Carpatho-Rusyn Reference and Bibliographic Studies — Bogdan Horbal

by Bogdan Horbal

Bogdan Horbal, a historian and bibliographer of Carpatho-Rusyn
studies, wrote these seventeen short reference essays for the
Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base in 1996 and 1998. They are not a single
connected narrative but a set of finding aids and topical surveys --
bibliographies of Subcarpathian and Lemko scholarship, guides to
language and literary studies, sketches of church and settlement
history, and a memoir bibliography -- gathered here as one collected
edition, grouped by subject, rather than as separate short pages. Use
the headings below to go straight to the topic wanted.

Bibliography and Reference

Bibliographic Aids and General Introductory Reference Guides

The most extensive and invaluable bibliography (2,799 entries) dealing with
the Subcarpathian Region is the one compiled by:

Nykolai Lelekach and Ivan
Haraida (19??-1945), Zahal'na bybliografiia Podkarpatia [A
General Bibliography of the Subcarpathian Region] Ungvar (Uzhhorod), 1944.

Two
annotated bibliographies in the collection includes items published before 1900
and during the period 1975-1984:

Ivan Levitskii (1850-1913), Galitsko-russkaia
bibliografiia XIX-go stolitiia [Galician-Rusyn Bibliography of the
Nineteenth Century], vol.1-2, L'viv, 1888-1895, and his

Galitsko-russkaiia
bibliografiia za 1887 [Galician-Rusyn Bibliography for the Year 1887],
vol.1-3, L'viv, 1888-89, and also his

Ukrains'ka Bibliografiia
Avstro-Uhorshchyny za roky 1887-1900 [Ukrainian Bibliography of
Austria-Hungary for the Years 1887-1900], vol.1-3, L'viv 1900,

Paul R. Magocsi
(b.1945), Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography, vol.1
1975-1984, [New York, 1988].

See also: Paul R. Magocsi and Olga Mayo,
comp., Carpatho-Ruthenica at Harvard: a catalog of holdings,
Englewood, NJ, 1977.

** There are two bibliographies dealing exclusively with the
Lemko Region:**

Tadeusz Zagórzanski [pseudonym], £emkowie i £emkowszczyzna,
Materialy do bibliografii [Lemkos and the Lemko Region, Materials for
Bibliography] Warsaw, 1984;

Marian Jurkowski, **"£emkowszczyzna
(materialy do bibliografii)" **[The Lemko Region (Materials for
Bibliography)] in: Slavia Orientalis, XI, 4 (Warsaw, 1962), p.240-254.

Bibliographic aids on the history of Carpatho-Rusyns in America could be found
in:

"Carpatho-Rusyns",

in: The Immigrant in America: Guide to
the Microfilm Collection, vol.4, Woodbridge, CT, 1987, Reel 146;

Edward
Kasinec (b.1945), The Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration in the United
States: a Preliminary Note on Sources in Some U.S. Repositories,
[Fairview, NJ, 1981].

Finally, among general introductory reference guides there are:

Evgenii
Perfetskii (1888-1947), "Obzor ugrorusskoi istoriografii" [A Survey of
Ugro-Russian Historiography], Izvestiia otdeleniia russkogo iazyka i
slovesnosti Imperatorskoi akademii nauk [Izvestiia ORISIAN], XIX, 1
(St. Petersburg, 1914), p.291-341;

Paul R. Magocsi, An Historiographic
Guide to Subcarpathian Rus', Cambridge, [1974];

IUlyan Kolesar
(1927-1992), Ystoryografyia u rusnatsokh [Rusyn
Historiography], Montreal, 1980;

Paul R. Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical
Survey and Bibliographic Guide, Toronto-Buffalo, 1983.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Davis, Robert H. Jr. **Slavic and Baltic Library Resources in The New
York Public Library: A First History and Practical Guide. **New York:
NYPL, 1994.

Horbal, Bogdan. "Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns from the Collection
of the Passaic Episcopal and Heritage Institute [EHI]. New York: NYPL, Slavic
and Baltic Division, 1995.

Karlowich, Robert A. "The New York Public Library". in: A
Guide to Scholarly Resources of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in the
New York Metropolitan Area. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990, p.110-173.

Kasinec, Edward.** The Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration in the United
States: a Preliminary Note on Sources in Some U.S. Repositories.**
[Fairview, NJ: The Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1981].

Kasinec, Edward, and Davis, Robert H. Jr. "N'iu Iorskaia Publichnaia
Biblioteka". in: Bibliotekovedenie i bibliografia za rubezhom,
no.118, (Moscow, 1988), p.63-72.

Magocsi, Paul R. Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography**,
vol. I 1975-1984.** [New York & London: Gerland Publishing Inc.,
1988].

Magocsi, Paul Robert. An Historiographical Guide to Subcarpathian
Rus'. Cambridge, [1974]. Offprint from: Austrian History Yearbook,
IX-X (Houston, 1973-74), p.201-265.

Magocsi, Paul Robert. Galicia: A Historical Survey and
Bibliographic Guide. Toronto-Buffalo-London: University of Toronto
Press, 1983.

Mathiesen, Robert. "Church Slavonic books in the NYPL: a preliminary
catalogue", in: Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, LXXXVII, 4
(New York, 1986-1987), p.404-417.

Renkewicz, Frank. A Guide to Newspapers nad Periodicals: The
Carpatho-Ruthenian Microfilm Project, Immigration History Research
Center: University of Minnesota, 1979.

Renoff, Richard. comp. Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) Commemorative
and Jubilee Books: A Collection of 224 Volumes Microfilmed for the Slavic and
Baltic Division of the New York Public Library. New York: NYPL, Slavic
and Baltic Division, 1995.

Zagórzanski, Tadeusz [pseudonym]. **£emkowie i £emkowszczyzna,
Materialy do bibliografii **[Lemkos and the Lemko Region, Materials for
Bibliography] Warsaw: SKPB 1984.

Carpatho-Ruthenica in the Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library

The idea of creating the New York Public Library developed in 1895, when the
library of John Jacob Astor (1763-1848), which included a great number of rare
books, was unified with the library of James Lenox (1800-1880). A donation of
15,000 volumes from the library of Samuel Jones Tilden (1814-1886), together
with $2,000, 000 for the new library, made the foundation possible. In 1901,
eleven public libraries from all over the city joined The New York Public
Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation. The first site of the Library
(Lower Manhattan) soon turned out to be too small and necessitated construction
of new home for the Library (completed 1911). The building, which is a national
landmark, was located at the corner of 5th Avenue and 42nd Street. The main
reading room of the Library can accommodate 800 people.

The New York Public Library is a private institution which serves readers on
a non-paying basis. It is responsible for operating of 4 research centers (with
39 million items, including 12 million books) and 82 branch libraries (10,5
million items, including 5,9 million books) and is governed by a 43-member Board
of Trustees. The Research Libraries depend heavily on private contributions. The
Branch Libraries are primarily supported by the City and State of New York. The
acquisition of materials is done in a variety of ways. The library mostly buys
(sometimes also exchanges) books. The growth of the collection is also a direct
result of valuable gifts.

Numbering over 312,857 titles (approximately 363,000 physical volumes),
1,160 current periodicals, and 14,294 microforms covering the humanities, social
sciences, and selectively other sciences, the Slavic and Baltic Division of The
New York Public Library houses the single largest component of the Research
Library's vernacular-language collection of materials relating to Russia, the
former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Baltic states, and to the various
Emigre communities outside the homelands. It is estimated that upwards of
250,000 titles of materials relating to the Slavic, Eastern European, and Baltic
lands and peoples, in Western and other non-Slavic languages are held by other
units of the Research Libraries, and in some units of the Branch Libraries.

Access to the collection of The Baltic and Slavic Division can be obtained
through a revised (1974), enlarged (44 volumes) edition of the **Dictionary
Catalog of The Slavonic Collection **(Boston: G.K. Hall). This catalog
contains records for materials acquired and described by the Library in the
period 1898-1972. The Research Libraries' general retrospective, pre-1972
collections are accessible through the 800-volume Dictionary Catalog of
The Research Libraries of The New York Public Library, 1911-1971 (G.K.
Hall. 1979). In 1972, the Library adopted computerized cataloging. There is
also: Bibliographic Guide to Soviet and East European Studies,
vol.1, Boston, 1979-present (presently numbering 38 volumes). It provides
comprehensive annual subject bibliographies which bring together publications
cataloged by the Research Libraries of the NYPL and the Library of Congress.

Carpatho-Ruthenica refers to all materials in whatever language or form that
deal in some way with Carpatho-Rusyns, or which are produced by individuals
working within a Carpatho-Rusyn historical and cultural environment. The Slavic
and Baltic Division possesses a rich collection of titles concerning this
Eastern Slavic group of approximately 1.2 million in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine,
Hungary, Romania, former Yugoslavia and Croatia. It is believed that
approximately six hundred thousand Carpatho-Rusyns live in North America. At
present, Carpatho-Rusyns living in the homelands are considered either part of
the Ukrainian nationality or a separate, distinct nationality. Until 1945,
Carpatho-Rusyn history developed along lines distinct from Ukrainian
territories. After the Second World War this unique historical development has
been still in evidence among Carpatho-Rusyns in former Yugoslavia (present day
Serbia and Croatia), and the United States. Since the fall of communism in the
Eastern Europe 1989) Carpatho-Rusyn national life has undergone an energetic
rebirth in Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Hungary.

Carpatho-Rusyns are described by several different names. The most popular
among them are: Rusyns, Rusnaks, Ruthenians, Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls,
Carpatho-Russians, Ugro-Rusyns, Ugro-Russians, Carpatho-Ukrainians. The
Dictionary Catalog of The Slavonic Collection includes the following subject
classifications: Carpatho-Russian Language, Carpatho-Russian Literature,
Carpatho-Russians, Ruthenia and Ruthenians. Within these classifications there
are several subclassifications. These subject classifications also incorporate
and dovetail with works dealing with Galicia and Ukraine. Hence, they can also
be found under subject classifications Ukrainians or Ukrainian Literature.

In this article, the collection will be divided into several parts. Some
works perfectly fit the category in which they have been placed. Some of them,
however, could possibly appear in at least two or more groups. The author is
aware of this fact, but will not repeat the same publications in different
categories because of the limitation of space.

Bibliographic Aids and General Introductory Reference Guides

Periodicals, Scholarly and Literary Serials and Anthologies of Articles

General Studies

Archeology and the Settlement of the Region

Pivotal Historical Events

Personalities of Carpatho-Rusyn Origin

Memoirs

SubCarpathian Rus' Within Czechoslovakia

The Fate of Carpatho-Rusyns Under Soviet Regime

History of Carpatho-Rusyns in America

Carpatho-Rusyn Church History and Religious Life

Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns

Studies on the Language of Carpatho-Rusyns

Literary History of Carpatho-Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Literary Works

Publishing activity of Carpatho-Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Culture

Statistics, Geography, Demography and Toponomy

Bibliography

Periodicals, Scholarly and Literary Serials, and Anthologies of Articles

There is a strong collection of American Carpatho-Rusyn newspapers and
memorial books on microfilm (60 titles), dating back to 1894. The collection was
acquired by the Library thanks to the Byzantine Ruthenian Metropolitan Province.
Among the most influential and long lasting newspapers are:

The organ of The
Greek Catholic Union - Amerykansky Russky Viestnik, Mahanoy City,
Scranton, PA, New York, NY, Pittsburgh, Homestead, PA, 1894-1952, superseded by
Greek Catholic Union Messenger, Homestead, PA, 1953-1975. James M. Evans
prepared: Guide to the Amerykansky Russky Viestnik. vol.1: 1894-1914,
Fairview, NJ, 1979. Further years are being indexed by Professor Robert A.
Karlowich.

