translated and printed by William Caxton, c. 1489

Blanchardyn and Eglantine is a chivalric romance of knight errantry: a king's son who leaves his father's court in secret, wins his knighthood on the road, and fights his way — through giants, pagan kings, sieges, and a proud queen's scorn turned to love — to the hand of Eglantine, Queen of Tormaday, "the proud lady in love." William Caxton translated it from a French prose original into English around 1489, at the express request of Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII: the same Lady Margaret who, a decade and a half later, would translate the fourth book of the Imitation of Christ by her own hand — see The Earliest English Imitation of Christ on this shelf. Caxton's dedication to her, printed here entire, calls the story "honeste & Ioyefull to all vertuouse yong noble gentylmen & wymmen" — a book of "noble fayttes & valiaunt actes of armes & warre" meant to teach knights their courage and ladies their worth.

Lord Spencer's copy of Caxton's print — the only one known — is imperfect: a leaf is missing early on, and the text breaks off entirely partway through the final chapter. Leon Kellner's 1890 edition for the Early English Text Society completes it as honestly as the evidence allows: the missing leaf is supplied from a Paris manuscript of the French original, and the broken-off ending is completed from a second English translation, printed in 1595 by Thomas Pope Goodwine. Both completions are clearly marked in the text below, exactly as Kellner marked them.

Kellner's edition carries something further, and it is why this text is worth having entire: a long philological Introduction — some fifty thousand words — analyzing Caxton's syntax and style word by class, sentence by construction, against Old and Middle English usage from Ælfric to Chaucer to Malory. It is a landmark of the philological study of Caxton's English, cited by grammarians and lexicographers ever since, and it is reproduced here in full below the romance's Table of Contents, along with Kellner's Name Index and Glossary to the text.

The text below is drawn from Kellner's 1890 edition (Early English Text Society, Extra Series 58), reached through a HathiTrust page-image scan with per-page OCR text, rebuilt and corrected against that OCR by hand and by mechanical pattern-checking rather than retyped from scratch. Caxton's Middle English is preserved as printed; the honest limits of this particular rebuild — the OCR's known confusions, and what could and could not be safely disentangled from it — are disclosed in the Colophon.

Contents

• List of Books Quoted in the Introduction
• Introduction — Caxton's Syntax and Style
  • I. Syntax of the Parts of Speech
  • II. Syntax of the Sentence
  • III. Arrangement of Words
  • Appendix to the Introduction: I. Caxton as a Translator
  • Appendix to the Introduction: II. The Manuscripts and Prints of the Romance
• Caxton's Dedication to Lady Margaret Beaufort
• The Table of the Chapters
• The Text — Blanchardyn and Eglantine, Chapters I–LIV
• The Continuation — from Thomas Pope Goodwine's 1595 English Version and the Paris Manuscript
• Appendix: Title-Pages and Dedications of the 1595 Edition
• Name Index
• Glossary
• Colophon

List of Books Quoted in the Introduction

iv LIST OF BOOKS QUOTED IN THE INTRODUCTION. Abbott, A Shakspearian Grammar. Aelfric's Homilies. Ed. B. Thorpe. Aelfric's Lives of Saints. Ed. Skeat, E. E. T. S. Ancren Riwle. Ed. Morton. Ayenbite of Inwyt, by Dan Michel. Ed. R. Morris, E. E. T. S. Aymon, The four Sonnes of, by Caxton. Ed. Octavia Richardson, E. E. T. S. Beowulf. Ed. M. Heyne, Paderborn, 1879. Blades, William Caxton, 4º. Blanchardyn and Eglantyne. The present edition. Blickling Homilies. Ed. R. Morris, E. E. T. S. Boorde, Andrew. Ed. J. F. Furnivall, E. E. T. S. Charles the Grete, by Caxton. Ed. S. J. Herrtage, E. E. T. S. Chaucer, Boece. Boethius's De Consolatione philosophiæ. Ed. R. Morris, 1886. Chaucer Society. Chaucer. Ed. R. Morris, 1866, 6 vols. Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon. Ed. Earle. Cura Pastoralis, Pope Gregory's. Old English Translation. Ed. Sweet, E. E. T. S. Curial, Caxton's. Ed. F. J. Furnivall, E. E. T. S. Cursor Mundi. A Northumbrian Poem of the 14th Century. Ed. R. Morris, I-V. London, E. E. T. S. Curtesye, Book of, by Caxton. Ed. F. J. Furnivall, E. E. T. S. Einenkel, Streifzüge durch die M.E. Syntax. Münster, 1887. Elene, Cynewulf's. Ed. Zupitza. Berlin, 1877. Eneydos, Caxton's. Ed. M. T. Culley, E. E. T. S. Gascoigne, Steel-Glass. Ed. Arber. Genesis and Exodus, Story of. Ed. R. Morris, E. E. T. S. Gesta Romanorum. Ed. S. J. Heritage, 1879, E. E. T. S. Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex. Ed. L. Toulmin-Smith. Heilbronn, 1883. Greene, Robt., Works. Ed. A. Dyce. Guy of Warwick. Ed. Zupitza, E. E. T. S. Hampole, Prose Treatises. Ed. Perry, E. E. T. S. Huon of Burdeux, by Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Ed. S. L. Lee, E. E. T. S. Koch, C. F., Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache II. Second edition. Revised by Zupitza. Layamon's Brut. Ed. Sir F. Madden. Lyly's Euphues. Ed. Landmann. Heilbronn, 1887. Marlowe's Works. Ed. A. Dyce. Melusine. Ed. A. K. Donald, E. E. T. S. Morte Darthur, by Malory. Ed. O. H. Sommer, 1889. O. E. H. Old English Homilies, I. II. Ed. R. Morris, E. E. T. S. Old English Miscellany. Ed. R. Morris, E. E. T. S. Orm. = Ormulum. Ed. White-Holt. Orosius. Ed. Sweet, E. E. T. S. Peele's Works. Ed. A. Dyce. Piers Plowman. Ed. Skeat, E. E. T. S. Schmidt, Alex., Shakspere-Lexicon. Shakspere's Works. Globe Edition. Spenser's Works. Ed. R. Morris, Starkey, England in the Reign of Henry VII. Ed. J. M. Cowper and S. H. Herrtage, E. E. T. S. Trevisa, Higden's Polychronicon. Ed. Churchill Babington and Rawson Lumby. Wills, Bury. Camden Society. Wills, Early English. Ed. F. J. Furnivall, E. E. T. S. Wulfstan, Homilies. Ed. Napier. Berlin, 1883. Wyclif's English Works. Ed. F. D. Matthew, E. E. T. S.

Introduction

INTRODUCTION.

I. SYNTAX OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH

§ 1. RELATIONS between the Noun and the other parts of speech.

From the logician's point of view, every 'part of speech' has a province of its own, strictly limited and separated from the other 'parts'; but in practice, language constantly cuts the line drawn by Aristotle, and some English students are wont to say that nearly every short English noun and verb can be used as verb, noun, and adjective, while nearly every adjective can be used as a noun : & plant, plant-life or plant-culture, to plant; tea, tea-district, we'll tea you at our tent; love, love trifles, to love; his english, English ways, to english; the true, the beautiful; true that line,' &c. In Old English there are several instances in which both noun and adjective are denoted by the same form of a word, as earfoð (difficulty and difficult), leoht (light sb., bright adj.), weord (worth, sb. and adj.), yrre (wrath, sb. and adj.); every adjective may be used substantively, in the singular as well as in the plural, in the positive as well as in the comparative and superlative degree; the infinitive and the verbal noun (in -ung, -ing) may be said to belong to the noun as well as to the verb. Theoretically, the tendency of every literary language of the present day is to observe the laws of logic in grammar and style, and to restrict as far as possible the use of every part of speech to its own dominion, though practically, as stated above, speakers and writers claim and exercise full freedom in this respect. Caxton and his contemporaries did not care to be fettered by niceties of logic, and thus we have to state the following relations, in his books, between the noun and the other parts of speech. 1. Nouns used as adjectives. We have kept in Modern English a few such expressions as 'queen-mother, queen-dowager, lord-lieutenant,'¹ where 'queen,' 'lord' 1 At the Philological Society's Meeting on Nov. 1., when parts of this Introduction were read as a Paper, the Members divided these 3 sample-words into two classes, I. two nouns, 'queen-mother'; II. noun and adjective, ‘queendowager,'' lord-lieutenant.'

vi Syntax I. § 1. Relations between the Noun and other parts. are to be looked on more as appositions than as the first part of compounds; and there are others, like 'fellow-creature, deputymarshal, champion-sculler,' where 'fellow,' 'deputy,'' champion' are used quite adjectively. But while in Modern English this use is restricted in common speech to a few cases,-I exclude the conscious archaisms in poetry and historic romances,-Caxton is very free in forming such appositive compositions :— the paynem kynge Alymodes, Blanchardyn 38/2, 90/25, 133/11; a man straunger,¹ ibid. 43/9 (original: homme estrange); a knyght straunger,¹ 51/19, 125/33; lady paramours, 78/31, 205/23; leches cyrurgiens, 102/18; kynge sarasyne, 129/8, 133/31 (sarasyn is a pure adjective as well, cf. 131/15); kyng prysoner, 148/5; felon conspiratours, 178/16; felon paynems, 189/1; felon enmyes, 205/25. This is quite a common Middle English use. Cursor Mundi-yon traitor juu, 4397; knau barns (male children), 5544. Cf. Orm. Gloss. s. v. Chaucer a coward ape, III. 198; felon look, V. 9. Gesta Romanorum-the fole knygt, p. 20; lorell knaue, p. 80; a leper man, p. 190; the traitour servant, p. 316. Early E. Wills (ed. Furnivall)—the freres prechoures, 17/2. Morte Darthur-queens sorceresses, 187/27; cf. 212/19. the same traitour knyght, 289/34; cf. 290/17, 294/33. This use becomes rare in the 16th century, and probably dies out for a time, though it is afterwards revived in literary, if not in common, speech. Berners, in his Huon of Burdeux, has still 'a felon traitour,' I. 5/4; thou false traitour knyght,' I. 41/26. But the edition of 1601 alters the latter passage into 'trayterous knyght.' 'Traitor knight' and like expressions will, however, be found in plenty of later poems and romances, though more or less consciously as archaisms. 2. Adjectives used substantively. Compared with its power in Old English, and even in the first two centuries of the Middle-English period, the adjective of the present day has lost a good deal of its vigour and independence. By inflexion, any adjective could formerly express alone what it can now say only by adding a noun: e. g. se góda (the good man), þæt 1 This postposition of the adjective-noun, due to French influence, will be dealt with under Arrangement of Words.

Syntax I. § 1. Adjectives used as Substantives. vii gól (the good, in opposition to evil), þá gódan (the good ones, the righteous). We can still use: 'the good and evil of this life, of adversity,' &c.; 'the good (pl.) shall be happy, the evil (pl.) miserable, hereafter.' But in consequence of the inflexion having decayed, the independence of the adjective was to some extent given up, in order to avoid ambiguity. In Modern English prose we only retain-and in the plural only, as to persons-those which exclude all ambiguity, e. g. the poor and the rich,' always plural now, Psalms and Bible used singular, or whose ambiguity the context removes. Caxton's use of the adjectives is, in this respect, nearly modern. The adjectives used substantively may be divided into the following groups :— (a) Adjectives qualifying concrete nouns, mostly persons. = Specyall friend, Blanch. 84/34; elsewhere, frende specyall, 72/ 10, 73/30, 75/9. crysten christians, 154/1, 183/31 (crysten men, 140/2). = famyllyer = intimate friend. That night noon of them alle, were he neuer so moche her famyllyer, cam to see her,' Blanch. 51/16. = the quycke the quick (living) flesh. Cf. the French: toucher au vif, 'loue smote her ayen wyth a darte to the quycke tyll þe herte of her,' Blanch. 67/32. his elder = his elders. 'He passed them that were his elder in age,' Blanch. 13/21. Original: les plus sagies de soy. (b) Adjectives used as abstract nouns. Such adjectives in the positive degree are rarely met with. 'Casuall fryuolles,' Blanch. 44/21, translates Old French 'frivoleances.' 'yet ought ye to maynten & holde thapposite,' ibid. 44/17; in certayne, 97/1. To this group belong also the adjectives denoting a. languages, as: frenshe, Blanch. 1/24; englysshe, 1/24, 2/9; b. colours, as : in red, 64/10, 164/5; and c. adjectives in the genitive case used adverbially, as: of freshe, Blanch. 164/12, 165/21; of newe, ibid. 100/26, 147/18, 195/7. The latter correspond to the Middle English ‘newes,' Story of Gen. and Exodus (ed. R. Morris), 1. 240, and note; of lyght= lightly, 129/33. There is one instance of an abstract adjective in the comparative degree: 'men must suffre, for better to haue,' Blanch. 68/25.

viii Syntax I. § 1. Prepositions as Nouns. § 2. Abstract Nouns. But it occurs pretty often in the superlative:-The thykkest of the folke the thykkest press, 42/6, 59/5, 106/8, 167/16; it is for your best, 44/23, 185/19; he sholde do the best and the worst, 48/16; at the last, 188/20, and frequently. 3. Prepositions used as Nouns. 'Her best biloued (Blanchardyn) was alle redy com to his aboue ouere Rubyon,' Blanch. 85/3; his aboue (in this as well as in the following two passages) translates the French au-dessus; 'they were come to their aboue of their enmyes,' 142/32; 'ye are therof come to your aboue,' 149/27. 4. The Adverb used as a Noun. There is one instance only in Blanchardyn: 'he had called alle his barons and lordes, & alle the gentylmen of there aboute,' 98/16. Cf. Modern English, the whereabouts; perhaps also Aymon, 59/5: 'ye shall now here and understande from the hensfourthon a terryble and a pyteous songe.'

§ 2. Abstract and concrete Nouns interchanged.

Logic classifies nouns, with reference to the mode in which things exist, into concrete and abstract. However, not only in poetry, but also in simple prose both classes are often (as now) interchanged. (a) Abstracts used in a concrete sense :— · counseyll (as now) = French conseil. (She) spake at that same owre wyth certayne of her counseyll,' Blanch. 76/32. = chivalrie knights. I do yelde and delyuere into your handes the kynge of Polonye, your enemye, whiche I haue taken with the helpe of your sone, and of your noble and worthy cheualrye,'¹ 108/34. Cf. Morte Darthur, 47/22. = love lover, sweetheart (as now), 25/2, 26/15, et passim. Cf. Gloss. lover occurs 30/14. grace = gracious person. I presente this lytyl book unto the noble grace of my sayd lady,' 1/7, 8. (Her Grace, your Grace,' now.) Verbal nouns in -ing, originally abstracts, often become concrete. clothing = clothes, Blanch. 148/18, 159/32. (Bible: 'her clothing was of wrought gold.') = kyssing a kiss. That one onely kyssyng that I toke of yow,' Blanch. 134/8. 1 So in Byron, Macaulay's Ivry, &c. &c.

