The army withdrew and encamped at Xun. On xinchou Hu Yan and the grandees of Qin and Jin covenanted at Xun. On renyin the prince entered the Jin army. On bingwu he entered Quwo. On dingwei he paid court at the temple of Wu. On wushen he had Duke Huai killed at Gaoliang. It is not recorded because again no announcement was made.

Lü and Xi, fearing that they would be pressed, were about to burn the ducal palace and assassinate the Marquis of Jin. The eunuch Pi asked for an audience. The duke sent to reproach him and to refuse him, saying: "In the affair at Pucheng, the ruler's order gave one night, and you came at once. Afterward, when I was hunting on the banks of the Wei with the ruler of the Di, you came on Duke Hui's behalf to seek my death; you were ordered to take three nights, and you came on the second. Even with a ruler's command, why such haste? The sleeve is still with me. You had better be off."

He answered: "Your servant thought that when my lord entered he would understand this. If he still does not, he will come to trouble again. A ruler's command admits of no second thought: that is the rule of antiquity. In ridding the ruler of what he hates, one looks only to one's own strength. A man of Pu, a man of Di — what were they to me? Now that my lord has taken the throne, will there be no Pu and no Di for him? Duke Huan of Qi set aside the shot at his belt-hook and made Guan Zhong his chancellor. If my lord would do otherwise, why trouble to send me a command? Those who go will be very many; is it only your mutilated servant?" The duke received him, and he told him of the plot.

In the third month the Marquis of Jin secretly met the Earl of Qin at Wangcheng. On jichou, the last day of the month, the ducal palace caught fire. Xia Sheng and Xi Rui did not find the duke and went to the riverside, and the Earl of Qin lured them out and killed them. The Marquis of Jin went to meet his wife, the lady Ying, and brought her home. The Earl of Qin sent three thousand men as an escort to Jin, and they were indeed the servants who gave the state its order and discipline.

Earlier, the Marquis of Jin's page Tou Xu was the keeper of the stores. When his lord went out into exile, he stole from the stores and fled, and used it all up in seeking to have him brought home. When his lord had entered, he asked for an audience. The duke declined him on the ground that he was washing his hair. He said to the attendant: "When one washes the hair, the heart is turned over; when the heart is turned over, one's intentions are reversed. It is fitting that I get no audience. Those who stayed were the guards of the altars of the land, and those who went were servants of halter and tether. Either is acceptable; why must those who stayed be counted guilty? For the ruler of a state to make an enemy of a common man — those who fear him will be very many." The attendant reported this, and the duke saw him at once.

The Di sent Ji Wei back to Jin but asked to keep her two sons. Duke Wen gave a wife to Zhao Cui, and she bore Yuan Tong, Ping Kuo, and Lou Ying. The lady Zhao Ji asked that Dun and his mother be fetched. Ziyu (子餘) declined. Ji said: "To gain favor and forget the old — how then shall one command men? They must be fetched." She pressed the request, and he consented. When they came, she found Dun able and pressed the duke to make him the principal son, and made her own three sons rank below him. She made Shu Wei the principal wife and placed herself below her.

The Marquis of Jin rewarded those who had followed him in exile. Jie Zhitui (介之推) did not speak of reward, and reward did not reach him. Tui said: "Of Duke Xian's nine sons, only my lord remains. Hui and Huai had no kin, and without and within all cast them off. Heaven has not yet cut off Jin, and there must be a master for it. Who but my lord should preside over Jin's sacrifices? Heaven in truth placed him there, and those several men take it for their own doing. Is that not a fraud? To steal another man's goods is called theft; how much more to covet Heaven's merit and take it for one's own strength. Below, they hold their offense to be righteous; above, he rewards their crookedness. Above and below deceive one another, and it is hard to dwell among them."

His mother said: "Why not seek it too? If you die so, whom will you have to resent?" He answered: "To blame a fault and then imitate it is a still greater offense. Besides, I have uttered words of resentment; I will not eat his food."

His mother said: "But let him know of it at least. What of that?" He answered: "Words are the ornament of the body. If the body is to be hidden, what use is ornament? That would be seeking display."

His mother said: "Can you really do so? Then I will hide with you." So they hid, and died there. The Marquis of Jin sought him and did not find him, and made Mianshang his estate, saying: "By this I mark my fault, and honor a good man."

When Zheng invaded Hua, the people of Hua submitted to its commands; but once the army withdrew they went over to Wei again. Zheng's ducal son Shixie and Du Yumi led an army and attacked Hua. The king sent Bo Fu and You Sunbo to Zheng to intercede for Hua. The Earl of Zheng resented that King Hui, when he was restored, had given Duke Li of Zheng no ceremonial goblet, and resented also that King Xiang had taken the side of Wei and Hua; therefore he did not obey the royal command, and seized the two envoys.

The king was angry and was about to use the Di to attack Zheng. Fu Chen (富辰) remonstrated: "It will not do. I have heard that the highest way is to soothe the people with virtue, and the next is to treat kin as kin, so that the good of it reaches outward from them. Long ago the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two uncles were not in accord, and therefore enfeoffed his kinsmen to be a hedge and a screen for Zhou. Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Dan, Gao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Feng, and Xun — these were the sons of King Wen, of the zhao rank. Han (邗), Jin, Ying, and Han (韓) — these were the sons of King Wu, of the mu rank. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Zuo, and Zhai — these were the descendants of the Duke of Zhou.

"Duke Mu of Shao, grieving that the virtue of Zhou was not what it should be, gathered the clansmen at Chengzhou and made a poem, which says:

The flowers of the sparrow-plum —
calyx and stem, how they gleam!
Of all the men of this present age,
none are like brothers.

"And its fourth stanza says:

Brothers may quarrel within the wall,
but outside they ward off insult together.

"By this, though brothers have small angers between them, they do not throw away the goodly bond of kin. Now the Son of Heaven cannot bear a small anger, and so casts away his kinship with Zheng. What is to be said of that? To reward merit, to treat kin as kin, to draw close those who are near, to honor the worthy — these are the great things of virtue. To go over to the deaf, to follow the blind, to side with the obstinate, to employ the foul of mouth — these are the great things of wickedness. To cast away virtue and exalt wickedness is the greatest of calamities.

"Zheng has merit from the reigns of King Ping and King Hui; it has kinship reaching back to Kings Li and Xuan; it has put away its favorites and employed three good men; among the Ji states it stands close in blood. The four virtues are all present there. An ear that does not hear the harmony of the five notes is deaf; an eye that cannot tell apart the patterns of the five colors is blind; a mind that does not take the constants of virtue and righteousness for its rule is obstinate; a mouth that does not speak words of loyalty and good faith is foul. The Di conform to all of these; the four wickednesses are all present there.

"When Zhou had its excellent virtue, it still said 'none are like brothers,' and therefore enfeoffed them. Even when it cherished and soothed all under Heaven, it still feared insult from outside; and for warding off insult nothing serves like treating kin as kin, and so it made its kin the screen of Zhou. Duke Mu of Shao said the same. Now that the virtue of Zhou has already declined, are you to break as well with what the Dukes of Zhou and Shao did, and follow these wickednesses? Surely that will not do. The people have not yet forgotten calamity, and the king raises it up again. What then of King Wen and King Wu?"

The king would not listen, and sent Tui Shu and Tao Zi out to bring in the Di army.

In summer the Di attacked Zheng and took Li.

The king felt himself indebted to the Di, and was about to make their daughter his queen. Fu Chen remonstrated: "It will not do. I have heard it said, 'The one who repays grows weary while the one who bestows is never satisfied.' The Di are greedy by nature, and the king now opens the door to them. A woman's claims know no limit and a wife's resentment no end. The Di will certainly become a plague." Again the king would not listen.

Earlier, Duke Zhao of Gan had been favored by Queen Hui, and Queen Hui had meant to set him up, but she died before doing so. Duke Zhao fled to Qi, and the king brought him back. He then had illicit relations with the lady of the Wei clan (隗氏). The king put the lady Wei aside. Tui Shu and Tao Zi said, "It was we who brought in the Di; the Di will hold it against us." So they took up the Grand Uncle Dai (大叔) and attacked the king with a Di army. The king's guard officers were about to resist them, but the king said, "What would the former queen say of me? Better to let the feudal lords settle it." The king then went out; and when he had reached Kandan the men of the capital brought him back in.

In autumn Tui Shu and Tao Zi, with the Grand Uncle Dai and a Di army, attacked Zhou and heavily defeated the Zhou army, capturing the Duke of Zhou Jifu, the Earl of Yuan, the Earl of Mao, and Fu Chen. The king went out to Zheng and lodged at Fan. The Grand Uncle Dai took the lady Wei and dwelt at Wen.

Zizang, younger brother of Zihua of Zheng, fled to Song. He was fond of collecting caps of kingfisher feathers. The Earl of Zheng heard of it and detested him, and sent brigands to lure him out. In the eighth month the brigands killed him between Chen and Song.

The noble man said: "Dress that is not fitting is a disaster to the person who wears it. The Odes say:

That man there —
he does not match his robes.

"Zizang's dress did not match him indeed. The Odes say:

He brought this grief upon himself.

"That was said of Zizang. The Documents of Xia say, 'The earth is levelled and Heaven's work completed.' That is matching."

Song made peace with Chu, and Duke Cheng of Song went to Chu. On his way back he entered Zheng. The Earl of Zheng was about to feast him, and asked Huang Wuzi about the proper rites. He answered: "Song is the posterity of a former dynasty, and toward Zhou it stands as a guest. When the Son of Heaven sacrifices, he sends Song the roasted meat; when there is a death, he bows to Song. Rich and generous treatment is right." The Earl of Zheng followed this. He feasted the Duke of Song with added honors: this was ritually correct.

In winter the king sent word of his trouble, saying: "I, the unworthy one, being without virtue, have given offense to Dai, my own mother's son and her favored one; I am lodged meanly at Fan in the territory of Zheng, and venture to inform my uncle." Zang Wenzhong replied: "The Son of Heaven is covered with dust outside his own domain. Dare we not hurry to inquire of the officers who serve him?" The king sent Jian Shifu to inform Jin and Zuo Yanfu to inform Qin.

The Son of Heaven never "goes out." The annal writes, "The Heavenly King went out and dwelt in Zheng," because he was avoiding the trouble raised by his own mother's son. That the Son of Heaven in mourning dress lowered his style was ritually correct.

The Earl of Zheng, together with Kong Jiangchu, Shi Jiafu, and Hou Xuanduo, inspected the official provisions at Fan, and only afterward attended to the government of his own state: this was ritually correct.

The men of Wei were about to attack Xing. Li Zhi said, "Unless we get hold of its defender, the state cannot be got. Let my brother and me take office there." So they went and obtained office.

Year 25 (僖公二十五年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-fifth year, in spring, in the king's first month, on bingwu, Hui, Marquis of Wei, extinguished Xing.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on guiyou, Hui, Marquis of Wei, died.
• Dang Boji of Song came to fetch a bride.
• Song put to death one of its grandees.
• In autumn men of Chu besieged Chen.
• The Viscount of Dun was restored to Dun.
• Duke Wen of Wei was buried.
• In winter, in the twelfth month, on guihai, the duke met the young lord of Wei and Ju Qing and swore a covenant at Tao.

Zuo.

In the spring of the twenty-fifth year the men of Wei attacked Xing. The two Li brothers went with Guozi on his round of the walls, took him under the arms, threw him over to the outside, and killed him.

In the first month, on bingwu, Hui, Marquis of Wei, extinguished Xing. Xing was of the same surname, and therefore the annal gives the marquis's personal name. Li Zhi made an inscription that read: "I took Guozi under the arms and killed him, and none dared stop me."

The Earl of Qin encamped on the Yellow River, intending to restore the king. Hu Yan said to the Marquis of Jin: "For winning the feudal lords nothing equals diligent service to the king. The feudal lords will trust it, and it is besides the great righteousness. To carry on the work of Marquis Wen, and to make your good faith known among the feudal lords — now is the time."

He had Bu Yan divine by the tortoise. Bu Yan said, "Auspicious. We have met the omen of the Yellow Emperor's battle at Banquan." The duke said, "I am not equal to that." He answered, "The rites of Zhou have not changed. The king of today is the emperor of antiquity." The duke said, "Divine by the yarrow." They did so, and met Dayou changing into Kui. Bu Yan said: "Auspicious. We have met the line, 'The duke makes his offering to the Son of Heaven.' You will conquer in battle and the king will feast you: what fortune could be greater? Moreover in this hexagram Heaven becomes a marsh and so faces the sun — the Son of Heaven lowers his heart to welcome the duke. Is that not fitting? And Dayou goes off into Kui and comes back again: that too is its proper place."

The Marquis of Jin declined the Qin army and marched down. In the third month, on jiachen, he halted at Yangfan; the right army besieged Wen and the left army went to welcome the king.

In summer, in the fourth month, on dingsi, the king entered Wangcheng. The Grand Uncle Dai was taken at Wen and killed at Xicheng.

On wuwu the Marquis of Jin had audience with the king. The king feasted him with sweet ale and ordered the ceremonial gifts. The marquis asked for the tunnel approach to the grave, and it was not allowed. The king said: "That is a royal insignia. So long as no one has replaced our virtue there cannot be two kings — which is a thing my uncle would himself detest." He gave him instead the lands of Yangfan, Wen, Yuan, and Cuanmao. From this time Jin first opened up Nanyang.

Yangfan would not submit, and was besieged. Cang Ge cried out: "Virtue is for soothing the Middle States, punishment for overawing the Yi of the four quarters. It is fitting that we do not dare submit. Who here is not a kinsman or a relative by marriage of the king? Are they to be taken as captives?" So they let its people go out.

In autumn Qin and Jin attacked Ruo. Chu's Dou Ke and Qu Yukou garrisoned Shangmi with the troops of Shen and Xi. The men of Qin passed Xi, came in by a hidden bend and bound up their own baggage men as though they were prisoners, and with these invested Shangmi, closing upon it at dusk. In the night they dug a pit, put blood and a written covenant into it, and pretended to have sworn a covenant with Ziyi and Zibian. The people of Shangmi were afraid and said, "Qin has taken Xi, and the garrison troops have turned!" They then surrendered to the Qin army. Qin took Ziyi, the governor of Shen, and Zibian, the governor of Xi, prisoner and returned with them. Chu's chief minister Ziyu pursued the Qin army but did not overtake it. He then besieged Chen, and restored the Viscount of Dun to Dun.

In winter the Marquis of Jin besieged Yuan, ordering three days' rations. Yuan did not surrender, and he ordered a withdrawal. A spy came out and said, "Yuan is about to surrender." The officers of the army said, "Let us wait for it." The duke said, "Good faith is the treasure of a state and the shelter of the people. To gain Yuan and lose good faith — with what would I shelter them then? The loss would be far the greater." He withdrew one day's march, and Yuan surrendered. He moved Guan, the Earl of Yuan, to Ji. Zhao Cui was made grandee of Yuan, and Hu Zhen grandee of Wen.

The men of Wei made peace between Ju and us.

In the twelfth month there was a covenant at Tao, renewing the good relations of Duke Wen of Wei and also concluding the peace with Ju.

The Marquis of Jin asked the eunuch Bo Di who should hold Yuan. He answered, "Once Zhao Cui carried a jug of cooked food along a byway; he was starving, and did not eat it." Therefore the marquis placed him at Yuan.

Year 26 (僖公二十六年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-sixth year, in spring, in the king's first month.
• On jiwei the duke met the Viscount of Ju and Ning Su of Wei and swore a covenant at Xiang.
• Men of Qi raided our western border.
• The duke pursued the Qi army as far as Xi, but did not overtake it.
• In summer men of Qi attacked our northern border.
• Men of Wei attacked Qi.
• The ducal son Sui went to Chu to beg for troops.
• In autumn men of Chu extinguished Kui and returned with the Viscount of Kui.
• In winter men of Chu attacked Song and besieged Min.
• The duke, with a Chu army, attacked Qi and took Gu.
• The duke returned from attacking Qi.

Zuo.

In the spring of the twenty-sixth year, in the king's first month, the duke met Duke Ziping of Ju and Ning Zhuangzi and swore a covenant at Xiang, renewing the covenant of Tao. The Qi army raided our western border, punishing us for these two covenants.

In summer Duke Xiao of Qi attacked our northern border. The men of Wei attacked Qi, on account of the covenant of Tao.

The duke sent Zhan Xi to bring provisions to the invading army, and had him take his instructions from Zhan Qin. Before the Marquis of Qi had entered our borders, Zhan Xi went out to him and said: "Our unworthy ruler has heard that you have in person set your jade footsteps in motion and will condescend to visit our poor city, and has sent his humble servant to bring provisions to your officers." The Marquis of Qi said, "Are the men of Lu afraid?" He answered, "The small men are afraid; the noble men are not." The Marquis of Qi said, "Your houses are as bare as a hanging chime and there is not a green blade in your fields. On what do you rely, that you are not afraid?"

He answered: "We rely on the charge of the former kings. Long ago the Duke of Zhou and the Grand Duke were the arms and legs of the house of Zhou and upheld King Cheng on either side. King Cheng rewarded their toil and granted them a covenant which said, 'For generation upon generation your descendants shall do one another no harm.' It is deposited in the covenant archive, and the Grand Preceptor has charge of it. It was on this account that Duke Huan gathered the feudal lords, took counsel over their discords, stitched up their breaches, and corrected and rescued them in their disasters, making clear the old charge. When you came to the throne, the hope of the feudal lords was, 'He will follow the achievement of Duke Huan.' For that reason our poor city has not dared to fortify itself and gather in, saying, 'Would he, in the ninth year of his succession, cast off that charge and abandon that office? What then of his forefather? Surely our lord would not do so.' It is on this that we rely and are not afraid." The Marquis of Qi then turned back.

Dongmen Xiangzhong and Zang Wenzhong went to Chu to beg for troops. Zangsun saw Ziyu and drew him on toward attacking Qi and Song, on the ground that they were not behaving as subjects.