See also:

the organ of the Lemko Association -

Lemko,
Philadelphia, PA, Cleveland, OH, New York, NY, 1929-1939, which was superseded
by*** Karpatska Rus'***, Yonkers, NY, 1939-1969;

the organ of the Russian
Brotherhood Organization of the USA -

Pravda, New York, NY, Olyphant,
Philadelphia, PA, 1904-1975;

the organ of the United Societies of Greek Religion
in the U.S.A. -

*** Prosvita***, McKeesport, PA, 1917-1975;

and the organ of
the Russian Orthodox Catholic Mutual Aid Society of USA -

*** Svit***,
Wilkes-Barre, PA, 1908-1975.

Recently, the collection of two hundred and twenty four parish commemorative
and jubilee books was microfilmed. The ten reels of microfilm contain
reproductions of two hundred and ten parish publications of the Byzantine
Catholic Churches in the USA, attended primarily by Carpatho-Rusyns. In
addition, fourteen are of parishes of the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox
Greek-Catholic Church, also attended primarily by Carpatho-Rusyns. These books
should prove useful to scholars in fields such
as church history, local history, Carpatho-Rusyn and generally Slavic
studies, and sociology of religion. The microfilming of this collection was
graciously supported by Byzantine Catholic Bishop of Passaic, the Most Reverend
Michael J. Dudick (b.1915), D.D. The description of the collection was done by
Professor Richard Renoff (b.1936) of the Nassau County Community College,
Byzantine Catholic (Ruthenian) commemorative and jubilee books, [New York,
1995].

There are also some very rare and interesting European-Rusyn periodicals:

Ku-Ku...Ku-Ku:satirichesko-iumoristicheskii dvukhnediel'nik
[Satirico-Humoruos Bi-Weekly], Mukachevo, 1932;

Vozrozhdeniye [Resurrection],
(Almanac of the Association of Carpatho-Rusyn Students in Prague), Prague,
1933-36;

Most mezi vychodom a zapadem [The Bridge Between the East and
the West], (Pictorial Magazine for Subcarpathian Rus'), KHust, 1937-38;

Nedilia [Sunday], (Independent, Political, Social, Literature Weekly for
Subcarpathian Rusyns), Uzhhorod, 1935-37.

Current developments among Carpatho-Rusyns world-wide can be followed in:

Hutsuliia (Conference of Hutsulian Associations of America and Canada),
Chicago, 1967-present;

Lemkivski Visti (World Lemko Federation),
Toronto, 1971-1979;

Carpatho-Rusyn American (Carpatho-Rusyn Research
Center), Fairview, NJ, 1978-present;

Eastern Catholic Life (Byzantine
Catholic Diocese of Passaic), Passaic, NJ, 1965-present;

Horizons (Byzantine Catholic Diocese of Parma), Parma, OH., 1979-present;

***Karpatska Rus' *** (Lemko Association of USA and Canada), Yonkers, NY, 1994-present;

Besida (Lemko Association), Krynica (Poland), 1989-present;

***Nashe Slovo *** (Association Of Ukrainians in Poland) [includes Lemko Page], Warsaw, 1953-present;

Narodny Novynky (Rusyn Renaissance), Presov (Slovakia), 1990-present;

Rusyn (World Rusyn Council), Presov, 1990-present;

Karpatskii Krai (Independent),
Uzhhorod, 1992-present;

Karpatska Ukraina (Ukrainian National Council of
the Transcarpathian Region), Uzhhorod, 1992-present;

Novyny Zakarpattia,
(Council of National Deputies of the Transcarpathian Region), Uzhhorod,
1992-present;

Nova Dumka (Association of Rusyns and Ukrainians of
Croatia), Vukovar, 1973-present;

Ruske Slovo (Society for Rusyn Language
and Literature), Novy Sad, 1993-present.

Among scholarly and literary serial publications, which are devoted to the
history and culture of Carpatho-Rusyns, there are:

Materialy dlia
Istorii Ugorskoi Rusi [Materials for the History of Ugro-Rus'] vol.1-7,
St. Petersburg, 1905-1921, Naukovyi Zbornyk Tovarystva Pros'vita**[Academic
Almanac of the Pros'vita Society], Uzhhorod 1922-1938;

Izdaniia
Kulturno-Prosvititel'nogo Obshchestva imeni A.V. Dukhnovicha v Uzhhorode
[Publications of the Cultural and Enlightenment A.V. Dukhnovych Association in
Uzhhorod], Uzhhorod, 1925-1931;

Carpatica, (Sbor pro vyzkum Slovenska a
Podkarpatske Rusi) [Committee for Studying on Slovakia and Subcarpathian
Rus'], Prague, 1936-1940;

***Shvetlosts. Chasopys za lyteraturu, kulturu, a
druzhtveny pytania *** [Lightness. Periodical Dedicated to Literature, Culture,
and Social Questions], Novy Sad, 1969-present;

Naukovyi Zbirnyk Muzeiu
Ukrains'koi Kul'tury u Svidnyku ** [Academic Almanac of the Museum of Ukrainian
Culture in Svidnik], Svidnik, 1965-present,* Duklia*** (Literary,
Historical, and Public Affairs Bi-Monthly), Presov, 1953- present;

Zapysky
naukovoho tovarystva [Publications of the Scientific Society], Presov,
1972-present;

*** Annals of the World Lemko Federation***, Camillus, NY
1974-present.

Along with these publications, there are also collections of articles on
Carpatho-Rusyn subjects:

Dimitri Vergun (1877-1965) ed., **Vosem' lektsii
o Podkarpatskoi Rusi **[Eight Lectures on Subcarpathian Rus'], Prague,
1925;

Priashevshchyna: istoriko-literaturnyi sbornik [Preshov
Region: Historical and Literary Almanac], Prague, 1948;

Karpatskii
sbornik [Carpathian Almanac], Moskva, 1972;

Putiami istori:
obshcherusskoe natsional'noe, dukhovnoe i kul'turnoe edinstvo na osnovanii
dannykh nauki i zhizni, [Russian National, Spiritual and Cultural Unity
According to Scientific Facts and Personal Experience], vol.1-2, New York, 1977;

Hutsul'shchyna: istoryko-etnografichne doslidzhennia [Hutsul
Region: Historical and Ethnographic Studies], Kyiv, 1987.

Language and Literature

Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns

The question of a literary language for Carpatho-Rusyns was most challenging
for them. Over the years, members of different "linguistic schools"
produced a number of language books for Carpatho-Rusyns. These different "linguistic
ideas" could be traced in the collection.

The library possesses a facsimile
of the first school book for Carpatho-Rusyns living in the Kingdom of Hungary -
Mihail Manuil Olshavski (1700-1767), **Elementa puerilis institutionis in
lingua latina = nachalo pismen detem k nastavleniiu na latinskom iazyke
**[Begining of Writings for Children, According to Latin Language],
Guadiopili [Trnava], Northern Slovakia, 1746.

Michael Luczkai (1789-1843) in
his: Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena [Slaveno-Rusyn Grammar], Budae
[Budapest], 1830, argued for the use of Subcarpathian recension of Old Church
Slavonic in the cultural life of Carpatho-Rusyns.

Iosyf Hanulya (1874-1962) was
a conscious Rusynophile and foresaw the possibility of creating of a Rusyn
literary standard. His ideas were expressed in: Hrammatyka dlia
amerykanskykh Rusynov, [Grammar for American Rusyns], McKeesport, PA,
1918, and also his: Chytanka dliia amer.[sic!]-rus'koi molodezhy,
[Reader for American-Rusyn Youth], McKeesport, PA, 1935.

Avhustyn Voloshyn
(1874-1945) was Ukrainian in outlook but still in the transition from
Subcarpathian dialectical archaisms to the Ukrainian literary standard. See his:
Mala Chytanka dlia II i III klasy narodnykh shkol [Small
Reader for the Second and Third Class of Primary Schools], Uzhhorod, 1930.

Stefan Telep (1885-1965), a native of the Lemko Region, was a Russophile. His:
**Russkii bukvar dlia tserkovno-prikhodskikh shkol **[Russian
Primer for Parish Schools], Mayfield, PA, 1938 was written in pure Russian.

A small group of Rusyns, which moved in the eighteenth century to Bachka
(present day Serbia), first managed to develop their literary standard. Its
rules are given in:

Evfemiia Varga, Moia persha knizhka. Chytanka za I
klasu osnovnei shkoly [My First Book. Reader for the First Class of
Primary School], Ruski Kerestur, 1965 and

Mykola Kochysh (1928-1973), Pravopys
ruskoho iazyka, [Orthography of Rusyn Language], Novy Sad, 1971.

There is also the collection of 43 publications (11 primers, 13 grammars, 8
readers, 3 phrase books and 8 dictionaries written for Carpatho-Rusyns), which
have been recently microfilmed for the library. The originals are kept in the
Episcopal and Heritage Institute Museum of the Byzantine Catholic Diocese of
Passaic, West Paterson, NJ. Their microfilm copies have been made available to
the public as a gift from Bishop Michael J. Dudick (b.1915), D.D. The
description of this collection was done by the author of this article: Byzantine
Catholic (Ruthenian) Language Books, [New York, 1995].

Back To Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base

Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns, From the Collection of the Episcopal and Heritage Institute (EHI)

Since World War II and the imposition of Soviet-dominated Communist rule throughout East Central Europe, the Rusyn language was banned in all countries where Rusyns live, except in Yugoslavia. In the Soviet Ukraine, Czechoslovakia and Poland, Rusyns were administratively declared to be Ukrainians and all publications and education intended for them had to be carried out in Ukrainian. Any efforts to have some form of Rusyn used in publications, schools, or public life was considered to be illegal ("counterrevolutionary"). This was supposed to be the end of the so called "language question" among Carpatho-Rusyns.