Syntax I. § 2. Changes of Abstract and Concrete Nouns. ix " It is doubtful whether helpes' in the following passage is correct, or a misprint for helpers:1 Would Subyon or not, and all his helpes, the noble lady was taken out of his power,' 197/21. Helpe helper looks suspicious, because it does not occur, so far as I am aware, elsewhere in Caxton; but it is used in the same sense in the Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1. 3409: = And (Ietro) at wid moysen festelike, And tagte him siden witte like Under him helpes odere don. Of course 'helpe' is not to be confounded with 'help'; the latter is abstract, the former concrete; cf. hunte = hunter. Layamon, 21337; 0. E. Hom. II. 209; Orm. 13471; Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1160; Stratmann, s. v.; Skeat, Notes to Piers Plowman, p. 402. Abstracts used for concretes are not very common in Middle English :- Cursor Mundi, barunage = barons, 4627, 8533. Chaucer, message = messenger, Man of Law's Tale, 333. Cf. sonde =messenger, O. E. Hom. I. 249, Story of Gen. and Ex. Glossary. Langland (Piers Plowman), retynaunce a suit of retainers. Skeat, Notes to P. Pl., p. 46. treuthe a true man, a righteous man, Skeat, l. c. 297. A few are retained in Modern English, as a justice = judge, a witness, &c. (b) Concrete nouns used as abstracts. I know of only one instance in Blanchardyn, chief = beginning: or euer he myght come to the chyeff of his enterpryse,' Blanch. 17/4. chief is cap (caput), which exactly answers to heafod, head. Cf. Morte Darthur 144/8: 'ther by was the hede of the streme, a fayre fountayn.' field = battle, occurs in Morte Darthur 172/17, and is often to be met with in Elizabethan authors: Gorboduc, 1. 230; Gascoigne, Steel-Glass, pp. 58, 63, 64; Spenser, F. Q., I. iii. 379; Shakspere, Schmidt, 8. v.

§ 3. Number.

1 Cf. our 'lady-help,' and 'help' (American), the regular word for servant.

x Syntax I. § 3. Changes of singular and plural Nouns. Not all nouns can be used in the singular as well as the plural; some are restricted to the former, some to the latter. The so-called pluralia tantum, which are so numerous in Modern English (bellows, gallows, etc.), are not to be met with in Blanchardyn. Tydinge is used in the singular as well as in the plural. Cf. Gloss., 'well garnyshed of vytaylle,' Aymon, 182/31. Gallows occurs three times. 'he shold doo make and to be sette up a galhouse,' 187/24; 'to make him deye upon the galhouse,' 189/3; (he) sawe a payre of galhouse,' 188/2. The French has les fourches. To conclude by the spelling, which also occurs in Four Sons of Aymon, 331/22, Caxton apparently connected the word with house; hence the singular, as proved by the indefinite article in the first instance. There are several nouns in the singular and singular form, which, according to modern use (save as to 'foot'), should appear in the plural: 'Men see atte eye his beaulte,' 54/34, 118/1, 10; which of heyght was XV fote long,' 56/34, 163/26; (they) fel both doune humbly at the fote of him,' 126/14; they followed after at the back of hym, as the yonge lambe do the sheep,' 106/27.¹ On the other hand, we find a few plural forms where we should expect the singular: 'When the fayr beatryx, that at her wyndow was lening her hande ouer her brestes,' 189/11. In Old English, as well as in the other Teutonic languages,' breast,' even with reference to male persons, was often used in the plural. Cf. Grein, s. v. breost. heuens heofon. = sky, 43/18, 98/5. The same in Old English, Grein, s. v. shores = shore. 'They were nyghe the lande, where as the sayd mast, and Blanchardyn upon it, was cast of the waves unto the shores,' 97/35; he sawe hem in grete nombre, for to fyght nyghe by the see shoris,' 162/4. Abstracts are, in Modern English, restricted to the singular; in Old and Middle English the plural is very frequent. It then denotes either singular actions, as: godnesses, Orm. Ded., 252, 276, etc.; different kinds of the conception, as: twa sarinesse beod, O. E. Hom., lambren? Stratman quotes 'lombe' as plural from Robert 1 Or lambe = of Gloucester, 369.

Syntax I. § 3. Plurals of Nouns. § 4. Nominative Case. xi I. 103, 105; gleadshipes, Saules Warde, 263; or the unusual force of the conception: · • 'whiche boke specyfyeth of the grete adventures, labours, anguysshes, and many other grete diseases of theym bothe,' Blanch. 2/3, 4; the grete humylyte and courtoyayes that were in Blanchardyn,' 50/12; sore wepynge & sorowynge his byttirnesses,' 114/18; 'they beganne to make grete festes and grete Ioyes,' 201/1; 'other infinyte thynges that are wont to tarry the corages of some enterpryses,' 17/11; 'But their corages were neuer the lesse therfore,' Aym. 262/29 (original: couraiges); 'all rewthis layde aparte' (French, regretz), 17/8, 20/6; (he) toke ayen his strenthes and corage wythin hymself,' 190/13; (he) gaff louynge and thankes to our lord,' 98/6, 119/36, 132/13. Plurals of verbal nouns (-ing) occur: 26/3 (wepynges); 30/11 (the same); 132/13 (praysynges); 133/29 (the same); 174/10 (sobbynges). Cf. O. E. Hom., I. 103, 105, 253, 255; Ayenbite of Inwyt, 18, 19, 24, 83; Gesta Rom., 174, 176, 235, 287; Morte Darthur, 173/14, 193/32; Huon, 16/8, 172/17, 325/7, 387/24.

§ 4. The Nominative Case.

CASES. The Nominative in Middle English ranges over a wider area than in Old English. First, its dominion is enlarged in consequence of the other cases losing their characteristic inflexions, and being mistaken for the nominative; secondly, it is used in syntactic connections and expressions which were unknown to the older periods of the English language. In the struggle between the nominative and the accusative (or dative?) case of the personal pronoun (ye and you), as late as the end of the 15th century, the nominative is far from being overcome. 1. The first function of the nominative is to express the subject of a sentence. So far as the logical subject is concerned, there has been no change from Old English down to Modern English times. 2. But in the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, the grammatical subject became much more frequent and important than ever it was before. (a) While Old English is very rich in impersonal verbs, there is a tendency in the later periods of Middle English towards the personal expression, that is to say (as Koch puts it), what once appeared as a BLANCHARDYN. b

xii Syntax I. § 4. Cases. Nominative for Dative. dim sensation is made to appear as the conscious action of the free mind. Instead of 'hit hreówed, hit sceamed, hit lica, hit langað,' there appear I repent, I am ashamed, I like, I long.' This natural development was favoured by two external causes. In such instances as 'Wo was this kyng,' Chaucer, II. 193, what is an indirect object was mistaken for the nominative case; and secondly, the French model had great influence. See Chapter VI. on the Impersonal Verbs, p. xlvii, below. (b) The second encroachment of the nominative on the dative case took place in the passive constructions of transitive verbs governing a direct and an indirect object, or of intransitive verbs followed by prepositions. This innovation was brought about first by the dative and accusative cases being confounded. Objects governed by verbs like 'command, answer,' etc., were consequently looked upon as accusative cases, and were treated as such, so that they became capable of the passive construction. In Caxton's time, however, that process was not yet completed; hence such expressions as the following, which we still keep: 'as was tolde him by the knyght,' Blanch. 43/1; 'all that was told him,' 196/20. See the chapter on the Passive, p. lxi, below. 3. The Nominative absolute wholly supplanted the Old English dative, and became much more popular than the Old English construction (apparently from Latin) had ever been. This use, which is quite common in the 14th century (for Chaucer, cf. Einenkel, p. 74, ff.), occurs rather frequently in the time of Caxton, and offers nothing of special interest :- • • 'This answere y-herde, Alymodes. . . made his oost to approche,' Blanch. 57/28; and that doon, he shall mowe,' etc., 73/24 ;- preceded by after, 94/6; Charles the Grete, 44/21, 47/31, 58/31, 61/12, 62/17, and passim; Huon, 3/29, 39/5. 4. Another function of the nominative case was that in connection with the infinitive :- e. g. 'I say this, be ye redy with good herte To al my lust, and that I frely may As me best liste do you laughe or smerte, And neuer ye to gruch it night ne day.'-Chaucer, II. 289. See the chapter on the Infinitive, p. lxiv, below. 5. Interchange of the Nominative and the Accusative cases.

Syntax I. § 4. Use of 'you' and 'ye,' 'me' and 'I' xiii (a) Though the use of you instead of ye occurs as early as the middle of the 14th century ('yhow knaw,' Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, p. 127, 1. 4659; cf. Book of Curtesye, Introduction, p. x), the nominative holds its place on to the time of Henry VIII. Caxton, as a rule, has preserved ye; it is only in the inverted position (imperative, less frequent in interrogative sentences) that you is introduced; but the number of ye's, even in that position, prevails. In Blanchardyn there are two you's in the imperative :- 'Come you with me,' 60/28; 'be you sure,' 185/17. (The instances are, of course, much more numerous in The Foure Sonnes of Aymon and Morte Darthur.) Aymon. But knowe you, that Hernyer dyde mysse of his enterpryse,' 90/15; Fayr chyldren, now be you sure,' 129/1; 'defye you hym on my behalfe,' 157/32; 'now gyue you me good counseyll,' 203/14, 361/9, 412/26. Interrogative sentences. 'What be you, fayre knyghte?' 91/ 25; 'telle me, how thynke you?' 170/1; what thynge aske you of ine?' 246/20, 184/31, 291/31, 343/17, 373/29. Morte Darthur, 206/6, 240/22, 242/14, 251/29, 255/16, 255/ 33, 269/8, 279/18, etc., etc. Huon, 33/9, 33/19, 41/5, 79/32, 98/10, 102/5, 110/13, etc. There are, however, several instances of you in another position : · 'You holde,' Aymon, 26/18; Cosin, sayd Reynawde, you speke well and wysely,' ibid. 132/33; now up, Ogyer, and you, duke Naymes,' ibid. 157/23; 'yf you wyl yelde your selfe to his merci,' 189/22, 432/14, 438/10. (b) There is another instance in which the nominative case has been encroached upon by the dative. That well-known tendency of using absolute personal pronouns in the dative case, which has divided the French pronouns into two different classes (conjoints and absolus), and which appears in such modern English phrases as it is me, older than me,' is not wholly unknown to Caxton. He always has it is I' (never me), but in the following passages, p. xiv, there is apparently a faint germ of that use. In Blanchardyn the dative occurs twice where we expect the nominative case; but there seems to be a sort of mixed construction : 'And syn aftre, he lyghtly dyde sette hande on the swerde, of the 1 Chaucerit am L'

xiv Syntax I. § 4. Cases. Change of Nominative and Dative. - whiche he smote here and there with bothe his handes by suche a strengthe, that him that he rought with full stroke was all in to brused,' 63/2,-him that whom that, for 'he whom,' as if the use of the flexionless that threw the case on to he; and sware that he sholde neuer departe from afore the place unto the tyme that the castel were take, and theym of within at his wyll,' 181/31,—' them' for 'they.' But the passages from Aymon do not admit of such an explanation :- 'whan thise wordes were fynysshed, all the foure brethren, and all theym of theyr companye arayed themselfe . . .' 78/22; the base courte began to be sore moved, and the crye was so great, for al them of the dongeon defended themselfe valyantlye,' 94/12; 'But I telle you, upon your feythe that none other shal knowe the same, but only we, us three, unto the tyme that the dede be accomplysshed,' 212/30. Cf. The Curial, 4/18: For ther is nothyng more suspecte to euyl peple than them whom they knowe to be wyse and trewe.' On the other hand, there are striking instances of the nominative being used instead of the dative or accusative case :— 'But at thentree of a forest that was there, they loste their trayne, and went oute of ther waye, wherby they myght not folowe nor ouertake the pucell, nor they that brought her with theym.'- Blanchardyn, 181/22; 'Go ayen to Tormaday to see the noble lande of that lady, she of whom thou art amorouse so moche,' 186/19. On this point I cannot refrain from quoting those passages of a 16th century play which contain the same use, as I have never come across any parallel earlier or later. Both in the last passage of Caxton's and in those of Sir Clyoman and Sir Clamydes (falsely attributed to Peele, and printed in Dyce's edition of Peele's works, pp. 490-534; see my essay in Englische Studien, XIII, p. 187), a pronoun referring as apposition to a noun in one of the oblique cases appears in the nominative :- To go and come, of custom free or any other task: I mean by Juliane, she, that blaze of beautie's breeding. 491, b. Do never view thy father, I, in presence any more. Sith that mine honour cowardly was stole by caitiff he. ibid. But shall I frame, then, mine excuse by serving Venus, she. Than thus to see fell fortune, she, to hold her state in spite. 497, a. 501, b. 505, b.

Syntax I. § 4. Cases. Nominative for Dative. The Genitive. xv Clamydes, ah, by fortune, she, what froward luck and fate Most cruelly assigned is unto thy noble state. 507, b. Fie on fell Fortune, she. 508, a. 511, a. ibid. Although that with Clamydes, he, I haue not kept my day. Yet though unto Neronis, she, I may not show my mind. Neronis, daughter to the king, by the king of Norway, he, Within a ship of merchandise convey'd away is she. 514, a. So do I fly from tyrant he, whose heart more hard than flint. 515, a. The Foure Sonnes of Aymon and Huon contain several striking instances of the nominative instead of the dative case :- 'Reynawde toke hym, . . . and made all they that were wyth hym... to be hanged and slayne.'-Four Sons, 90/19; 'For never Hector of Troy was worthe thou,' 127/29. 'Before you and all your barons I haue dyscomfyted in playn batayll he that hath brought you into all this trouble.'-Huon, i. 46/10. Syr, ye may se here before you he that wolde do lyke case agaynst me.'-ibid. 288/16. 'I haue found so nere me he that purchaseth my dethe and shame.'— ibid. 288/23. On pages 83, 84, and 87, thou is apparently a misprint for you. Finally, it is worth stating that but and sauf (save) don't govern the accusative as prepositions, but are followed by the nominative, as if they were conjunctions. Noon but I have seen it.'-Blanchardyn, 43/32. Al be ded sauf I.'-Charles the Grete, 102/31. ·

§ 5. The Genitive Case.