The Viscount of Kui did not sacrifice to Zhurong and Yuxiong. The men of Chu reproached him for it. He answered, "Our former king Xiong Zhi had an illness; the ghosts and spirits did not pardon him, and he fled of himself to Kui. That is how we lost Chu. Why then should we sacrifice to them?"

In autumn Chu's Cheng Dechen and Dou Yishen led an army, extinguished Kui, and returned with the Viscount of Kui.

Song, because of its good relations with the Marquis of Jin, revolted from Chu and went over to Jin.

In winter Chu's chief minister Ziyu and the marshal Zixi led an army, attacked Song, and besieged Min. The duke, with a Chu army, attacked Qi and took Gu. In general, when one can move an army to left or right at will, the word "with" is used. They placed Yong, a son of Duke Huan, at Gu, and Yi Ya upheld him there as a support for Lu. Shuhou, the governor of Shen in Chu, garrisoned the place. Seven sons of Duke Huan became seven grandees in Chu.

Year 27 (僖公二十七年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-seventh year, in spring, the Viscount of Qi came to court.
• In summer, in the sixth month, on gengyin, Zhao, Marquis of Qi, died.
• In autumn, in the eighth month, on yiwei, Duke Xiao of Qi was buried.
• On yisi the ducal son Sui led an army and entered Qi.
• In winter men of Chu, the Marquis of Chen, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, and the Baron of Xu besieged Song.
• In the twelfth month, on jiaxu, the duke met the feudal lords and swore a covenant at Song.

Zuo.

In the spring of the twenty-seventh year Duke Huan of Qi came to court. He used Yi rites, and therefore the annal calls him "viscount." The duke slighted Qi, because Qi had not been respectful.

In summer Duke Xiao of Qi died. Though there was a grievance against Qi, the observances of mourning were not omitted: this was ritually correct.

In autumn we entered Qi, reproving it for its want of ritual propriety.

The Viscount of Chu was about to besiege Song. He had Ziwen drill the troops at Kui; it was over in a morning, and not one man was punished. Ziyu then drilled the troops at Wei; it took the whole day, and he flogged seven men and pierced the ears of three. The elders of the state all congratulated Ziwen, and Ziwen gave them wine. Wei Jia, who was still a boy, came late and did not congratulate him. Ziwen asked him why. He answered: "I do not know what there is to congratulate. When you handed over the government to Ziyu you said, 'It is to bring quiet to the state.' To quiet it within and be beaten abroad — how much is gained by that? Ziyu's defeat will be your doing; and to raise a man up and thereby ruin the state — what is there in that to congratulate? Ziyu is hard and without ritual propriety, and cannot govern men. Give him more than three hundred chariots and he will not bring them home again. If he does bring them home, I will congratulate you then: what harm is there in being late?"

In winter the Viscount of Chu and the feudal lords besieged Song, and Song's Gongsun Gu went to Jin to report the emergency. Xian Zhen said, "To repay a kindness and rescue men from distress, to take authority and settle the hegemony — it lies here." Hu Yan said, "Chu has only just won over Cao and has newly made a marriage with Wei. If we attack Cao and Wei, Chu will certainly go to their rescue, and then Qi and Song will be relieved."

Thereupon they held a great hunt at Beilu, formed the three armies, and deliberated on a commander in chief. Zhao Cui said: "Xi Hu will do. I have often heard him speak: he delights in the Rites and the Music and is earnest in the Odes and the Documents. The Odes and the Documents are the storehouse of righteousness; the Rites and the Music are the standard of virtue; virtue and righteousness are the root of benefit. The Documents of Xia say, 'Receive them by their words, test them clearly by their achievements, reward their service with chariots and robes.' Let my lord test him." So he made Xi Hu commander of the central army with Xi Zhen as his second; he made Hu Yan commander of the upper army, but Hu Yan yielded to Hu Mao and served as his second; he appointed Zhao Cui a minister, but Zhao Cui yielded to Luan Zhi and Xian Zhen; so he made Luan Zhi commander of the lower army with Xian Zhen as his second. Xun Linfu drove the war chariot and Wei Chou was the right-hand spearman.

When the Marquis of Jin first entered the state he taught his people, and after two years he wished to use them. Zifan said, "The people do not yet know righteousness; they are not yet settled in their dwellings." Thereupon he went out and settled King Xiang, and on his return worked to benefit the people, and the people came to cherish their livelihood. He was about to use them, and Zifan said, "The people do not yet know good faith; its use has not been made plain to them." Thereupon he attacked Yuan to show them good faith. Those of the people who traded goods sought no excess, and made their word plainly good. The duke said, "May I now?" Zifan said, "The people do not yet know ritual propriety; reverence has not yet been born in them." Thereupon he held the great hunt to show them ritual propriety, and instituted the Keeper of Ranks to set their offices right. The people obeyed without confusion, and only then did he use them. They drove out the garrison at Gu, raised the siege of Song, and in a single battle gained the hegemony: this was Duke Wen's teaching.

Year 28 (僖公二十八年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-eighth year, in spring, the Marquis of Jin raided Cao.
• The Marquis of Jin attacked Wei; the ducal son Mai garrisoned Wei, did not complete the garrison duty, and was executed.
• Men of Chu rescued Wei.
• In the third month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin entered Cao, seized the Earl of Cao, and handed him over to the men of Song.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on jisi, the Marquis of Jin, the army of Qi, the army of Song, and the army of Qin fought with the men of Chu at Chengpu, and the Chu army was routed.
• Chu put to death its grandee Dechen.
• The Marquis of Wei fled to Chu.
• In the fifth month, on guichou, the duke met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the young lord of Wei, and the Viscount of Ju, and swore a covenant at Jiantu.
• The Marquis of Chen came to the meeting.
• The duke had audience at the king's residence.
• In the sixth month Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei from Chu, and Wei's Yuan Xuan fled to Jin.
• Kuan, Marquis of Chen, died.
• In autumn Boji of Qi came.
• The ducal son Sui went to Qi.
• In winter the duke met the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Duke of Song, the Marquis of Cai, the Earl of Zheng, the young lord of Chen, the Viscount of Ju, men of Zhu, and men of Qin at Wen.
• The Heavenly King hunted at Heyang.
• On renshen the duke had audience at the king's residence.
• Men of Jin seized the Marquis of Wei and sent him to the royal capital.
• Wei's Yuan Xuan returned to Wei from Jin.
• The feudal lords then besieged Xu.
• Xiang, Earl of Cao, returned to Cao, and then joined the feudal lords in besieging Xu.

Zuo.

In the spring of the twenty-eighth year the Marquis of Jin was about to attack Cao, and asked passage through Wei; the men of Wei refused. He went round and crossed from the south of the Yellow River, raided Cao, and attacked Wei.

In the first month, on wushen, he took Wulu.

In the second month Jin's Xi Hu died. Yuan Zhen (原軫, that is, Xian Zhen) was made commander of the central army, and Xu Chen second of the lower army: virtue was put above seniority. The Marquis of Jin and the Marquis of Qi swore a covenant at Lianyu. The Marquis of Wei asked to join the covenant, and the men of Jin refused. The Marquis of Wei wished to side with Chu, but the people of the capital did not, and so they expelled their ruler to placate Jin. The Marquis of Wei went out and dwelt at Xiangniu. The ducal son Mai garrisoned Wei; the men of Chu came to rescue Wei but did not succeed. The duke, being afraid of Jin, killed Zicong to placate it, and said to the men of Chu, "He did not complete his garrison duty." The Marquis of Jin besieged Cao and assaulted its gates, and many were killed. The men of Cao laid out the corpses on the wall. The Marquis of Jin was troubled by this, and listened to the plan of the common soldiers, who said, "Give out that we shall camp among their graves." The army moved there, and the men of Cao were struck with terror; they coffined those they had taken and brought them out. Taking advantage of their panic, Jin attacked them.

In the third month, on bingwu, he entered Cao. He enumerated Cao's offenses: that it had not employed Xi Fuji, while three hundred men rode in official carriages; and he said, "Let them show what they did to deserve it." He ordered that no one should enter Xi Fuji's house, and spared his clan — repaying a kindness. Wei Chou and Dian Xie were angry and said, "He gives no thought to our toil; what repaying is there in this!" They set fire to the house of Xi Fuji, and Wei Chou was wounded in the chest. The duke wished to put him to death, but valued his ability; he sent a man to ask after him and to see how bad the injury was, meaning to kill him. Wei Chou bound up his chest and, when he saw the messenger, said, "By my lord's spirit-power, should I not be well?" He leapt forward three hundred times and sprang up in place three hundred times. So the duke let him off; he executed Dian Xie and paraded him before the army, and appointed Zhou Zhiqiao right-hand spearman of the war chariot.

The men of Song sent the gate-warden Ban to the Jin army to report the emergency. The duke said, "The men of Song report an emergency. If we abandon them, they will break with us; if we appeal to Chu, it will not consent. I wish to fight, but Qi and Qin are not yet willing. What is to be done?" Xian Zhen said: "Let Song leave off appealing to us and bribe Qi and Qin, and through them make the appeal to Chu. Meanwhile we shall seize the ruler of Cao and divide the lands of Cao and Wei to bestow on the men of Song. Chu loves Cao and Wei, and will certainly refuse. Qi and Qin glad of the bribes and angry at the refusal, and Chu obstinate — can there fail to be a battle?" The duke was pleased. He seized the Earl of Cao and divided the lands of Cao and Wei and gave them to the men of Song.

The king of Chu came in and lodged at Shen. He ordered Shu of Shen to leave Gu and Ziyu to leave Song, saying: "Do not pursue the Jin army. The Marquis of Jin was abroad for nineteen years, and in the end he obtained the state of Jin. Peril and hardship he has tasted to the full; the truth and falsehood of men he knows entirely. Heaven has granted him his years and removed those who harmed him. What Heaven has set up — can it be cast down? The Records of War say, 'When you have your due, go home.' Again they say, 'Knowing the difficulty, withdraw.' Again they say, 'One who has virtue cannot be opposed.' These three sayings speak of Jin."

Ziyu sent Bo Fen to ask leave to fight, saying, "I do not presume to be certain of merit; I wish rather to take the occasion to stop the mouths of slander and malice." The king was angry, and gave him few troops: only the Western Guang, the Eastern Palace guard, and the six companies of the Ruo'ao clan actually followed him.

Ziyu sent Wan Chun to inform the Jin army: "Restore the Marquis of Wei and reinstate Cao in its fief, and I too will raise the siege of Song." Zifan said, "How devoid of ritual propriety Ziyu is! Our ruler is to get one thing and his subject two. This chance must not be lost." Xian Zhen said: "You should grant it. To settle men is what is called ritual propriety. Chu with one word settles three states, and we with one word would destroy them; then it is we who are without ritual propriety, and with what shall we fight? Not to agree to Chu's terms is to abandon Song. To go to the rescue and then abandon them — what shall we say to the feudal lords? Chu will have three states in its debt and we shall have three grievances against us. With enemies already so many, how shall we fight? Better to promise privately to restore Cao and Wei, and so detach them, and to seize Wan Chun and enrage Chu; when the battle has been fought we can plan afterward." The duke was pleased, and confined Wan Chun in Wei, and privately promised to restore Cao and Wei. Cao and Wei then announced their break with Chu.

Ziyu was enraged and pursued the Jin army; the Jin army withdrew. The officers of the army said, "For a ruler to give way to a subject is a disgrace. Besides, the Chu army is worn out. Why withdraw?" Zifan said: "An army in the right is vigorous, one in the wrong is worn out — it does not lie in length of time. Without the kindness of Chu we should not have come to this; to withdraw three days' marches and give way is the repaying of it. To turn our backs on kindness and eat our words, and so stiffen ourselves against a benefactor — then we are in the wrong and Chu is in the right, and their host, well fed as always, cannot be called worn out. If we withdraw and Chu turns back, what more should we ask? And if it does not turn back, then the ruler has withdrawn and the subject has pressed on, and the wrong is on their side." They withdrew three days' marches. The Chu host wished to halt, but Ziyu would not.

In summer, in the fourth month, on wuchen, the Marquis of Jin, the Duke of Song, Guo Guifu and Cui Yao of Qi, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin encamped at Chengpu. The Chu army camped with Xi at its back, and the Marquis of Jin was troubled by it. He listened to a chant of the common soldiers that ran:

The fields of the plain are lush and green;
cast off the old and plan the new.

The duke was in doubt. Zifan said, "Fight! If we fight and win, we shall certainly gain the feudal lords; and if we do not win, with mountains and river before and behind us we shall surely take no harm." The duke said, "What of Chu's kindness?" Luan Zhenzi said, "The Ji states north of the Han — Chu has swallowed them all. To think of a small kindness and forget a great shame is worse than fighting."

The Marquis of Jin dreamed that he grappled with the Viscount of Chu; the Viscount of Chu lay upon him and sucked out his brains, and he was afraid because of it. Zifan said, "Auspicious! We have Heaven above us and Chu lies prostrate in its guilt; and we shall besides soften them."

Ziyu sent Dou Bo to ask for battle, saying, "Let us have a game with my lord's officers. Let my lord lean on his chariot rail and watch it, and Dechen will look on with him." The Marquis of Jin had Luan Zhi reply: "Our unworthy ruler has heard your command. The kindness of the ruler of Chu we have not dared to forget, and that is why we are here. We withdrew for the grandee's sake; would we dare stand against his ruler? Since we have not received the order to desist, we venture to trouble the grandee to say to your several officers: 'Make ready your chariots and teams, be reverent in your ruler's business; tomorrow at dawn we shall meet.'"

Jin had seven hundred chariots, with breast-straps, traces, girths, and cruppers all in order. The Marquis of Jin climbed the ruins of Youxin to review the army and said, "Young and old keep the proper order; they can be used." Then he had the trees there cut down to add to his weapons.

On jisi the Jin army drew up north of Xin. Xu Chen, as second of the lower army, faced Chen and Cai. Ziyu commanded the central army with the six companies of the Ruo'ao clan, saying, "Today there will surely be no more Jin!" Zixi commanded the left and Zishang the right. Xu Chen covered his horses with tiger skins and charged Chen and Cai first. Chen and Cai fled, and the Chu right army collapsed. Hu Mao set up two great pennons and drew back. Luan Zhi had his carts drag brushwood to feign a rout, and the Chu army galloped after them. Yuan Zhen and Xi Zhen struck them in the flank with the ducal clan troops of the central army; Hu Mao and Hu Yan attacked Zixi from both sides with the upper army, and the Chu left army collapsed. The Chu army was routed. Ziyu gathered his own companies and halted, and therefore was not defeated.

The Jin army lodged three days and ate the enemy's grain, and turned back on guiyou. On jiawu they reached Hengyong and built a royal palace at Jiantu.

Three months before this campaign the Earl of Zheng had gone to Chu to deliver his troops. Now, because the Chu army had been defeated, he was afraid, and sent Ziren Jiu to make peace with Jin; and Jin's Luan Zhi went in and swore a covenant with the Earl of Zheng.

In the fifth month, on bingwu, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Zheng swore a covenant at Hengyong. On dingwei he presented the Chu captives to the king: a hundred chariots with mailed teams of four, and a thousand foot soldiers. The Earl of Zheng attended the king, using the ceremonial of King Ping's time.

On jiyou the king feasted him with sweet ale and ordered the ceremonial gifts for the Marquis of Jin. The king ordered the Yin clansman, Prince Hu, and the inner scribe Shu Xingfu to invest the Marquis of Jin by written charge as chief of the feudal lords, bestowing on him the equipage of the great state chariot and the equipage of the war chariot, one red bow, a hundred red arrows, a thousand black bows and arrows, one jar of black-millet spirits, and three hundred Tiger Guards. It said: "The king says to his uncle: 'Reverently obey the royal charge, bring peace to the states of the four quarters, and correct and drive far off the king's evildoers.'" The Marquis of Jin declined three times and then obeyed the charge, saying, "Chong'er ventures to bow twice and touch his head to the ground, and to hold up and proclaim the Son of Heaven's greatly illustrious and excellent charge." He received the written charge and went out; going out and coming in, he had audience three times.

When the Marquis of Wei heard that the Chu army had been defeated he was afraid and fled to Chu, and then went on to Chen, sending Yuan Xuan to uphold Shu Wu in accepting the covenant.

On guihai Prince Hu swore the feudal lords in covenant in the royal court. The binding words were: "Let all uphold the royal house and do one another no harm! If any break this covenant, may the bright spirits strike him down, make his army fall, deny him the blessing of his state, and reach to his great-great-grandsons, sparing neither old nor young!" The noble man held that this covenant was made in good faith, and that Jin in this campaign was able to attack with virtue.

Earlier, Ziyu of Chu had made for himself a cap of fine jade and jade hat-strings, and had not yet worn them. Before the battle he dreamed that the god of the Yellow River said to him, "Give them to me, and I will grant you the marshes of Mengzhu." He did not present them. Daxin and Zixi sent Rong Huang to remonstrate, and he would not listen. Rong Ji said, "If dying would profit the state a man might even do that, let alone give up fine jade. It is dung and dirt, and it could carry the army through; what is there to grudge?" Still he would not listen. Rong Ji came out and told the two men, "It is not the god who will defeat the chief minister. The chief minister does not toil for the people; he defeats himself." After the defeat, the king sent to say to him, "If the grandee returns, what of the elders of Shen and Xi?" Zixi and Sun Bo said, "Dechen was about to die; we two servants stopped him, saying, 'Our ruler will surely put you to death himself.'" He reached Liangu and died. When the Marquis of Jin heard of it, his joy could be seen. He said, "There is no one to poison me now! Wei Lüchen is chief minister, and he serves only himself; he does not attend to the people."

Someone accused Yuan Xuan to the Marquis of Wei, saying, "He has set up Shu Wu as ruler." Xuan's son Jue was in attendance on the marquis, and the marquis had him killed. Xuan did not abandon his charge, but upheld Yi Shu and went in to hold the state.