The collapse of Communism, however, underscored what many had for some time suspected. The repressed but unresolved question of national identity and language among Rusyns returned. In the mid 1980's Lemkos in Poland led the way in linguistic developments. They published a few collections of poetry in Lemko vernacular. In the late 1980's, Rev. Frantishek Krajnjak (b. 1952) set up a small "language commission" to help with his work of translating religious texts into local Rusyn dialect (Medzilaborce, Slovakia). When, after 1989, Rusyn language newspapers appeared in Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine, and the Rusyn cultural movement was becoming stronger, it was obvious that its primary goal would be the codification of a standard Rusyn literary language.
In an attempt to put some order and coordination into this effort, a working seminar of the Rusyn language was convened in Bardejovske Kupele, Slovakia on November 6-7, 1992. Rusyn writers and editors from: Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Yugoslavia and Hungary joined with scholars from those countries and from the United States, Sweden, Switzerland and Monaco to discuss theoretical issues and practical ways in which the Rusyn codifers can coordinate their efforts. This First Congress of the Rusyn Language allowed the development of four standards based on dialects in the countries where Rusyns live: Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia. The participants also agreed to meet periodically to exchange views on their own codifying work as well as to agree on as many as possible principles that will form the basis of an eventual "fifth" Rusyn literary standard, or koinethat would be common to all regions.
One of the results of the Congress was also the creation of the Institute of Rusyn Language and Culture in Presov. Since January of 1993, this Institute has been serving as a coordinating center for the work of Rusyn language codifiers in all countries where they live. The institute has published Rules for Rusyn Orthography, as well as a primer and a reader for elementary schools in Slovakia. This activity culminated with the recognition of Rusyn as an literary language. The event marking this remarkable change in the status of Rusyn language took place on January 27, 1995 at the capital of Slovakia, Bratislava.[1]

THE EPISCOPAL AND HERITAGE INSTITUTE'S COLLECTION

AND CARPATHO-RUSYNS

The Most Reverend Michael J. Dudick, D.D., Bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Diocese of Passaic, New Jersey began to aquire materials for the Episcopal and Heritage Institute Museum and Library some twenty-five years ago. In 1986, the Institute moved into a new building, occupying part of the Episcopal residence and Diocesan center in West Patterson, NJ. Bishop Dudick's primary concern was for the preservation of the rich ethnographic and religious cultural tradition of the people under his jurisdiction, both in the United States and the homeland. Carpatho-Rusyns make up the overwhelming majority of the members of the diocese. Hence, the greater portion of the valuable objects in the museum and library materials related to the history and religious experience of Carpatho-Rusyns. [2]

One of the highlights of Bishop Dudick's library is the collection of language books written for Carpatho-Rusyns. This collection was microfilmed,
deposited and made available to the general public in the Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library as a gift from Bishop Michael J. Dudick.

Carpatho-Rusyns And Their Language

Carpatho-Rusyns belong to the Slavic branch of Indo-European peoples. They speak a series of distinct but related dialects which are classified as East Slavic. The Rusyns' Carpathian homeland is a boundary region in many ways. As a result of the historical process of contact, Carpatho-Rusyn dialects are heavily influenced by Polish, Slovak and Hungarian vocabulary. These influences, together with numerous terms from the Church Slavonic liturgical language and dialectical words unique to Carpatho-Rusyns, are what distinguish their spoken language from other East Slavic languages.

The question of formulating a literary language was most challenging for Carpatho-Rusyns. It was closely relayed to the question of an ethnonational
identity. The Carpatho-Rusyn intelligentsia was troubled by divisions over these two questions and attempted to resolve them.

Hence, these ethnonational debates were often conducted in the context and form of ethnonational debates. Paul R. Magocsi[3] divides the disputants into five groups.

The described below typology will be used to organize the following
discussion.

Karpatorossy, who considered themselves members of "one indivisible Russian people:, promoted the use of what they called a common
Russian (obshcherusskii) language, and who described the Ukrainian language as nothing more than an artificial jargon.

"Staunch Carpathian Rusyns, conservative and regional patriots", who also did not recognize Ukrainian, but rather spoke and wrote in a "noble" local Carpatho-Russian language, a Subcarpathian variant of Russian used by writers in the late nineteenth century.

Nationally conscious Rusyns who foresaw the possibility of formulating a literary language based on local dialects.

Rusyn-populists, who were basically Ukrainian in outlook but still in the process of transition from using Subcarpathian Rusyn dialects and traditional
orthography to the standard Ukrainian language.

Nationally-conscious Ukrainians who wrote in standard Ukrainian and who used the modern orthography.

About The Library Of The EIH

In the collection, one can find examples of the writings of the first four groups, and of one more, which was not described above. That oldest group
called upon Carpatho-Rusyns to use in their writings Church Slavonic (or more precisely Subcarpathian recession of Church Slavonic, called Slaveno-Rusyn). It was, among others, Michael Luchkai [4] (1789-1843) who argued for the use of Church Slavonic in Subcarpathian cultural life. This language was favored by Carpatho-Rusyns in the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, but increasingly lost its influence after 1848.

The First Group

The first standardization of the common-Russian (obshcherusskii) language for use in Subcarpathian Rus' appeared in Kirill A. Sabov's (1838-1914) grammar and Aleksander Mitrak's (1837-1913) dictionary. Works by Illarion S. Svientsitskii (1876-1956), Semen IU. Bendasiuk (1877-1965), Ivan G. Borukh (1872-after 1940), Ioann Gr. Dzvonchik, Stefan F. Telep (1885-1965) an Ivan Vantsa were also written in what was basically standard literary Russian.

The Second Group

This orientation was best represented by the interwar cultural leader Evmenii Iv. Sabov (1859-1934). His grammar became the symbol of the Russophile orientation. In his other pronouncements on the subject, however, Sabov cited local writers like Ivan Sil'vai (183-1904), IUlii Stavrovskii-Popradov (1850-1899) and Evgenii Fentsik (1844-1903), as the best guides for Carpatho-Rusyns. Sabov also believed that "the Carpathians separate us from the East" (that is from the influence of the Ukrainian national movement). The uncodified local recession of Russian was very popular among Carpatho-Rusyn writers and journalists. It was used, among others, by: Peter Maczkov ( 1880-1965), Ivan Dobosh and Pavel Fedor (1884-1952)

The Third Group

Works by John Slivka (1899-1986) and Joseph Hanulya (1874-1962), among others, best represent this group of nationally-conscious Rusyns. These two American-Rusyn activists believed that it is not good for Carpatho-Rusyns to use either Russian or Ukrainian, because they are neither Russian nor Ukrainian. Both of them expressed and interest in formulating a separate Carpatho-Rusyn literary language. Mykhal Vrabel's (1866-1923) primers were also written in vernacular based language.

The Fourth Group

The collection includes fourteen works of Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945). His tremendous effort in the field of producing school text books is a perfect example of the activity of this group. His 1919 grammar, along with the Mitrak's dictionary were favored by a teacher's congress held at Berehovo in 1923. It was stated there, that these two positions well conform to the character of the Carpatho-Russian language. The 1923 Congress attended by about 550 teachers from Subcarpathian Rus' was depicted as a victory by the Russophile orientation, even though Voloshyn's 1919 text was actually more dialectically oriented that other texts in the Subcarpathian recession of Russian. Voloshyn himself was becoming a Ukrainophile and was more and more using local Carpatho-Rusyn vocabulary in his writings.

The Fifth Group

This group is not represented in the collection. The best example of its activity is given in: Frants Ahii (b1899), Zhyva Mova, Uzhhorod, 1938; IAroslav Nevrli, Hramatyka i Pravopys ukraiins'koii movy, Uzhhorod, 1937; and Ivan Pan'kevych's (1887-1958) grammar, Korotki pravyla ukraiins'koho pravopysu dlia vzhytku Priashivshchyny, Presov, 1952

Notes:

Paul R. Magocsi, "Scholarly Seminar on the Codification of the
Rusyn Language", in Slavia**, LXXII, 4 (Prague, 1993), p. 550, and also his:
"The Rusyn Language Question Revisited", forthcoming in International
Journal of Sociolingusitics**.
Roberts A. Karlowich, Richar Renoff, "The Byzantine Episcopal and
Heritage Institute Museum and Libraries", in Eastern Catholic Life**, XXX,
(West Patterson, NJ)< February 13, 1994,
Paul R. Magocsi, The Shaping of a National Identity, Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1978, p. 132; see also his: The Language Question Among the
Subcarpathian Rusyns, Fairview, NJ: Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1979.
The author is aware of the fact that names of some personalities appear
in different forms. In the article, names appear in their established English
language forms. In the listing, they were spelled the way they appear on the
front page of the publication/.

PRIMERS

Mykhayl Vrabel' (1866-1923), BUKVAR' [Primer], (4th Edition), Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Yzdan Knyhopechatnym Aktsiinym Obshchestvom "Unio" 1910, (92 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), AZBUKA Y PERVA CHYTANKA DLIA PERVOHO KLASSA NARODNYKH SHKOL NA RUS'KOM IAZYTSI [Rusyn Alphabet and First Reader for the First Class of Primary Schools], (2nd Edition), Budapesht (Budapest): Sobstvennost' Drukarny Mad'. Kor. Unyversyteta Nauk, [1913?], (116 pp.).
Mykhayl Vrabel' (1866-1923), BUKVAR' [Primer], (4th Edition), Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Yzdan Knyhopechatnym Aktsiinym Tovarystvom "Unio" 1914, (92 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945),** AZBUKA UHRO-RUS'KOHO TSERKOVNO-SLAVIANSKOHO CHTENIA** [Alphabet of the Uhro-Rusyn and Old Church Slavonic Reading], (2nd Edition), Pittsburgh: The A. Strasburger Co. Inc. Publisher, 1917, (96 pp.).
Ioann F. Kyzak (1856-1929), BUKVAR' DLIA NARODNYKH SHKOL EPARKHII PRIASHEVSKOI [Primer for the Primary Schools of the Presov Diocese], Praha (Prague)-Priashev (Presov): Izdanie Chekhoslovatskoi Graficheskoi Unii akts. obsh., 1921, (88 pp.).
Rev. Petr Ivanovich Matskov (1880-1965),*** NOVYI BUKVAR' DLIA GREKO-KATFOLICHESKIKH DIETEI S RYSUNKAMI*** [New Primer with Sketches for Greek-Catholic Children], Homestead: Nakladom Literaturnago Fonda Soedineniia Greko Katf. Russkikh Bratstv, 1921, (110 pp.).
1. Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), AZBUKAKARPATO-RUS'KOHO Y TSERKOVNO-SLAVIANSKOHO CHTENIA [Rusyn Alphabet and First Reader for the First Class of Primary Schools] (7th Edition), Uzhhorod: Drukarnia Akts. Tovarystva "Unio", 1924, (101 pp.).
Ivan Dobosh, Pavel Fedor 91884-1952), KARPATORUSSKII BUKVAR' [Carpatho-Rusyn Primer], (3rd Edition), Uzhhorod: Izdanie Uchytel'skago Tovaryshchestva Podk. Rusi, Typografiia "Shkolnaia Pomoshch'", 1930, (95 pp.).
Stefan F. Telep (1885-1965), RUSSKII BUKVAR' DLIA TSERKOVNO-PRIKHODSKIKH SHKOL V SIEVERNOI AMERYKIE [Russian Primer for the Church Schools in North America], Mayfield: Iz pechati St. F. Telepa, 1937, (95 pp.).
Stefan F. Telep (1885-1965), RUSSKII BUKVAR' DLIA TSERKOVNO-PRIKHODSKIKH SHKOL V SIEVERNOI AMERYKIE [Russian Primer for the Church Schools in North America], (2nd Edition) Mayfield: Iz pechati St. F. Telepa, 1938, (98 pp.).
Ivan Vantsa, NOVYI BUKVAR' DLIA 1 GODA RUSSKIKH NARODNYKH SHKOL [New Primer for the First Class of the Rusyn Primary Schools], Priashev (Presov): Izdanie L. Shmigaly, 1945, (99 pp.).