(a) The genitive in connection with nouns (and pronouns). The applicability of this genitive, which was nearly unlimited in Old English, especially in poetry, is rather restricted in Caxton's time. 1. The first function of this case, viz., that denoting birth and relationship (whence the name genetivus), shares its dominion with the dative :- :- 'My lady Margarete. . Moder unto our naturel & souerayn lorde.'-Blanchardyn, 1/3. 'Blanchardyn, sone unto the kynge of Fryse.'-ibid. 1/27. Blanchardyn ansuered that he was of the lande of Grece, and sone to a kynge,' 100/1; 'and sayde to the kynge, fader unto Blanchardyn,' 174/18; ' daughter to Kyng Alymodes,' 83/ 9; 'quene Morgause of Orkeney, moder to Sire Gawayne.'-Morte Darthur, 357/25; 'kynge Lots wyf and moder of sir Gawayne and to sire Gaheris,' ibid. 425/12. 2. The objective genitive is not very frequent:-

xvi Syntax I. § 5. The Genitive Case of thee' for 'thy.' 'She bereth in her herte care ynough and dyspleysure for the loue of him.'-Blanchardyn, 73/33, 76/5, 77/25; for right moche he desyred to shewe hymself, for his ladyes loue,' 83/8. 3. The genitive denoting quality is used in the same way as in Modern English; only it is noteworthy that Malory treats it quite as if it were an adjective, so as to use it in the comparative and superlative degree. She is the fairest lady and most of beautie in the world,' Morte Darthur, 357/23; more of beautie, 358/13, 358/18, 360/33, 450/13, and frequently. Instead of of, a sometimes appears :- = 'yf he had been yet man alyue, I wolde haue gyuen you tyl his wyff.'-Blanchardyn, 93/22. alyue of life; cf. liues alife.- Rob. of Gloucester, 301/376; Owl and Nightingale, 1632; Morris, note to L 250 of Story of Genesis and Exodus. I am not a power to reward the after thy merite.'-Blanchardyn, 109/9. 4. The genitive of the personal pronoun instead of the possessive pronoun occurs very frequently :- " (I) knewe wel that the story of hit was honeste.'-Blanchardyn, 1/11. the sowle of the (thee),' 17/21; for pryde of her,' 39/14; the herte of hym,' 39/33, 64/17, 86/20, 87/31, 92/7, 106/17, 114/ 32, etc. This use is especially worth noting, when it occurs in sentences like the following:- 'ye haue exposed the body of you and of your men,' 171/20. In Modern English we should say: 'your body and those of your men.' Malory once says: 'I pray you hertely to be my good frende and to my sones,' Morte Darthur, 406/28. 5. The partitive genitive was not a great favourite with the English of the 14th and 15th centuries. After comparing the use of this case in that time with what it was in Old English, we cannot but conclude that the idea of partition attached to such phrases as MÁMA FELA (many treasures), Beowulf 36, in Old English was about to be supplanted by that of the simple apposition. Apart from the fact that the numerals, as well as many indefinite adverbs and pronouns, no longer governed the genitive, compare the following expressions :- Robert of Gloucester (quoted by Koch, II, p. 169): 'þe prydde

Syntax I. § 5. The Genitive Case; without' of. xvii del my kingdom, y geue pe,' 285; 'pe prydde del ys londe,' 711; 'From þe on ende Cornewayle,' 178. Chaucer (Einenkel, p. 93): A busshel venym,' IV. 267; 'no morsel bred,' III. 215; 'the beste galoun wyn,' III. 249. E. E. Wills (ed. Furnivall): a peyre schetys,' 4/16, 5/8, 41/24, 76/16, 101/18; 'a peyre bedes,' 5/3. Bury Wills (Camden Society): 'a pece medowe,' 47; 'a peyre spectaclys,' 15; a quart wyne,' 16; 'a galon wine,' 30. But there was a sudden stop in the development towards apposition instead of the genitive; and at the end of the 15th century there was a sort of reaction in favour of the Old English use. Expressions like those quoted above are not to be met with in Caxton ; only a few traces of the Middle English tendency remained. : Maner without of occurs in Blanchardyn three times by al manere wayes,' 50/19; 'all manere noureture,' 74/8; 'al manere poyntes,' 109/16; while there are 18 instances of maner + of viz., 28/20, 53/17, 55/27, 58/19, 60/31, 73/34, 93/32, 111/28, 117/ 27, 119/2, 119/11, 159/34, 174/12, 177/4, 186/8, 188/26, 197/28, 200/18. Other is used for others of.' C 'other his prysoners,' 121/25. 'Other her gentyll women,' 76/31; Also any occurs for 'any of':- 'Affermyng that I oughte rather tenprynte his actes and noble feates than of Godefroy of boloyne or ony the eight.'-Caxton's Preface to Morte Darthur, 2/1. In Aymon is a curious remnant of what must have been rather common in the 14th century, as Chaucer offers several instances of it. The passage runs as follows: 'but of all Fraunce I am one of the best & truest knyght that be in it,' 272/23. These are the parallels in Chaucer:- 'Oon of the grettest auctour that men rede' (5 MSS., one has ' auctours'), III. 234; 'On of the best farynge man on lyue,' III. 8; 'On of the best enteched creature,' V. 35 (cf. Einenkel, p. 87). This odd expression is made up of two constructions: I. 'One the best knyght.' II. 'One of the best knyghtes.' The former, which was at last supplanted by the second, crops up many times in Middle English, and has its parallel in other numerals :- 'Oute of pilke hilles springep pre pe noblest ryueres of al Europe.' -Trevisa, I. 199. 'I deuyse to Iohane my doughter... III. the

xviii Syntax I. § 5. Cases. The Partitive Genitive. best pilwes after choys of the forseyde Thomas my sone.'-E. E. Wills, 5/9. I wyll that Richard my sone haue tweyne my best hors.'-ibid. 23/23. 'II. the best yren broches.'-ibid. 46/17. 'too the best sanapes,' 101/ 24, Guy of Warwick (ed. Zupitza), 8095; 'at two the firste strokes,' Morte Darthur, 343/29; two the best knyghtes that euer were in Arthurs dayes,' ibid. 419/31. This free use of apposition (instead of the modern genitive) did not die out before the time of James I.:- 'Enough is, that thy foe doth vanquisht stand Now at thy mercy: Mercy not withstand: For he is one the truest knight aliue.'-Faerie Q., I. iii. 37. 'Or who shall not great Nightes children scorne, When two of three her Nephewes are so foule forlorne?' 'His living like sawe never living eye, Ibid. I. v. 23. Ne durst behold; his stature did exceed The hight three the tallest sonnes of mortall seed.'—Ibid. I. vii. 8. 'Was reckoned one the wisest prince that there had reigned.' Shakspere, Henry VIII., II. ii. 48. Apart from this liberty, we have to state a few other noteworthy points respecting Caxton's use of the partitive genitive. (a) There are numerous instances of the independent, or, as it is sometimes called, the elliptic genitive partitive, which is so often met with in Chaucer; cf. 'Of smale houndes hadde sche, that she fedde,' II. 5. Before Chaucer the instances are rare. Perhaps the following passages may be looked upon as approaching that use :- 'hwa se euer wule habbe lot wið þe of pi blisse: he mot dea'e wid pe of pine pine on eorpe.'-O. E. Hom. I. 187. 'man egged his negebure to done oder to speken him harm, oder s(c)ame, and haueð uid elch wid oder, and make him to forlese his aihte, oder of his rihte.'—O. E. Hom. II. 13. 'pe priue pyeues byep po pet ue stele nazt of oncoupe ac of priuep. And of zuichen per byed of greate and of smale. pe greate byes of pe kneade and pe ontrewe reuen.' . . -Ayenbite, 37. Caxton has several instances of this use:- '(She) tolde hym that she was right wel content of his seruyce, and wolde reteyne hym in wages, and gyue hym of her goodes, for he was worthy therof.'-Blanchardyn, 75/5. 'wherof the kynge was right wele content, and reseyued hym of his hous.'-ild. 99/21; = as one of his house, or court. (Cf. Huon, I. 13/20: 'the two sonnes

Syntax I. § 5. Independent and Pseudo-Partitive Genitive. xix ' of Duke Seuyn of burdeux shal come to the courte, and, as I haue harde say, the kynge hath sayde that, at there comynge, they shal be made of hys pryuey counsell.") And wyte, that Guynon hadde wyth hym of the beste knyghtes of Charlemagne.'-Aymon, 91/18. and therefore lete us set upon hym or day, and we shalle slee doune of his knyghtes: ther shal none escape.'-Morte Darthur, 121/10. (He) charged hym that he shold gyue hym of al maner of metes.' -ibid. 214/20. (Cf. Gesta Romanorum, 197: 'pe knyghte of baldak sent to the knite of lumbardye of al maner thinges.") This use too was continued in the time of Henry VIII. :- :- 'I wyll ye take of your best frendys.'-Huon, 5/25. 'this that I haue shewid you is of truth.'-ibid. 61/26. I requyre you, shewe me of your newes and adventures that ye haue had.'-ibid. 566/12. 'Englysh marchauntes do fetch of the erth of Irlonde to caste in their gardens.'-Andrew Borde, p. 133; cf. p. 170. From an alteration of the 1601 edition of Huon we may perhaps conclude that the English of that time did not relish this use in prose. The original edition has: 'for incontinent they wyll sende of theyr shyppes, and take thys shyp,' 212/29; the edition of 1601 alters of into 'some of.' " (b) Here and there indefinite pronouns like 'much, many (other)' are followed by of + noun: for he hath doon to us this day so moche of euyl.'—Blanchardyn, 169/22. wherof soo many of children (were) faderles, and soo many churches wasted.'—Aymon, 27/19. a grete many of prysoners.'-ibid. 87/4. But, as a rule, the modern use prevails. (c) There is another sort of Genitive, which we may, perhaps, not improperly term pseudo-partitive, viz. that which appears in sentences like a castle of hers, a knight of Arthur's.' It is true, that in many cases we might translate these phrases by 'one of her castles, one of Arthur's knights'; but there are many examples in Middle English which do not admit of such an explanation, and the Modern English use ('that beautiful face of hers!') proves that no idea of partition is included in such expressions. After a close examination of thẹ oldest instances as met with in the 14th century (second half?), we see that they are brought into existence by another necessity. In Old English the possessive pronoun, or, as the French say, 'pronominal adjective,' expresses only the conception of belonging

xx Syntax I. § 5. Cases of Pronouns-Possessive Determinative. and possession; it is a real adjective, and does not convey, as at present, the idea of determination. If, therefore, Old English authors want to make such nouns determinative, they add the definite article: hæleð mín se leofa, Elene, 511; þú eart dóhtor mín séo dýreste, Juliana, 166; þæt tacnede Leonida on his þæm nihstan gefeohte and Persa, Orosius, 84/31; Mammea his sio gode modor, ibid. 270/26; mid hire pære yfelan scéonnesse, Blickling Homilies, 5/1; openige nu þin se fægresta fæþm, ibid. 7/24; ponne bid drihten ure se trumesta stadol, ibid. 13/10; hé wolde oferswíðan úrne done écan déað, Ælfric's Homilies, I. 168/1; úre se ælmihtiga scyppend, ibid. I. 192/6; purh his pas meran forryneles and fulluhteres dingunge, ibid. I. 364/5. The article preceding the possessive pronoun: se heora cyning, Orosius, 56/31; seo heora iugo, Blickling Homilies, 163/3; seo hire gebyrd, 163/9, etc. In Middle English the possessive pronoun apparently has a determinative meaning (as in Modern English, Modern German, and Modern French); therefore its connection with the definite article is made superfluous, while the indefinite article is quite impossible. Hence arises a certain embarrassment with regard to one case which the language cannot do without. Suppose we want to say 'she is in a castle belonging to her,' where it is of no importance whatever, either to the speaker or hearer, to know whether 'she' has got more than one castle-how could the English of the Middle period put it? The French of the same age said still 'un sien castel'; but that was no longer possible in English. There's only one instance of indefinite article + possessive pronoun that has come to my knowledge, and that is of the early period of Middle English: Sawles Warde (O. E. H., I. p. 265): 'for euch an is al mihti to don al þat he wule, 3e, makie to cwakien heouene ba ant eorpe wid his an finger' (for one is mighty enough to do all that he desires, yea, to make heaven and earth quake with one of his fingers. Translation by R. Morris).' We should expect the genitive of the personal pronoun (of me, etc., as in Modern German),—and there may have been a time when this use prevailed,—but, so far as I know, the language decided in 1 Other instances, however, may have escaped my notice, and it is worth while to search Middle English literature for evidence on this hitherto puzzling point.

Syntax I. § 5. Cases of Pronouns: 'of mine, yours,' etc. xxi favour of the more complicated and rather absurd construction 'of mine, of thine,' etc. This was, in all probability, brought about by the analogy of the very numerous cases in which the indeterminative noun connected with mine, etc., had a really partitive sense (cf. the examples below), and, moreover, by the remembrance of the old construction with the possessive pronoun. There is a good deal of guesswork in this explanation, of course; but one thing is sure-it was the impossibility of connecting the indefinite article with the possessive pronoun which suggested the new construction. This is proved by indisputable chronological facts. I. First, we find the indefinite article (or the equally indefinite words any, every, no) in connection with of mine, of thine, etc. This construction is met with in the 14th century. II. Next, analogy introduces the indefinite article in connection with the double genitive of a noun, 'a knyght of king Arthur's.' III. Last, we come across definite pronouns (this, that) in connection with of mine; and exceptionally the definite article occurs there also in connection with the double genitive of a noun (the knight of kyng Arthur's). CHAUCER: A friend of his, IV. 130, IV. 257, IV. 356; an hors of his, II. 271; an old felaw of youres, III. 97; eny neghebour of myne, III. 198; every knight of his, II. 239; no maner lym of his, V. 170.-Cf. that ilke proverbe of Ecclesiaste, II. 226; this my sentence heere, III. 40; oure wreche is this, oure owen wo to drynke, IV. 184 (Einenkel, pp. 86, 87). · Early E. Wills: I will that William .. be paied of their billes for making off a liuery of myn, 53/20; zif any servaunt of myn haue labord for me 53/23 (both instances ab. 1420 A.D.); I will that Chace haue a habirion of myne, 54/7; he may haue such a good honest booke of his owne, 59/9; every child of hires lyuynge at the day of my decesse haue xx ti to their mariage, 107/1. Bury Wills (A.D. 1434): and more stuff I haue not occupied of hers, p. 23; such goodes of myn as shall be sold, 24; such tyme as money may be reysid of goodes as shal be sold of myn, 36. In neither of these 'Wills' volumes is there any instance of the second or third stage of the development of our construction. Cf. E. E. Wills: this my present testament, 49/4; similar cases are in 51/5, 79/26, 119/15.

xxii Syntax I. § 5. Double Genitives of Nouns and Pronouns. Gesta Romanorum offers instances of II, but not of III: I am forrester of the Emperours, 206; a nopere kny3t of the Emperours, 241. In CAXTON the I. group is represented by numerous instances: And for this cause departeth now my sayd lady from a castell of hers, Blanchardyn 38/6. (Original: dun sien chastel.) He toke also a grete spere from the hande of a knyght of his, ibid. 107/32; for the kyng Alymodes hath a daughter of his owne ibid. 125/4; a yeoman of his owne, ibid. 201/18; a town of his, Aymon 69/15; a gentylman of his, 412/29; a neuewe of his, 527/22. Morte Darthur, 35/35, 38/28, 365/12, 366/2, 369/17, etc. ... Cf. Malory's Group II. is often met with in the Morte Darthur: a knyghte of the dukes, 37/7, 9; Syre gawayne, knyghte of kynge Arthurs, 146/ 30; I am a knyghte of kynge Arthurs, 153/32, 263/31, 263/34, 330/22, 331/19; a trusty frende of Sir Tristrams, 363/8; and ryght so cam in knyghtes of kynge Arthurs, 386/29; and he had gotten hym ten good knyghtes of Arthurs, 459/33; and therewith foure knyghtes of kynge Markes drewe their swerdes to slee syre Sadok, 469/30, 521/24, 522/12, 635/21.-In two instances s is omitted: Thenne came forth a knyght, his name was lambegus, and he was a knyght of syr Trystrem, 318/16; there was a knyghte of kyng Arthur, 331/17. The frequent occurrence of this genitive in connection with Arthur and his knights has often (in English Grammars, &c.) suggested the supposition that there is a sort of ellipsis in this construction a knyghte of kynge Arthurs a knyghte of kynge Arthurs court. But first of all, such instances as 'a trusty frende of syr Tristrams,''I am forester of the Emperors,' do not admit of such an explanation-unless we say 'among Sir T.'s friends,' ' amcng the Emperor's foresters';-and secondly, there are no other examples of this elliptic construction in Caxton or Malory. Of Group III., there are two instances in Blanchardyn with that, and a few with the definite article in Morte Darthur: 'as for to wene to haue her, thou haste that berde of thyne ouer whyte therto; thy face is so mykel wonne, and that olde skynne of thyne ys ouer mykel shronken togyder,' 186/22-25. Original: 'vous auez la barbe trop grise, la face trop usee, et le cuir trop retrait.' Elsewhere Caxton is not afraid of using this in connection with the possessive pronoun. Cf. this my towne, Blanch. 73/18; this her werre, 90/1. 1 Cf. two knyghtes of kynge Arthurs Courte, 297/1, 6, 16, 298/33, etc.