In the sixth month the men of Jin restored the Marquis of Wei. Ning Wuzi swore a covenant with the men of Wei at Wanpu, saying: "Heaven has visited calamity on the state of Wei; ruler and servants were not of one mind, and it has come to this grief. Now Heaven has drawn out their inmost hearts and made them all humble their minds and follow one another. Had there been none who stayed, who would have guarded the altars of soil and grain? Had there been none who went, who would have defended the herds and the pastures? Because of our discord we now openly beg a covenant of you, great spirits, to draw out the purpose of Heaven. From this day forward, after the covenant is sworn, let those who went not presume upon their efforts, and let those who stayed not fear punishment for their fault. If any break this covenant, let the consequence reach him. Bright spirits and former rulers, correct him and strike him down."

When the people of the capital heard of this covenant they were no longer of two minds. The Marquis of Wei entered before the appointed day. Ningzi went ahead of him; Chang Zang was keeping the gate and took him for a messenger, and rode in with him. The ducal son Chuanquan and Hua Zhong were the vanguard. Shusun was about to wash his hair; hearing that the ruler had come, he was glad, and ran out holding his hair. The vanguard shot and killed him. The marquis knew that he was guiltless, pillowed his head on his own thigh, and wept over him. Chuanquan ran out, and the marquis had him killed. Yuan Xuan fled to Jin.

At the battle of Chengpu the horses of Jin's central army ran loose in the marsh, and the left banner of the great pennon was lost. Qi Man had violated orders, and the marshal put him to death and paraded him before the feudal lords, appointing Mao Fa in his place. The army turned back. On renwu they crossed the Yellow River. Zhou Zhiqiao went home ahead of it, and Shi Hui took over as right-hand spearman.

In autumn, in the seventh month, on bingshen, the army was mustered and entered Jin with songs of triumph. They presented the captives and handed over the severed ears, drank the offering of return and made great rewards, summoned the feudal lords to meetings and punished the disloyal. Zhou Zhiqiao was put to death and paraded through the state, and thereupon the people were greatly submissive. The noble man held: "Duke Wen indeed knew how to punish! With three punishments the people submitted. The Odes say:

Be kind to this Middle Kingdom,
and so bring peace to the four quarters.

"That is to say, he did not go wrong in reward and punishment."

In winter there was the meeting at Wen, to punish those who had not submitted.

The Marquis of Wei went to law with Yuan Xuan. Ning Wuzi was his supporter, Zhen Zhuangzi stood in the dock for him, and Shi Rong acted as his pleader. The Marquis of Wei lost the case. Shi Rong was put to death and Zhen Zhuangzi had his feet cut off; Ning Yu was declared loyal and set free. The Marquis of Wei was seized and sent to the royal capital, where he was put in a deep chamber, and Ningzi took charge of bringing him bags of gruel. Yuan Xuan returned to Wei and set up the ducal son Xia.

At this meeting the Marquis of Jin summoned the king, presented the feudal lords to him, and had the king hold a hunt. Zhongni said, "For a subject to summon his ruler cannot be handed down as a teaching." Therefore the annal writes, "The Heavenly King hunted at Heyang" — saying that it was not his proper place, and also making his virtue clear.

On renshen the duke had audience at the king's residence. On dingchou the feudal lords besieged Xu.

The Marquis of Jin fell ill. The Earl of Cao's page Hou Nou bribed the diviner-scribe to say: "It is by Cao that the illness will be resolved. Duke Huan of Qi held meetings and enfeoffed states of another surname; now our lord holds a meeting and extinguishes a state of his own surname. Shu Zhenduo of Cao was of King Wen's zhao line, and our former lord Tang Shu was of King Wu's mu line. Moreover, to gather the feudal lords and extinguish a brother state is against ritual propriety; to sentence Cao together with Wei and not to restore it together with Wei is against good faith; to punish the same offense differently is against the law of punishments. Setting these three aside, what will our lord do?" The duke was pleased. He restored the Earl of Cao, and then met the feudal lords at Xu.

The Marquis of Jin formed the Three Files to resist the Di: Xun Linfu commanded the central file, Tu Ji the right file, and Xian Mie the left file.

Year 29 (僖公二十九年)

Annals.

• In the twenty-ninth year, in spring, Gelu of Jie came.
• The duke returned from besieging Xu.
• In summer, in the sixth month, there was a meeting with a royal officer and with men of Jin, Song, Qi, Chen, Cai, and Qin, and a covenant was sworn at Diquan.
• In autumn there was a great fall of hail.
• In winter Gelu of Jie came.

Zuo.

In the spring of the twenty-ninth year Gelu came to court and lodged on the heights of Changyan. The duke was away at the meeting, and sent him fodder and rice: this was ritually correct.

In summer the duke met Prince Hu, Hu Yan of Jin, Gongsun Gu of Song, Guo Guifu of Qi, Yuan Taotu of Chen, and Xiaozi Yin of Qin, and swore a covenant at Diquan, renewing the covenant of Jiantu and also planning an attack on Zheng. The ministers are not named in the annal, as a censure of them. By ritual, a minister does not meet with dukes and marquises; to meet with earls, viscounts, and barons is permissible.

In autumn there was a great fall of hail: it was a disaster.

In winter Gelu of Jie came. Because he had not seen the duke, he came to court a second time, and was treated with ritual courtesy; a feast and friendly gifts were added. Gelu of Jie heard an ox lowing and said, "That one has borne three calves fit for sacrifice, and all of them have been used. Its voice says so." They asked, and it was true.

Year 30 (僖公三十年)

Annals.

• In the thirtieth year, in spring, in the king's first month.
• In summer the Di raided Qi.
• In autumn Wei put to death its grandee Yuan Xuan and the ducal son Xia.
• Zheng, Marquis of Wei, returned to Wei.
• Men of Jin and men of Qin besieged Zheng.
• Men of Jie raided Xiao.
• In winter the Heavenly King sent the steward, the Duke of Zhou, on a diplomatic visit.
• The ducal son Sui went to the royal capital, and then went on to Jin.

Zuo.

In the spring of the thirtieth year the men of Jin raided Zheng, to see whether it could be attacked or not. The Di took advantage of Jin's being preoccupied with Zheng.

In summer the Di raided Qi. The Marquis of Jin sent the physician Yan to poison the Marquis of Wei. Ning Yu bribed the physician to make the poison weak, and he did not die. The duke interceded for him, presenting jade to the king and to the Marquis of Jin, ten pairs to each. The king consented.

In autumn the Marquis of Wei was released. The Marquis of Wei sent bribes to Zhou Chuan and Ye Jin, saying, "If you can bring me back, I will make you ministers." Zhou and Ye killed Yuan Xuan and Zishi and Ziyi. The marquis went in and sacrificed to his forefathers. Zhou and Ye, having put on their robes of office, were about to receive their charge; Zhou Chuan went in first, and when he reached the gate he was seized with sickness and died. Ye Jin declined the ministry.

In the ninth month, on jiawu, the Marquis of Jin and the Earl of Qin besieged Zheng, because Zheng had been wanting in ritual propriety toward Jin and had also been of two minds and leaned toward Chu. The Jin army camped at Hanling and the Qin army south of the Fan. Yi Zhihu said to the Earl of Zheng, "The state is in danger! If you send Zhu Zhiwu to see the ruler of Qin, the armies will certainly withdraw." The duke followed his advice. Zhu Zhiwu declined, saying, "When I was in my prime I was still not the equal of others; now I am old, and can do nothing at all." The duke said, "That I could not employ you earlier, and now in an emergency come begging you — that is my own fault. Still, if Zheng perishes there will be no advantage in it for you either." He consented.

By night he was let down by a rope and went out. He saw the Earl of Qin and said: "Qin and Jin are besieging Zheng, and Zheng knows already that it is lost. If the destruction of Zheng would profit my lord, I would venture to trouble your officers with the matter. But to reach across a state and make a distant place your border town — my lord knows how hard that is. Why destroy Zheng to double your neighbor? Your neighbor's thickening is my lord's thinning. If you spare Zheng and make it your host on the eastern road, so that when your envoys come and go it supplies what they lack, my lord takes no harm from it. Moreover my lord once conferred a favor on the ruler of Jin, who promised you Jiao and Xia; but he crossed the river in the morning and set up his boundary walls that evening, as my lord knows. As for Jin, what satisfying it is there? Having made Zheng its eastern border, it will want to extend its western border as well; and if it does not cut into Qin, where is it to take from? To cut into Qin for the profit of Jin — let my lord consider it."

The Earl of Qin was pleased and swore a covenant with the men of Zheng. He left Qizi, Pang Sun, and Yang Sun to garrison the place, and returned. Zifan urged that they strike Qin, but the duke said: "It will not do. Without that man's strength I should not have come to this. To use a man's strength and then ruin him is not humane; to lose one's ally is not wise; to exchange order for disorder is not martial. I shall go back." And he too withdrew.

Earlier, the ducal son Lan of Zheng had fled to Jin. He followed the Marquis of Jin in attacking Zheng, but asked not to take part in besieging Zheng, and this was allowed him; he was told to await orders in the east. Shi Jiafu and Hou Xuanduo of Zheng went out to receive him as heir apparent, and thereby sought peace with Jin, and the men of Jin consented.

In winter the king sent the Duke of Zhou, Yue, on a diplomatic visit. At the feast there were pickled sweet-flag root, parched rice and parched millet, and salt molded into shape. He declined them, saying: "When the ruler of a state is illustrious enough in his civil accomplishment and awe-inspiring in war, then there is a feast with the full array of things, to figure forth his virtue: the five flavors are set out, fine grain is offered, and salt is shaped like a tiger, to present his achievements. How am I equal to this?"

Dongmen Xiangzhong was about to make a diplomatic visit to Zhou, and thereupon made the first diplomatic visit to Jin.

Year 31 (僖公三十一年)

Annals.

• In the thirty-first year, in spring, we took the lands west of the Ji.
• The ducal son Sui went to Jin.
• In summer, in the fourth month, the suburban sacrifice was divined for four times; the omens did not consent, and the victims were released.
• The three distant sacrifices were nevertheless performed.
• In autumn, the seventh month.
• In winter Boji of Qi came to seek a bride.
• The Di besieged Wei.
• In the twelfth month Wei moved to Diqiu.

Zuo.

In the spring of the thirty-first year we took the lands west of the Ji: this was the dividing of Cao's territory. Zang Wenzhong was sent to go there, and lodged at the post-house of Chong. A man of the Chong post-house told him, "Jin has newly won the feudal lords, and will certainly favor those who are respectful. If you do not go quickly, you will be too late." He followed this. The division of Cao's territory ran from Tao southward and touched the Ji on the east: it was all of Cao's land.

Xiangzhong went to Jin to give thanks for the lands of Cao.

In summer, in the fourth month, the suburban sacrifice was divined for four times and the response was unfavorable, so the victims were released. This was contrary to ritual. The three distant sacrifices were still performed, and this too was contrary to ritual. By ritual one does not divine about the regular sacrifices; one divines about the day of the victim. An ox whose day has been divined is called a victim, and once the victim is settled one divines about the suburban sacrifice. Here those above were slack and negligent. The distant sacrifices are a lesser part of the suburban sacrifice; if there is no suburban sacrifice, it is proper that there be no distant sacrifices either.

In autumn Jin held a great review at Qingyuan and formed five armies to hold off the Di. Zhao Cui was made a minister.

In winter the Di besieged Wei, and Wei moved its seat to Diqiu. The divination said: three hundred years.

Duke Cheng of Wei dreamed that Kang Shu (康叔) said to him, "Xiang is robbing me of my offerings." The duke ordered that sacrifice be made to Xiang. Ning Wuzi (甯武子) held that this could not be done, and said: "Ghosts and spirits do not savor the sacrifices of those who are not of their own kind. What are Qi and Zeng for? Xiang has long gone without offerings here, and that is no fault of Wei's. We may not intrude upon the sacrifices ordained by King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou. I ask that the order for this sacrifice be changed."

Xie Jia of Zheng detested the ducal son Xia (公子瑕), and the Earl of Zheng detested him as well; therefore the ducal son Xia fled to Chu.

Year 32 (僖公三十二年)

Annals.

• In the thirty-second year, in spring, the king's first month.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on jichou, Jie, Earl of Zheng, died. The men of Wei raided the Di.
• In autumn the men of Wei made a covenant with the Di.
• In winter, in the twelfth month, on jimao, Chong'er, Marquis of Jin, died.

Zuo.

In the thirty-second year, in spring, Dou Zhang of Chu sued for peace with Jin, and Yang Chufu (陽處父) of Jin returned the visit. Jin and Chu now entered into relations for the first time.

In summer there was disorder among the Di. Wei entered and raided the Di, and the Di sued for peace.

In autumn the men of Wei made a covenant with the Di.

In winter Duke Wen of Jin died. On gengchen, as he was to be laid in state at Quwo and the cortege left Jiang, the coffin gave out a sound like an ox. Bu Yan had the grandees bow, and said: "Our lord is issuing a command concerning a great undertaking. An army from the west will pass across our land. Strike it, and there will surely be a great victory."

Qizi sent word from Zheng to Qin, saying: "The men of Zheng have given me charge of the keys of their north gate. If you bring an army secretly, the city can be had." Duke Mu consulted Jian Shu (蹇叔) about it. Jian Shu said: "To wear out an army in a surprise attack on a distant place is a thing I have never heard of. The army will be worn out and its strength spent, while the distant ruler is prepared against it — surely this will not do. Whatever the army does, Zheng is certain to learn of it. To toil and gain nothing is bound to breed rebellious hearts. Besides, when men march a thousand li, who will not know of it?" The duke refused his counsel. He summoned Mengming (孟明), Xiqi, and Baiyi and had them lead the army out beyond the east gate. Jian Shu wept over them and said: "Mengzi, I see the army go out, but I shall not see it come in again." The duke sent word to him: "What do you know? Had you died at a middling age, the trees on your grave would by now be a span thick." Jian Shu's son went with the army, and weeping his father saw him off, saying: "The men of Jin will surely resist the army at Yao. At Yao there are two ridges. The southern ridge holds the tomb of Gao, sovereign of Xia; on the northern ridge King Wen sheltered from wind and rain. You will surely die between them, and it is there that I shall gather up your bones." The army of Qin then went east.

Year 33 (僖公三十三年)

Annals.

• In the thirty-third year, in spring, in the king's second month, the men of Qin entered Hua. The Marquis of Qi sent Guo Guifu here on a diplomatic visit.
• In summer, in the fourth month, on xinsi, the men of Jin together with the Jiang Rong defeated the army of Qin at Yao. On guisi, Duke Wen of Jin was buried. The Di raided Qi. Our duke attacked Zhu and took Zilou.
• In autumn the ducal son Sui led an army and attacked Zhu. The men of Jin defeated the Di at Ji (箕).
• In winter, in the tenth month, our duke went to Qi. In the twelfth month the duke arrived back from Qi. On yisi the duke passed away in the lesser chamber. Frost fell but did not kill the grasses; the plums and the apricots bore fruit. The men of Jin, the men of Chen, and the men of Zheng attacked Xu.

Zuo.

In the thirty-third year, in spring, the army of Qin passed the north gate of the Zhou capital. The men to left and right took off their helmets and dismounted, and then leapt back aboard — three hundred chariots did so. Wangsun Man (王孫滿) was still a child. Watching them, he said to the king: "The army of Qin is frivolous and without ritual propriety; it will surely be defeated. Being frivolous, it makes few plans; being without ritual propriety, it is careless. To enter dangerous ground carelessly, and to be incapable of planning besides — can it fail to be defeated?"

When they reached Hua, Xian Gao (弦高), a merchant of Zheng on his way to trade in Zhou, met them. He sent four tanned hides ahead as a first gift and followed with twelve oxen to feast the army, saying: "Our unworthy ruler has heard that you gentlemen are marching your army out past our unworthy city, and he ventures to feast your followers. Poor as our city is, for the sojourn of your followers, if you halt we will furnish a day's provisions, and if you march on we will provide a night's guard." At the same time he sent a fast courier to report to Zheng. Duke Mu of Zheng had the guest lodges inspected, and found that the men there had already bound up their loads, whetted their weapons, and fed their horses. He sent Huang Wuzi to dismiss them, saying: "You gentlemen have lingered long in our unworthy city, and our dried meat and grain and our animals for slaughter are exhausted. Since you are about to depart — Zheng has its Yuanpu park just as Qin has its Juyou park. Take your elk and deer from there, and give our unworthy city some rest. How would that be?" Qizi fled to Qi, and Fengsun and Yangsun fled to Song. Mengming said: "Zheng is prepared; there is nothing to hope for. Attack it and we cannot take it; besiege it and we have nothing behind us. We had best go back." They extinguished Hua and returned.

Guo Zhuangzi of Qi came on a diplomatic visit. From the welcome in the outskirts to the parting gifts he fulfilled every observance of ritual, and added to it a ready quickness. Zang Wenzhong said to the duke: "With Guozi conducting the government, Qi still has ritual propriety. My lord should pay a court visit there. I have heard it said that to submit to those who have ritual propriety is the safeguard of the altars of the state."

Yuan Zhen of Jin (that is, Xian Zhen) said: "Qin went against Jian Shu and out of greed has worn out its people. Heaven is making us a gift of them. What is given must not be let slip, and an enemy must not be let go. Let an enemy go and troubles are born; go against Heaven and there is no blessing. We must attack the army of Qin." Luan Zhi said: "We have not yet repaid the kindness of Qin, and to attack their army — is that not to treat our lord as dead and gone?" Xian Zhen said: "Qin did not grieve at our mourning but attacked a state of our own surname. It is Qin that is without ritual propriety; what kindness is there to speak of? I have heard that to let an enemy go for a single day is a calamity for generations to come. To lay plans that reach to our sons and grandsons — can that be called treating our lord as dead?" So the order went out, and the Jiang Rong were called up in haste. The young lord dyed his mourning robe and hempen bands black; Liang Hong drove the war chariot and Lai Ju stood as the warrior on the right.

In summer, in the fourth month, on xinsi, they defeated the army of Qin at Yao and took Baili Mengmingshi, Xiqi Shu, and Baiyi Bing captive and brought them home. They then wore black to bury Duke Wen, and from this time Jin began to use black.