GRAMMARS

Rev. Michaelem Lutskay (1789-1843), GRAMMATICA SLAVO-RUTHENA SEU VETERO-SLAVICAE, ET ACTU IN MONTIBUS CARPATHICIS PARVO-RUSSICAE, CEU DIALECTI VIGENTIS LINGVAE [Slaveno-Rusyn Grammar], Budae (Budapest): Typis Reg. Universitatis Pestiensis, 1830, (178 pp.).
Kirill A. Sabov (1838-1914), ***GRAMMATIKA PIS'MIENNAGO RUSSKAGO IAZYKA ***[Grammar of the Literary Russian Language], Uzhhorod: Izdanna Kirillom Sabovym v tipografii Karla Iegera, 1865, (254 pp.).
IIlarion S. Svientsitskii (1876-1956), RUKOVODSTVO K IZUCHENIIU RUSSKAGO LITERATURNAGO IAZYKA GALICHANAMI [Guidance for Galicians for the studying of Russian Literary Language], L'vov (L'viv): Iz tipografii Stavropigiiskago Instituta, 1902, (64 pp.).
Rev. Volosin Agoston (1874-1945), GYAKORLATI KISIROSZ (RUTEN) NYELVTAN, Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Unio Konyvnyomda Reszvenytarsasag, 1907, (209 pp.).
Semen Iu. Bendasiuk (1877-1965) ,*** GRAMMATIKA RUSSKAGO LITERATURNAGO (OBSHCHERUSKAGO) IAZYKA DLIA RUSSKIKH V GALICHINIE, BUKOVINIE I UGRII*** [Grammar of the Russian Literary Language for the Russian People in Galicia, Bukovina and Hungary], L'vov (L'viv): Izhdeveniem Avtora, Pechatnia Stavropigiiskago Instituta, 1909, (376 pp.).
Rev. Iosyf Hanulia ( 1874-1962), ***HRAMMATYKA DLIA AMERYKANSKYKH RUSYNOV ***[Grammar for American Rusyns], McKeesport, Yz knyhopechatni "Prosvita Vydavn. Spolechnosty", 1918, (95 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Yv. Voloshyn (1874-1945), METODYCHESKA HRAMMATYKA KARPATO-RUSSKOHO IAZYKA DLIA NARODNYKH SHKOL. CHAST 1. DLIA 1 I 2 KLASSOV NARODNOI SHKOLY [Methodical Grammar of the Carpatho-Rusyn Language for Primary Schools. Part 1 for the First and Second Class of Primary School], Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 1919, (32 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Yv. Voloshyn (1874-1945), METODYCHESKA HRAMMATYKA KARPATO-RUSSKOHO IAZYKA DLIA NARODNYKH SHKOL. CHAST 1. DLIA 2-HO KLASSA NARODNOI SHKOLY [Methodical Grammar of the Carpatho-Rusyn Language for Primary Schools. Part 1 for the Second Class of Primary School], Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 1919, (33 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Yv. Voloshyn (1874-1945), METODYCHESKA HRAMMATYKA KARPATO-RUSSKOHO IAZYKA DLIA NARODNYKH SHKOL. CHAST 2. DLIA 3 I 4 KLASSOV NARODNOI SHKOLY [Methodical Grammar of the Carpatho-Rusyn Language for Primary Schools. Part 2 for the Third and Fourth Class of Primary School], Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 1919, (36 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Yv. Voloshyn (1874-1945), ***METODYCHNA GRAMMATYKA KARPATO-RUS'KOHO IAZYKA DLIA NYZSHYKH KLAS NARODNYKH SHKOL *** [Methodical Grammar of the Carpatho-Rusyn Language for Lower Classes of Primary Schools], (4th Edition), Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 1924, (111 pp.).
Rev. Evmenii Iv. Sabov (1859-1934), Editor, GRAMMATIKA RUSSKAGO IAZYKA DLIA SREDNIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII PODKARPATSKOI RUSI. CHAST 1. ETIMOLOGIIA [Grammar of Russian Language for the High Schools of Subcarpathian Rus'. part 1. Ethymology], Uzhhorod: Izdanie Kul'turno-Prosvititel'nago Obshchestva imeni A. Dukhnovicha, 1924, (VIII+152 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), PRAKTYCHNA HRAMATYKA RUS'KOHO IAZYKA [Practical Grammar of the Rusyn Language], Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 1926.
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), PRAKTYCHNA HRAMATYKA RUS'KOHO IAZYKA DLIA NARODNYKH, HOROZHANSKYKH Y SEREDNYKH SHKOL. CHASR 2. SKLADNIA (SYNTAKSYS [Practical Grammar of the Rusyn Language for the Primary and High Schools. Part 2. Syntax], Uzhhorod: Knyhopechatnia Aktsionernoho Tovarystva, "Unio", 19--.

READERS

Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), CHYTANKA DLIA UHRO-RUS'KOI MOLODEZHY. CHAST PERVA. DLIA NYZSHYKH KLASSOV NARODNYKH SHKOL [Reader for the Uhro-Rusyn Youth. Part 1. For the Lower Classes of Primary Schoolsl], (2nd Edition), Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Yzdanie Aktsiinoho Obshchestva "Unio", 1908, (225 pp.).
Ivan G. Borukh (1872-after 1940), RODNAIA RIECH. VTORAIA KNIGA DLIA CHTENIA I BESIED USTNYKH I PIS'MENNYKH UPRAZHNENII V SHKOLIE I V SEM'IE*[Native Talk. The Second Book for Reading and Conversations and Written Excercises in School and at Home}, New York 1916, (224 pp.).
Rev. Iosyf Hanula (1874-1962), CHYTANKA DLIA AMER. RUS'KOI MOLODEZHY* [Reader for the American-Rusyn Youth], McKeesport: Yzdanie "Prosvita" Vyd. Spolechnosty.", 1919, (254 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), CHYTANKA DLIA 2 KLASSY NARODNYKH SHKOL [Reader for the Second Class of Primary Schools], Uzhhorod: Yzdania Aktsionernoho Tovarystva "Unio", 1921, (80 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), MALA CHYTANKA DLIA 2 I 3 KLASY NARODNYKH SHKOL [Little Reader for the Second and Third Class of Primary Schools], (3rd Edition) Uzhhorod: Vydanie Knihopechatnoho Akts. Tovarystva "Unio", 1930, (125 pp.).
Rev. Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), CHYTANKA DLIA 4 I 5 SHKOL'NYKH ROKOV NARODNYKH SHKOL [Reader for the Fourth and Fifth Year of Primary Schools], CHAST 2, Uzhhorod: Typografia "Shkol'naia Pomoshch'", 1932, (251 pp.).
Rev. Iosyf P. Hanulia ( 1874-1962), CHYTANKA DLIA AMER. [sic!] RUS'KOI MOLODEZHY [Reader for the American-Rusyn Youth], (2nd Edition)Mckeesport: "Prosvita", Knyhopechatnia "Sobrania Hreko Katolicheskykh Tserkovnykh Bratstv, 1935, (254 pp.).
Rev. Ioann Gr. Dzvonchik, PERVAIA RUSSKO-ANGLIISKAIA KNIGA DLIA CHTENIIA [First Russian-American Book for Reading], Philadelphia: Pravda Press, 1943, (48 pp.).

PHRASE BOOKS

Rev. Ernest L. Dunda, RUTHENIAN NOTES, (typewritten), (19 pp.).
Paul R. Magosci (b. 1945), LET'S SPEAK RUSYN. PRESHOV REGIONAL EDITION, Englewood: Transworld Publisher, 1976.
Paul R. Magocsi (b 1945),** LET'S SPEAK RUSYN. TRANSCARPATHIAN EDITION**, Fairview: Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, 1979.

DICTIONARIES

Rev. Emilii Kubek ( 1859-1940), ***STAROSLAVIANSKII-OUGORSKII-RUSSKII-NIMETSKII SLOVAR' K SVIASHCHENNOMU PYSANIIU ***[Old Church Slavonic - Uhro-Russian - Russian - German Dictionary for Sacred Writing], Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Izdali ot imeni aktsionernogo knigopechatnogo soedineniia "Uniia" - Emanuil Roshkovich, Petr Gebej, Dr. Vasilii Gadzhega, sviashchenniki eparkhii mukachevskoi, 1906, (XL+387pp.).
Rev. Aleksandr Mitrak (1837-1913), *** RUSSKO-MAD'IARSKII SLOVAR'*** [Russian-Hungarian Dictionary], Ungvar (Uzhhorod): Izdanie Sostavitelia, Knigopechatnia Iosifa Feinishisha, 1881, (854 pp).
Rev. Aleksandr Mitrak (1837-1913), MAD'IARSKII - RUSSKO SLOVAR' [Hungarian - Russian Dictionary], Uzhhorod: Tipografiia Aktsionernogo Tovaristva "Unio", 1922, (1020 pp.).
Rev. John Slivka (1899-1986), ENGLISH-RUSIN / RUSIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, (Manuscript in Latin letters), 1963, (25pp. - over 500 words).
Rev. John Slivka (1899-1986), RUSIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, (Manuscript in Cyrillic and Latin letters), 1963 (80 pp. 3180 words).
Rev. John Slivka (1899-1986), *** ENGLISH-RUSIN DICTIONARY***, (Manuscript in Latin and Cyrillic letters), 1963, (95 pp. - 3760 words).
Rev. John Slivka ( 1899-1986), OLD SLAVONIC - ENGLISH DICTIONARY, (Manuscript in Cyrillic and Latin letters), 1963, (53 pp - over 5000 words).

Back to Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base Main Page

**
Last modified on November 10 1996
URL:http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/lbfcr.htm
Greg
Gressa [[email protected]]
The Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base

Studies on the Language of Carpatho-Rusyns

Studies on this question in Subcarpathian Rus' include:

Olaf Broch (1867-19??), Studien von der slovakisch-kleinrussischen Sprachgrenze imõstlichen Ungarm [Study on Slovak-Little Russian Language Boder-Line in Eastern Hungary], Kristiana, Norway, 1897; and his Ugrorus'koe narechie sela Ubli (Zemplenskago komitata), [Ugro-Rusyn Dialect of the Village of Ublia (Zemplen District), St. Petersburg, 1899;

Evmenii Sabov (1859-1934), **Russkii literaturnyi iazyk Podkarpatskoi Rusi **[Russian Literary Language of Subcarpathian Rus'], Uzhhorod, 1925;

Konstantin Stripskii, **Iazyk literaturnoi tradytsii Karpatskoi Rusi **[Language of the Literary Tradition of Subcarpathian Rus'], Uzhhorod, 1930;

Ivan Pan'kevych (1887-1958), "Zakarpats'kyi dialektnyi variant ukrains'koi literaturnoi movy XVII-XVIII vv." [Transcarpathian Dialectical Variant of Ukrainian Literature Language of XVII-XVII Centuries], Slavia,XXVII, 2 (Prague, 1957), p.171-181, and also his: **Ukrainska nareci Podkarpatské Rusi a sousednich oblasti **[Ukrainian Dialects of Subcarpathian Rus' and Neighbouring Territories], Prague, 1938;

Mykola Shtets' (b.1932), "Rozvytok ukrains'koho pravopysu na Zakarpatti i v Skhidnii Slovachchyni" [The Development of the Ukrainian Script in Transcarpathia and in Eastern Slovakia], Naukovyi Zbirnyk Muzeiu Ukrains'koi Kul'tury u Svidnyku, IV (Presov, 1969), p.279-292.