Syntax I. § 5. Genitive after Verbs. § 6. Dative Case. xxiii " There are two passages in Morte Darthur belonging to this group: Alle the knyghtes of kynge Arthurs,' 330/9; he sholde haue her and her landes of her faders that sholde falle to her,' 488/ 14;-in both instances the partitive genitive is wholly excluded. B. The Genitive governed by adjectives and verbs is, on the whole, the same as in Modern English. But it is worth noting that the ideas of reference and cause are still expressed in Caxton by of, while, in Modern English other prepositions (in, as to, with &c.) are preferred. (u) Reference:- The childe grewe and amended sore of the grete beaulte . . Blanchardyn, 13/6; of the tables and ches playing, and of gracious and honeste talkynge, he passed them that were his elder in age, 13/9; demaunding of the batailles of Troy, 14/13, 15/8; sore troubled of wyttis, 45/8; nought dommaged of nothing, 48/31; there was no man that of prowes and worthynes coude go beyonde hym, 65/21; wele shapen of alle membres, 99/14; sore chaunged of face, 145/30; what wyl you do of me?, 146/16. Cf. 150/25, 178/ 21, 184/6, 193/14;-Aymon, 54/25, 64/5, 290/32;-Morte Darthur, passim. (b) Cause :- (They) judged hem self right happy of a successoure legytyme, 12/17; (the kyng) that of this adventure was ful sory and dolaunt, 21/4; Blanchardyn sore angry and euyll apaid of that he sawe 28/13; sore passioned of one accident, 68/20;-thank of, 49/33, 60/ 25; pardon of, 50/9, 10. Of is sometimes replaced by ouer: Right enamored they were ouer hym, 66/25; auenged ouer hym, 86/30. Once for of occurs: and also for of the grete dysplesure that he had . . . 111/34. ... (c) For the Genitive used adverbially, see Adverb, p. lxxvii.

§ 6. The Dative Case.

After the decay of the Old English inflection there was a tendency to make up for it by the preposition to. But from the time in which the Old English Homilies were composed, down to our own days, to never became the rule. In CAXTON to is often used after verbs, where we omit it, especially after tell :- - Now anon brynge to me myn armes, Charles the Grete 48/15; but on the same page: he shold brynge hym hys armes, l. 4; after

xxiv Syntax I. § 6. Dative Case. § 7. Accusative Case. brought he hym hys hors, 1. 22. I assure to you by my faith that I shall do it... ibid. 49/30; I graunte to you alle my goodes, ibid. 50/3; I do to the grete amytye, ibid. 55/34. Cf. Blanchardyn, 20/ 17; Aymon, 362/31, 367/9. Tell. and whan thou hast told to me thy name... Charles the Grete, 53/16; I telle to the, ibid. 54/17. Cf. 55/2, 57/23, 61/3, 86/5, etc. " Demand is usually followed by of; but there is an exception, perhaps brought about by French influence: Thenne cam kyng Alymodes forthe, and demaunded to the sty warde'... Blanchardyn, 283/23. Require, also, occurs with to: Blanchardyn, 168/3; Aymon, 34/20. Ask, followed by two objects, occurs: Aymon, 362/31; (he) asked for hym to two of his men. There is one instance of offend + to: Yf there be ony man here that I haue offended unto,' Morte Darthur, 292/19. The Ethic Dative is not frequent in Caxton : 'A right grete and impetuouse tempeste rose, that lasted us thre dayes,' Blanchardyn, 100/9; their sorrowe redoubled them full sore, ibid. 119/34; the bloode ranne me doune, Aymon, 88/19. (But ye withdrawen me pis man.-Chaucer, Boethius, ed. Morris, p. 7. Caxton has: fro me.)

§ 7. The Accusative Case.

A. The Accusative Case, as governed by transitive verbs, sometimes differs in Caxton from the modern use. Besides such verbs as 'demand, require, serve, tell,' quoted above, behold is followed by of, e. g. Aymon, 391/26; and especially noteworthy is the construction of swear. In Middle English this verb is followed by on. Cf. Chaucer, IV. 363: and this on every God celestial I swere it yow, V. 222. Caxton uses 'swear' as a transitive verb, and makes the accusative case follow it: he sware his Godes, Blanchardyn, 92/25, 107/22; swore God, Aymon, 38/4, 73/14, 87/10, 185/4, 201/33, 459/11, 471/7, 515/7, 526/17. In Aymon are only three examples of 'swear' followed by a preposition: (he) sware by God, Aymon, 61/29; he sware by saint Denys, ibid. 411/11; I swere upon all sayntes, ibid. 85/4. From one passage of the Ayenbite, and another in Blanchardyn, we may safely infer that this use is due to French influence.

Syntax I. § 7. The Accusative Case. XXV Ayenbite, p. 6: huo pet zuerep wip-oute skele pane name of vure lhorde . . . he him uorzuerep, Blanchardyn, 107/22; The kynge of polonye sware his goode goddes, that he sholde neuer haue loye at his herte. Original: jura ses bons dieux.' • Dan Michel always translates literally; and Caxton too, in this case, introduced the French construction. The Cognate Object occurs several times: And there she had not been no longe whyle, when she had perceyued the playn choys and syght of a right grete and myghty nauye, Blanchardyn, 56/2; (choys syght). deye a shamefull dethe, ibid. 190/4, and very often in the other works of Caxton. = I rebuke hym neuer for no hate that I hated hym, Morte Darthur, 349/4; the good loue that I haue loued you . ibid. 364/4. • B. The Accusative absolute is used with great freedom by Caxton and Malory, and even by Berners. Instances abound. I quote only a few to illustrate my statement:- He fonde hym the terres (= tears) at the eyes of him makynge his full pituouse complayntes, Blanchardyn 123/24; (there) he toke a bote, prest and garnysshed wyth eight goode felawes, eche of them an ore in his hande... ibid. 154/7; The good erle, then, the prouost, and the knyghte of the fery, their swerdes in their handes naked, toke and seysyd her by force, ibid. 180/19; Thenne came syluayn, his felawes wyth hym, and ascryed the two barons to dethe, ibid. 205/19. Original: siluain auant auec ses compaignons.' · C. For the Accusative with Infinitive, see Infinitive, p. lxx. D. The Adverbial Object exhibits some peculiarities worth stating. (a) Time. Never the days of her lyff she sholde wedde paynem nor no man infidele, Blanchardyn, 65/15. Malory has: neuer his lif, 127/23; cf. Chaucer. Imeneus, that god of weddyng is, Seigh neuer his lif so mery a weddid man, II. 333; many a wighte hath loued thynge he neuer saugh his lyue, V. 8 (cf. Einenkel, p. 52; Zupitza, note to Guy of Warwick, Il. 1747-8); (he) wend neuer to haue come tyme enough, Blanchardyn, 158/4. Original: 'a tans (temps).' Cf. 170/5; Aymon, 265/19, 343/5; Morte Darthur, 228/ 24; Huon, 332/8, 334/10. That tyme, in Morte Darthur, 48/8, is equivalent to at that tyme,' ibid. 49/16. Cf. the same tyme, Blanchardyn, 127/13, 128/8, 143/29; and at that same houre, 139/8; at the tyme, 194/32; Morte Darthur, 363/35; and the instructive example, Morte Darthur, 356/7, 8: sometyme he was putte to the werse by male fortune, and at cometyme the wers knyghte putte the better knyghte to a rebuke.

xxvi Syntax I. § 8. The Article. (b) Manner. Seeyng that noon otherwyse he myghte doo, Blanchardyn, 30/26; and noon otherwyse wyll I doo, ibid. 93/25; the best wyse that he myght or coude, he ordeyned his bataylles, 162/27, 171/32;-but we find too in like wise, 98/23; in the best wyse, 125/24, 166/2. Chaucer never uses other wyse; only other weye, other weyes. Cf. Einenkel, p. 66.

§ 8. The Article.

There are several remarkable peculiarities about Caxton's use of the Article. (a) Nouns in the Vocative case are preceded by the definite article instead of 0:- 'Sith that we haue lost thee, farewell the ioye of this world!' Aymon, 574/30; 'Then syr Launcelot cryed: the knyght wyth the blak shelde, make the redy to Iuste wyth me!' Morte Darthur, 392/16. (b) Possessive Pronouns used substantively are sometimes preceded by the definite Article :— Thenne toke the prouost his spere, and so dyde Blanchardyn the his,' Blanchardyn, 48/20 (Original: la sienne); I praye you that euery man force hymself to do worthily hys deuoyr, that your worship and the oures be kepte, Aymon, 72/21; In whiche he hath not rendred the reason or made any decision, to approve better the his than that other, Eneydos, 23/19. (c) Numerals denoting part of a whole are sometimes preceded by the definite Article:- 'And yf perauenture one of them dare not come allone hardyly, late come the two or thre or foure of the moost valyauntest Charles the Grete, 41/27; and yf the foure dare not come, late come fyue, ibid. 29. Cf. Morte Darthur, 355/5: wete thou wel, said sir Tristram, the one of us shalle dye or we departe. In all these three groups Caxton copied only too faithfully his French originals. I do not know of any other Middle English instance of the his'; but as for 'the two,' there is the authority of Chaucer and the unknown translator of the Romaunt of the Rose, if not to sanction it as a good Middle English expression, at least to excuse it : And sins he ran . . . And borwed him large boteles thre; and in the two his poysoun poured he; The thrid he keped clene for his

Syntax I. § 8. The Article before Adjectives. xxvii drynke, Cant. T. III. 103; And if thou maist so fer forth wynne, That thou resoun derst byginne, And woldist seyn thre thingis or mo, Thou shalt fulle scarsly seyn the two.-Romaunt of the Rose, V. 77/8. Perhaps the following expressions too may be attributed to French influence :- The captayne gaff the goode nyght to the damoyselle, Blanchardyn, 51/27 (Original: la bonne nuit); and gaff hym the goode nyght, ibid. 74/26; onely the captayne of Tormaday, that cam for to make unto her the reuerence, ibid. 51/17. Cf. 77/2, 158/16: Blanchardyn coude not kepe hymself, but that the grete teerys dropped fast out of his eyen, ibid. 145/33. (d) Before two adjectives qualifying one noun, the Article is often repeated :- He sawe there under in a playn a moche ample and a grete medowe, Blanchardyn, 32/2; the prouoste of the towne dyde ordeyne a stronge and a bygge warde, 58/20; ye be enamored of a hyghe and a ryche pryncesse, 75/7; he was a ryght valyaunt and a hardy prynce, 113/20; makyng a grete and a solempne oath, 177/16.- There are, in Blanchardyn, but two exceptions¹: A noble and victorious prynce, 1/26; the rude and comyn englysshe, 2/9. (e) The definite article is repeated where one of the two adjectives is in close connection with the noun. Thus in Blanchardyn' proude' and 'pucelle' are looked upon as one noun, hence the following expressions :- The right gracious and fayre, the proude pucelle in amours, 76/ 30; the fayer, the proude pucell, 83/12; the right desolate, the proude pucelle, 89/29; cf. 94/9, 96/7, 127/10, 129/29. There are two exceptions: the fayr pucelle and proude in amours, 128/8; the fayr proude mayden, 131/10. (f) There are three instances (in Blanchardyn) of the indefinite article used in analogy to such + adjective + a :— It nedeth not to be doubted that he is come to his extremyte of prowes and valyantes, wythout that amours hathe be the cause in the persone of some hyghe a pryncesse, 72/20; hy gaf to hym-self grote merueylle, and was wel abashed of that soudayne a wylle that was come to hym, 126/9; which is the most fayr, and the most 1 These are where Caxton is writing his own English, not englishing another man's French. I wish all his Prologues and Epilogues, as collected in Blades's quarto, could be examined for other contrasts of his phraseology. —F. J. F. BLANCHARDYN. с

xxviii Syntax I. § 9. The Adjective. 'One' after a Noun. noble, and the most complete a lady, and most pleasaunt of all the remnaunt of the world, 156/13.

§ 9. The Adjective.

For adjectives used substantively see § 1, p. vi. For the arrangement of noun and adjective see the chapter below, on 'The Arrangement of Words.' The tautology in the formation of the comparative and superlative degree (more better, most best) so well known from Shakspere, occurs here and there in Caxton, and is extremely frequent in Morte Darthur:— more werse, Blanch. 23/33; more better, ibid. 91/35; the most valyauntest, Charles the Grete, 41/27; more sonner, ibid. 44/18; most next, ibid. 44/17; more gretter, Curial, 5/13. Morte Darthur, 74/37, 142/8, 144/29, 35; 148/5, 215/29, 218/3, etc. Adjectives referring to preceding nouns are not yet followed by one :- So grete a stroke and so heuy he gaffe hym, Blanch. 62/22; god hath well kept hym from so moche an hap and so hyghe, 75/24; a trusty man and secret, 81/23, 86/17, 97/20, 110/2, 156/14, 163/4, 169/17, 178/2, 179/5, 200/29. Aymon, 392/9, 504/20. Morte Darthur constantly. But the Middle English use of 'one' following a noun is met with in Malory several times :— There lyueth not a bygger knyght than he is one, 72/22; (it) was grete pite that so worthy a knyght as he was one shold be ouermatched, 87/35; such yong knyghtes as he is one... ben neuer abydynge in no place, 251/25. Cf. Chaucer: For in my tyme a seruaunt was I on, II. 56, V. 112. The oldest instance quoted by Mätzner, Glossur, is from Robert of Gloucester, p. 17: a wonder maister was he on;' but without the preceding article, the use goes as far back as the Ormulum :— patt 3ho wass adiz wimmann an All wimman kinn bitwenen. 2333. So far as I know, but one instance occurs in Caxton of one following an adjective:- And after whan thou shalt haue employed thy body, thy tyme and thy goodes for to deffende the, another newe one cometh to the courte, and shall supplante thy benediction.-Curial, 12/13. The syntax of the numerals is that of our own day.

Syntax I. § 10. Pers. Pronouns. Change of Thou and le. xxix THE PRONOUNS.

§ 10. Personal Pronouns.