Wen Ying (文嬴) asked for the three commanders, saying: "It was they who truly set my two rulers against each other. If our unworthy ruler could get hold of them and eat them, he would still not be satisfied. Why should my lord demean himself by punishing them? Send them home to be executed in Qin, and let our unworthy ruler have his will. How would that be?" The duke granted it. Xian Zhen came to court and asked after the prisoners from Qin. The duke said: "The lady asked for them, and I have let them go." Xian Zhen grew angry and said: "Fighting men used their strength to seize them on the field, and a woman in a moment has freed them within the capital. This throws away what the army won and feeds our enemies. Our ruin is only days away!" He turned away and spat.

The duke sent Yang Chufu after them. He came up with them at the Yellow River, but they were already in the boat. He unhitched the left outside horse of his team and, in the duke's name, presented it to Mengming. Mengming bowed his head to the ground and said: "By your lord's kindness he did not smear his war drums with the blood of us bound captives, but sends us home to be executed in Qin. If our unworthy ruler puts us to death, we shall die and yet not decay. If, following your lord's kindness, he pardons us, in three years we shall come to acknowledge your lord's gift."

The Earl of Qin, in plain white robes, took his station in the outskirts, and facing the returning army he wept and said: "I went against Jian Shu and so brought disgrace on you few gentlemen — that was my crime. I do not remove Mengming: the fault was mine, not his. What crime is there in my grandees? And I will not let a single blemish cover over great virtue."

The Di raided Qi, taking advantage of the mourning in Jin. Our duke attacked Zhu and took Zilou, in requital for the campaign at Shengxing. The men of Zhu had made no preparation.

In autumn, Xiangzhong again attacked Zhu. The Di attacked Jin and came as far as Ji.

In the eighth month, on wuzi, the Marquis of Jin defeated the Di at Ji. Xi Que (郤缺) captured the Viscount of the White Di. Xian Zhen said: "A common man vented his temper upon his ruler and no punishment followed. Dare I not punish myself?" He took off his helmet and charged into the Di army, and died there. The Di sent back his head, and the face was as if he were living.

Earlier, Jiu Ji (臼季), traveling on a mission, passed through Ji (冀) and saw Ji Que hoeing while his wife brought him his food in the field. They were reverent, treating each other as guests. He brought him back with him and spoke of him to Duke Wen, saying: "Reverence is virtue gathered together. One who can be reverent will surely have virtue. Virtue is what governs the people; I beg my lord to employ him. I have heard it said: to go out of the gate as though meeting a guest, and to take up a task as though performing a sacrifice — this is the rule of humaneness." The duke said: "His father was guilty of a crime. Is it permissible?" He answered: "In Shun's punishing, he executed Gun; in his raising up, he promoted Yu. Guan Jingzhong was the one who had struck at Duke Huan, and yet he served him as chancellor and carried him through. The Announcement to Kang says: 'If a father is unkind, if a son is unrespectful, if an elder brother is unfriendly, if a younger brother is uncompliant — these do not reach one another.' The Odes say:

Gathering the turnip, gathering the radish —
do not judge them by the part below.

"My lord may take from him what is fit." Duke Wen made him a grandee of the lower army. On the return from Ji, Duke Xiang by a charge of the third grade appointed Xian Qieju to command the central army; by a charge of the second grade he rewarded Xu Chen with the district of Xianmao, saying, "That Xi Que was raised up is your merit"; and by a charge of the first grade he made Xi Que a minister and restored Ji to him, though he had as yet no place in the army's ranks.

In winter our duke went to Qi to pay a court visit, and also to offer condolence for the Di campaign there. On his return he passed away in the lesser chamber — that is, in his place of ease.

Jin, Chen, and Zheng attacked Xu, punishing it for having been double-hearted toward Chu. Zishang (子上), chief minister of Chu, raided Chen and Cai. When Chen and Cai came to terms, he went on to attack Zheng, intending to install the ducal son Xia. He assaulted the Jiedie Gate, and Xia's chariot overturned in the pool of the Zhou clan. Kun Tun, an outer groom, seized him and presented him. Duke Wen's lady had him laid out and buried below the wall of Kuai.

Yang Chufu of Jin raided Cai, and Zishang of Chu went to its rescue; they encamped with the Zhi River between them and the army of Jin. Yangzi was troubled by this and sent word to Zishang: "I have heard it said, 'The civil man does not offend against what is right; the martial man does not shrink from an enemy.' If you wish to fight, then I will withdraw one day's march; you may cross and form your ranks, and whether slowly or quickly is at your command. If not, then give me room. To wear out an army and waste its resources is of no benefit either." Then he had his chariots harnessed and waited. Zishang wished to ford the river, but Dasun Bo said: "You must not. The men of Jin have no good faith. If they fall upon us when we are halfway across, what use will regret for a defeat be then? Better to give them room." So he withdrew one day's march. Yangzi then proclaimed aloud, "The army of Chu has fled!" and thereupon went home. The army of Chu also went home. The heir apparent Shangchen (商臣) slandered Zishang, saying: "He took a bribe from Jin and avoided them. This is a disgrace to Chu; no crime is greater." The king put Zishang to death.

The burial of Duke Xi was late, and the making of the spirit tablet was contrary to ritual. In general, when a lord passes away, once the wailing is concluded his tablet is joined to the ancestors; once it is so joined the spirit tablet is made; a separate sacrifice is then offered at the tablet, and the zheng, chang, and di sacrifices are offered in the ancestral temple.

Colophon

Prepared for the Chinese shelf of the Good Works Library, and translated independently from the classical Chinese printed below. The form of the source is kept visible rather than smoothed away: under each year the Chunqiu annal entries stand as a bulleted list under the lead Annals., one bullet to an entry, and the Zuo narrative follows under Zuo. No year is merged with another, no annal entry is dropped however slight, and no narrative paragraph is summarized. Speeches are rendered as speeches; quotations from the Odes and the Documents, the milfoil and tortoise oracles, and the children's rhymes are set off as verse. Dates are left in the source's own reckoning — "in the fifth year, in spring, in the king's first month" — and the sexagenary day names stand in pinyin.

Complete published English translations of the Zuozhuan exist and are named here as controls in existence, not as sources: James Legge's of 1872, in the Chinese Classics, and the complete translation of Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg published in 2016; Burton Watson published selections in 1989. None of them was fetched or consulted. Every English sentence above was made from the Chinese characters printed below, and no claim of firstness is made for this file.

On names and titles: 公 is rendered duke, 侯 marquis, 伯 earl, 子 viscount, 男 baron, 王 king and 天子 the Son of Heaven; 卿 minister, 大夫 grandee, 士 officer, 令尹 chief minister (in Chu), 司馬 marshal, 大子 heir apparent. 公子, the son of a ruling duke, is given as "the ducal son"; 王子, the son of the king, as "prince". 君子曰, the formula that opens the Zuo's own verdicts, is given as "The noble man said". Where the source names one man in several ways the translation follows the source, and the reader should know that Hu Yan and Zifan, Xian Zhen and Yuan Zhen, Cheng Dechen and Ziyu of Chu, Ning Wuzi and Ning Yu, and Xialü Yisheng, Yin Yisheng, Lü Sheng and Zijin of Jin are in each case one person.

Prepared for the Good Work Library by the Tianmu Anglican Church with AI-assisted translation and editorial work.

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Source Text: 春秋左氏傳 僖公

Classical Chinese text in the Chinese Wikisource transcription. Presented complete for reference, study, and verification alongside the English translation above.

僖公元年

經

元年春，王正月。齊師、宋師、曹伯次于聶北，救邢。

夏，六月，邢遷于夷儀。齊師、宋師、曹師城邢。

秋，七月，戊辰。夫人姜氏薨于夷，齊人以歸。楚人伐鄭。

八月，公會齊侯、宋公、鄭伯、曹伯、邾人于檉。

九月，公敗邾師于偃。

冬，十月，壬午，公子友帥師敗莒師于酈，獲莒拏。

十有二月，丁已，夫人氏之喪至自齊。

傳

元年春，不稱即位，公出故也。公出復入不書，諱之也。諱國惡，禮也。

諸侯救邢。邢人潰，出奔師。師遂逐狄人，具邢器用而遷之，師無私焉。

夏，邢遷于夷儀。諸侯城之，救患也。凡侯伯，救患、分災、討罪，禮也。

秋，楚人伐鄭，鄭即齊故也。

盟于犖，謀救鄭也。

九月，公敗邾師于偃，虛丘之戍將歸者也。

冬，莒人來求賂，公子友敗諸酈，獲莒子之弟拏。非卿也，嘉獲之也。公賜季友汶陽之田，及費。

夫人氏之喪至自齊，君子以齊人殺哀姜也，為已甚矣。女子從人者也。

僖公二年

經

二年春，王正月。城楚丘。

夏五月，辛巳，葬我小君哀姜。虞師、晉師滅下陽。

秋九月，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人盟于貫。

冬十月，不雨。楚人侵鄭。

傳

二年春，諸侯城楚丘而封衛焉。不書，所會後也。

晉荀息請以屈產之乘，與垂棘之璧，假道於虞以伐虢。公曰：「是吾寶也。」對曰：「若得道於虞，猶外府也。」公曰：「宮之奇存焉。」對曰：「宮之奇之為人也，懦而不能強諫。且少長於君，君暱之。雖諫，將不聽。」乃使荀息假道於虞，曰：「冀為不道，入自顛軨，伐鄍三門。冀之既病，則亦唯君故。今虢為不道，保於逆旅，以侵敝邑之南鄙。敢請假道以請罪于虢。」虞公許之，且請先伐虢。宮之奇諫，不聽，遂起師。

夏，晉里克、荀息帥師會虞師伐虢，滅下陽。先書虞，賄故也。

秋，盟于貫，服江、黃也。

齊寺人貂始漏師于多魚。

虢公敗戎于桑田。晉卜偃曰：「虢必亡矣。亡下陽不懼，而又有功，是天奪之鑒，而益其疾也！必易晉而不撫其民矣，不可以五稔。」

冬，楚人伐鄭，鬬章囚鄭聃伯。

僖公三年

經

三年春，王正月，不雨。

夏，四月，不雨。徐人取舒。

六月，雨。

秋，齊侯、宋公、江人、黃人會于陽穀。

冬，公子友如齊蒞盟。楚人伐鄭。

傳

三年春，不雨。

夏，六月，雨。自十月不雨，至于五月，不曰旱，不為災也。

秋，會于陽穀，謀伐楚也。齊侯為陽穀之會，來尋盟。

冬，公子友如齊蒞盟。

楚人伐鄭，鄭伯欲成。孔叔不可，曰：「齊方勤我，棄德不祥。」

齊侯與蔡姬乘舟于囿，蕩公。公懼，變色。禁之，不可。公怒，歸之，未之絕也。蔡人嫁之。

僖公四年

經

四年春，王正月。公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚，次于陘。

夏，許男新臣卒。楚屈完來盟于師，盟于召陵。齊人執陳轅濤塗。

秋，及江人、黃人伐陳。

八月，公至自伐楚。葬許穆公。

冬，十有二月，公孫茲帥師會齊人、宋人、衛人、鄭人、許人、曹人侵陳。

傳

四年春，齊侯以諸侯之師侵蔡。蔡潰，遂伐楚。楚子使與師言曰：「君處北海，寡人處南海，唯是風馬牛不相及也。不虞君之涉吾地也，何故？」管仲對曰：「昔召康公命我先君大公曰：『五侯九伯，女實征之，以夾輔周室。』賜我先君履，東至于海，西至于河，南至于穆陵，北至于無棣。爾貢包茅不入，王祭不共，無以縮酒，寡人是徵。昭王南征而不復，寡人是問。」對曰：「貢之不入，寡君之罪也，敢不共給。昭王之不復，君其問諸水濱。」師進，次于陘。

夏，楚子使屈完如師。師退，次于召陵。齊侯陳諸侯之師，與屈完乘而觀之。齊侯曰：「豈不穀是為？先君之好是繼。與不穀同好，如何？」對曰：「君惠徼福於敝邑之社稷，辱收寡君，寡君之願也！」齊侯曰：「以此眾戰，誰能禦之？以此攻城，何城不克？」對曰：「君若以德綏諸侯，誰敢不服？君若以力，楚國方城以為城，漢水以為池，雖眾，無所用之。」屈完及諸侯盟。

陳轅濤塗謂鄭申侯曰：「師出於陳鄭之間，國必甚病。若出於東方，觀兵於東夷，循海而歸，其可也。」申侯曰：「善。」濤塗以告齊侯，許之。申侯見曰：「師老矣！若出於東方而遇敵，懼不可用也。若出於陳鄭之間，共其資糧、屝屨，其可也。」齊侯說，與之虎牢，執轅濤塗。

秋，伐陳，討不忠也。

許穆公卒于師，葬之以侯，禮也。凡諸侯薨于朝會，加一等。死王事，加二等。於是有以袞斂。

冬，叔孫戴伯帥師，會諸侯之師侵陳。陳成，歸轅濤塗。

初，晉獻公欲以驪姬為夫人，卜之不吉，筮之吉。公曰：「從筮。」卜人曰：「筮短龜長，不如從長。且其繇曰：『專之渝，攘公之羭。一薰一蕕，十年尚猶有臭。』必不可。」弗聽，立之。生奚齊，其娣生卓子。及將立奚齊，既與中大夫成謀，姬謂大子曰：「君夢齊姜，必速祭之。」大子祭于曲沃，歸胙于公，公田，姬寘諸宮。六日，公至，毒而獻之。公祭之地，地墳；與犬，犬斃；與小臣，小臣亦斃。姬泣曰：「賊由大子。」大子奔新城，公殺其傅杜原款。或謂大子：「子辭，君必辯焉。」大子曰：「君非姬氏，居不安，食不飽。我辭，姬必有罪。君老矣，吾又不樂。」曰：「子其行乎？」大子曰：「君實不察其罪，被此名也以出，人誰納我？」十二月，戊申，縊于新城。姬遂譖二公子曰：「皆知之。」重耳奔蒲，夷吾奔屈。

僖公五年

經

五年春，晉侯殺其世子申生。杞伯姬來朝其子。

夏，公孫茲如牟。公及齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯，會王世子于首止。

秋，八月，諸侯盟于首止。鄭伯逃歸，不盟。楚人滅弦，弦子奔黃。

九月，戊申朔，日有食之。

冬，晉人執虞公。

傳

五年春，王正月。辛亥朔，日南至。公既視朔，遂登觀臺以望。而書，禮也。凡分、至、啟、閉，必書雲物，為備故也。

晉侯使以殺大子申生之故來告。

初，晉侯使士蒍為二公子築蒲與屈。不慎，寘薪焉。夷吾訴之，公使讓之。士蒍稽首而對曰：「臣聞之：『無喪而慼，憂必讎焉；無戎而城，讎必保焉。』寇讎之保，又何慎焉？！守官廢命，不敬；固讎之保，不忠。失忠與敬，何以事君？《詩》云：『懷德惟寧，宗子惟城。』君其脩德而固宗子，何城如之？三年將尋師焉，焉用慎？」退而賦曰：「狐裘尨茸，一國三公，吾誰適從？」及難，公使寺人披伐蒲。重耳曰：「君父之命不校。」乃徇曰：「校者，吾讎也。」踰垣而走。披斬其袪，遂出奔翟。

夏，公孫茲如牟，娶焉。

會于首止。會王大子鄭，謀寧周也。

陳轅宣仲怨鄭申侯之反己於召陵，故勸之城其賜邑，曰：「美城之，大名也，子孫不忘。吾助子請。」乃為之請於諸侯而城之，美。遂譖諸鄭伯曰：「美城其賜邑，將以叛也。」申侯由是得罪。

秋，諸侯盟。王使周公召鄭伯曰：「吾撫女以從楚，輔之以晉，可以少安。」鄭伯喜於王命，而懼其不朝於齊也，故逃歸不盟。孔叔止之曰：「國君不可以輕，輕則失親；失親，患必至。病而乞盟，所喪多矣！君必悔之。」弗聽，逃其師而歸。

楚鬭穀於菟滅弦，弦子奔黃。於是江、黃、道、柏方睦於齊，皆弦姻也。弦子恃之而不事楚，又不設備，故亡。

晉侯復假道於虞以伐虢，宮之奇諫曰：「虢，虞之表也。虢亡，虞必從之。晉不可啟，寇不可翫。一之謂甚，其可再乎？諺所謂『輔車相依，脣亡齒寒』者，其虞虢之謂也！」公曰：「晉，吾宗也。豈害我哉？」對曰：「大伯、虞仲，大王之昭也。大伯不從，是以不嗣。虢仲、虢叔，王季之穆也，為文王卿士，勳在王室，藏於盟府。將虢是滅，何愛於虞？且虞能親於桓、莊乎？其愛之也，桓、莊之族何罪，而以為戮，不唯偪乎？親以寵偪，猶尚害之，況以國乎？」公曰：「吾享祀豐絜，神必據我。」對曰：「臣聞之，鬼神非人實親，惟德是依。故《周書》曰：『皇天無親，惟德是輔。』又曰：『黍稷非馨，明德惟馨。』又曰：『民不易物，惟德緊物。』如是，則非德，民不和，神不享矣。神所馮依，將在德矣。若晉取虞，而明德以薦馨香，神其吐之乎？」弗聽，許晉使。宮之奇以其族行，曰：「虞不臘矣，在此行也，晉不更舉矣。」

八月，甲午，晉侯圍上陽，問於卜偃曰：「吾其濟乎？」對曰：「克之。」公曰：「何時？」對曰：「童謠云：『丙之晨，龍尾伏辰；均服振振，取虢之旂。鶉之賁賁，天策焞焞，火中成軍，虢公其奔。』其九月十月之交乎？丙子旦，日在尾，月在策，鶉火中，必是時也。」

冬，十二月，丙子朔，晉滅虢，虢公醜奔京師。師還，館于虞，遂襲虞，滅之。執虞公及其大夫井伯，以媵秦穆姬，而脩虞祀，且歸其職貢於王。故書曰：「晉人執虞公。」罪虞，且言易也。