Paul R.Magocsi (b.1945), The Language Question Among the Subcarpathian Rusyns, Fairview, NJ, 1979.

On the dialect of Galician Lemkos see:

Ivan Verkhrats'kyi (1846-1919), Pro hovor halytskykh lemkiv, [About the Dialect of Galician Lemkos], L'viv, 1902;

Zdzislaw Stieber (1903-1980), Dialekt £emków: fonetyka i fonologia [Lemko Dialect: Phonetics and Phonology], Wroclaw, 1982; and his: Atlas Jezykowy Dawnej £emkowszczyzny [Linguistic Atlas of the Old Lemko Region], vol.1-8, £ódY , 1956-64.

Charles Bidwell (b.1923) described the language of American Rusyns and those from Bachka, in his two studies: The Language of Carpatho-Ruthenian Publications in America, Pittsburgh, 1971, and "The Language of the Backa Ruthenians in Yugoslavia", in: The Slavic and East European Review, X (Spring 1966), p.32-45.

Carpatho-Rusyn Literary Works

The Lemko Region is represented in this category by probably the most
influential Russophile writer of this region, Volodymyr Khyliak (1843-1893). See
his:

**Russkaia Dolia **[Russian Fate] and **Pochtovyi
rozhok **[Mail Corner], Scranton, PA, 1895.

Immmigrant Russophile Lemko
Teofan Obushkevych (1841-1924) translated from Czech:

Chudotvornyi
Likar [Miracle Doctor], Mahanoy City, PA, 19--.

Ukrainian orientated
writers from this region are represented by two excellent poets. Bohdan Ihor
Antonych (1909-1937), despite his early death, became a famous and vastly
acclaimed poet. See his:

Zibrani tvory [Collected Works], New
York, 1967, and Square of Angels : selected poems, Ann Arbor,
Mich., 1977.

Mykola Horbal (b.1941), is a fine poet as well as an political
activist of present day Ukraine. See his:

Detali pischanoho hodynnyka:
Poezii ta pisni [Parts of an Hourglass: Poems and Songs], [Munich],
1983.

See also excellent poems in Lemko vernacular by Piotr Trochanowski,
**Jak sokól wode na kamieniu=IAk sokil vody na kameny **[The
Way Falcon Looks for Water on a Stone], Warsaw: Iskry, 1989.

Works by Subcarpathian Russophile authors includes:

Aleksander Dukhnovych
(1803-1865), Tvory [Works], vol.1-4, Bratislava, 1967-68;

Sion
I. Sil'vai (1876-1932), Marusia, Uzhhorod, 1932, and also his
two dramas:

**Iosyf Egypetskii **[Iosef the Egyptian] and

Vozvrashchenie [The Return], Uzhhorod, 1933.

On the older
Transcarpathian poetry see:

**Poety Zakarpattia: antolohiia
zakarpatoukrains'koi poezii XVI st.-1945 **[Poets of Transcarpatia: the
Anthology of Transcarpathian-Ukrainian Poetry from Sixteenth Century to 1945],
Presov, 1965. There is also an anthology by: Evmenii Sabov (1859-1934),
Khristomatiia tserkovno-slavianskikh i ugro-russkikh literaturnykh
pamiatnikov, [Anthology of Church-Slavonic and Ugro-Russian Literary
Monuments], Uzhhorod, 1893.

Ukrainian language writers who published their works mostly during the
communist era are well represented among others by:

Mykhailo Shmaida, Lemky
[Lemkos], Presov, 1964 and **Roz'izd **[Crossroads], Presov, 1969;

Ivan Dolhosh (b.1931), Synevyr, Uzhhorod, 1968;

Vasyl
Grendha-Dons'kyi (1897-1974), Works, Washington, 1982-. The
library has vol.2-12.

See also:

Vasyl Zozuliak (1909-1994), Khmary i
zori nad Beskydom [Clouds and Stars Over the Beskyd], Presov, 1986, and
also his Neskoreni [Unbeaten], vol.1-3, Presov, 1962-73;

Mykhailo Sabadosh (b.1920), **Burkhlyvi roky **[Stormy Years],
Presov 1976, and also his Kryvuli, Presov 1986;

Mykhailo
Tomchanii (1914-1975), **Braty **[Brothers], Uzhhorod, 1971.

The
library possesses also the anthology of Tomchanii's works:

Pislia
nochi: opovidania, povisti [After Night: Tales, Novels], Uzhhorod,
1989.

Ivan Matsyns'kyi (1922-1987) had also written in Ukrainian language his:
Karpats'ki akordy [Carpathian Accords], Presov, 1962, but
later on expressed an interest in returning to Rusyn vernacular.

Literary works of Yugoslavian Rusyns, written in their literary standard,
include:

Havryil Kostelnyk (1886-1948), Works, vol.1-2, Novy Sad, 1970-75;
Mykhailo Kovach (b.1909), Tsykhy vody. Vybrany prypovydky
[Silent Waters. Selected Tales], Novy Sad, 1970;

Vlado Kostelnik (b.1930),
Biserni Drazhkie. Roman u trokh chastsokh [Pearl Roads. Novel
in Three Parts], Novy Sad, 1971.

See also: Antologiia ruskei poezii
[Anthology of Rusyn Poetry], Novy Sad, 1984.

Carpatho-Rusyn immigrant literature is represented by:

Emilii Kubek
(1859-1957), **Narodni povisti i stichi **[Folk Tails and Poems],
vol.1-4, Scranton, PA, 1922-23. Dmitrii Vyslotskii (1888-1968) Editor.,
Nasha Knyzhka (anthology of articles, novels and dramas),
Yonkers, 1945.

Thomas Bell (1903-1961) was an English language writer. His most
famous novel was: All Brides Are Beautiful, n.p., 1936. It was
filmed, under the title From This Day Forward (RKO, 1946), by a Hollywood
director John Berry. The library also possesses another of Bell's novels:
Out of This Furnace, Pittsburgh, [1976]. This book is
considered to be his best, and is based on experience of the writer's parents,
who came to America from a Rusyn village of Vyshnii Tvarozhets (Slovakia). The
novel traces the history of people (Slovak and Rusyn characters) in the steel
manufacturing city of Braddock, PA, between 1881 and 1937. The Slovak Television
adopted it for the screen in 1976.

Literary History of Carpatho-Rusyns

The works on literary history of Carpatho-Rusyns include:

Wolfgango Giusti
(b.1901), "La Russia subcarpatica e la sua letteratura" [Subcarpathian
Rus' and its Literature], in: Revista di letteratura slave, I, 1-2
(Roma, 1926), p.115-138;

Iuliian Yavorski, Materialy dlia istorii
literatury v Podkarpatskoi Rusi [Materials for the History of
Literature in Subcarpathian Rus'], Prague, 1934;

Iosyf Hanulya (1874-1962),
Rusin literature, Cleveland, 1941;

IUrii Baleha, Literatura
Zakarpattia dvadtsatykh-trydtsatykh rokiv XX stolittia [Transcarpathian
Literature of the Twenties and the Thirties of the Twentieth Century], Kyiv
1962;

Yurii Bacha (b.1932), Literaturnyi rukh na Zakarpatti seredyny
XIX v. [Literary Movement in Transcarpathia in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century], Presov, 1964;

Oleksa Myshanych (b.1933), Literatura
Zakarpattia XVII-XVIII stolit' [Transcarpathian Literature of the
Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries], Kyiv 1964;

Vasyl Mykytas (b.1924), Davna
literatura Zakarpattia: narysy literatury Zakarpattia doby feudalizmu
[Old Literature of Transcarpathia: Outline of Transcarpathian Literature in the
Feudal Period], L'viv, 1968;

Fedor F. Aristov, (1888-1932), Karpato-russkie
pisateli: izsledovanie po neizdannym istochnikam [Carpatho-Russian
Writers: An Analysys Based on Unpublished Sources], Bridgeport, CT, 1977,

Paul
R.Magocsi (b.1945), Rusyn-American Ethnic Literature,
Cambridge, [1978?];

Josef Sirka, The Development of Ukrainian
Literature in Czechoslovakia 1945-1975, Frankfurt/Main, 1978;

Mykhailo
Roman (b.1930), Literatura i chas [Literature and Time],
Presov, 1986;

History and Culture

Archeology and the Settlement of the Region

On the archeology of the Carpathians, which have been settled since the
Neolithic period see:

IAroslav Pasternak (1892-1969), Ruské
Karpaty v archeologii [Rusyn Carpathians in Archeology], Prague, 1928,
and also his:

"Lemkivshchyna u syvii davnyni" [The Lemko Region in
Ancient Times], in: Annals of the World Lemkos' Federation, I (Camillus,
1974), p.11-27.

Despite substantial research, there is still no consensus on the
nature of the early settlement of Carpathian Rus'. Different points of view have
been presented by several authors. Aleksei L. Petrov (1859-1932), Professor of
Slavic Studies at the University of St. Petersburg and the best authority on
this problem, contended that the Carpathians could not have been settled until
well after the arrival of Magyars at the end of the ninth century. See his:

"O
podlozhnosti gramoty kniazia Feodora Koriatovicha 1360 g." [On the
Falsehood of the 1360 Document Fedor Koriatovich], Materialy dlia
Istorii Ugorskoi Rusi, vol.3, St. Petersburg, 1906, p.270-299, and:
Drevnieishiia gramoty po istorii karpato-russkoi tserkvy i ierarkhii
1391-1498 [The Oldest Documents on the History of the Carpatho-Russian
Church and Hierarchy], Prague, 1930.

The "Magyarized" Rusyn Antal
Hodinka (1864-1946) presented similar (official Hungarian) point of view in his:

"L'habitat, l'économie et la passé du peuple ruthène
au sud des Carpathes" [Settlement, Economy and Life of the Rusyn People
South of the Carpathians], Revue des études hongroises et finno-ougriènnes,
II (Paris, 1924), p.244-275.

The Galician Ukrainian Volodymyr Hnatiuk
(1871-1926) in his:

Chy zakarpatski Ukraintsi avtohtony? [Are
the Transcarpathian Ukrainians Autochtons?], L'viv, 1924,

as well as the
Russophile Carpatho-Rusyn historian Nikolai Beskid (1883-1947) in his:

Karpatorusskaia
pravda [Carpatho-Russian Truth], Homestead, 1932,

challenged this
theory.

Lubor Niederle [1865-1944), "Pocátky Karpatské Rusi"
[The Beginnings of Carpathian Rus'], Národopisný vestnik
ceskoslovenský , XV, 2 (Prague, 1922), p.23-31, also considered Rusyns
as the indigenous population of the Carpathians.