(a) Cases interchanged. See § 4, p. (b) Use of thou and ye. xi. Thou is used from superiors to inferiors, or from equals to equals as a sign of contempt or defiance :- Lohier, the son of Charlemagne, delivering his message to the duke Benes of Aygremonte, addresses him with thou,' Aymon, pp. 24, 25; and so do all the knights challenging each other to fight. Instances abound. In many cases thou and ye are used in the same speech :- Blanchardyn. Eglantyne always addresses her lover with 'ye'; but on p. 109 the following passage occurs: 'Ha, my right trusty frend.... that hath ben the pyler, susteynynge under thy swerde bothe myself and all my royaulme, I am not a power to rewarde the after the meryte that ye deserued to haue of me. Well ye haue shewed... the excellent vertu of humylite that is in you,' etc., 11. 9 ff. Again, Beatrice addressing her father Alymodes with contempt, says: 'medel thou nomore wyth loue, leue thys thoughte, and make no more thyne accomptes for to entre wythin thir cite; for yf ye haue taken and bounde my husband . . .' 186/28 ff. Aymon. Ogier the Dane addressing his sword Cortyne: 'Ha, Cortyne that so moch I haue loued the, and, certes, it is wel rayson, for ye be a good swerde, and in many places ye haue wel holpen me,' 268/1 ff. -Charlemagne asks Rypus to hang Richard: 'Rypus, yf ye wyll do soo moche for me that ye wyll go hange Rychard, I shall make the lord of grete londes,' 333/6-8. -Mawgis blaining Rypus: 'Ha, rypus, thou traytour, euyll man, ye haue always be redy for to doo some euyll against us, but sith that I haue found you here I shall not seke you nowhere else,' 339/ 17 ff. Cf. 435/10 ff., 468/8 ff. Morte Darthur. The lady's thanking Sir Lancelot for his killing the giant: For thou hast done the most worship that euer dyd knyght in this world, that wyll we bere recorde, and we all pray you to tell us your name,' 199/15 ff. " -Sir Raynold addressing Lancelot: thou art a strong man, and I suppose thou hast slayn my two brethren... I wolde not haue a doo wyth you,' 202/35 ff. Cf. 209/14, 211/8, 214/13, 224/20, 226/ 5, 227/14, 234/14, etc.

XXX Syntax I. § 10. Change of Thou and Ye. This change of the pronoun in the address may be observed even in good Elizabethan prose :- :- Young gentleman, althoug[h] my acquaintaunce be small to intreate you, and my authoritie lesse to commaund you, yet my good will in giuing you good counsaile should induce you to beleeue me, and my hoarie haires (ambassadors of experience) enforce you to follow me, for by howe much the more I am a straunger to you, by so much the more you are beholdinge to mee, hauing therefore opportunitie to vtter my minde, I meane to be importunate with you to followe my meaninge. As thy birth doth shewe the expresse and liuely Image of gentle bloude, so thy bringing vp seemeth to mee to bee a greate blotte to the linage of so noble a boute, so that I am enforced to thincke, that either thou dyddest want one to giue thee good instructions, or that thy parentes made thee a wanton wyth too much cockeringe; either they were too foolishe in vsinge no discipline, or thou too frowarde in reiecting their doctrine, eyther they willinge to haue thee idle, or thou wylfull to be ill employed.'-Lyly, Erphres, p. 2, ed. Landmann. Philautus answering to Evphves: friend Euphues (for so your talke warranteth me to terme you), I dare neither vse a long processe, neither louing speach, least vnwittingly I should cause you to conuince me of those thinges which you have already condemned. And verily I am bolde to presume vpon your curtesie, since you yourself haue vsed so little curiositie, perswading my selfe that my short answere wil worke as great en effect in you, as your few words did in me. Try all shall proue trust; heere is my hand, my heart, my lands and my lyfe at thy commaundement: Thou maist well perceiue that I did beleue thee; and I hope thou wilt the rather loue me, in that I did beleeue thee.' Lucilla, declaring her love to Euphues, uses both thou and you. -Ibid. p. 50. Cf. New Custom (Dodsley's Collection, ed. Hazlitt, Vol. IV.), p. 18; Trial of Treasure (ibid.), p. 264; Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 1. 189 ff.; Greene, A Looking-Glass for London and England; for Shakspere, see Abbott, § 231. ... (c) Personal pronouns are emphasized by a preceding it is. It is he Aymon, 33/9, 251/18; it is she, Blades, p. 166; it was I, Morte Darthur, 38/21, 83/25. In Malory the older expression occurs several times: I am he, 36/18; I was he, 67/7.-'It is me' was never used by Caxton, though he had the strong temptation of the French.

Syntax I. § 10. Pleonastic Use. xxxi () Pleonastic use of the personal pronoun. If the predicate is separated from the subject by any adverbial, participial, or adjectival (relative) clause, a personal pronoun is pleonastically inserted to mark the subject:- .. The proude pucelle in amours, with what peyne and grief that it was, atte thynstaunce and requeste of her sayd maystresse, she mounted anon upon her whyte palfray, Blanch. 45/4; The kyng thenne, after the knyght had thus spoken to hym, he gaff commandment. ibid. 102/16; How Gryffon of Haultefelle and Guenelon, after that they hadde slayne the Duke Benes of Aygremonte, they retorned to Paris, Aymon, 58/13; whiche, whan he sawe that Guycharde was entred into the castell, he retorned ayen, ibid. 73/6; the whiche whan he founde not his master in the chirche, he was al abasshed, ibid. 573/ 16; the damoysel that came from la Beale Isoud unto syr Tristram alle the whyle the tournament was advoynge she was with Quene Guenever, Morte Darthur, 389/8; thenne Kyng Arthur with a grete egre herte he gate a spere in his hand... ibid. 391/18, 395/37. This pleonasm is very frequent after participle clauses:- • - Thenne one of the daughters of the provost, knowyng that Blanchardyn was armed and redy to goo out wyth her fader, she can and brought with her a fayre whyte coueryng.. Blanch. 61/5; the Kynge Alymodes, seeynge the grete prowes that was in Blanchardyn, and that non so hardy durste approche hym, he began to crye aloude ... ibid. 88/18; cf. 126/17, 128/28, 129/27, 138/9, 144/14, 150/19, 152/33, 167/12, 170/2, 173/24, 181/15. But the pronoun was not the rule. The number of the passages quoted. above is 13; but there are 16 (in Blanchardyn) where the pronoun is omitted, 22/20, 26/17, 27/23, 33/3, 41/27, 48/1, 50/1, 53/2, 56/12, 57/24, 93/11, 118/10, 148/22, 152/9, 166/30, 169/16. This use crops up very often in the Gesta Romanorum, pp. 3, 5, 45, 171, 209, 210, 221, 233, 235, 276, 316, 335. After adjectival or relative clauses this use may be traced back to the carliest periods of the English language. A few instances will suffice for the present occasion:- Elfred's Orosius. Ac pa lond on east healfe Danais pe þær nihst sindon, Albani hi sind genemnede, 14/23; and he Ninus Soroastrem Bactriana cyning, se cude manna ærest dry cræftas, he hine oferwinnand ofsloh, 30/10; cf. ibid. 12/16, 26/20, 72/13, 98/2, 124/16, 188/26, 204/6. Cura Pastoralis. Ure ældren, pa pe pas stowa ær hioldon, hie lufedon wisdom, p. 4; cf. 22.

xxxii Syntax I. § 10. Pleonastic Use. Omission. Blickling Homilies. Lazarus, pe Crist awehte by feorpan dæge pæs pe he on byrgenne was ful wunigende, he getacnað þysne middangeard, 75/4; cf. 85/25, 147/2. Ancren Riwle. þeo ilke pet he bledde vore ne brouhten heo him to presente ne win et. 114. O. E. Hom. I. pp. 3, 7, 9, 253; II. pp. 15, 19, 41, etc. Old English Miscellany, pp. 17, 18, 40. Story of Gen. and Exodus, 11. 1003-4, 1065, 3839. Cursor Mundi, 11. 283, 285, 7184, 8940, 9014, etc., etc. Caxton exhibits several instances of this pleonasm :- He that wyll bee enhaunced in price, he oughte not to looke so nyghe, Aymon, 354/23; he that beginneth a game, he oughte to see an ende of it to hys proffyte, 355/6; and again the Frenshemen that sawe their kynge come agen, they were ryght glad, 413/19; for he that had ony mete, he hyd it incontynent, 422/2; and Charlemagne, that sawe aymon goo thus quyte, and that he had garnysshed mountalban of vytayllis, he was full angry for it, 436/14; this mornynge, thenne, reynawde that was wythin ardein, after that he had herde his masse, he called his thre bredren, 476/10; and thenne therle Faffras that was a worthy knyghte and a wyse, he wente to the gate of saynt stevyn, and kepte hym there, 504/21; for he that shall deye in the sawtynge of the holy cite, he shall be saved wythout doubte, 512/8. There are many instances of the pleonastic personal pronoun after the compound relative who that or simple who = whosoever. And who had seen him at that tyme, he wolde not haue trowed that he had be a man . . . Blanch. 194/21; who soever rekeneth wythoute his hoste, he rekeneth twys, ibid. 202/6; who that beleueth ouermoche in dremes, he doth agenste the commaundemente of god, Aymon, 222/12; who that doth you goode, he leseth well hys tyme, 269/18, 363/5, 368/5, 420/28, 453/3, 514/15, 590/24. For the apparently pleonastic use of personal pronouns in the oblique case, see 'Relative Pronouns,' p. xlii. (e) Personal Pronoun omitted. A. As subject. This omission is a remnant of the oldest stage of the language, when the personal endings of the verb made any pronoun (as a subject) superfluous, as in Greek and Latin. It is common to Old English, Middle English, and Old French :-

Syntax I. § 10. Omission of the Personal Pronoun. xxxiii Old English. Her com Eomer from Cwichelme West Seaxna cininge. pohte þæt he wolde ofstingan Eadwine cininge, Chronicle, ab. 626; cf. 656 (Laud MS.) þæs on þæm afterran geare Hannibal sende sciphere on Rome, and þær ungemetlice geher gedon (scil. hie, namely the army), Orosius, 180/3; cf. 68/27, 134/6. Middle English. and 3if he hit naued, azefe (scil. he) swa muchel swa he mai, O. E. Hom., I. 29; pa he iseh Martham and Mariam Magdalene pe sustren wepe for hore broder déð, and ure drihten durh roude pet he hefde of hom, schedde of his halie ezene hate teres, and hore broder arerde, and (scil. heo, they) weren stille of hore wope, ibid. 157; þu seist pat on gode bileuest (scil. thou), ibid. II. 25, 1. 2; after pe forme word of pe salme abugest gode (scil. thou), ibid. 1. 4. Cf. 71, 89, 93, 97, 101, 111, 119, 123, 197, 199, 215. Gen. and Exodus, 11. 1183, 1729, 1732, etc., etc. Caxton is extremely free in omitting the pronoun. The instances occurring may be divided into the following groups :- 1. When the subject is the same in two co-ordinate sentences, it is omitted in the second. The omission is striking, whenever there is a clause inserted between the two principal sentences: - So ranne the vasselles to gyder, and rough te eche other by suche a force upon the sheldes, that they were brusen and broken all to peces; theire speres (that sore bygge and stronge were) broke also all to peces. And thenne toke theire swerdes (scil. they)... Blanch. 28/ 11; A lytyl shal here cease oure matere to speke of hym, unto tyme and oure shal be for to retorne to the same. And shall shewe the sorowes and the complayntes of the proude pucelle in amours (scil. it, namely, oure matere), ibid. 43/5; [the provost is introduced making a long speech; then the author continues:] and thenne (that is, after the speech) wythout taryeng drewe his swerde (namely, the provost), 49/29. On p. 52 the subject for the first sentence of the 16th chapter must be supplied from the preceding chapter:—whan the proude lady in amours understode the squyer speke thus, the bloode ranne up at her face, and [she] wexed red as a rose, 64/16; wherof the provost was not lesse reioysshed than blanchardyn was. The dyner was redy, and [they] made an ende of their proces tyl another tyme, 81/26; cf. 14/21, 16/10, 22/15, 30/27, 32/7, 33/18, 41/19, 41/24, 42/8, 43/1, 52/17, 58/23, 64/16, 64/20, 66/17, 66/21, 67/4, 68/4, 69/1, 85/27, 85/32, 88/11, 99/32, 100/21, 106/8, 108/ 19, 127/4, 146/9, 157/3, 170/29, 174/20, 195/22, 203/29. 2. When the subject is the same in a principal and a subordinate sentence, the pronoun is omitted in one of them. (a) Pronoun omitted in the subordinate sentence :-

xxxiv Syntax I. § 10. Omission of the Personal Pronoun. Blanchardyn emonge other passetymes, delyted hymself in hawkynge and huntyng, wheras right moderately and manerly [he] mayntened hymself, 13/18; cf. 21/2, 22/11, 25/8, 39/25, 97/32, 152/28, 169/13. (b) Pronoun omitted in the principal sentence :- And for tabredge, after the rewthes, syghes and wepynges that so moche incessantly or wythout ceasse made the noble pucelle, [she] fell doune sterk ded upon the stomak of her most dere louere, 30/13; cf. 30/20, 49/11, 52/21, 53/24, 54/6, 65/3, 127/16. 3. When the subject of a subordinate sentence is not the same as that of the principal one, and is yet omitted, it must be supplied from the ontext. How be it I knowe right wel, and make no doubt at all, but that first of all hit shall tourne for pryde of her, tyl a grete displeasire unto her, and [she] shal be therof wors apayed more than reason requyreth, Blanch. 39/15; certaynly I shal doo folow hym; and byleue for certayn that his laste daye is comen, and [he] shal deye, 44/12; cf. 45/16, 45/21, 87/10, 97/3, 133/33, 146/13, 150/23, 167/16. 4. It preceding impersonal verbs is omitted. There are but two instances of this omission in Blanchardyn :- But [it] seemed that she sholde slee herself to be more hastely venged, 43/26; so [it] taryed not long after thys was doon that the tempeste ceassed, 137/29. Other instances: Charles the Grete, 41/6, 47/28, 49/11, 50/7, 63/11, 77/14, 83/9, 83/24, 85/7, etc. Morte Darthur, 136/7, 145/ 34, 163/35, 217/4, 241/34, 266/5, 278/20, 318/9, 354/29, etc. Aymon, 24/15, 27/26, 31/32, 39/29, 43/26, 45/3, 47/3, 48/24, etc. B. A pronoun as object is very rarely omitted. 'But the knyght that was ryght courteys, guyded hym and conduyted a whyle,' Blanch. 39/30, is scarcely to be called an omission (see 'Arrangement of Words,' p. ci); but the pronoun is certainly wanting in the following passage: For as to his fadir, he wolde not touche,' Aymon, 85/29. Cf. Starkey, England in the Reign of Henry VII, 71/66: as for thys matter we shal ryght wel avoyd. (f) The Emphatic Pronoun (himself, etc.) is used either in apposition (he himself), or independently (himself):

Syntax I. § 11. Reflexive Pronouns. § 12. Poss. Pronouns. xxxv For yf I sholde doo it, he hymself sholde blame me for it, Aymon, 189/33; and he hymselfe is delybered for to take the habyte and to become a monke, ibid. 280/23. By my faith, said Charlemagn, myself shall it be, ibid. 387/19; he thrested his swerde in one of his flankes wel depe, and hys swerde, hymself, and the place was all bybled of the blood, Charles the Grete, 77/12; wherin hymn self is buryed, ibid. 37/24. There are not instances enough to decide which use prevails. Own is sometimes inserted: 'I shall hang you my owne self.' Aymon, 339/13.