僖公六年

經

六年春，王正月。

夏，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、曹伯伐鄭，圍新城。

秋，楚人圍許。諸侯遂救許。

冬，公至自伐鄭。

傳

六年春，晉侯使賈華伐屈，夷吾不能守，盟而行，將奔狄。郤芮曰：「後出同走，罪也。不如之梁，梁近秦而幸焉。」乃之梁。

夏，諸侯伐鄭，以其逃首止之盟故也。圍新密，鄭所以不時城也。

秋，楚子圍許，以救鄭。諸侯救許，乃還。

冬，蔡穆侯將許僖公以見楚子於武城。許男面縛銜璧，大夫衰絰，士輿櫬。楚子問諸逢伯，對曰：「昔武王克殷，微子啟如是，武王親釋其縛。受其璧而祓之，焚其櫬，禮而命之，使復其所。」楚子從之。

僖公七年

經

七年春，齊人伐鄭。

夏，小邾子來朝。鄭殺其大夫申侯。

秋，七月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳世子款、鄭世子華，盟于甯母。曹伯班卒。公子友如齊。

冬，葬曹昭公。

傳

七年春，齊人伐鄭。孔叔言於鄭伯曰：「諺有之曰：『心則不競，何憚於病？』既不能彊，又不能弱，所以斃也。國危矣，請下齊以救國。」公曰：「吾知其所由來矣，姑少待我。」對曰：「朝不及夕，何以待君？」

夏，鄭殺申侯以說于齊，且用陳轅濤塗之譖也。

初，申侯申出也，有寵於楚文王。文王將死，與之璧，使行，曰：「唯我知女。女專利而不厭，予取予求，不女疵瑕也。後之人，將求多於女，女必不免。我死，女必速行，無適小國，將不女容焉。」既葬，出奔鄭，又有寵於厲公。子文聞其死也，曰：「古人有言曰：『知臣莫若君。』弗可改也已！」

秋，盟于甯母，謀鄭故也。

管仲言於齊侯曰：「臣聞之：招攜以禮，懷遠以德。德禮不易，無人不懷。」齊侯脩禮於諸侯，諸侯官受方物。

鄭伯使大子華聽命於會，言於齊侯曰：「洩氏、孔氏、子人氏三族，實違君命。若君去之以為成，我以鄭為內臣，君亦無所不利焉。」齊侯將許之。管仲曰：「君以禮與信屬諸侯，而以姦終之，無乃不可乎？子父不奸之謂禮，守命共時之謂信。違此二者，姦莫大焉。」公曰：「諸侯有討於鄭，未捷；今苟有釁，從之，不亦可乎？」對曰：「君若綏之以德，加之以訓辭，而帥諸侯以討鄭；鄭將覆亡之不暇，豈敢不懼？若摠其罪人以臨之，鄭有辭矣，何懼？且夫合諸侯以崇德也。會而列姦，何以示後嗣？夫諸侯之會，其德刑禮義，無國不記，記姦之位，君盟替矣。作而不記，非盛德也。君其勿許，鄭必受盟。夫子華既為大子，而求介於大國，以弱其國，亦必不免。鄭有叔詹、堵叔、師叔三良為政，未可間也。」齊侯辭焉。子華由是得罪於鄭。

冬，鄭伯使請盟于齊。

閏月，惠王崩。襄王惡大叔帶之難，懼不立，不發表而告難于齊。

僖公八年

經

八年春，王正月。公會王人、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、許男、曹伯、陳世子款盟于洮。鄭伯乞盟。

夏，狄伐晉。

秋，七月，禘于大廟，用致夫人。

冬，十有二月，丁未，天王崩。

傳

八年春，盟于洮，謀王室也。鄭伯乞盟，請服也。襄王定位而後發喪。

晉里克帥師，梁由靡御，虢射為右，以敗狄于采桑。梁由靡曰：「狄無恥，從之必大克。」里克曰：「懼之而已，無速眾狄。」虢射曰：「期年狄必至，示之弱矣。」

夏，狄伐晉，報采桑之役也，復期月。

秋，禘而致哀姜焉，非禮也。凡夫人不薨于寢，不殯于廟，不赴于同，不祔于姑，則弗致也。

冬，王人來告喪，難故也，是以緩。

宋公疾，大子茲父固請曰：「目夷長且仁，君其立之。」公命子魚。子魚辭曰：「能以國讓，仁孰大焉？！臣不及也！且又不順。」遂走而退。

僖公九年

經

九年春，王三月，丁丑，宋公御說卒。

夏，公會宰周公、齊侯、宋子、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯于葵丘。

秋，七月，乙酉，伯姬卒。

九月，戊辰，諸侯盟于葵丘。甲子，晉侯佹諸卒 。

冬，晉里奚克殺其君之子奚齊。

傳

九年春，宋桓公卒。未葬，而襄公會諸侯，故曰「子」。凡在喪，王曰「小童」，公侯曰「子」。

夏，會于葵丘，尋盟，且脩好，禮也。

王使宰孔賜齊侯胙，曰：「天子有事于文武，使孔賜伯舅胙。」齊侯將下拜。孔曰：「且有後命，天子使孔曰：『以伯舅耋老，加勞賜一級，無下拜。』」對曰：「天威不違顏咫尺，小白，余敢貪天子之命無下拜？恐隕越于下，以遺天子羞，敢不下拜？」下拜登受。

秋，齊侯盟諸侯于葵丘，曰：「凡我同盟之人，既盟之後，言歸于好。」

宰孔先歸，遇晉侯曰：「可無會也。齊侯不務德而勤遠略，故北伐山戎，南伐楚，西為此會也。東略之不知，西則否矣。其在亂乎！？君務靖亂，無勤於行。」晉侯乃還。

九月，晉獻公卒。里克、㔻鄭欲納文公，故以三公子之徒作亂。

初，獻公使荀息傅奚齊。公疾，召之曰：「以是藐諸孤，辱在大夫，其若之何？」稽首而對曰：「臣竭其股肱之力，加之以忠貞。其濟，君之靈也；不濟，則以死繼之。」公曰：「何謂忠貞？」對曰：「公家之利，知無不為，忠也；送往事居，耦俱無猜，貞也。」

及里克將殺奚齊，先告荀息曰：「三怨將作，秦晉輔之，子將何如？」荀息曰：「將死之。」里克曰：「無益也。」荀叔曰：「吾與先君言矣，不可以貳。能欲復言，而愛身乎？雖無益也，將焉辟之？且人之欲善，誰不如我？我欲無貳，而能謂人已乎？」

冬，十月，里克殺奚齊于次。書曰：「殺其君之子」，未葬也。荀息將死之，人曰：「不如立卓子而輔之。」荀息立公子卓以葬。

十一月，里克殺公子卓于朝。荀息死之。

君子曰：「《詩》所謂『白圭之玷，尚可磨也；斯言之玷，不可為也。』荀息有焉！」

齊侯以諸侯之師伐晉，及高梁而還，討晉亂也。令不及魯，故不書。

晉郤芮使夷吾重賂秦以求入，曰：「人實有國，我何愛焉？入而能民，土於何有？」從之。

齊隰朋帥師會秦師，納晉惠公。

秦伯謂郤芮曰：「公子誰恃？」對曰：「臣聞亡人無黨，有黨必有讎。夷吾弱不好弄，能鬥不過，長亦不改，不識其他。」公謂公孫枝曰：「夷吾其定乎？」對曰：「臣聞之：唯則定國。《詩》曰：『不識不知，順帝之則』，文王之謂也。又曰：『不僭不賊，鮮不為則』，無好無惡，不忌不克之謂也。今其言多忌克，難哉！」公曰：「忌則多怨，又焉能克？是吾利也。」

宋襄公即位，以公子目夷為仁，使為左師以聽政，於是宋治。故魚氏世為左師。

僖公十年

經

十年春，王正月，公如齊。狄滅溫，溫子奔衛。晉里克弒其君卓，及其大夫荀息。

夏，齊侯、許男伐北戎。晉殺其大夫里克。

秋，七月。

冬，大雨雪。

傳

十年春，狄滅溫，蘇子無信也。蘇子叛王即狄，又不能於狄，狄人伐之，王不救，故滅。蘇子奔衛。

夏，四月，周公忌父、王子黨，會齊隰朋，立晉侯。晉侯殺里克以說。將殺里克，公使謂之曰：「微子則不及此。雖然，子弒二君與一大夫，為子君者，不亦難乎？」對曰：「不有廢也，君何以興？欲加之罪，其無辭乎？臣聞命矣。」伏劍而死。於是丕鄭聘于秦，且謝緩賂，故不及。

晉侯改葬共大子。

秋，狐突適下國，遇大子。大子使登僕，而告之曰：「夷吾無禮，余得請於帝矣，將以晉畀秦，秦將祀余。」對曰：「臣聞之，神不歆非類，民不祀非族，君祀無乃殄乎！且民何罪？失刑乏祀，君其圖之。」君曰：「諾，吾將復請。七日，新城西偏，將有巫者而見我焉。」許之，遂不見。及期而往，告之曰：「帝許我罰有罪矣，敝於韓。」

丕鄭之如秦也，言於秦伯曰：「呂甥、郤稱、冀芮實為不從。若重問以召之，臣出晉君，君納重耳，蔑不濟矣。」

冬，秦伯使泠至報問，且召三子。郤芮曰：幣重而言甘，誘我也。遂殺丕鄭、祁舉及七輿大夫：左行共華、右行賈華、叔堅、騅歂、纍虎、特宮、山祁，皆里丕之黨也。

丕豹奔秦，言於秦伯曰：「晉侯背大主而忌小怨，民弗與也。伐之必出。」公曰：「失眾，焉能殺？違禍，誰能出君？」

僖公十一年

經

十有一年春，晉殺其大夫丕鄭父。

夏，公及夫人姜氏，會齊侯于陽穀。

秋，八月，大雩。

冬，楚人伐黃。

傳

十一年春，晉侯使以丕鄭之亂來告。

天王使召武公、內史過賜晉侯命。受玉惰。過歸告王曰：「晉侯其無後乎！王賜之命，而惰於受瑞，先自棄也已，其何繼之有？禮，國之幹也；敬，禮之輿也。不敬則禮不行，禮不行則上下昏，何以長世？」

夏，揚、拒、泉、皋、伊雒之戎同伐京師，入王城，焚東門，王子帶召之也。秦晉伐戎以救周。

秋，晉侯平戎于王。黃人不歸楚貢。

冬，楚人伐黃。

僖公十二年

經

十有二年春，王三月，庚午，日有食之。

夏，楚人滅黃。

秋，七月。

冬，十有二月，丁丑，陳侯杵臼卒。

傳

十二年春，諸侯城衛楚丘之郛，懼狄難也。

黃人恃諸侯之睦于齊也，不共楚職，曰：「自郢及我九百里，焉能害我？」

夏，楚滅黃。

王以戎難故，討王子帶。

秋，王子帶奔齊。

冬，齊侯使管夷吾平戎于王，使隰朋平戎于晉。

王以上卿之禮饗管仲，管仲辭曰：「臣，賤有司也。有天子之二守國、高在，若節春秋，來承王命，何以禮焉？陪臣敢辭。」王曰：「舅氏，余嘉乃勳，應乃懿德，謂督不忘。往踐乃職，無逆朕命。」管仲受下卿之禮而還。

君子曰：「管氏之世祀也，宜哉！讓不忘其上。《詩》曰：『愷悌君子，神所勞矣。』」

僖公十三年

經

十有三年春，狄侵衛。

夏，四月，葬陳宣公。公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯于鹹。

秋，九月，大雩。

冬，公子友如齊。

傳

十三年春，齊侯使仲孫湫聘于周，且言王子帶。事畢，不與王言。歸復命曰：「未可。王怒未怠，其十年乎？不十年，王弗召也。」

夏，會于鹹，淮夷病杞故，且謀王室也。

秋，為戎難故，諸侯戍周。齊仲孫湫致之。

冬，晉薦饑，使乞糴于秦。秦伯謂子桑：「與諸乎？」對曰：「重施而報，君將何求？重施而不報，其民必攜，攜而討焉，無眾必敗。」謂百里：「與諸乎？」對曰：「天災流行，國家代有。救災恤鄰，道也。行道有福。」丕鄭之子豹在秦，請伐晉。秦伯曰：「其君是惡，其民何罪？」秦於是乎輸粟于晉，自雍及絳相繼，命之曰「汎舟之役」。

僖公十四年

經

十有四年春，諸侯城緣陵。

夏，六月，季姬及鄫子遇于防，使鄫子來朝。

秋，八月，辛卯，沙鹿崩。狄侵鄭。

冬，蔡侯肸卒。

傳

十四年春，諸侯城緣陵而遷杞焉。不書其人，有闕也。

鄫季姬來寧，公怒，止之，以鄫子之不朝也。

夏，遇于防，而使來朝。

秋，八月，辛卯，沙鹿崩。晉卜偃曰：「期年將有大咎，幾亡國。」

冬，秦饑，使乞糴于晉。晉人弗與。慶鄭曰：「背施無親，幸災不仁，貪愛不祥，怒鄰不義。四德皆失，何以守國？」虢射曰：「皮之不存，毛將安傅？」慶鄭曰：「棄信背鄰，患孰恤之？無信患作，失援必斃。是則然矣。」虢射曰：「無損於怨，而厚於寇，不如勿與。」慶鄭曰：「背施幸災，民所棄也。近猶讎之，況怨敵乎？」弗聽。退曰：「君其悔是哉！」

僖公十五年

經

十有五年春，王正月，公如齊。楚人伐徐。

三月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯，盟于牡丘，遂次于匡。公孫敖帥師，及諸侯之大夫救徐。

夏，五月，日有食之。

秋，七月，齊師、曹師伐厲。

八月，螽。

九月，公至自會。季姬歸于鄫。己卯晦，震夷伯之廟。

冬，宋人伐曹。楚人敗徐于婁林。

十有一月，壬戌，晉侯及秦伯戰于韓，獲晉侯。

傳

十五年春，楚人伐徐，徐即諸夏故也。

三月，盟于牡丘，尋葵丘之盟，且救徐也。孟穆伯帥師，及諸侯之師救徐，諸侯次于匡以待之。

夏，五月，日有食之。不書朔與日，官失之也。

秋，伐厲，以救徐也。

晉侯之入也，秦穆姬屬賈君焉，且曰：「盡納群公子。」晉侯烝於賈君，又不納群公子，是以穆姬怨之。晉侯許賂中大夫，既而皆背之。賂秦伯以河外列城五，東盡虢略，南及華山，內及解梁城，既而不與。晉饑，秦輸之粟；秦饑，晉閉之糴，故秦伯伐晉。

卜徒父筮之，吉：「涉河，侯車敗。」詰之。對曰：「乃大吉也。三敗，必獲晉君。其卦遇《蠱》，曰：『千乘三去，三去之餘，獲其雄狐。』夫狐蠱，必其君也。《蠱》之貞，風也；其悔，山也。歲云秋矣，我落其實，而取其材，所以克也。實落材亡，不敗何待？」三敗及韓。

晉侯謂慶鄭曰：「寇深矣，若之何？」對曰：「君實深之，可若何？」公曰：「不孫。」卜右，慶鄭吉。弗使，步揚御戎，家僕徒為右。乘小駟，鄭入也。慶鄭曰：「古者大事，必乘其產。生其水土而知其人心，安其教訓，而服習其道，唯所納之，無不如志。今乘異產以從戎事，及懼而變，將與人易。亂氣狡憤，陰血周作，張脈僨興，外彊中乾。進退不可，周旋不能，君必悔之。」弗聽。

九月，晉侯逆秦師，使韓簡視師。復曰：「師少於我，鬥士倍我。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「出因其資，入用其寵，饑食其粟，三施而無報，是以來也。今又擊之，我怠秦奮，倍猶未也。」公曰：「一夫不可狃，況國乎？」遂使請戰，曰：「寡人不佞，能合其眾而不能離也。君若不還，無所逃命。」秦伯使公孫枝對曰：「君之未入，寡人懼之，入而未定列，猶吾憂也。苟列定矣，敢不承命？」韓簡退曰：「吾幸而得囚。」

壬戌，戰于韓原。晉戎馬還濘而止，公號慶鄭。慶鄭曰：「愎諫違卜，固敗是求，又何逃焉？」遂去之。梁由靡御韓簡，虢射為右，輅秦伯，將止之。鄭以救公誤之，遂失秦伯。秦獲晉侯以歸。晉大夫反首拔舍，從之。秦伯使辭焉，曰：「二三子何其慼也！寡人之從君而西也，亦晉之妖夢是踐，豈敢以至？」晉大夫三拜稽首曰：「君履后土而戴皇天，皇天后土，實聞君之言，群臣敢在下風。」

穆姬聞晉侯將至，以大子罃、弘與女簡、璧，登臺而履薪焉。使以免服衰絰逆，且告曰：「上天降災，使我兩君匪以玉帛相見，而以興戎。若晉君朝以入，則婢子夕以死；夕以入，則朝以死。唯君裁之。」乃舍諸靈臺。

大夫請以入。公曰：「獲晉侯，以厚歸也，既而喪歸，焉用之？大夫其何有焉？且晉人慼憂以重我，天地以要我，不圖晉憂，重其怒也。我食吾言，背天地也。重怒難任，背天不祥，必歸晉君。」公子縶曰：「不如殺之，無聚慝焉。」子桑曰：「歸之而質其大子，必得大成。晉未可滅，而殺其君，祇以成惡。且史佚有言曰：『無始禍，無怙亂，無重怒。』重怒難任，陵人不祥。」乃許晉平。

晉侯使郤乞告瑕呂飴甥，且召之。子金教之言曰：「朝國人而以君命賞。且告之曰：『孤雖歸，辱社稷矣，其卜貳圉也。』」眾皆哭。晉於是乎作爰田。呂甥曰：「君亡之不恤，而群臣是憂，惠之至也，將若君何？」眾曰：「何為而可？」對曰：「征繕以輔孺子。諸侯聞之，喪君有君，群臣輯睦，甲兵益多。好我者勸，惡我者懼，庶有益乎！」眾說，晉於是乎作州兵。