On the colonization of Vlach shepherds in the area, beginning during the
thirteenth century see:

Václav Chaloupecký (1882-1951), Valasi
na Slovensku [The Vlachs in Slovakia], Prague, 1947;

Branislav Varsik
(b.1904), **Osidlenie Kosickej kotliny **[The Settlement of the
Kosice Basin], vol.1-3, Bratislava, 1964-1977;

Zofia Szanter, "Osadnictwo z
poludnia w Beskidzie Niskim i Sadeckim" [Colonization from the South in the
Lower and Sadecki Beskid], Polska Sztuka Ludowa , XXXIX, 3-4
(Warsaw-Wroclaw), 1985, p.187-193;

Adam Fastnacht (1913-1987), Osadnictwo
ziemi sanockiej w latach 1340-1650 [Colonization of the Sanok Land in
Years 1340-1650], Wroclaw, 1962.

Carpatho-Rusyn Church History and Religious Life

Studies on Carpatho-Rusyn church history and religious life include most of
the leading publications on this subject. Among general studies there are:

Iuliian Pelesh (1843-1896), Geschichte der Union der Ruthenishen Kirche
mit Rom [The History of the Union of the Rusyn Church with Rome],
vol.1-2, Vienna, 1878-81;

Athanasius Pekar (b.1923), OSBM, The History
of the Church in Carpathian Rus', Fairview, NJ, 1992.

Vasylii Hadzhega (1864-1938) devoted much attention to ecclestical matters
and wrote separate histories of the churches of four of the Rusyn inhabited
comitats of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire:

"Dodatky k istorii Rusynov
y rus'kykh tserkvei v Maramaroshi: studii ystorychno-arkhivni" [Notes on
the History of Rusyns and Rusyn Churches in Maramaros: A Historical-Archival
Study], Naukovyi Zbornyk Tovarystva Pros'vita, I (Uzhhorod, 1922), p.140-228;

"Dodatky
k istorii Rusynov y rus'kykh tserkvei v Uzhanskoi zhupi: studii
ystorychno-arkhivni" [Notes on the History of Rusyns and Rusyn Churches in
Ung Comitat: A Historical-Archival Study], ibidem, II, 1923, p.1-64 and vol.III,
1924, p.155-239;

"Dodatky k istorii Rusynov y rus'kykh tserkvei v zhupi
Ugocha: studii ystorychno-arkhivni" [Notes on the History of Rusyns and
Rusyn Churches in Ugocsa Comitat: A Historical-Archival Study], ibidem, IV,
1925, p.117-176, and V, 1927, p.1-62;

"Dodatky k istorii Rusynov y rus'kykh
tserkvei v buv. Zhupi Zemplynskoi: studii ystorychno-arkhivni" [Notes on
the History of Rusyns and Rusyn Churches in the Former Zemplen Comitat: A
Historical-Archival Study], ibidem, VII-VIII, 1931, p.1-167, IX, 1932, p.1-67,
X, 1934, p.17-120, XI, 1935, p.17-129, XII, 1937, p.37-83.

About the Orthodox Church in the Carpathians see:

Evgenii Perfetskii
(1888-1947), "Religioznoe dvyzhenie v Ugorskoi Rusy v XVI-m i nachali XVII
vieka" [Religious Movement in Ugro-Rus' in Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth
Centuries], Izvestia ORISIAN, XX, 1 (St. Petersburg, 1915),
s.24-77;

Pravoslavna missyia na Slovensku [Orthodox Mission in
Slovakia], Vysshyii Svidnik, 1926;

Antonius Hodinka (1864-1946), "Documenta
Koriatovicsiana et fundatio monasterii Munkacsiensis" [Koriatovic's
documents and the Foundation of the Mukachevo Monastery], Analecta Ordinis
Sancti Basili Magni [Analecta OSBM], 2nd ser., sect.2, I, 2-3 (Rome, 1950),
p.339-359; 4 (Rome, 1953), p.525-51; II, 1-2 (Rome, 1954), p.165-189;

Marian
Bendza, Prawoslawna diecezja przemyska w latach 1596-1681: studium
historyczno- kanoniczne [The Orthodox Diocese of Przemysl in Years
1596-1681: Historical and Canonical Study], Warsaw, 1982.

On the introduction of the Church Union with Rome, and the struggle of the
Orthodox Church against it see:

Aleksei Petrov (1859-1932), Staraia
viera i uniia v XVII-XVIII vv., [The Old Faith and the Union in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries], Materialy dlia Istorii Ugorskoi Rusi,
vol.1-2, St. Petersburg, 1905-09;

Michael Lacko S.J. (1920-1982), **Unio
Uzhorodensis Ruthenorum Carpaticorum cum Ecclesia Catholica **[The
Uzhhorod Union of Carpatho-Rusyns with Catholic Church], Rome, 1955;

Alexander
Baran (b.1926), Eparchia Maramorosiensis eiusque Unio
[Maramarosh Eparchy and its Attitude to the Union], Analecta OSBM, 2nd.
ser., sect.1, XIII (Rome, 1962);

Borys I. Balyk, **Inokentii Ivan
Vynnyts'kyi, iepyskop peremys'kyi, sambirs'kii, sianots'kii (1680-1700)
**[Inokentii Ivan Vynnyts'kii, Bishop of Przemysl, Sambir, Sanok
(1680-1700)], Analecta OSBM, 2nd ser., sect.1, XXXVII, (Rome, 1978).

On the history of the Greek-Catholic Church in the region see:

Athanasius B.
Pekar (b.1923), De erectione canonica eparchiae Mukacoviensis (anno
1771) [The Canonical Erection of the Mukachevo Eparchy in 1771], Analecta
OSBM, 2nd ser., sect.1, VII, (Rome, 1956);

Carpathian Alliance, The
Tragedy of the Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia, New York, 1971;

Basil Boysak (b.1911), The Fate of the Holy Union in Carpatho-Ukraine,
Toronto 1963.

On specific issues see:

Paul R.Magocsi (b.1945), "Religion and Identity
in the Carpathians", in: Cross Currents, VII (Ann Arbor,
1988), p.87-107;

Alexander Baran (b.1926), **Metropolia Kioviensis et
Eparchia Mukacoviensis **[Kievian Metropoly and the Eparchy of
Mukachevo], Rome, 1960, and also his: "Podil Mukachivs'koi Eparkhii v XIX
stolitti" [The Partition of the Mukachevo Diocese in the Nineteenth
Century], Analecta OSBM, 2nd. ser., sect.2, IV, (Rome, 1963), p.534-569;

Vasilii Shereghy (1918-1988) and Vasilii Pekar (b.1923), Vospitanie
podkarpato-ruskoho sviashchenstva- The Training of Carpatho-Ruthenian Clergy,
Pittsburgh, 1951;

Aleksei Petrov (1859-1932), Pamiatniki
tserkovno-religioznoi zhizni Ugrorussov XVI-XVII vv. [Monuments from
the Ecclestical-Religious Life of Ugro-Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries], Materialy dlia Istorii Ugorskoi Rusi, vol.7, Petrograd, 1921, and
his:

Otzvuk reformatsii v russkom Zakarpat'i XVI v. [The
Repercussion of the Reformation in Russian Transcarpathia during the Sixteenth
Century], ibid., vol.8, Prague, 1923; and also his:

"Kanonicheskiia
vizitatsiia 1750-1767 gg. v varmediakh Zemplinskoi, Sharishskoi, Shpishskoi
Abauiskoi" [The Canonical Visits in the Comitats of Zemplen, Saros, Szepes
and Abauj, 1750-1767], Naukovyi zbornyk tovarystva Prosvita, III
(Uzhhorod, 1924), p.104-135.

See also several documents regarding the Mukachevo
diocese in Monumenta Ucrainae Historica, (vol.1-13, Rome,
1964-74) especially: vol.4 (1671-1701), vol.5 (1702-1728), vol.11, supplementum
(1633-1659), vol.13 (1771-1853).

Several works are devoted to the architecture and (so often) tragic fate of
Carpatho-Rusyn churches:

Vsevolod Karmazyn-Kakovs'kyi (b.1898), Mystetstvo
lemkivs'koi tserkvy [The Art of the Lemko Church], Rome, 1975;

Ryszard
Brykowski, £emkowska drewniana architektura cerkiewna w Polsce, na
Slowacji i Rusi Zakarpackiej [Lemko Wooden Church Architecture in
Poland, Slovakia and Transcarpathian Rus'], Wroclaw, 1986;

Florian Zapletal
(1884-1969), Wooden Churches In The Carpathians, Vienna, 1982;

Oleh Iwanusiw, TSerkva v ruini: zahybel' ukrains'kykh tserkov
Peremys'koi eparkhii, [Church in Ruins: the Destruction of the
Ukrainian Churches in the Eparchy of Przemysl], St. Catherines, Ont., 1987;

**Albom ukrains'kykh tserkov: Zakarpattia, Lemkivshchyny, Kholmshchyny ta
Pidliashshia **[Album of the Ukrainian Churches in the Transcarpatian
Region, Lemko Region, Chelm Region and Podlasie Region], London, 1988.

The Library also possesses a number of albums with reproductions of
Carpatho-Rusyn icons. Among them there are:

Bernadett Puskás, Kelet
és nyugat kozott: ikon a Karpat-videken a 15-18 szazadban=Between East
and West: Icons in the Carpathian Region in the 15th-18th centuries,
Budapest, 1991;

Heinz Skrobucha, Icons in Czechoslovakia,
London-New York-Hamlyn, 1971;

Stefan Tkác,
Ikony zo 16-19 storocia na severovýchodnom Slovensku
[Icons from 16th-19th Centuries in Northern-Eastern Slovakia], Bratislava, 1980;

Romuald Biskupski, **Ikony w zbiorach Muzeum Historycznego w Sanoku
**[Icons in the Collection of the Historical Museum in Sanok], Warsaw,
1991;

Muzeum Okregowe w Rzeszowie, Ikony w muzeach wojewódz-twa
rzeszowskiego: katalog [Icons in the Museums of Rzeszów
District: A Catalogue], Rzeszów, 1968;

Janina Klosinska, Icons
from Poland, Warsaw, 1989.

There is also the collection of Monsignor Basil Shereghy (1918-1988), STD,
an erudite priest of the Byzantine Ruthenian Metropolitan Province, which
consists of 18 rare printed church books and a manuscript dating from 17th
through 19th centuries. These books were published outside of Carpathian Rus'
(except for a prayer book:** [P]osledovannie [ot] sna vstavshi ...**
[Following for Those Who Just Woke up...], which was copied in Uzhhorod (17--)
in Ruthenian recension of Church Slavonic), but were continuously in use in this
region. The 19 items include some striking examples of printing in Church
Slavonic type. Many of the books are in their original bindings, and contain
important marginal notations that often document the migrations of these books
through Eastern Europe and the West. One of them (Semia slova Bozhiia
[Family of the God's Word], Pochaev, 1772) was once: "Ex libris Joanis
Szilavay absoluti 4-i anni Theologi, 1860-o.", that is in the library of a
prominent Carpatho-Rusyn author and patriot, at that time a student of theology,
Rev. Ivan Silvai (1838-1904).