§ 11. The Reflexive Pronoun.

Both the simple and the compound forms occur, but the latter are apparently the rule. Of thirty instances occurring on the first forty-two pages of Blanchardyn, only three are simple, namely, 1/22, 2/10, 41/21.

§ 12. The Possessive Pronoun.

(a) My, thy, are used before consonants; mine, thine, before vowels. Its never occurs; in its place we find his, as in Old and Middle English. For the possessive pronouns used substantively, 'mine, thine, ours, yours is the rule; 'our, your' occur, but quite exceptionally :- I haue herde that ye haue called me and my broder the sones of a traytour, and that the kyng knoweth well that our fader slewe yours by trayson, wherof I wylle ye wyte that ye lie falsely, but your fader dyde assaylle our by trayson, Aymon, 545/10; Ye wolle enforce yourselfe to rescue oute of daunger of deth, my lorde and youre, my good husband Sadoyne, Blanchardyn, 189/25. his is sometimes preceded by the definite article. See Article,' p. xxvi. The possessive pronouns are sometimes preceded by this: "This their message,' Morte Darthur, 160/30. Cf. above, § 5, on the Genitive Case, p. xv. (b) The possessive pronoun my is used as a term of courtesy. It occurs very frequently in connection with lady, so as to form almost one word. This is made evident by the repetition of my in the following instances:- Unto the right noble puyssaunt and excellent pryncesse, my redoubted lady, my lady Margarete, duchesse of Somercete, etc., Blanchardyn (Dedication), 1/2; I haue told you her byfore, that the paynem kynge Alymodes apparreylleth hymself to make werre

xxxvi Syntax I. Pronouns. § 12. Possessive. § 13. Demonstrative. to my lady, my maystresse, the proude pucelle in amours, ibid. 38/3; my lady my susters nanie is dame Lyonesse, Morte Durthur, 232/13; I byleue certeynly that he shall doo soo, for the kindness that my lorde my fader dyde shewe unto Charlemagne, Aymon, 427/33; I praye you ryde unto my lorde myn unkel kynge Arthur, Morte Darthur, 267/32. I met with only one exception: At yonder wyndowe is my lady syster dame Lyones, ibid. 237/3. Instead of 'my lady his moder,' Caxton says several times his lady moder: Aymon, 57/34, 62/20, 81/13. = (c) The possessive pronoun is often replaced by the genitive of the personal pronoun: the head of him his head. See 'Genitive.' (d) his instead of the genitival inflexion's is very rare :— And with that renne, blanchardyn his courser ran ouer þe provost that he tradd upon one of his armes, Blanchardyn, 48/35; to what thynge Charles hys sone and hys doughters were instructe and taughte to doo, Charles the Grete, 28/1; this lord of this castel, his name is syr Damas, Morte Darthur, 126/17 (not exactly equal to a genitive); the fyrste knyghte hys hors stumbled, ibid. 220/30. (e) mine is sometimes equivalent to of me used in an objective sense. It occurs in connection with the gerund, and translates the French mon, etc. Thou knowest well, that I dyde was in my deffendynge,' Aymon, 88/26; it was I that slewe this knyght in my deffendaunt, Morte Darthur, 83/25. This is false analogy to the other gerundial constructions, like in my talking,' etc., formed out of the intransitive or transitive verbs. There is a parallel passage in Chaucer:-'Another homicidy is doon for necessite, as whan a man sleth another in his defendaunt,' III. 312. One MS., however, has him defendaunt.¹

§ 13. The Demonstrative Pronouns.

With the exception of one remnant of Middle English use, the syntax of the demonstrative pronouns is really the same in Caxton as in our own time. That is sometimes used in connection with one and other :- 1 Perhaps the following passage cannot be explained in the same way:— 'Syre, ye be a right fayre Iouncell . . . and to my seming right wel worthy to haue the grace and fauour of the right gentyll damoyselle,' Blanchardyn, 37/22. Probably 'seem' is here 'think'; 'to my thinking' is still in use. Cf. the chapter on the Impersonal Verb.

Syntax I. Pronouns. § 14. Interrogative. § 15. Relative. xxxvii That one looked upon that other for to see who wold sette fyrst honde upon hymn, Charles the Grete, 44/26; that one was named babtysme, and that other grabam, ibid. 59/17-18. Cf. ibid. 59/24-5, 62/19, 70/21. The same is often used as a mere equivalent of the simple personal pronoun :- Where by experience he shuld lerne to bere armes, and shuld exercyce and take payne and dyligence upon hymself to knowe the ways of the same of them' (scil. armes), Blanchardyn 16/6; cf. 19/16, 22/1, 38/9, etc. It crops up very often in Elizabethan times : Marlowe, Tamb. 1. 2; Edward II. 1. 1439; Greene, Looking Glass, 135 a, 142 a; Greene, Alphonsus, 228 a, 228 b, 229 a; Gorboduc, 18, 23; Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, p. 609 a, 624 a. For Shakspere, see Schmidt, Lexicon, s. v.

§ 14. With regard to Interrogative Pronouns it is noteworthy

that what often refers to persons :— She loked bakward for to se what he was that so hastely rode after her, Blanchardyn, 41/30; moche grete desyre I haue to wyte and knowe what he may be, 64/1; (he) asked of him what he was,¹ of what lande and of what lynage, 99/35. Cf. 43/13, 128/17, 154/11, 183/20, 194/3. Very often in Morte Darthur, and also in Berners's Huon, we find what he was and who was his father,' 17/22. Cf. 23/ 12, 29/11, 30/3, 30/13, 54/7, 104/11, etc.

§ 15. The Relative Pronoun.

(4.) The relative clause either follows its antecedent, or rather correlative, or precedes it. Accordingly we find two sorts of relative pronouns in Caxton :- I. That, which, the which, whom, where, as. II. Who, who that, whosoever (whomsoever). (I.) That is used of persons and things, especially after pronouns (he, that), but is restricted to the nominative and accusative case, when used alone, and is never preceded by a preposition. Of all the relative pronouns it is by far the most frequent. 'That' conveys a vague idea of reference; this is its function compared with the other relative pronouns. It answers thus to 1 Though we say still What are you? an engineer or a teacher ? ' meaning 'of what profession or business are you?' the first quotation above shows that what in it means who.

Xxxviii Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns: That, Which. Old English pe, to the German was, used by illiterate people, and to the Hebrew ascher. Dr. Abbott's rule with does not apply to Caxton. regard to the Elizabethan use of that That is not only used (a) after a noun preceded by the article, (b) after nouns used vocatively, in order to complete the description of the antecedent by adding some essential characteristics of it. Cf. the following passages :— That used of persons: Blanchardyn, 1/9 (theym that); 12/17 (people of the lande that Iudged hemself right happy); 14/5 (theym that); 15/2 (Blanchardyn that); 15/22 (knyghtes that); 19/16 (dyuers there were that); 19/19 (blanchardyn that); 19/21 (no tonge humayn that); 19/23, 24; 20/1, 21/11, 22/2, 4, 17; 23/2, 7, 13, 17, 19, 24; 25/15, 16, 22, 24; 26/16, 27/11, 28/6, 31/2, 9; 32/13, 22, 33/4, 5; 38/8, 39/29, etc. 25; That used of things: 12/5, 19; 15/6, 16, 21; 16/7, 17, 19; 17/ 10, 14; 18/10, 22; 19/1, 14, 15, 25, 26; 20/19, 22/9, 11; 23/6, 24/9, 26/1, 7, 19, 25; 27/4, 16, etc. Next in frequency comes which. It refers to persons and things, but differs from that in three points. 1. It not only follows an immediate antecedent, but may be separated from it by other nouns :- he found the foot of the hors of hym for whom he wente in enqueste, whiche (sic. the foot) he folowed ryght quykly, Blunchardyn, 25/19; at thynstaunce and requeste of my sayd lady, whiche I repute as a commaundemente, I haue reduced, 1/23; he gate a ryght goode and riche swerde, that longed unto the kynge his fader, whiche afterward was to hym wel syttynge, 17/15; where he fonde the leest courser of the kinge his fader, whiche was the fairest and the best that coude haue ben founde in ony contreye at that tyme, 18/1; cf. 19/10. There is a very instructive instance in Morte Darthur: when syr Gaherys sawe hys tyme, he cam to their beddes syde, alle armed, with his swerd naked and soddenly gat his moder by the here and strake of her hede; whenne syr Lamorak sawe the blood dasshe upon hym all hote, the whiche he lefte passynge wel (i. e. his moder), wete ye wcl he was sore abasshed,' 452/27. 2. Which is used in connection with prepositions. Upon whiche, Blanchardyn, 18/7; in whiche, 22/2, 28/17, 31/16; through whiche, 32/3, 62/2. 3. It replaces a personal or demonstrative pronoun, in order to bring about a closer connection between the two logically co-ordinate sentences:-

Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns: Which, Where. xxxix · I, wyllyam Caxton presente this lytyl book unto the noble grace of my sayd lady: whiche boke I late receyued in frenshe from her sayd grace, etc., Blanchardyn, 1/7; I haue reduced this sayd boke out of frenshe into our englyshe: whyche boke specyfyeth of the noble actes and fayttes of warre... ibid. 1/25 (= and it); cf. 33/6; the noble mayden behelde hym moche humbly, whyche toke a ryght grete pleasure to see his gracyouse and assured behauyng, 77/7 (= and she); but this function is shared also by the whiche and whom. Cf. Of whom and of their belauynge I shal make mencion after, Charles, 38/22. The whiche (answering to the French liquels) is used most of persons in the same function as which, Blanchardyn, 13/3, 18/16, 22/ 18, 26/10, 27/8, 29/7, 32/14, etc. Whom, so far as I am aware, is used of persons, and in connection with prepositions. Of whom, 15/15; for whom, 25/18; to whom, 37/7. Cf. 82/12, 90/19, 94/22, 98/31, 99/3, 104/5, 105/ 11, etc. Where, followed by of or by, refers to persons and things, and whole sentences, and is equivalent to which and whom. The childe grewe and ainended sore of the grete beaulte, wherof he was garnyssed, Blanchardyn, 13/6 (French dout); and (that) gaff hym a wylle for to be lyke unto those noble and worthy knyghtes, wherof he sawe the remembraunces, 15/19; thurgh the cite were herde the voyces, wherby they were soone aduertysed, 20/4; (he) wrapped his wounde, wherof he so sore sorowed, 23/11; and thenne toke their swerdes, wherof they gaafe many a grete stroke, 28/11; cf. 28/16; he sholde vaunce hymself for to kysse suche a pryncesse that neuer he had seen before, and wherof thacquentaunce was so daungerous, 40/25; the rayson wherby I so saye I shall show it unto you, 53/9, etc. Referring to sentences: but trowed all they that were present that they had be bothe ded, wherof the pyteous cryes, wepyng and lamentacyons began to be more grete... 20/2, 20/5. As is used after such as in Modern English; cf. 1/20, 2/11, etc., but such is also often followed by that:- It shall not be taken so lightly as men wene, for suche folke doo kepe it, that well and worthily shall deffende it, Aymon, 73/11; ye aske counseyll of such that cannot counseyll theymselfe, ibid. 208/14 ; I requyre and byseche alle suche that fynde faulte or error Blades, Caxton, 170. Cf. Chaucer, Boeth. (ed. Morris): such a place that men clepen theatre. On the first forty pages of Blanchardyn, the share of these pronouns expressed in figures is :— • Persons. Things. Persons. Things. That Whiche Whom Where The whiche As

xl Syntax I. § 15. Relative Pronouns: Who, Who that. (II.) Who as a relative preceding the correlative is met with in Old English in connection with swa, and becomes in Middle English whose, later whoso. Who that is declared by the grammarians not to appear before the second half of the 14th century; cf. Koch II.2, p. 282. But there are instances of an earlier date :- benne azaines kinde Gað hwa dat swuche kinsemon ne luueð and leue (then against nature goes each man who loveth such a kineman and leaveth, Morris). be wohunge of ure Lauerd (O. E. Hom. I. p. 275). to quat contre sum pat pu wend, Cursor Mundi, 1149. Cf. 1151; qua pat, ibid. 1969. huo pet yelpp; he is aperteliche godes pyef, Ayenbite, 59; huo pet godeled his encristen, he is accorsed of god, ibid. 66; cf. 70, 75, 80, 81, 89, 93, 94, etc. For Chaucer, see Koch, loc. cit. Caxton has both who and who that equivalently: for who that was that tyme yrought of hym, his dayes were fynyshed, Blanchardyn, 169/4; who had seen hym at that tyme, he wold not haue trowed, that he had be a man mortal, ibid. 194/20; for who that believes ouer moche in dremes, he dooth againste the commaundemente of god, Aymon, 222/12; who that dooth you goode, he leseth wel hys tyme, ibid. 269/17; who had seen the grete mone that alarde... made for their cosyn, he wolde haue grete pyte for to see them, 363/3. Cf. 368/5 (who that), 420/28 (who), 453/3 (who that), 514/13 (who), 590/24 (who). Cf. Morte Darthur, 43/29, 45/23, 176/35, 264/23, 378/23, etc. (B.) Relative pronouns in the sentence.¹ The structure of the relative clauses in Caxton is far from being the same as in Modern English. There are three principal types of relative constructions:- (I.) The antecedent or correlative is a noun in a complete sentence, which is followed by a many-worded adjective or relative clause :- 'She conceyued a ryght faire sone, whiche was named Blanchardyn.'-Blanchardyn, 12/12. (a) If the relative pronoun is in the nominative case, the construction, as a rule, is the same as in Modern English. There are only a few exceptions:- 1 For convenience' sake I prefer to discuss this important point in this place, instead of in the Syntax of the Sentence, as the system requires.

Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns in Sentences. xli Ine pise zenzep moche uolk: ine uele maneres. ase pise fole wyfmen. þet uor a lite wynnynge, hy yuep ham to zenne, Ayenbite, 45. A knight ther was and that a worthy man, That fro the time that he firste began To riden out, he louede chevalrie.-Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (quoted by Zupitza in a note to Koch II2. p. 278). I have not come across any such instance in Caxton, but have found two in Malory's Morte Darthur :— Now tourne we unto sire Lamorak that upon a daye he took a lytel Barget and his wyf... 330/24; here is a worshipfull knyght sir Lamorak that for me he shal be lord of this countreye, 334/2; sir Trystram that by adventure he cam ... ibid. 407/21. (b) The relative is an oblique case. Then, as a rule, the relatives enumerated above are used in connection with the corresponding preposition Of whom, to whom, whom or which,' etc. But there are exceptions in this case too. Instead of the simple relatives, there oceur In the genitive: relative + his (her), their. In the dative and accusative } relative + him (her, it), them. Old English. Hwat se god wære, pe pis his beâcen was, Elene, 162; se mon ne wât, pe him on foldan fægnost limne, Cod. Ex. 306/25 (quoted by Koch, p. 277). Middle English. pe pope Gregorie pþat pe fende him hadde wel neiz icauzt, Greg. ed. Schulz, 16 a; a doughter pþat wip hire was hire moder ded, ibid. 32 a; It was hire owhen child, þat in his armes anist she went, ibid. 748; there were maydenes thretty, that for hys seruyse in the halle there there loue on hym can falle, Guy of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, 1. 180, see note (Koch, p. 278, note by Zupitza). There are a few instances in Caxton and Malory :— Thenne answered Rubyon to Blanchardyn, that the daughter of the myghty kynge Alymodes, the euen before had gyuen unto hym her sleue, the whiche in presence of her father she had taken it from her ryght arme, Blanchardyn, 84/12, 13; he fonde hym, the terres at the eyes of hym, makynge his full pituouse complayntes, the whiche sadoyne had herde part of hem, 123/25; Syre, I say the same for the knyght, that is the most parfyt in all beaulte and condicyons that¹ his lyke can not be founde, 155/8; the whiche thenne, by old age and lyuynge many yeres, his blood was wexen colde, Eneydos, 14/21; of whom may not wel be recounted the valyaunce of hym, Charles, 38/20; 1 Perhaps that' is here =80 that?

xlii Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns in Sentences. for he had lost moche of his blode by his foure mortal woundes, of whyche the leste of them was suffysaunt for hym to haue deyed, ibid. 235/10; A, syr, ye are the same knyghte that I lodged ones in your castel, Morte Darthur, 266/15; so leue we sire Trystram in Bretayne, and speke we of sire Lamerak de galys, that as he sayled, his shyp felle on a rok, and perysshed all, 330/2; and that was she that Breunys saunce pyte took that shelde from her, 345/11, 12. This use continued in the 16th century:- I know no man lyuyng that I or my brother haue done to hym any dyspleasure, Berners, Huon, 19/24; the whiche treasure I gaf part therof to the kynge, 263/9; I pray thee, show me what be yonder two prynces that goth up the stayres, and that so moch honour is done to them, 286/9. Very rarely is a relative in the oblique case followed by a redundant personal pronoun :- (they) were all murderers, wherof the pryncypall and the mayster of them all was named syluayne, Blanchardyn, 204/8; It is by cause ther is come in to thy court he that hath slayne my brother whom incontynente thou oughtest to haue slayne hym quyke, Huon, 141/24. The edition of 1601 omits hym. There is perhaps a change of the construction in Blanchardyn, 192/29: they recountred a peynem, which they toke, and broughte hym before Blanchardyn.' (II.) The correlative sentence is divided into two parts by the relative clause :- 'He that wyll be enhaunced in price, he oughte not to loke soo nyghe.'-Aymon, 354/23. In Old and Middle English this type is nearly always a sort of anacoluthon to our modern eyes and ears, and perhaps it was such indeed. The essential point in which this construction differs from the modern use is, that the correlative always appears in the nominative case, without regard to its place in the sentence; it is only the redundant pronoun, personal or possessive, in the second part, which marks the subjective or objective case of the correlative, e. g., in Modern English we might say :-'To her who was not skilled in receiving such guests, his acquaintance was hard to make,' but Caxton has:-' and she that was not lerned to receyue suche geestes, sore harde was his acquaintance to her.'-Blanchardyn, 67/29, 30.

Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns in Sentences. xliii Accordingly I distinguish two groups of type II. (a) The correlative is the subject of the sentence. redundant personal pronoun appears in the nominative case. Then the This pronoun is, as said above (see 'Personal Pronoun'), very frequent in Old English and Middle English. Perhaps we might say that this is the rule; at least the Old English Homilies seem to suggest such a supposition. There are in the Second Series twentythree instances of the redundant pronoun, namely, p. 15, 1. 4 from top; p. 15, 1. 4 from foot; p. 19, 1. 9 from top; p. 43, 1. 3 from top; p. 45, 1. 16 from foot, and on pages 69 (twice), 73, 75, 99, 115 (twice), 133 (twice), 143, 153 (three times), 155, 159, 201, 203, 207; while only six passages omit it, namely, on pages 11, 17, 19, 73, 111, 151. In Caxton this is no longer the case. There is not one instance of the group (a) in Blanchardyn; and in Aymon they are not very See 'Personal Pronoun.' numerous. (b) The correlative is the object (direct or indirect) of the sentence; then, as a rule, it is in the nominative case, and the redundant personal pronoun is either in the genitive (his, her, their) or dative (accusative) case :- Alle synfulle men pe heued-synnes don habbed, and nel'eð þerof no shrift nimen he bihat hem eche fur on helle, O. E. Hom. II. 41; alle po pe here synnen forleted and beted he heled here synwunden mid fulcnege, ibid.; pat (Harleian MS. þei pat) etys me 3itt hungres thaym, and pey pat drinkes me zitt pristes thaym. Hampole, Prose Treatises, p. 3. In Caxton, (b) is apparently the rule :- The rayson wherby I so say, I shall show it unto you, Blanchardyn, 53/9, 67/30 (quoted above); but this that I haue tofore wryton, I haue taken it oute of an autentyke book, Charles, 38/24; he perceyued a right myghty nauye, wherof they that were come upon laude, he sawe hem in grete nombre, ibid. 162/3; that whiche I haue done in this behalue, I haue donn it for the beste, 185/19; they that were about hym rebell, he dompted and subdewed them, 196/15; very instructive instances, ibid. 215; he that deyeth in fleyinge, his soule shall neuer be saued, Aymon, 232/26; but the sorou that the kyng made for his quene, that myghte no man telle.- Malory, Morte Darthur, 274/34. I found but a few instances of modern construction :- BLANCHARDYN. d

xliv Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns in Sentences. And them that ben poure and caste doun, maketh she oftymes to ryse and mounte from certaynte to Incertaynte, Curial, 6/13; and them that were hurte, he lete the surgyens doo heale their woundes, Malory, Morte Darthur, 174/13. There is one instance in Malory in which—if Caxton or his compositor did not introduce a first gaf not in the author's copyboth the old and modern uses are mixed in one: Thenne the kyng stablysshed all his knyghtes and [gaf] them that were of londes not ryche, he gaf them londes... Morte Darthur, 118/13. Malory (if the first gaf was his) began with the modern construction: and gaf them that were of londes not ryche (londes),' but in the second half of the sentence he found it would be quite confusing and impossible to add 'londes' only to his long adjective that were of londes not ryche,' and he therefore repeated the words which governed 'londes,' the old use suggesting itself to his memory as a justification for his cumbrousness. This use occurs very often in BernersThe londe that they hold, gyue it to Charlot your sone, Huon, 5/13; with my sworde I so defendyd me, that he that thought to haue slayne me, I haue slayne hym, 27/5,6; he that lieth there deed before you, I slew him in my defence, 34/11; all the mete that he could get in the towne, he shuld by it, 84/33. (III.) The relative sentence precedes its correlative. 'who had seen hym at that tyme, he wold not haue trowed that he had be a man mortal,' Blanchardyn, 194/21. The use of the personal pronoun in the correlative is the same as in type II. In the Ayenbite the pronoun is the rule, just as in the French Original (qui-il, quiconque-il); quite exceptionally it is omitted, e. g. huo pet wyle lede guod lif; zeche pet he habbe pet zope guod,' p. 94 (omitted also in the Original). In the Gesta Romanorum, too, it is always to be met with :- - 15; who so who that euer comith thedir, he shall fare wele, p. euer wold come to that feste, he sholde haue his doughter, p. 87; who so euer gote therby to the holy londe, he shall in pes go, p. 106; who so euer wolde rin with his dowter, he shulde wed her, p. 122; who so euer gothe with her to bedde, he shall anon falle in to a dede sleep, p. 160; who so euer bere it upon him, he shal haue loue of al men, p. 180; whosoeuer haue hit, he shall euermore joy, p. 286.

Syntax I. § 15. The Relative Pronouns in Sentences. xlv CAXTON. Blanchardyn, 194/21 (quoted above); whosoeuer rekeneth withoute his hoste, he rekeneth twys for ones, 202/6; who that was that day yrought of hym, his dayes were fynyshed, 169/4;— Aymon, 222/12, 269/18. See above, p. xl. Malory, Morte Darthur. Who that holdeth against it, we wylle slee him, 43/29, 30; who saith. nay, he shal be kyng, 45/23; whosomeuer is hurte with this blade, he shalle neuer be staunched, 176/ 35; who that may first mete ony of these two knyghtes, they sholde torne hem unto Morgan le fays castel, 378/23. The same use occurs in the 16th century as well :— Whosoeuer that hath not seene the noble citie of Venis, he hath not seene the bewyte and ryches of thys worlde, Andrew Boorde, p. 181; whosoeuer wil buylde a mancyon place or a house, he must cytuate p. 233. Cf. pp. 236, 238, 242. Shakspere has often what-it :- What our contempt doth often hurl from us, We wish it ours again, Antony, I. ii. 127; what you have spoke, it may be so perchance, Macbeth, IV. iii. 11. (C.) Attraction is to be observed in that = that which :- • • Paynem, upon that thou me demaundest, I telle to thee Charles the Grete, 54/17; Olyuer answered that he wold not, and that he sayd was folye, ibid. 56/35. Cf. Blanchardyn, 74/12, 91/7; Morte Darthur, 257/31. Stronger attractions occur in Blanchardyn :- ·-- Blanchardyn, sore angry and euyl apayde of that he sawe the untrewe knyghte to endure so longe . ='of that which,' 28/13; and wyth theym was the kynge of fryse, that of new had cast doune to the grounde [him] that bare the chief standarde of kyng Alymodes, 195/8. that him who. = (D.) Omission of the Relative. The omission of the relative is very common in the 15th and 16th centuries, after there is, there is not (no) :- There is no man in the world can compare to him, Charles, 54/19; yet there were some of the grete lordes had indignation that Arthur shold be kynge, Morte Darthur, 43/14; there was none dyd so wel as he that day, ill. 50/12; there was so fewe a felauship dyd suche dedes, 53/33; there was no man myghte passe them, 59/20. Cf. 59/28, 61/17, 68/24, 146/38, 212/4, 222/33, 238/28, etc. There are many instances of this omission in Berners and in Elizabethan writers :-

xlvi Syntax I. Pronouns. § 15. Relative omitted. § 16. Indefinite. Here be two of my nephese shall be pledge for me, Huon, 37/21; among them there was one was not content, ibid. 73/16; there is no man shal let me, 97/7. Cf. 113/25, 115/32, 122/17, 146/1, 238/30, 249/28, 296/16, 299/8, 440/16. For Shakspere, see Abbott, § 244; and Anglia, III., p. 115 ff. Beside the omission after there is, several striking instances occur in Blanchardyn and Morte Darthur. It is impossible to account for this use without entering into a discussion of the whole matter; so I beg the reader to be satisfied for the time with a simple report of the facts:- Whan blanchardyn understode [that] the knyght thus went thretenyng hym, and that [he] so moche inhumaynly entreated the gentyll pucelle, [he] sayde unto hym, 27/10. Cf. [he] sawe syr Alysander was assoted upon his lady,¹ Morte Darthur, 477/12; thou suffrest now thyn enmyes to sette thy land al on a fyre, and wymmen and children to be slayn of them, [that] are comen ferre wythin thy royaulme, Blanchardyn, 101/27; haue pyte and compassyon upon thys pore chylde, whiche is now al alone amonge wolves famyshed, [that] be redy to devour me, ibid. 180/22. In a chirche they found one was fair and riche, Morte Darthur, 84/5; I shall sende hym a gyfte shalle please hym moche more, 101/ 2; where is the lady shold mete us here? 146/15; he mette with a man was lyke a foster, 184/29; and thenne was he ware of a faucon came fleynge ouer his hede, 208/11; but thou shalt see a syght shal nake the torne ageyne, 219/35; ryght soone ther shal mete a knyght shal paye the alle thy wages, 228/11; by the feythe we owe unto god, 233/8; I wil wel with this he make her amendys of al the trespas he hath done ageynst her, 240/29; for the good lordship ye shewed me, 305/14; that is the grettest payne a prysoner may haue, 400/4.

§ 16. The Indefinite Pronouns.

= French on, German man, The modern English one = people does not occur in Caxton. Its place is still occupied by men. And that by his behauoure and contenaunce, men might well knowe that he was departed and come of noble extraction, Blanchardyn, 50/16; men see atte ey his beaulte, 54/33; (she) cam toward a wyndowe, out of whiche men sawe right ferre into the see, 55/32. Cf. 57/7, 68/24, 76/28, 80/7, 99/1, 116/11, 129/7. From the passages 54/33, and 129/7, we see that 'men' was followed by a predicate in the plural. Cf. 'men make often a rodde for theym selfe,' Aymon, 97/11. There is one instance of 'man' 1 The omission of the relative here is still good English. :-

Syntax I. § 17. Verbs. Impersonal Verbs. xlvii A man told me in the castel of four stones, that ye were delyuered, and that man had sene you in the court of kynge Arthur, Morte Darthur, 83/4. Everiche is equivalent to the modern 'everybody' :- Eueryche (went) in to his owne countrey, Aymon, 186/16; to do eueriche Iustice and reson, Charles, 30/15; there came a byrde to his ere in the presence of everiche that were aboute hym, ibid. 34/3; in a plural sense = all.

§ 17. Impersonal Verbs.