初，晉獻公筮嫁伯姬於秦，遇歸妹之睽。史蘇占之，曰：「不吉。其繇曰：『士刲羊，亦無衁也；女承筐，亦無貺也。西鄰責言，不可償也。歸妹之睽，猶無相也。』震之離，亦離之震。『為雷為火，為嬴敗姬。車說其輹，火焚其旗，不利行師，敗于宗丘。歸妹睽孤，寇張之弧。姪其從姑，六年其逋，逃歸其國，而棄其家，明年，其死於高梁之虛。』」

及惠公在秦，曰：「先君若從史蘇之占，吾不及此夫。」韓簡侍，曰：「龜，象也；筮，數也。物生而後有象，象而後有滋，滋而後有數。先君之敗德，及可數乎？史蘇是占，勿從何益？《詩》曰：『下民之孽，匪降自天。僔沓背憎，職競由人。』」

震夷伯之廟，罪之也，於是展氏有隱慝焉。

冬，宋人伐曹，討舊怨也。

楚敗徐于婁林，徐恃救也。

十月，晉陰飴甥會秦伯，盟于王城。秦伯曰：「晉國和乎？」對曰：「不和。小人恥失其君而悼喪其親，不憚征繕以立圉也，曰：『必報讎，寧事戎狄。』君子愛其君而知其罪，不憚征繕以待秦命，曰：『必報德，有死無二。』以此不和。」秦伯曰：「國謂君何？」對曰：「小人慼，謂之不免；君子恕，以為必歸。小人曰：『我毒秦，秦豈歸君？』君子曰：『我知罪矣，秦必歸君。貳而執之，服而舍之。德莫厚焉，刑莫威焉。服者懷德，貳者畏刑。此一役也，秦可以霸。納而不定，廢而不立，以德為怨，秦不其然？』」秦伯曰：「是吾心也。」改館晉侯，饋七牢焉。

蛾析謂慶鄭曰：「盍行乎？」對曰：「陷君於敗，敗而不死，又使失刑，非人臣也。臣而不臣，行將焉入？」

十一月，晉侯歸。丁丑，殺慶鄭而後入。

是歲，晉又饑，秦伯又餼之粟，曰：「吾怨其君而矜其民。且吾聞唐叔之封也，箕子曰：『其後必大。』晉其庸可冀乎？姑樹德焉，以待能者。」於是秦始征晉河東，置官司焉。

僖公十六年

經

十有六年春，王正月，戊申朔，隕石于宋五。是月，六鷁退飛，過宋都。

三月，壬申，公子季友卒。

夏，四月，丙申，鄫季姬卒。

秋，七月，甲子，公孫茲卒。

冬，十有二月，公會齊侯、宋公、陳侯、衛侯、鄭伯、許男、邢侯、曹伯于淮。

傳

十六年春，隕石于宋五，隕星也。六鷁退飛，過宋都，風也。周內史叔興聘于宋，宋襄公問焉，曰：「是何祥也？吉凶焉在？」對曰：「今茲魯多大喪，明年齊有亂。君將得諸侯而不終。」退而告人曰：「君失問。是陰陽之事，非吉凶所生也。吉凶由人，吾不敢逆君故也。」

夏，齊伐厲，不克。救徐而還。

秋，狄侵晉，取狐、廚、受鐸，涉汾，及昆都，因晉敗也。

王以戎難告于齊，齊徵諸侯而戍周。

冬，十一月，乙卯，鄭殺子華。

十二月，會于淮，謀鄫，且東略也。

城鄫，役人病，有夜登丘而呼曰：「齊有亂。」不果城而還。

僖公十七年

經

十有七年春，齊人、徐人伐英氏。

夏，滅項。

秋，夫人姜氏會齊侯于卞。

九月，公至自會。

冬，十有二月，乙亥，齊侯小白卒。

傳

十七年春，齊人為徐伐英氏，以報婁林之役也。

夏，晉大子圉為質於秦，秦歸河東而妻之。

惠公之在梁也，梁伯妻之。梁嬴孕，過期。卜招父與其子卜之，其子曰：「將生一男一女。」招曰：「然。男為人臣，女為人妾。」故名男曰圉，女曰妾。及子圉西質，妾為宦女焉。

師滅項。淮之會，公有諸侯之事，未歸而取項。齊人以為討而止公。

秋，聲姜以公故，會齊侯于卞。

九月，公至。書曰「至自會」，猶有諸侯之事焉，且諱之也。

齊侯之夫人三，王姬、徐嬴、蔡姬，皆無子。齊侯好內，多內寵，內嬖如夫人者六人：長衛姬生武孟，少衛姬生惠公，鄭姬生孝公，葛嬴生昭公，密姬生懿公，宋華子生公子雍。公與管仲屬孝公於宋襄公，以為大子。

雍巫有寵於衛共姬，因寺人貂以薦羞於公，亦有寵。公許之，立武孟。管仲卒，五公子皆求立。

冬，十月，乙亥，齊桓公卒。易牙入，與寺人貂因內寵以殺群吏，而立公子無虧。孝公奔宋。

十二月，乙亥，赴。辛巳，夜殯。

僖公十八年

經

十有八年春，王正月，宋公、曹伯、衛人、邾人，伐齊。

夏，師救齊。

五月，戊寅，宋師及齊師戰于甗，齊師敗績。狄救齊。

秋，八月，丁亥，葬齊桓公。

冬，邢人、狄人伐衛。

傳

十八年春，宋襄公以諸侯伐齊。

三月，齊人殺無虧。

鄭伯始朝于楚。楚子賜之金，既而悔之，與之盟曰：「無以鑄兵。」故以鑄三鍾。

齊人將立孝公，不勝四公子之徒，遂與宋人戰。

夏，五月，宋敗齊師于甗，立孝公而還。

秋，八月，葬齊桓公。

冬，邢人、狄人伐衛，圍菟圃。衛侯以國讓父兄子弟，及朝眾，曰：「苟能治之，燬請從焉。」眾不可，而從師于訾婁。狄師還。

梁伯益其國而不能實也，命曰「新里」，秦取之。

僖公十九年

經

十有九年春，王三月，宋人執滕子嬰齊。

夏，六月，宋公、曹人、邾人盟于曹南。鄫子會盟于邾。己酉，邾人執鄫子用之。

秋，宋人圍曹。衛人伐邢。

冬，會陳人、蔡人、楚人、鄭人，盟于齊。梁亡。

傳

十九年春，遂城而居之。

宋人執滕宣公。

夏，宋公使邾文公用鄫子于次睢之社，欲以屬東夷。司馬子魚曰：「古者六畜不相為用，小事不用大牲，而況敢用人乎？祭祀以為人也。民，神之主也。用人，其誰饗之？齊桓公存三亡國以屬諸侯，義士猶曰薄德。今一會而虐二國之君，又用諸淫昏之鬼，將以求霸，不亦難乎？得死為幸。」

秋，衛人伐邢，以報菟圃之役。於是衛大旱，卜有事於山川，不吉。甯莊子曰：「昔周饑，克殷而年豐。今邢方無道，諸侯無伯，天其或者欲使衛討邢乎？」從之，師興而雨。

宋人圍曹，討不服也。子魚言於宋公曰：「文王聞崇德亂而伐之，軍三旬而不降。退脩教而復伐之，因壘而降。《詩》曰：『刑于寡妻，至于兄弟，以御于家邦。』今君德無乃猶有所闕，而以伐人，若之何？盍姑內省德乎，無闕而後動。」

陳穆公請脩好於諸侯，以無忘齊桓之德。

冬，盟于齊，脩桓公之好也。

梁亡，不書其主，自取之也。初，梁伯好土功，亟城而弗處，民罷而弗堪，則曰「某寇將至。」乃溝公宮，曰：「秦將襲我。」民懼而潰，秦遂取梁。

僖公二十年

經

二十年春，新作南門。

夏，郜子來朝。

五月，乙巳，西宮災。鄭人入滑。

秋，齊人、狄人盟于邢。

冬，楚人伐隨。

傳

二十年春，新作南門。書，不時也。凡啟塞從時。

滑人叛鄭，而服於衛。

夏，鄭公子士、洩堵寇，帥師入滑。

秋，齊狄盟于邢，為邢謀衛難也。於是衛方病邢。

隨以漢東諸侯叛楚。

冬，楚鬭穀於菟帥師伐隨，取成而還。

君子曰：「隨之見伐，不量力也。量力而動，其過鮮矣。善敗由己，而由人乎哉？《詩》曰：『豈不夙夜，謂行多露。』」

宋襄公欲合諸侯。臧文仲聞之曰：「以欲從人則可，以人從欲鮮濟。」

僖公二十一年

經

二十有一年春，狄侵衛。宋人、齊人、楚人盟于鹿上。

夏，大旱。

秋，宋公、楚子、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男、曹伯，會于盂，執宋公以伐宋。

冬，公伐邾。楚人使宜申來獻捷。

十有二月，癸丑，公會諸侯盟于薄。釋宋公。

傳

二十一年春，宋人為鹿上之盟，以求諸侯於楚，楚人許之。公子目夷曰：「小國爭盟，禍也。宋其亡乎，幸而後敗。」

夏，大旱，公欲焚巫、尫。臧文仲曰：「非旱備也。脩城郭，貶食省用，務穡勸分，此其務也，巫、尫何為？天欲殺之，則如勿生。若能為旱，焚之滋甚。」公從之。是歲也，饑而不害。

秋，諸侯會宋公于盂。子魚曰：「禍其在此乎？君欲已甚，其何以堪之？」於是楚執宋公以伐宋。

冬，會于薄以釋之。子魚曰：「禍猶未也，未足以懲君。」

任、宿、須句、顓臾，風姓也。實司大皞與有濟之祀，以服事諸夏。邾人滅須句，須句子來奔，因成風也。成風為之言於公曰：「崇明祀，保小寡，周禮也。蠻夷猾夏，周禍也。若封須句，是崇皞濟而脩祀紓禍也。」

僖公二十二年

經

二十有二年春，公伐邾，取須句。

夏，宋公、衛侯、許男、滕子伐鄭。

秋，八月，丁未，及邾人戰于升陘。

冬，十有一月，己巳，朔，宋公及楚人戰于泓，宋師敗績。

傳

二十二年春，伐邾，取須句，反其君焉，禮也。

三月，鄭伯如楚。

夏，宋公伐鄭。子魚曰：「所謂禍在此矣。」

初，平王之東遷也，辛有適伊川，見被髮而祭於野者，曰：「不及百年，此其戎乎！其禮先亡矣。」

秋，秦、晉遷陸渾之戎于伊川。

晉大子圉為質於秦，將逃歸，謂嬴氏曰：「與子歸乎？」對曰：「子，晉大子，而辱於秦。子之欲歸，不亦宜乎？寡君之使婢子侍執巾櫛，以固子也。從子而歸，棄君命也。不敢從，亦不敢言。」遂逃歸。

富辰言於王曰：「請召大叔。《詩》曰：『協比其鄰，昏姻孔云。』吾兄弟之不協，焉能怨諸侯之不睦？」王說。王子帶自齊復歸于京師，王召之也。

邾人以須句故出師。公卑邾，不設備而禦之。臧文仲曰：「國無小，不可易也。無備雖眾，不可恃也。《詩》曰：『戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰。』又曰：『敬之敬之，天惟顯思，命不易哉！』先王之明德，猶無不難也，無不懼也，況我小國乎？君其無謂邾小，蜂、蠆有毒，而況國乎？」弗聽。

八月，丁未，公及邾師戰于升陘，我師敗績。邾人獲公冑，縣諸魚門。

楚人伐宋以救鄭。宋公將戰，大司馬固諫曰：「天之棄商久矣，君將興之，弗可赦也已。」弗聽。

冬，十一月，己巳，朔，宋公及楚人戰于泓。宋人既成列，楚人未既濟。司馬曰：「彼眾我寡，及其未既濟也，請擊之。」公曰：「不可。」既濟而未成列，又以告。公曰：「未可。」既陳而後擊之，宋師敗績，公傷股，門官殲焉。

國人皆咎公。公曰：「君子不重傷，不禽二毛。古之為軍也，不以阻隘也。寡人雖亡國之餘，不鼓不成列。」子魚曰：「君未知戰。勍敵之人，隘而不列，天贊我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？猶有懼焉。且今之勍者，皆吾敵也。雖及胡耇，獲則取之，何有於二毛？明恥教戰，求殺敵也。傷未及死，如何勿重？若愛重傷，則如勿傷。愛其二毛，則如服焉。三軍以利用也，金鼓以聲氣也。利而用之，阻隘可也。聲盛致志，鼓儳可也。」

丙子晨，鄭文夫人芈氏、姜氏勞楚子於柯澤。楚子使師縉示之俘馘。

君子曰：「非禮也。婦人送迎不出門，見兄弟不踰閾，戎事不邇女器。」

丁丑，楚子入饗于鄭。九獻，庭實旅百，加籩豆六品。饗畢，夜出，文芈送于軍。取鄭二姬以歸。

叔詹曰：「楚王其不沒乎？為禮卒於無別。無別不可謂禮，將何以沒？」諸侯是以知其不遂霸也。

僖公二十三年

經

二十有三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緡。

夏，五月，庚寅，宋公茲父卒。

秋，楚人伐陳。

冬，十有一月，杞子卒。

傳

二十三年春，齊侯伐宋，圍緡，以討其不與盟于齊也。

夏，五月，宋襄公卒，傷於泓故也。

秋，楚成得臣帥師伐陳，討其貳於宋也。遂取焦、夷，城頓而還。子文以為之功使為令尹。叔伯曰：「子若國何？」對曰：「吾以靖國也。夫有大功而無貴仕，其人能靖者與，有幾？」

九月，晉惠公卒。

懷公命無從亡人。期期而不至，無赦。狐突之子毛及偃，從重耳在秦，弗召。

冬，懷公執狐突曰：「子來則免。」對曰：「子之能仕，父教之忠，古之制也。策名委質，貳乃辟也。今臣之子，名在重耳，有年數矣。若又召之，教之貳也。父教子貳，何以事君？刑之不濫，君之明也，臣之願也。淫刑以逞，誰則無罪？臣聞命矣。」乃殺之。

卜偃稱疾不出，曰：「《周書》有之：『乃大明服。』己則不明，而殺人以逞，不亦難乎？民不見德，而唯戮是聞，其何後之有？」

十一月，杞成公卒。書曰「子」，杞夷也。不書名，未同盟也。凡諸侯同盟，死則赴以名，禮也。赴以名，則亦書之，不然則否，辟不敏也。

晉公子重耳之及於難也，晉人伐諸蒲城。蒲城人欲戰，重耳不可，曰：「保君父之命而享其生祿，於是乎得人。有人而校，罪莫大焉。吾其奔也。」遂奔狄，從者狐偃、趙衰、顛頡、魏武子、司空季子。

狄人伐廧咎如，獲其二女，叔隗、季隗，納諸公子。公子取季隗，生伯鯈、叔劉。以叔隗妻趙衰，生盾。將適齊，謂季隗曰：「待我二十五年，不來而後嫁。」對曰：「我二十五年矣，又如是而嫁，則就木焉。請待子。」處狄十二年而行。

過衛，衛文公不禮焉。出於五鹿，乞食於野人，野人與之塊。公子怒，欲鞭之。子犯曰：「天賜也。」稽首受而載之。

及齊，齊桓公妻之，有馬二十乘。公子安之，從者以為不可，將行，謀於桑下。蠶妾在其上，以告姜氏。姜氏殺之，而謂公子曰：「子有四方之志，其聞之者，吾殺之矣。」公子曰：「無之。」姜曰：「行也。懷與安，實敗名。」公子不可。姜與子犯謀，醉而遣之。醒，以戈逐子犯。

及曹，曹共公聞其駢脅，欲觀其裸。浴，薄而觀之。僖負羈之妻曰：「吾觀晉公子之從者，皆足以相國。若以相，夫子必反其國。反其國，必得志於諸侯。得志於諸侯，而誅無禮，曹其首也。子盍蚤自貳焉？」乃饋盤飧，寘璧焉。公子受飧反璧。

及宋，宋襄公贈之以馬二十乘。

及鄭，鄭文公亦不禮焉。叔詹諫曰：「臣聞天之所啟，人弗及也。晉公子有三焉，天其或者將建諸，君其禮焉。男女同姓，其生不蕃。晉公子，姬出也，而至于今，一也。離外之患，而天下不靖晉國，殆將啟之，二也。有三士足以上人，而從之，三也。晉鄭同儕，其過子弟，固將禮焉，況天之所啟乎？」弗聽。

及楚，楚子饗之，曰：「公子若反晉國，則何以報不穀？」對曰：「子女玉帛，則君有之。羽毛齒革，則君地生焉。其波及晉國者，君之餘也，其何以報？」君曰：「雖然，何以報我？」對曰：「若以君之靈，得反晉國，晉楚治兵，遇於中原，其辟君三舍。若不獲命，其左執鞭弭，右屬櫜鞬，以與君周旋。」

子玉請殺之。楚子曰：「晉公子廣而儉，文而有禮。其從者肅而寬，忠而能力。晉侯無親，外內惡之。吾聞姬姓，唐叔之後，其後衰者也，其將由晉公子乎？天將興之，誰能廢之？違天必有大咎。」乃送諸秦。

秦伯納女五人，懷嬴與焉。奉匜沃盥，既而揮之。怒曰：「秦晉匹也，何以卑我？」公子懼，降服而囚。

他日，公享之。子犯曰：「吾不如衰之文也，請使衰從。」公子賦《河水》，公賦《六月》。趙衰曰：「重耳拜賜。」公子降，拜稽首，公降一級而辭焉。衰曰：「君稱所以佐天子者命重耳，重耳敢不拜？」