Carpatho-Rusyn Culture

Materials on Carpatho-Rusyn culture include several basic publications:

Sergiei Konstantinovich Makovski (1877-1947), Narodnoe iskusstvo
Podkarpatskoi Rusy [National Art of Subcarpathian Rus'], Prague, 1925;
**Tradytsyina kultura iugoslovianskykh rusynokh **[Traditional
Culture of the Yugoslavian Rusyns], Novy Sad, 1971;

Iulyian Kolesar (1927-1992),
Ystoryia ruskoho narodnoho mena [History of the Rusyn National
Name], Montreal, 1973;

Roman Reinfuss (b.1910), Sladami £emków
[In the Footsteps of Lemkos], Warsaw, 1990.

There is also:

Elias Tziorogh
(1880-1942), **Podkarpatskiji Rusyny, karpatorusskij hymn i mars dla
smisannoho chora **[Subcarpathian Rusyns, Carpatho-Russian National
Anthem and March for the Mixed Chorus], [New York? 1927];

There are four different descriptions of Lemko wedding:

Vladymir Khyliak
(1843-1893), "Svadebni zvychai u Lemkov" [Lemko Wedding Customs],
Nauchno-Literaturnyi Sbornik Galitsko-Russkoi Matitsy, (L'viv,
1871);

Dymytryj Kachor (1890-1925), Lemkovskij spivannyk. Vesillia,
L'viv, 1923;

Ivan Bugera,** Ukraiins'ke vesilia na Lemkivshyni **[Ukrainian
Wedding in the Lemko Region], L'viv, 1936;

Van'o Hunianka [Dymitrii Vyslotskii]
(1888-1968) Compiler, Lemkovske vesilia: zlozhene Lemkovskyma zhenamy v
Klivlandi i zohrane v 1932 r. [Lemko Wedding: Prepared by Lemko Women
in Cleveland and Performed in 1932], Cleveland, 1933.

There is also a number of books containing scores and words of Rusyn folk
songs:

Rus'ki Narodny pisni v Podkarpatskoi Rusy [Rusyn Folk
Songs in Subcarpathian Rus'], Prague, 19--;

Filyaret Kolessa (1871-1947),
Zakarpats'ki narodni pisni [Transcarpathian Folk Songs], Kyiiv
1962;

Anton Hodynka (1864-1946), **Pisni nashykh predkiv **[Songs
of Our Forefathers], Budapest-Uzhhorod, 1993.

See also:

Mykhailo Hyriak,
Poetyka ukrains'kykh narodnykh lirychnych pisen' Skhidnoi Slovachchyny
[Poetic of Ukrainian Folk Lyric Songs of Eastern Slovakia], Presov, 1989;

Mykola
Mushynka (b.1936), Z hlybyny vikiv; antolohiia usnoi narodnoi
tvorchosti ukraintsiv Skhidnoi Slovachchyny [From the Deep of the
Centuries; An Anthology of Spoken Folk Art of the Ukrainians of Eastern
Slovakia], Presov, 1967;

Mykola Kseniak, Bajky [Fairy-Tales],
Presov, 1970.

Complementing these studies are works describing different aspects of
Carpatho-Rusyn culture:

Wincenty Pol (1807-1872), "Górale Czuhonkowi"
[Highlanders Who Wear Hun'kas], in: Archiwum Etnograficzne, XXIX, Wroclaw 1966,
p.95-137;

Yulian Yavorski, Iz karpato-russkago fol'klora [From
Carpatho-Russian Folklore], Kharkov, 1909;

Gustaf Bolinder (1888-19??)
Hos Karpaternas Folk [Folklore of the Carpathians], Stockholm,
1937;

Bela Gunda (b.1911), **Ethnographica Carpathica **[Carpathian
Ethnography], Budapest, 1966;

£emkowie: katalog wystawy
[Lemkos: Exhibition Catalog], Nowy Sacz 1984;

Narodna arkhitektura
ukrains'kych Karpat XV-XX st. [Folk Architecture of Ukrainian
Carpathians Fifteenth to Twentieth Century], Kyiv 1987;

Zakarpats'ki
narodni stravy [Transcarpathian National Food], Uzhhorod, 1990.

There are also several albums of paintings by recognized artists of
Carpatho-Rusyn origin (or just born in or creating in the region). Among these
are three different editions (1971, 1974, 1979) of works by Igor Grabar
(1885-1960), along with two editions of his letters (covering periods: 1891-1917
and 1941-1960). The Library possesses not only a selection (in a form of an
album) of paintings by Mihaly Munkacsy (1844-1900), St. Paul, 1981 and his
partial biography by Joseph Kohnen, Munkacsy and Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, 1984, but also several of Munkacys' paintings, including: Blind
Milton dictating "Paradise Lost" to his daughters (oil on
canvas, 1877) and his bust (bronze, 1878) by a French sculptor Louis Ernest
Barrias (1841-1905). Among other albums there are: Adalbert Erdeli (1891-1955):
[albom], Kyiv, 1972 and [Exhibition Catalog],
Uzhhorod, 1994; Ernest Kontratovych (b.1912), [albom], Kyiv,
1973.

There is also: Izobrazytelnoe iskusstvo Zakarpatia. Zhivopis.
Skulptura. Grafika. Monument. [albom] [Visual Art of the
Transcarpathian Region, Paintings, Sculptures, Graphics, Monuments], Moscow,
[1973], with an introduction by another recognized Carpatho-Rusyn artist Iosyp
Bokshai (1891-1975). Some of his paintings were reproduced in Grigorii
Semanovich Ostrovski, "Iosif Bokshai", in: Iskusstvo, I
(Moscow, 1964), p.17-24 as well as in: Iosyp Bokshai, [Exhibition
Catalog], Uzhhorod, 1994.

Subcarpathian Rus' Within Czechoslovakia

Several documents and articles deal with the question of the fate of
Subcarpathian Rus' after the First World War and its incorporation into
Czechoslovakia. Istvan Csáky (1887-19??) gives the Hungarian point of
view of this important events in his:

**La question ruthène, par
le comte Étienne de Csáky **[The Rusyn Question by the
Count Etienne de Csaky], Paris, 1920. Czechoslovak view of the Paris Peace
Conference, together with Edward Benes's (1884-1948) proposal on Subcarpathian
Rus' appears in David Hunter Miller's (1875-1934), My Diary at the
Conference of Paris, vol.1-21, New York, 1924, especially vol.4, 13, 14
and 17.

The official view of the new ruler of the region is also presented in:

Czecho-Slovakia, Ministerstvo Zahranicnich Veci, Mémoire
concernant la Russie subcarpatique, teritoire ruthène du sud des
Carpathes [Memorandum Concerning Subcarpathian Rus', Rusyn Territory
South of the Carpathians], [Prague, 1921].

Former Czechoslovakian Minister of
Foreign Affairs Kamil Krofta (1876-1945), also discussed the Subcarpathian
question in his:

Podkarpacká Rus a Ceskoslovensko
[Subcarpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia], Prague, 1934, as well as in: "Ruthenes,
Czechs, and Slovaks", The Slavonic and East European Review, XIII,
1-4 (London, 1935), p.362-371, 611-626.

The Fate of Carpatho-Rusyns Under Soviet Regime

The fate of Rusyns under Soviet regime can be researched in works published
in communist countries:

XXV rokov slavnosti kultury ukrajinskych
pracujucich CSRR, Svidnik 1979 [Twenty Five Years of the Fame of the
Culture of Ukrainian Working People in Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic],
Kosice-Presov, 1979;

**Socialistickou cestou k narodnostnej
rovnopravnosti: zbornik studii o rozvoji ukrajinskej narodnosti v CSSR **[On
the Socialistic Road to the National Equality: Collection of Studies on the
Development of the Ukrainian Nationality in Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic],
Bratislava, 1975;

Andrii Kovach (b.1930), "Ukraintsi Priashivshchyny i
deiaki pytannia kul'turnoi polityky Slovats'koii Respublyky" [The
Ukrainians of the Preshov Region and Some Questions about the Cultural Policy of
the Slovak Republic], Naukovyi Zbirnyk Muzeiu Ukrains'koii Kul'tury u
Svydnyku, IV, 1 (Presov, 1969), p.401-412.

Among works on this subject, published in the Western European countries and
America, there are:

Paul R.Magocsi (b.1945), The Rusyn-Ukrainians of
Czechoslovakia: an Historical Survey, Vienna, 1983;

IUlyan Kolesar
(1927-1992), Nasylne odnarodzovane rusnatsokh u Slovatskei
[Forcible Denationalization of Rusyns in Slovakia], Montreal, 1978;

Pavel Macu,
"The Present State of National Consciousness Among the Rusyns of
Czechoslovakia", in: Europa Ethnica, XXXI, 3 (Vienna, 1974),
p.98-111;

IUlyan Kolesar, **Nasylne odnarodzovene ruskykh u Polskei
**[Forcible Denationalization of Rusyn People in Poland], vol.1-2,
Montreal, 1974;

IUlian Tarnovych (1903-1977), Na Zharyshchakh
Zakerzonnia [In the Razed Region Beyond the Curzon Line], Toronto,
1954;

Sava Zerkal' (b.1896), Natsional'ni i relihiini vidnosyny na
Zakarpatti [National and Religious Relationships in the Transcarpathian
Region], [New York], 1956.

Pivotal Historical Events

One could point at a number of pivotal historical events in the history of
Carpatho-Rusyns. Some of them have been described in separate studies:

Volodymyr Hrabovets'kyi (b.1928), **Antyfeodal'na borot'ba karpats'koho opryshkivstva XVI-XIX st. **[Antyfeudal Struggle of Carpathian Brigadians XVI to XIX Centuries], [L'viv], 1966;

Ilarion Svyentsitski (1876-1956), "Obzor snoshenii Karpatskoi Rusi s Rossiei v I pol. XIX veka" [The Description of the Relations of Carpathian Rus' with Russia in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century], Izvestia ORISIAN , XI, 3 (St. Petersburg, 1906), p.259-367;

Keith P. Dyrud (b.1940), The Quest for the Rusyn Soul: the Politics of Religion and Culture in Eastern Europe and in America, 1890-World War I, Philadelphia-London, 1992;

Galitskaia Golgota. Voennye Prestupleniia Gabsburskoi Monarkhii 1914-1917 gg., [Galician Persecution: War Crimes of the Habsburgh Monarchy 1914-1917], Trumbull, CT, 1964;

Victor P. Hladick (1873-1947), The Brutal Polish Persecutions in Lemkowskaya Russia, Paris, 1919;

Peter Stercho (1919-1987), Carpatho-Ukraine in International Affairs 1938-1939, Notre Dame, 1959;

Volodymyr Levytz'kyj, Hitler, Chekhy i Karpats'ka Ukraiina [Hitler, Czechoslovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine], Scranton, PA, 1939,

Frantisek Nemec (1898-1963) and Vladimir Moudry, The Soviet Seizure of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Toronto, 1955;

Vlado Kostelnik (b.1930), Pod chervenu zastavu. Khronika o uchastvovaniu rusnatsokh-ukraintsokh u
narodnooshlieboditelnei borbi IUgoslavii [Under the Red Flag. Chronicle
of the Participation of Rusyns-Ukrainians in the Struggle for the National
Liberation of Yugoslavia], Novy Sad, 1971.