僖公二十四年

經

二十有四年春，王正月。

夏，狄伐鄭。

秋，七月。

冬，天王出居于鄭。晉侯夷吾卒。

傳

二十四年春，王正月，秦伯納之。不書，不告入也。

及河，子犯以璧授公子，曰：「臣負羈絏，從君巡於天下。臣之罪甚多矣，臣猶知之，而況君乎？請由此亡。」公子曰：「所不與舅氏同心者，有如白水。」投其璧于河。

濟河，圍令狐，入桑泉，取臼衰。

二月，甲午，晉師軍于廬柳。秦伯使公子縶如晉師。師退，軍于郇。辛丑，狐偃及秦、晉之大夫盟于郇。壬寅，公子入于晉師。丙午，入于曲沃。丁未，朝于武宮。戊申，使殺懷公于高梁。不書，亦不告也。

呂、郤畏偪，將焚公宮而弒晉侯。寺人披請見。公使讓之，且辭焉，曰：「蒲城之役，君命一宿，女即至。其後余從狄君以田渭濱，女為惠公來求殺余，命女三宿，女中宿至。雖有君命，何其速也？夫袪猶在，女其行乎。」對曰：「臣謂君之入也，其知之矣。若猶未也，又將及難。君命無二，古之制也。除君之惡，唯力是視。蒲人、狄人，余何有焉？今君即位，其無蒲、狄乎？齊桓公置射鉤而使管仲相。君若易之，何辱命焉？行者甚眾，豈唯刑臣？」公見之，以難告。

三月，晉侯潛會秦伯于王城。己丑，晦，公宮火。瑕甥、郤芮不獲公，乃如河上，秦伯誘而殺之。晉侯逆夫人嬴氏以歸。秦伯送衛於晉三千人，實紀綱之僕。

初，晉侯之豎頭須，守藏者也。其出也，竊藏以逃，盡用以求納之。及入，求見。公辭焉以沐。謂僕人曰：「沐則心覆，心覆則圖反，宜吾不得見也。居者為社稷之守，行者為羈絏之僕，其亦可也，何必罪居者？國君而讎匹夫，懼者甚眾矣。」僕人以告，公遽見之。

狄人歸季隗于晉，而請其二子。文公妻趙衰，生原同、屏括、摟嬰。趙姬請逆盾與其母。子餘辭。姬曰：「得寵而忘舊，何以使人？必逆之。」固請，許之。來，以盾為才，固請于公，以為嫡子，而使其三子下之。以叔隗為內子，而己下之。

晉侯賞從亡者，介之推不言祿，祿亦弗及。推曰：「獻公之子九人，唯君在矣。惠、懷無親，外內棄之。天未絕晉，必將有主。主晉祀者，非君而誰？天實置之，而二三子以為己力，不亦誣乎？竊人之財，猶謂之盜，況貪天之功以為己力乎？下義其罪，上賞其姦，上下相蒙，難與處矣。」其母曰：「盍亦求之？以死誰懟？」對曰：「尤而效之，罪又甚焉。且出怨言，不食其食。」其母曰：「亦使知之，若何？」對曰：「言，身之文也。身將隱，焉用文之？是求顯也。」其母曰：「能如是乎？與女偕隱。」遂隱而死。晉侯求之不獲，以綿上為之田，曰：「以志吾過，且旌善人。」

鄭之入滑也，滑人聽命。師還，又即衛。鄭公子士洩、堵俞彌帥師伐滑。王使伯服、游孫伯如鄭請滑。鄭伯怨惠王之入而不與厲公爵也，又怨襄王之與衛、滑也，故不聽王命而執二子。王怒，將以狄伐鄭。富辰諫曰：「不可。臣聞之，大上以德撫民，其次親親，以相及也。昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。管、蔡、郕、霍、魯、衛、毛、聃、郜、雍、曹、滕、畢、原、酆、郇，文之昭也。邗、晉、應、韓，武之穆也。凡、蔣、邢、茅、胙、祭，周公之胤也。召穆公思周德之不類，故糾合宗族于成周而作詩，曰：『常棣之華，鄂不韡韡。凡今之人，莫如兄弟。』其四章曰：『兄弟鬩于牆，外禦其侮。』如是，則兄弟雖有小忿，不廢懿親。今天子不忍小忿以棄鄭親，其若之何？庸勳，親親，暱近，尊賢，德之大者也。即聾，從昧，與頑，用嚚，姦之大者也。棄德崇姦，禍之大者也。鄭有平、惠之勳，又有厲、宣之親，棄嬖寵而用三良，於諸姬為近，四德具矣。耳不聽五聲之和為聾，目不別五色之章為昧，心不則德義之經為頑，口不道忠信之言為嚚。狄皆則之，四姦具矣。周之有懿德也，猶曰『莫如兄弟』，故封建之。其懷柔天下也，猶懼有外侮，扞禦侮者莫如親親，故以親屏周。召穆公亦云。今周德既衰，於是乎又渝周、召以從諸姦，無乃不可乎？民未忘禍，王又興之，其若文、武何？」王弗聽，使頹叔、桃子出狄師。

夏，狄伐鄭，取櫟。

王德狄人，將以其女為后。富辰諫曰：「不可。臣聞之曰：『報者倦矣，施者未厭。』狄固貪惏，王又啟之。女德無極，婦怨無終，狄必為患。」王又弗聽。

初，甘昭公有寵於惠后，惠后將立之，未及而卒。昭公奔齊，王復之。又通於隗氏。王替隗氏。頹叔、桃子曰：「我實使狄，狄其怨我。」遂奉大叔以狄師攻王。王御士將禦之，王曰：「先后其謂我何？寧使諸侯圖之。」王遂出，及坎欿，國人納之。

秋，頹叔、桃子奉大叔以狄師伐周，大敗周師，獲周公忌父、原伯、毛伯、富辰。王出適鄭，處于氾。大叔以隗氏居于溫。

鄭子華之弟子臧出奔宋，好聚鷸冠。鄭伯聞而惡之，使盜誘之。八月，盜殺之于陳宋之間。

君子曰：「服之不衷，身之災也。《詩》曰：『彼己之子，不稱其服。』子臧之服，不稱也夫！《詩》曰：『自詒伊慼。』其子臧之謂矣。《夏書》曰：『地平天成。』稱也。」

宋及楚平，宋成公如楚。還，入於鄭。鄭伯將享之，問禮於皇武子。對曰：「宋，先代之後也，於周為客。天子有事，膰焉。有喪，拜焉。豐厚可也。」鄭伯從之。享宋公有加，禮也。

冬，王使來告難，曰：「不穀不德，得罪于母弟之寵子帶，鄙在鄭地氾，敢告叔父。」臧文仲對曰：「天子蒙塵于外，敢不奔問官守。」王使簡師父告于晉，使左鄢父告于秦。

天子無出，書曰「天王出居于鄭」，辟母弟之難也。天子凶服降名，禮也。

鄭伯與孔將鉏、石甲父、侯宣多省視官具于氾，而後聽其私政，禮也。

衛人將伐邢，禮至曰：「得其守，國不可得也。我請昆弟仕焉。」乃往得仕。

僖公二十五年

經

二十有五年春，王正月，丙午，衛侯燬滅邢。

夏，四月，癸酉，衛侯燬卒。宋蕩伯姬來逆婦。宋殺其大夫。

秋，楚人圍陳。納頓子于頓。葬衛文公。

冬，十有二月，癸亥，公會衛子、莒慶盟于洮。

傳

二十五年春，衛人伐邢，二禮從國子巡城，掖以赴外，殺之。

正月，丙午。衛侯燬滅邢，同姓也，故名。禮至為銘曰：「余掖殺國子，莫余敢止。」

秦伯師于河上，將納王。狐偃言於晉侯曰：「求諸侯莫如勤王。諸侯信之，且大義也。繼文之業，而信宣於諸侯，今為可矣。」

使卜偃卜之，曰：「吉。遇黃帝戰于阪泉之兆。」公曰：「吾不堪也。」對曰：「周禮未改，今之王，古之帝也。」公曰：「筮之。」筮之，遇大有之睽，曰：「吉。遇公用享于天子之卦也。戰克而王饗，吉孰大焉。且是卦也，天為澤以當日，天子降心以逆公，不亦可乎？大有去睽而復，亦其所也。」

晉侯辭秦師而下。三月，甲辰。次于陽樊，右師圍溫，左師逆王。

夏，四月，丁巳。王入于王城，取大叔于溫，殺之于隰城。

戊午，晉侯朝王。王饗醴，命之宥。請隧，弗許，曰：「王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。」與之陽樊、溫、原、欑茅之田。晉於是始起南陽。

陽樊不服，圍之。蒼葛呼曰：「德以柔中國，刑以威四夷，宜吾不敢服也。此誰非王之親姻，其俘之也？」乃出其民。

秋，秦、晉伐鄀。楚鬭克、屈禦寇以申息之師戍商密。秦人過析，隈入而係輿人，以圍商密，昏而傅焉。宵，坎血加書，偽與子儀、子邊盟者。商密人懼曰：「秦取析矣，戍人反矣！」乃降秦師。囚申公子儀、息公子邊以歸。楚令尹子玉追秦師，弗及。遂圍陳，納頓子于頓。

冬，晉侯圍原，命三日之糧。原不降，命去之。諜出，曰：「原將降矣。」軍吏曰：「請待之。」公曰：「信，國之寶也，民之所庇也。得原失信，何以庇之？所亡滋多。」退一舍而原降。遷原伯貫于冀。趙衰為原大夫，狐溱為溫大夫。

衛人平莒于我。

十二月，盟于洮，脩衛文公之好，且及莒平也。

晉侯問原守於寺人勃鞮。對曰：「昔趙衰以壺飧從徑，餒而弗食。」故使處原。

僖公二十六年

經

二十有六年春，王正月。己未，公會莒子、衛甯速盟于向。齊人侵我西鄙。公追齊師至酅，不及。

夏，齊人伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊。公子遂如楚乞師。

秋，楚人滅夔，以夔子歸。

冬，楚人伐宋，圍緡。公以楚師伐齊，取穀。公至自伐齊。

傳

二十六年春，王正月。公會莒茲平公、甯莊子盟于向，尋洮之盟也。齊師侵我西鄙，討是二盟也。

夏，齊孝公伐我北鄙。衛人伐齊，洮之盟故也。

公使展喜犒師，使受命于展禽。齊侯未入竟，展喜從之，曰：「寡君聞君親舉玉趾，將辱於敝邑，使下臣犒執事。」齊侯曰：「魯人恐乎？」對曰：「小人恐矣，君子則否。」齊侯曰：「室如縣罄，野無青草，何恃而不恐？」對曰：「恃先王之命。昔周公、大公股肱周室，夾輔成王，成王勞之而賜之盟曰：『世世子孫，無相害也！』載在盟府，大師職之。桓公是以糾合諸侯而謀其不協，彌縫其闕而匡救其災，昭舊職也。及君即位，諸侯之望曰：『其率桓之功。』我敝邑用不敢保聚，曰：『豈其嗣世九年而棄命廢職，其若先君何？君必不然。』恃此以不恐。」齊侯乃還。

東門襄仲、臧文仲如楚乞師。臧孫見子玉而道之伐齊、宋，以其不臣也。

夔子不祀祝融與鬻熊。楚人讓之，對曰：「我先王熊摯有疾，鬼神弗赦而自竄于夔。吾是以失楚，又何祀焉？」

秋，楚成得臣、鬭宜申帥師滅夔，以夔子歸。

宋以其善於晉侯也，叛楚即晉。

冬，楚令尹子玉、司馬子西帥師伐宋，圍緡。公以楚師伐齊，取穀。凡師，能左右之曰「以」。寘桓公子雍於穀，易牙奉之以為魯援。楚申公叔侯戍之。桓公之子七人，為七大夫於楚。

僖公二十七年

經

二十有七年春，杞子來朝。

夏，六月，庚寅，齊侯昭卒。

秋，八月，乙未，葬齊孝公。乙巳，公子遂帥師入杞。

冬，楚人、陳侯、蔡侯、鄭伯、許男圍宋。十有二月，甲戌，公會諸侯盟于宋。

傳

二十七年春，杞桓公來朝，用夷禮，故曰「子」。公卑杞，杞不共也。

夏，齊孝公卒，有齊怨，不廢喪紀，禮也。

秋，入杞，責無禮也。

楚子將圍宋，使子文治兵於睽，終朝而畢，不戮一人。子玉復治兵於蒍，終日而畢，鞭七人，貫三人耳。國老皆賀子文，子文飲之酒。蒍賈尚幼，後至，不賀。子文問之，對曰：「不知所賀。子之傳政於子玉，曰：『以靖國也。』靖諸內而敗諸外，所獲幾何？子玉之敗，子之舉也，舉以敗國，將何賀焉？子玉剛而無禮，不可以治民，過三百乘，其不能以入矣。苟入而賀，何後之有？」

冬，楚子及諸侯圍宋，宋公孫固如晉告急。先軫曰：「報施救患，取威定霸，於是乎在矣。」狐偃曰：「楚始得曹，而新昏於衛，若伐曹、衛，楚必救之，則齊、宋免矣。」於是乎蒐于被廬，作三軍，謀元帥。趙衰曰：「郤縠可。臣亟聞其言矣，說《禮》、《樂》而敦《詩》、《書》。《詩》、《書》，義之府也；《禮》、《樂》，德之則也；德、義，利之本也。《夏書》曰：『賦納以言，明試以功，車服以庸。』君其試之。」乃使郤縠將中軍，郤溱佐之；使狐偃將上軍，讓於狐毛而佐之；命趙衰為卿，讓於欒枝、先軫；使欒枝將下軍，先軫佐之。荀林父御戎，魏犨為右。

晉侯始入而教其民，二年，欲用之。子犯曰：「民未知義，未安其居。」於是乎出定襄王，入務利民，民懷生矣。將用之，子犯曰：「民未知信，未宣其用。」於是乎伐原以示之信。民易資者，不求豐焉，明徵其辭。公曰：「可矣乎？」子犯曰：「民未知禮，未生其共。」於是乎大蒐以示之禮。作執秩以正其官，民聽不惑，而後用之。出穀戍，釋宋圍，一戰而霸，文之教也。

僖公二十八年

經

二十有八年春，晉侯侵曹。晉侯伐衛，公子買戍衛，不卒戍，刺之。楚人救衛。

三月，丙午，晉侯入曹，執曹伯，畀宋人。

夏，四月，己巳，晉侯、齊師、宋師、秦師及楚人戰于城濮，楚師敗績。楚殺其大夫得臣。衛侯出奔楚。

五月，癸丑，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、衛子、莒子盟于踐土。陳侯如會。公朝于王所。

六月，衛侯鄭自楚復歸于衛，衛元咺出奔晉。陳侯款卒。

秋，杞伯姬來。公子遂如齊。

冬，公會晉侯、齊侯、宋公、蔡侯、鄭伯、陳子、莒子、邾人、秦人于溫。天王狩于河陽。壬申，公朝于王所。晉人執衛侯，歸之于京師。衛元咺自晉復歸于衛。諸侯遂圍許。曹伯襄復歸于曹，遂會諸侯圍許。

傳

二十八年春，晉侯將伐曹，假道于衛，衛人弗許。還自河南濟，侵曹，伐衛。

正月，戊申，取五鹿。

二月，晉郤縠卒。原軫將中軍，胥臣佐下軍，上德也。晉侯、齊侯盟于斂盂。衛侯請盟，晉人弗許。衛侯欲與楚，國人不欲，故出其君以說于晉。衛侯出居于襄牛。公子買戍衛，楚人救衛，不克。公懼於晉，殺子叢以說焉，謂楚人曰：「不卒戍也。」晉侯圍曹，門焉，多死。曹人尸諸城上，晉侯患之，聽輿人之謀曰：「稱舍於墓。」師遷焉，曹人兇懼，為其所得者棺而出之。因其兇也而攻之。

三月，丙午，入曹。數之，以其不用僖負羈而乘軒者三百人也。且曰：「獻狀。」令無入僖負羈之宮而免其族，報施也。魏犨、顛頡怒曰：「勞之不圖，報於何有！」爇僖負羈氏，魏犨傷於胸。公欲殺之而愛其材，使問，且視之病，將殺之。魏犨束胸，見使者曰：「以君之靈，不有寧也。」距躍三百，曲踊三百。乃舍之，殺顛頡以徇于師，立舟之僑以為戎右。

宋人使門尹般如晉師告急。公曰：「宋人告急，舍之，則絕；告楚，不許。我欲戰矣，齊、秦未可，若之何？」先軫曰：「使宋舍我而賂齊、秦，藉之告楚。我執曹君而分曹、衛之田以賜宋人。楚愛曹、衛，必不許也。喜、賂、怒、頑，能無戰乎？」公說，執曹伯，分曹衛之田以畀宋人。

楚人入居于申，使申叔去穀，使子玉去宋，曰：「無從晉師。晉侯在外十九年矣，而果得晉國。險阻艱難，備嘗之矣！民之情偽，盡知之矣！天假之年，而除其害，天之所置，其可廢乎！《軍志》曰：『允當則歸。』又曰：『知難而退。』又曰：『有德不可敵。』此三志者，晉之謂矣！」

子玉使伯棼請戰，曰：「非敢必有功也，願以間執讒慝之口。」王怒，少與之師，唯西廣、東宮與若敖之六卒實從之。子玉使宛春告於晉師，曰：「請復衛侯而封曹，臣亦釋宋之圍。」子犯曰：「子玉無禮哉！君取一，臣取二，不可失矣。」先軫曰：「子與之。定人之謂禮，楚一言而定三國，我一言而亡之，我則無禮，何以戰乎？不許楚言，是棄宋也。救而棄之，謂諸侯何？楚有三施，我有三怨。怨讎已多，將何以戰？不如私許復曹、衛以攜之，執宛春以怒楚，既戰而後圖之。」公說，乃拘宛春於衛，且私許復曹、衛。曹衛告絕於楚。子玉怒，從晉師。晉師退。軍吏曰：「以君辟臣，辱也。且楚師老矣，何故退？」子犯曰：「師直為壯，曲為老，豈在久乎？微楚之惠不及此，退三舍辟之，所以報也。背惠食言，以亢其讎，我曲楚直，其眾素飽，不可謂老。我退而楚還，我將何求？若其不還，君退臣犯，曲在彼矣。」退三舍，楚眾欲止，子玉不可。