The revival of rusynism in East-Central Europe has its supporters and
antagonists. The first group is represented in the collection by the work of
Volodymyr Fedynyshynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way, Fairview, NJ,
1992. See also:

IUlian Kolesar, Ukrainsky natzyonalyzem I Rusnatsy
[Ukrainian Nationalism and Rusyns], Montreal, 1975.

The other group is
represented among others by four works by Oleksa Myshanych (b.1933):

**Vid
Pidkarpats'kykh Rusyniv do Zakarpats'kykh Ukraintsiv **[From
Subcarpathian Rusyns to Transcarpathian Ukrainians], Uzhhorod, 1991;

<>
: iohoioho dzherela i evoliutsia [<>:
its Roots and Evolution], Uzhhorod, 1992;

**Politychne rusynstvo i shcho
za nym **[Political Rusynism and What Behind It], Uzhhorod, 1993;

Karpaty nas ne rozluchat' [Carpathians Will Not Separate Us
From Each Other], Uzhhorod, 1993.

History of Carpatho-Rusyns in America

The largest community of Carpatho-Rusyns living beyond the Carpathians is
found in the United States. Today there are approximately 600,000 Americans of
Carpatho-Rusyn origin. A valuable discussion on Carpatho-Rusyn immigration can
be found in:

Richard Renoff (b. 1936) and Stephen Reynolds (b. 1937) Editors,
Proceedings of the Conference on Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration,
Harvard University, 1975,

Richard Renoff, Carpatho-Ruthenian Resources
and Assimilation 1880-1924, [Fairview, NJ, 1984];

Paul R.Magocsi
(b.1945), Our People - Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North
America, Toronto, 1984;

Alexander Baran (b.1926), "Carpatho-Ukrainian
Emigration 1870-1914", in: New Soil-Old Roots: The Ukrainian
Experience in Canada, Winnipeg 1983, p.252-275.

Ivan Ladizhinsky
(1905-1976) gives the example of immigration from one Carpatho-Rusyn village in:
Karpatorossy v Europi i Ameriki, primir Kamionka,
[Carpatho-Rusyns in Europe and America, the Example of [the Village] of
Kamionka], Cleveland, 1940.

IUliian Bachyns'kyj (1870-19??) deals with the period before 1914 and
constantly blames Carpatho-Rusyns for anti-Ukrainian separatism in his:
**Ukrains'ka immigratsiia v Z"iednanykh Derzhavach Ameryky **[Ukrainian
Immigration in the United States], L'viv 1914.

On the same period see also:
Ladislav Tajtak, "Pereselennia ukraintsiv Skhidnoi Slovachchyny do 1913 r."
[The Emigration of Ukrainians from Eastern Slovakia before 1913], Duklia,
IX, 4 (Presov, 1961), p.97-103, and Oleksander Mytsiuk (1883-1943), "Z
emihratsii uhro-rusyniv pered svitovoiu viinoiu" [On the Emigration of the
Uhro-Rusyns Before the World War], Naukovyi zbornyk tovarystva Prosvita,
XIII-XIV (Uzhhorod, 1937-38), p.21-32.

Petr Kokhanik (1880-1969), describes the beginning of immigration and
(mostly Orthodox) religious life at that time, in his:

Rus' i
pravoslavie v Sivernoi Amerikie, [Rus' and Orthodoxy in North America],
Wilkes-Barre, 1920, and also in: "Nachalo istorii Amerikanskoi Rusi"
[The Early History of American Rus'], reprinted in: Filipp I. Svistun
(1844-1916), Prikarpatskaia Rus' pod vladeniem Avstrii
[Galician Rus' under Austrian Rule], Trumbull, CT, 1970, p.473-496.

The
beginnings of the conversion of Carpatho-Rusyns to Orthodoxy can be also traced
in:

Alexis Toth (1853-1909), Letters, Articles, Papers and Sermons,
vol.1-4, Chilliwack-Minneapolis, 1978-88.

The fate of Greek-Catholic Rusyns
could be researched in an anthology of documents, which was compiled by John
Slivka (1899-1986),

Historical Mirror Sources of the Rusin and
Hungarian Greek Rite Catholics in the United States of America 1884-1963,
Brooklyn 1978.

See also: Walter Warzecki (b.1929) "The Rusin Community in
Pennsylvania", in: The Ethnic Experience in Pennsylvania,
Lewisburg, [1973], p.175-216 and Basil Shereghy (1918-1988), The
Byzantine Catholics, Pittsburgh, 1981.

Several documents describe the activity of American Carpatho-Rusyn and
Galician Russophiles:

Memorandum Russkago kongressa v Amerikie,
sozvannago 'Soiuzom Osvobozhdennia Prikarpatskoi Rusi', posviashchaemyi
svobodnomu russkomu narodu v Rossii, Russkomu uchreditel'nomu sobraniu, Russkomu
pravitel'stvu [Memorandum of the Russian Congress in America, Called
Together by the League for the Liberation of Carpatho-Russia, Concerning Free
Russian Nation in Russia, Russian Constituent Meeting, Russian Government],
n.p., 1917;

Memorandum of the Carpatho-Russian Council in America,
Concerning Eastern Galicia with Lemkivschina and Bukovina, New York,
1921;

Tretii vseobshchii karpatorusskii kongress v Amerike
[The Third General Carpatho-Russian Congress in America] New York, 1919-20;

Victor Hladyk (1873-1947), **Proekt memoranduma amerikanskikh grazhdan
karpatorusskago i voobshche russkago proiskhozhdeniia v dili vozsoedinieniia
vsikh russkikh zemel' s Rossiei **[The Draft of the Memorandum of
American Citizens of Carpatho-Russian and Generally Russian Origin Dealing with
the Reunification of All the Russian Lands with Russia], Philadelphia, 1941.

One
document tells about Hungarian interest in American Rusyns: Hungary
Exposed:Secret State Document reveal[s] the plotting of that Government in the
United States. American Slovaks and Ruthenians...to be the victims,
[New York, 1907?].

On the political activity of Transcarpathian Rusyns during the turbulent
period after the First World War see:

Joseph Danko, "Plebiscite of
Carpatho-Ruthenians in the United States recommending Union of Carpatho-Ruthenia
with the Czechoslovak Republic", Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of
Arts and Sciences, XI, 1-2 (New York, 1964-68), p.184-207 (6 documents) and
Paul R.Magocsi (b.1945), "The Political Activity of Rusyn-American
Immigrants in 1918", East European Quarterly, X, 2 (Boulder,
Colorado, 1976), p.347-365. See also memoirs by one of the political activists
of that period, Petr Hatalák, Jak vznikla myslenka pripojity
Podkarpatskou Rus k Ceskoslovensku [How the Idea Arose to Unite
Subcarpathian Rus' with Czechoslovakia], Uzhhorod, 1935.

Memoirs

Interesting memoirs, written by Rusyn and non-Rusyn historical figures,
bring personalized accounts of different events in the history of
Carpatho-Rusyns. Among them there are:

Mihail Drahomanov (1841-1895), Avstro-Uhors'ki
spomyny 1867-1877 [Austro-Hungarian Memoirs 1867-1877], reprinted in:
Literaturno-publitsistichni pratsi u dvokh tomakh
[Literary-Journalistic Works in Two Volumes], Kyiv, 1970, p.151-288 and

Evmenii
Sabov (1859-1934), "Vospominaniia z Uzhgorodskoi gimnazii" [Memoirs
from the Uzhhorod Gymnasium], in: Kalendar' "Sobraniia" 1928,
McKeesport, PA, 1928, p.85-94.

Seweryn Udziela (1857-1937), who was a school
inspector in the Lemko Region wrote:

**Ziemia lemkowska przed pólwieczem:
zapiski i wspomnienia z lat 1888-1893 **[The Lemko Land Half a Century
Ago: Notes and Memories from Years 1888-1893], L'viv, 1934.

See also:

Michael
Winch, Republic for a Day: An Eye-Witness Account of the
Carpatho-Ukraine Incident, London, 1939;

Volodymyr Birchak (1881-1945),
**Karpats'ka Ukraina, spomyny i sposterezhennia **[Carpatho-Ukraine,
Memoirs and Reflections], Prague, 1939;

Avhustyn Voloshyn (1874-1945), Spomyny
[Memoirs], Philadelphia, 1959;

Avhustyn Shtefan (1893-1987), Za Pravdu
i Voliu. Spomyny i Deshcho z Istorii Karpats'koi Ukrainy, [For Justice
and Freedom. Memoirs and Some Events from the History of Carpatho-Ukraine],
vol.1-2, Toronto 1973-81.

Ivan Dmytryk (b.1919), was a soldier of the Ukrainian
Underground Army and presented his experiences in:

U Lisakh
Lemki-vshchyny [In the Forests of the Lemko Region], New York-Munich,
1976.

Colophon

Seventeen reference and bibliographic essays by Bogdan Horbal, originally
written for the Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base (carpatho-rusyn.org),
copyright 1996/1998, all rights reserved. Captured 2026-08-05 from
http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/biblio.htm, biblio2.htm, ruthenic.htm,
period.htm, langbook.htm, lbfcr.htm, langstud.htm, litwork.htm,
lithist.htm, archeol.htm, crchurch.htm, cult.htm, czech.htm,
soviet.htm, pivotal.htm, crinamer.htm, and memoirs.htm. Published
here under permission held by the New Tianmu Anglican Church for this
material, recorded 2026-08-05; all rights remain with the original
author, Bogdan Horbal. Presented as one reader-facing collected edition,
grouped by subject (Bibliography and Reference; Language and Literature;
History and Culture; Memoirs), rather than as seventeen separate stub
pages; no essay's content was cut to do so. biblio.htm and biblio2.htm
are complementary, not duplicates (an annotated finding-aid versus a
plain citation list), as are langbook.htm and lbfcr.htm (a short
general essay versus a longer annotated list drawn from a specific
institutional collection). Two further Horbal-attributed pages found in
the same source family are deliberately excluded: chronolo.htm
("Carpatho-Rusyn Chronology") is credited on its own page to Paul Robert
Magocsi and the Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center, not to Horbal, and is not
part of this edition; internet.htm, a 1998 web-links directory now
almost entirely dead links, was judged to have no lasting reader value
and was not included.

🌲

Carpatho-Rusyn Reference and Bibliographic Studies — Bogdan Horbal

by Bogdan Horbal

Bibliography and Reference

Bibliographic Aids and General Introductory Reference Guides

Bibliography

Carpatho-Ruthenica in the Slavic and Baltic Division of the New York Public Library

Table of Contents

Periodicals, Scholarly and Literary Serials, and Anthologies of Articles

Language and Literature

Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns

Language Books for Carpatho-Rusyns, From the Collection of the Episcopal and Heritage Institute (EHI)

Studies on the Language of Carpatho-Rusyns

Carpatho-Rusyn Literary Works

Literary History of Carpatho-Rusyns

History and Culture

Archeology and the Settlement of the Region

Carpatho-Rusyn Church History and Religious Life

Carpatho-Rusyn Culture

Subcarpathian Rus' Within Czechoslovakia

The Fate of Carpatho-Rusyns Under Soviet Regime

Pivotal Historical Events

History of Carpatho-Rusyns in America

Memoirs

Memoirs

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