夏，四月，戊辰，晉侯、宋公、齊國歸父、崔夭、秦小子憖次于城濮。楚師背酅而舍，晉侯患之，聽輿人之誦，曰：「原田每每，舍其舊而新是謀。」公疑焉。子犯曰：「戰也！戰而捷，必得諸侯。若其不捷，表裡山河，必無害也。」公曰：「若楚惠何？」欒貞子曰：「漢陽諸姬，楚實盡之。思小惠而忘大恥，不如戰也。」晉侯夢與楚子搏，楚子伏己而盬其腦，是以懼。子犯曰：「吉！我得天，楚伏其罪，吾且柔之矣。」子玉使鬬勃請戰，曰：「請與君之士戲，君馮軾而觀之，得臣與寓目焉。」晉侯使欒枝對曰：「寡君聞命矣。楚君之惠，未之敢忘，是以在此。為大夫退，其敢當君乎？既不獲命矣，敢煩大夫謂二三子：『戒爾車乘，敬爾君事，詰朝將見。』」

晉車七百乘，韅、靷、鞅、靽。晉侯登有莘之虛以觀師，曰：「少長有禮，其可用也！」遂伐其木以益其兵。己巳，晉師陳于莘北，胥臣以下軍之佐當陳、蔡。子玉以若敖之六卒將中軍．曰：「今日必無晉矣！」子西將左，子上將右。胥臣蒙馬以虎皮，先犯陳、蔡。陳、蔡奔，楚右師潰。狐毛設二旆而退之。欒枝使輿曳柴而偽遁，楚師馳之。原軫、郤溱以中軍公族橫擊之。狐毛、狐偃以上軍夾攻子西，楚左師潰。楚師敗績。子玉收其卒而止，故不敗。

晉師三日館穀，及癸酉而還。甲午，至于衡雍，作王宮于踐土。

鄉役之三月，鄭伯如楚致其師。為楚師既敗而懼，使子人九行成于晉，晉欒枝入盟鄭伯。

五月，丙午，晉侯及鄭伯盟于衡雍。丁未，獻楚俘于王，駟介百乘，徒兵千。鄭伯傅王，用平禮也。

已酉，王享醴，命晉侯宥。王命尹氏及王子虎、內史叔興父策命晉侯為侯伯，賜之大輅之服，戎輅之服，彤弓一，彤矢百，玈弓矢千，秬鬯一卣，虎賁三百人。曰：「王謂叔父：『敬服王命，以綏四國，糾逖王慝。』」晉侯三辭，從命，曰：「重耳敢再拜稽首，奉揚天子之丕顯休命。」受策以出，出入三覲。

衛侯聞楚師敗，懼，出奔楚，遂適陳，使元咺奉叔武以受盟。

癸亥，王子虎盟諸侯于王庭。要言曰：「皆獎王室，無相害也！有渝此盟，明神殛之！俾隊其師，無克祚國，及其玄孫，無有老幼！」君子謂是盟也信，謂晉於是役也能以德攻。

初，楚子玉自為瓊弁玉纓，未之服也。先戰，夢河神謂己曰：「畀余，余賜女孟諸之麋。」弗致也。大心與子西使榮黃諫，弗聽。榮季曰：「死而利國，猶或為之，況瓊玉乎？是糞土也，而可以濟師，將何愛焉？」弗聽。出告二子曰：「非神敗令尹，令尹其不勤民，實自敗也！」既敗，王使謂之曰：「大夫若入，其若申息之老何？」子西、孫伯曰：「得臣將死，二臣止之曰：『君其將以為戮。』」及連穀而死。晉侯聞之而後喜可知也，曰：「莫余毒也已！蒍呂臣實為令尹，奉己而已，不在民矣！」

或訴元咺於衛侯曰：「立叔武矣。」其子角從公，公使殺之。咺不廢命，奉夷叔以入守。

六月，晉人復衛侯。甯武子與衛人盟于宛濮，曰：「天禍衛國，君臣不協，以及此憂也。今天誘其衷，使皆降心以相從也。不有居者，誰守社稷？不有行者，誰扞牧圉？不協之故，用昭乞盟于爾大神以誘天衷。自今日以往，既盟之後，行者無保其力，居者無懼其罪。有渝此盟，以相及也。明神先君，是糾是殛。」

國人聞此盟也，而後不貳。衛侯先期入，甯子先，長牂守門以為使也，與之乘而入。公子歂犬、華仲前驅。叔孫將沐，聞君至，喜，捉髮走出，前驅射而殺之。公知其無罪也，枕之股而哭之。歂犬走出，公使殺之。元咺出奔晉。

城濮之戰，晉中軍風于澤，亡大旆之左旃。祁瞞奸命，司馬殺之以徇于諸侯。使茅茷代之。師還。壬午，濟河。舟之僑先歸，士會攝右。

秋，七月，丙申，振旅愷以入于晉，獻俘授馘，飲至大賞，徵會討貳。殺舟之僑以徇于國，民於是大服。君子謂：「文公其能刑矣！三罪而民服。《詩》云：『惠此中國，以綏四方。』不失賞刑之謂也。」

冬，會于溫，討不服也。

衛侯與元咺訟，甯武子為輔，鍼莊子為坐，士榮為大士。衛侯不勝。殺士榮，刖鍼莊子，謂甯俞忠而免之。執衛侯，歸之于京師，寘諸深室。甯子職納橐饘焉。元咺歸于衛，立公子瑕。

是會也，晉侯召王，以諸侯見，且使王狩。仲尼曰：「以臣召君，不可以訓。」故書曰：「天王狩于河陽。」言非其地也，且明德也。

壬申，公朝于王所。丁丑，諸侯圍許。

晉侯有疾，曹伯之豎侯獳貨筮史，使曰：「以曹為解。齊桓公為會而封異姓，今君為會而滅同姓。曹叔振鐸，文之昭也。先君唐叔，武之穆也。且合諸侯而滅兄弟，非禮也。與衛偕命，而不與偕復，非信也。同罪異罰，非刑也。禮以行義，信以守禮，刑以正邪。舍此三者，君將若之何？」公說，復曹伯，遂會諸侯于許。

晉侯作三行以禦狄，荀林父將中行，屠擊將右行，先篾將左行。

僖公二十九年

經

二十有九年春，介葛盧來。公至自圍許。

夏，六月，會王人、晉人、宋人、齊人、陳人、蔡人、秦人，盟于翟泉。

秋，大雨雹。

冬，介葛盧來。

傳

二十九年春，葛盧來朝，舍于昌衍之上。公在會，饋之芻米，禮也。

夏，公會王子虎、晉孤偃、宋公孫固、齊國歸父、陳轅濤塗、秦小子憖，盟于翟泉，尋踐土之盟，且謀伐鄭也。卿不書，罪之也。在禮，卿不會公、侯，會伯、子、男可也。

秋，大雨雹，為災也。

冬，介葛盧來，以未見公，故復來朝，禮之。加燕好，介葛盧聞牛鳴，曰：「是生三犧，皆用之矣，其音云。」問之而信。

僖公三十年

經

三十年春，王正月。

夏，狄侵齊。

秋，衛殺其大夫元咺及公子瑕。衛侯鄭歸于衛。晉人、秦人圍鄭。介人侵蕭。

冬，天王使宰周公來聘。公子遂如京師，遂如晉。

傳

三十年春，晉人侵鄭，以觀其可攻與否。狄間晉之有鄭虞也。

夏，狄侵齊。晉侯使醫衍酖衛侯。甯俞貨醫，使薄其酖，不死。公為之請，納玉於王與晉侯，皆十榖。王許之。

秋，乃釋衛侯。衛侯使賂周歂、冶廑，曰：苟能納我，吾使爾為卿。周、冶殺元咺及子適、子儀。公入，祀先君。周、冶既服，將命，周歂先入，及門，遇疾而死。冶廑辭卿。

九月，甲午，晉侯、秦伯圍鄭，以其無禮於晉，且貳於楚也。晉軍函陵，秦軍汜南。佚之狐言於鄭伯曰：「國危矣！若使燭之武見秦君，師必退。」公從之。辭曰：「臣之壯也，猶不如人。今老矣，無能為也已！」公曰：「吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之過也。然鄭亡，子亦有不利焉。」許之。夜縋而出，見秦伯，曰：「秦、晉圍鄭，鄭既知亡矣。若亡鄭而有益於君，敢以煩執事。越國以鄙遠，君知其難也，焉用亡鄭以倍鄰？鄰之厚，君之薄也。若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。且君嘗為晉君賜矣，許君焦、瑕，朝濟而夕設版焉，君之所知也。夫晉，何厭之有？既東封鄭，又欲肆其西封，若不闕秦，將焉取之？闕秦以利晉，唯君圖之。」秦伯說，與鄭人盟。使杞子、逢孫、楊孫戍之，乃還。子犯謂擊之，公曰：「不可。微夫人力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁。失其所與，不知。以亂易整，不武。吾其還也。」亦去之。

初，鄭公子蘭出奔晉，從於晉侯伐鄭，請無與圍鄭。許之。使待命于東。鄭石甲父、侯宣多逆以為大子，以求成于晉，晉人許之。

冬，王使周公閱來聘。饗有昌歜、白、黑、形鹽。辭曰：「國君，文足昭也，武可畏也，則有備物之饗，以象其德。薦五味，羞嘉穀，鹽虎形，以獻其功。吾何以堪之？」

東門襄仲將聘于周，遂初聘于晉。

僖公三十一年

經

三十有一年春，取濟西田。公子遂如晉。

夏，四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲。猶三望。

秋，七月。

冬，杞伯姬來求婦。狄圍衛。

十有二月，衛遷于帝丘。

傳

三十一年春，取濟西田，分曹地也。使臧文仲往，宿於重館。重館人告曰：「晉新得諸侯，必親其共，不速行，將無及也。」從之。分曹地自洮以南，東傅于濟，盡曹地也。

襄仲如晉，拜曹田也。

夏，四月，四卜郊，不從，乃免牲，非禮也。猶三望，亦非禮也。禮不卜常祀，而卜其牲日。牛卜日曰牲，牲成而卜郊。上怠慢也。望，郊之細也。不郊，亦無望可也。

秋，晉蒐于清原，作五軍似禦狄。趙衰為卿。

冬，狄圍衛，衛遷于帝丘。卜曰三百年。

衛成公夢康叔曰：「相奪予享。」公命祀相。甯武子不可，曰：「鬼神非其族類，不歆其祀。杞、鄫何事？相之不享，於此久矣。非衛之罪也。不可以間成王、周公之命祀，請改祀命。」

鄭洩駕惡公子瑕，鄭伯亦惡之，故公子瑕出奔楚。

僖公三十二年

經

三十有二年春，王正月。

夏，四月，己丑，鄭伯捷卒。衛人侵狄。

秋，衛人及狄盟。

冬，十有二月，己卯，晉侯重耳卒。

傳

三十二年春，楚鬭章請平于晉，晉陽處父報之。晉楚始通。

夏，狄有亂。衛入侵狄，狄請平焉。

秋，衛人及狄盟。

冬，晉文公卒。庚辰，將殯于曲沃，出絳，柩有聲如牛。卜偃使大夫拜曰：「君命大事，將有西師過軼我，擊之，必大捷焉。」

杞子自鄭使告于秦曰：「鄭人使我掌其北門之管，若潛師以來，國可得也。」穆公訪諸蹇叔，蹇叔曰：「勞師以襲遠，非所聞也。師勞力竭，遠主備之，無乃不可乎！師之所為，鄭必知之。勤而無所，必有悖心。且行千里，其誰不知？」公辭焉。召孟明、西乞、白乙，使出師於東門之外。蹇叔哭之曰：「孟子，吾見師之出，而不見其入也！」公使謂之曰：「爾何知？中壽，爾墓之木拱矣！」蹇叔之子與師，哭而送之曰：「晉人禦師必於殽，殽有二陵焉。其南陵，夏后皋之墓也。其北陵，文王之所辟風雨也。必死是間，余收爾骨焉。」秦師遂東。

僖公三十三年

經

三十有三年春，王二月，秦人入滑。齊侯使國歸父來聘。

夏，四月，辛巳，晉人及姜戎敗秦師于殽。癸巳，葬晉文公。狄侵齊。公伐邾，取訾婁。

秋，公子遂帥師伐邾。晉人敗狄于箕。

冬，十月，公如齊。十有二月，公至自齊。乙巳，公薨于小寢。隕霜不殺草，李梅實。晉人、陳人、鄭人伐許。

傳

三十三年春，秦師過周北門，左右免冑而下，超乘者三百乘。王孫滿尚幼，觀之，言於王曰：「秦師輕而無禮，必敗。輕則寡謀，無禮則脫。入險而脫，又不能謀，能無敗乎？」

及滑，鄭商人弦高將市於周，遇之。以乘韋先，牛十二，犒師，曰：「寡君聞吾子將步師出於敝邑，敢犒從者。不腆敝邑為從者之淹，居則具一日之積，行則備一夕之衛。」且使遽告于鄭。鄭穆公使視客館，則束載、厲兵、秣馬矣。使皇武子辭焉，曰：「吾子淹久於敝邑，唯是脯資，餼牽竭矣。為吾子之將行也，鄭之有原圃，猶秦之有具囿也。吾子取其麋鹿，以閒敝邑，若何？」杞子奔齊，逢孫楊孫奔宋。孟明曰：「鄭有備矣，不可冀也。攻之不克，圍之不繼，吾其還也。」滅滑而還。

齊國莊子來聘，自郊勞至于贈賄，禮成而加之以敏。臧文仲言於公曰：「國子為政，齊猶有禮，君其朝焉。臣聞之，服於有禮，社稷之衛也。」

晉原軫曰：「秦違蹇叔而以貪勤民，天奉我也。奉不可失，敵不可縱。縱敵患生，違天不祥，必伐秦師。」欒枝曰：「未報秦施而伐其師，其為死君乎？」先軫曰：「秦不哀吾喪而伐吾同姓，秦則無禮，何施之為？吾聞之，一日縱敵，數世之患也。謀及子孫，可謂死君乎！」遂發命，遽興姜戎。子墨衰絰，梁弘御戎，萊駒為右。

夏，四月，辛巳，敗秦師于殽，獲百里孟明視、西乞術、白乙丙以歸。遂墨以葬文公，晉於是始墨。文嬴請三帥，曰：「彼實構吾二君。寡君若得而食之，不厭，君何辱討焉？使歸就戮于秦，以逞寡君之志，若何？」公許之。先軫朝，問秦囚。公曰：「夫人請之，吾舍之矣。」先軫怒曰：「武夫力而拘諸原，婦人暫而免諸國，墮軍實而長寇讎，亡無日矣！」不顧而唾。公使陽處父追之，及諸河，則在舟中矣。釋左驂，以公命贈孟明。孟明稽首曰：「君之惠，不以纍臣釁鼓，使歸就戮于秦。寡君之以為戮，死且不朽。若從君惠而免之，三年將拜君賜。」秦伯素服郊次，鄉師而哭，曰：「孤違蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也！不替孟明，孤之過也！大夫何罪？且吾不以一眚掩大德。」

狄侵齊，因晉喪也。公伐邾，取訾婁，以報升陘之役。邾人不設備。

秋，襄仲復伐邾。狄伐晉，及箕。

八月，戊子，晉侯敗狄于箕。郤缺獲白狄子。先軫曰：匹夫逞志於君而無討，敢不自討乎？免冑入狄師，死焉。狄人歸其元，面如生。

初，臼季使過冀，見冀缺耨，其妻饁之。敬，相待如賓。與之歸，言諸文公曰：「敬，德之聚也！能敬必有德。德以治民，君請用之！臣聞之，出門如賓，承事如祭，仁之則也。」公曰：「其父有罪，可乎？」對曰：「舜之罪也，殛鯀，其舉也興禹。管敬仲，桓之賊也，實相以濟。康誥曰：『父不慈，子不祗，兄不友，弟不共，不相及也。』《詩》曰：『采葑采菲，無以下體。』君取節焉可也！」文公以為下軍大夫。反自箕，襄公以三命命先且居將中軍，以再命命先茅之縣賞胥臣，曰：「舉郤缺，子之功也。」以一命命郤缺為卿，復與之冀，亦未有軍行。

冬，公如齊，朝，且弔有狄師也。反，薨于小寢，即安也。

晉、陳、鄭伐許，討其貳於楚也。楚令尹子上侵陳、蔡。陳、蔡成，遂伐鄭，將納公子瑕。門于桔柣之門，瑕覆于周氏之汪。外僕髡屯禽之以獻。文夫人斂而葬之鄶城之下。

晉陽處父侵蔡，楚子上救之，與晉師夾泜而軍。陽子患之，使謂子上曰：「吾聞之，『文不犯順，武不違敵。』子若欲戰，則吾退舍，子濟而陳，遲速唯命。不然，紓我，老師費財，亦無益也！」乃駕以待。子上欲涉，大孫伯曰：「不可。晉人無信，半涉而薄我，悔敗何及？不如紓之。」乃退舍。陽子宣言曰：「楚師遁矣！」遂歸。楚師亦歸。大子商臣譖子上曰：「受晉賂而辟之，楚之恥也。罪莫大焉！」王殺子上。

葬僖公，緩，作主，非禮也。凡君薨，卒哭而祔，祔而作主，特祀於主，烝、嘗、禘於廟。

Source Colophon

The Chinese text follows the Chinese Wikisource transcription of the Zuo Commentary, Duke Xi (article 春秋左氏傳 僖公, revision of 23 June 2026), inspected from a witness copy captured on 22 August 2026. Chinese Wikisource transcriptions are published under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the GFDL; the text itself is ancient and in the public domain. The wiki header and license templates have been removed; the text is otherwise complete and unaltered.

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