THE VERB. (4.) The Impersonal Verbs denoting natural or else external events, as raining, thundering, freezing, etc., have remained the same, with regard to their syntactical use, from Old English down to modern times. We say still: it rains (O. E. hit rînð), it thunders (O. E. hit punrad), it freezes (O. E. hit freósed), it¹ happens that, &c. (O. E. hit gelimpeð), etc. But those Verbs which express states or actions of the human mind have undergone an important change. As stated above (see p. xi, 'Nominative Case'), many once Impersonal Verbs became personal, and we have now but a few instances of such verbs as 'it¹ seems to me, it¹ pleases me.' In Caxton we see this tendency at work, but the change from impersonal to personal verbs is far from being complete. Here is an alphabetical list of the impersonal verbs in Caxton and Malory; those used personally, too, are marked with * *ail, Middle English eilen, impersonal, and so it is in Caxton. Ha broder, what yelleth you?' Aymon, 226/26; what eyleth you, fayr cosyns, that ye make so euyll chere? ibid. 322/1. Once personal. And when the duchesse sawe him, she began to wepe full sore; and the duke knewe wel what she eylede (Original: yeelde), Aymon, 66/2. *be better. 'Me were better' is the rule, but there is an instance of the personal use. 'A, foole, said she, thou were better flee by tymes,' Morte Darthur, 228/33. forthynke (cf. rewe, repent), to repent. Middle English only impersonal, see Stratmann, s. v. There are exceptions in the Ayenbite (pp. 5, 29), but there Dan Michel apparently copied too faithfully his French original. 1 This it is a false subject, to throw the true subject after the verb.

xlviii Syntax I. § 17. Verbs. Impersonal Verbs. Caxton does not use the word, which he replaces by 'rewe' and 'repent'; but there are several instances in Morte Darthur: 'Me forthynketh of your displeasyr,' 97/32; that me forthynketh,' 82/2. Cf. 324/17. - *hap happen, generally impersonal as in Middle English. Once personal in Morte Darthur: And so he happed upon a daye he came to the herd men'. . . 369/20. Einenkel quotes an earlier instance from the Life of saynt Elisabeth, Wülcker's Lesebuch, II., p. 15: 'For who . . . In that holy iurne happe for to deye... he goth a siker weye To heuen warde.' *be leuer, generally impersonal (Caxton, however, prefers 'have leuer.' Cf. Aymon, 37/17, 148/12); but there is apparently the beginning of the personal construction in the following mixed expression: Ha, false and renyed strompet, I were me leuer ded, than that I sholde byleue nor doo thi cursed counseyll,' Blanchardyn, 185/ 32. It is composed out of the two constructions struggling one with another in the author's mind. Similar absurdities occur in Chaucer : Him hadde wel leever . . . That she hadde a ship, II. 109; Him lever had himselfe to mordre and dye, V. 323. See Einenkel, p. 112; Zupitza, note to Guy, 1. 5077. Like is still impersonal. (Caxton prefers please.) 'Sir, like it you (may it like, that is, please you) that we have doon,' Aymon, 568/25; me lyketh better the swerd, sayd Arthur: Malory, Morte Darthur, 74/3; I assente, sayd the kynge, lyke as ye haue deuysed, and at crystmas there to be crowned, and to holde my round table with my knyghtes as me lyketh, ibid. 182/10. Cf. 222/10, 230/8. I don't notice any instance of personal use in Caxton; but there is one as early as 1440: 'Here me, and pou shalt like it for euer,' Gesta Romanorum, p. 281. Like is used impersonally (and intransitively) in Elizabethan authors: 'Therefore 'tis best, if so it like you all, To send my thousand horse incontinent.' Marlowe, Tumburlaine, 1. 51. 'And I'll dispose them as it likes me best.' ibid. 3839. Cf. Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, p. 159, a.; Greene, James IV., p. 202, a.; George-a-Greene, p. 260, a. *list, used both personally and impersonally. Impersonal. Whan the kynge hath dyned, who that wyl may goo playe where hym lyste,-Charles the Grete, 118/11; Breuse was so wel horsed, that whan hym lyst to flee, he myght wel flee, and also abyde whan hym lyst,-Morte Darthur, 398/8, 9. Cf. 245/8, 256/4. Personal. Ye shall now here and understande from the hensfourthon a terryble and a pyteous songe, yf ye therafter liste to herken, Aymon, 59/7; ye shall understonde, yf ye liste to herken, ibid. 90/21.

Syntax I. § 17. Verbs. Impersonal Verbs. xlix There are two instances of the personal use in Chaucer. For he to vertu listeth not entende, III. 1; As doon this fooles that hire sorw eche with sorowe . and listen nought to seche hem oother cure, IV. 136. *ben loth. Impersonal. I wold well kepe me, and be loth for to denounce thynge unto you that shulde tourne you to a displeasure, Blanchardyn, 76/17; that is me loth, said the knyght, Morte Darthur, 69/24. Personal. I knowe thou arte a good knyghte, and loth I were to slee thee, Morte Darthur, 203/17; therfor ony of hem will be loth to haue adoo with other ibid. 279/2; I am ful loth to haue adoo with that knyght, ibid. 383/22. My There is an instance of the personal use in Chaucer. soverayn lady... Whom I most drede and love, as I best can, and lothest were of all this world displese,' 111/19. But perhaps this use may be traced back to as early as the Cursor Mundi. One line shows the state of transition between the impersonal and personal. 'Of chastite has lichour leth' (loath), 1. 31, Cotton MS. The Fairfax MS. reads of chastite ys licchour lop.' Göttingen and Trinity MSS. read: 'of chastite has lecchour lite.' In another line, loth seems to be used quite personally: (these names) pat lath er for to lie in rim, 9240, MSS. C. F. T. *myster = need, be in need of; avail. Impersonal. lady moder, gramercy of so fayre a yefte as here is, For it mystreth me wel, Aymon, 129/14; borgons, thys worde mystre not to you for to saye, for ye must nedes defende yourselfe, ibid. 141/5; what mystreth hym (to Aeneas) to edifie cartage, and enhabyte emonge his enmies. Eneydos, 62/13. Personal. Wherefore I mystered gretly of thayde and socours of you and of other, Blanchardyn, 77/33. (Of your helpe I had grete myster, Morte Darthur, 224/34. Cf. 59/5.) need seems to be used only impersonally by Caxton and Malory. It needeth not to be doubted that he is come to his extremite of prowes and valyauntnes, Blanchardyn, 72/17; it nedeth not to be asked, yf he was therof gladde, ibid. 101/4; it nede not to you to nake eny sorowe, ibid. 278/15. Cf. Aymon, 167/7, 490/6; Morte Darthur, 278/15. Often used so by Spenser: Now needeth him no lenger labour spend, His foes have slain themselves.-Faerie Queene, I. i. 26; Him needed not long call, ibid. II. vi. 19; Me little needed from my right way to have strayed, II. vi. 22. Also by Shakspere, 3 Henry VI., I. iv. 125; Venus, 250. owe behove. Alas, said sir Lamorak, ful wel me ought to knowe you, for ye are the man that most haue done for me, Morte Darthur, 337/24. Cf. Chaucer, II. 313: and ther she was honoured as hir oughte; Gesta Romanorum, p. 215: (she) mette him as hir owte to do.

Syntax I. § 17. Verbs. Impersonal Verbs. please only impersonal. It playse me wel, Aymon, 75/8. Cf. 29/25, 159/28, 226/22, etc.; Morte Darthur, 198/3, etc. *repent. Impersonal. Yf ye abide here ony lenger, it shall repente you full sore, Aymon, 472/30; Me sore repenteth it, said sir gauayn, Morte Darthur, 107/27; that me repenteth, sayd syr Turquyne, ibid. 185/25. Personal. Wherof I me repente sore, Aymon, 38/21; I truste in god myn eure is not suche but some neuer of them may sore repente thys, Morte Darthur, 59/7; I repente me, ibid. 469/23. rew, impersonal. That rewyth me, sayd the provost, Blanchardyn, 156/10. *seem not only means 'appear,' but also 'think, believe,' as in Old English, when used personally. There are two passages in Blanchardyn which can be interpreted in this way: To my seming ye sholde forclose and take awaye out of your herte all inutyle sorowfulnesse,' 53/5; 'I am sure that he hath in his house a rote that, as to my semyng shai gyf me help,' 70/17; Me semeth him a servaunt nothing able, Courtesye, 1. 455. There are two passages in the E. E. Wills which sanction this interpretation: 'like as mine executours seme best,' 79/21; and still more indisputable: as they seme that gode ys,' 111/26. shame, only impersonal. 'Me shamed at that tyme to haue more adoo wyth you,' Morte Darthur, 332/5; 'for me shameth of that I haue done,' 324/6. In Middle English it is impersonal and personal; cf. Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon: I knewe myn own pouert, and schamede and dradde,' I., p. 11. Cf. I., p. 9: 'me schamed aud dradde to fynde so grete and so gostliche a bone to graunte.' thynken seem, always impersonal. Charles, 55/11; Aymon, 410/30; Morte Darthur, 65/9, etc. (B.) There is another sort of Impersonal Verbs, which denote neither external events nor actions of the mind. These are the verbs reherce, show, tell, occurring in Malory, as in Middle English, without any subject. The context proves that we have to supply 'the author,' 'the book,' though sometimes we find 'in the booke' :- After they were wedded, as it telleth in the booke, Morte Durthur, 63/18; as it telleth after, 63/35; as it telleth in the book of aventures folowynge, 64/31; as it reherceth after in the book of Balyn le saueage, that foloweth next after, 75/17; as it telleth after in the sangraylle, 91/27; as it reherceth afore, 105/11. I found only one instance in Caxton. The heading of chapter xvii. of Aymon runs as follows:-Here sheweth how reynawde faught agenst rowland, the whiche he conquered by the wyll of God, etc., 389/12.

Syntax I. Verbs. § 17. Impersonals. § 18. Intransitives. li This is an old Middle English use :— Ase hit seið þer = as is said there, i. e. in the salutations, Ancren Riwle, p. 34; hi scule habben þat brad pe seið ipe godspel (which is spoken of in the gospel), O. E. Hom., I. 241; so it her telled, Bestiary (in O. E. Miscellany), 1. 257. Cf. 1. 630. (There is another explanation in Grimm, IV. 53.) (C.) There is often a striking want of inflexion in the Impersonal Verbs, especially in thynk = seem:- Bote ne pinche ham nawt 3et þat he is ful pinet (but it seems to them that he is not yet fully tormented).-be wohunge of ure Lauerd, O. E. Hom., I. p. 283. In the Cursor Mundi, me thine is the rule! Cf. 225, 248, 2224, 2941, 3030, 5192, 5863, 6670, etc.; otherwise as hem thenke, E. E. Wills, 124/10; as it please the seid Denys, Bury Wills, p. 46; as them best seme to doon, E. E. Wills, 86/4. In Caxton-Me thynke that ye ought to take that the erle proffereth to you, Aymon, 410/30; It playse me well, sayd the kynge, ibid. 75/8; thys worde mystre not for you to saye, ibid. 141/5. Lyst is nearly always without 8. See above. I suppose that this want of inflection is due to the analogy of the frequent me lyst, which is the regular Old English form. Cf. fæst (inf. fæstan), grét (inf. grétan). Sievers, A. S. Grammar, § 359/3.

§ 18. Intransitive, transitive, and reflexive verbs.

It is an unparalleld freedom of the English language to use the same verb in an intransitive, transitive, or causative, and reflexive sense, e. g. change, mend. Many causes have concurred in bringing about this remarkable and most valuable peculiarity. There is a faint germ of it in Old English, e. q. bídan, to abide (dwell and wait for), intransitive and transitive; féran, go and carry; gesumnian, to gather, reflexive and causative. It grows in Modern English, e. g. drive, used intransitively, O. E. Miscellany, pp. 1, 15; fill(en), Intr. O. E. Hom., II. 37; sink(en), causative, Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1108; leren to learn, ibid. 354, 1383, 3486; O. E. Miscellany, pp. 4, 11; understand to teach, ibid. p. 52; kelen to become cold.-Trevisa, Polychr. I. 177, etc. = It becomes ripe in the Elizabethan time, when nearly every verb is used in all the three senses. Caxton exhibits several instances, which show that the development towards the Modern use was nearly complete :---

lii Syntax I. Verbs. § 18. Intransitives as Causatives. Cease, used as a causative. Soo pray I you that ye wyl cesse your grete sorowe, Blanchardyn, 44/2; (I beseche you) that ye wyll ceasse your sorowe, ibid. 53/27. Learn = teach. She was not lernyd to receyue suche geestes, Blanchardyn, 67/29. Cf. 141/4. Malory, too, has several instances of this use:--- I shalle be your rescowe, and lerne hym to be ruled as a knyghte, Morte Darthur, 197/10; who dyde lerne thee to dystresse ladyes and gentylwymmen, ibid. 197/17. Cf. 285/33, 333/23. Shakspere, Othello, I. iii. 183: My life and education both do learn me How to respect you. = Lose, causative lande hath he wasted Darthur, 82/21. ruin. But through fortune chaungeable, my and lost by darius, Blanchardyn, 146/5; Morte = Possess, causative. When he had gyuen to me my lande, and possessed me in my contrey, I wold not accept it, Charles, 147/16. Succombe, causative subdue. In their folysshe pryde I shal succombe and brynge a lowe their corage, Blanchardym, 104/30. The original has: Et de la folle entre prinse qu ilz ont faicte pour l'orgueil et oultrage qui les ensuient contre vous vouldroy abaissier leur couraige follastre.' = Sit. There is a passage in Aymon where sit is used as a causa. tive set; but there seems to be only one instance of this use, and that makes me suspect a misprint. And he sat al his folk in a bushment within a grete wode, 136/18. I never came across this use of sit in older English, but several passages in Melusine, and the free modern sit, as a reflexive or causal, come very near to it. And she thanne wepynge sutte herself by hym, Melusine, 157/2; [they] sate themself at dyner, ibid. 157/20; Whatever he did, he was constantly sitting himself down in his chair, and never stopping in it.'-Dickens, Chimes, 66; sitting himself down on the very edge of the chair,' Pickwick, II. 356. See Storm, English Philology, Colloquial English. Tarry is used as an intransitive, reflexive, and causative verb. (a) but not long hit taryed, when tolde and recounted was . . . Blanchardyn, 19/17. " (b) the knyght there alone taryed himself,-Blanchardyn, 22/20. Cf. 88/3. (c) other Infynyte thynges that are wont to tarye the corages of some enterpryses, Blanchardyn, 17/11; here we shal tarye tyl oure penne, ibid. 182/11. · ― Walop, causatively. But Blanchardyn wyth a glad chere waloped his courser as bruyauntly as he coude made to gallop, Blanchardyn, 42/5. Cf. Morte Darthur, 176/5: and anon he was ware of a man armed walkynge his horse easyly by a wodes syde. (Both as in Modern English.)

Syntax I. Verbs. § 19. Auxiliary Verbs. liii There are a few verbs used reflexively, which seem to be mere translations of the French. The whiche, when he sawe Blanchardyn, anone escryed hymself hyghe... Blanchardyn, 32/15; I haue not perceyued me of this that ye telle nie, ibid. 17/15 (Original: je ne me suis pas perceu de. .); I perceyue me well, Aymon, 229/15; after this he toke hym self to syghe full sore he began, Blanchardyn, 23/16; yet sholde I neuer consent me to noo peas, Aymon, 409/23; I assente me, said Arthur, Morte Darthur, 71/13; I assente me therto, ibid. 340/6. · At last, it is worth noting that a passive construction is sometimes used with the meaning of a reflexive (or intransitive) :- Here we shal leue to speke of her, and shal retourne to speke of Blanchardyn, that in the provostis house was sette atte dyner, Blanchardyn, 82/22; they wysshe their handes, ant were sette at dyner, Aymon, 38/8; now was set Berthelot and the worthi reynawde for to playe at the ches, ibid. 61/21; I pray you that ye wyl telle me in what region and what marche it (i. e. the city) is sette lies, Blanchardyn, 128/25. Cf. Huon, 117/32. This too seems to be due to the French.

§ 19. Auxiliary Verbs.

(a) The verbs can, may, will are still complete. = 1. be able to: How shall I conne doo soo moche, that I maye avenge myselfe of Charlemagne, Aymon, 61/9; full fayne [she] wolde haue putte therunto a remedy yf by any meanes she had conde,-Blanchardyn, 97/4. = 2. with the meaning to learn: Syre monke, in the deuylles name, conne ye well your lesson,' ibid. 282/23. 3. The phrase 'I conne you thanke' (French: savoir gré): I conne you grete thanke of the offre that now ye haue doon to me, Aymon, 30/34, and 70/32. The infinitive of may is may, or the more frequent and correct mowe (Old English, múgan). In Blanchardyn there is only 1 may against 12 mowe. I pray you that ye wyl doo the beste that ye shal may toward the kynge, 91/10; As ye shall mowe here hereafter, 14/8; by what manere he sholde mowe passe it over, 32/7, 38/14, 43/14, 46/31, 54/28, 68/5, 73/25, 78/2, 101/34, 151/6, 173/33. Mowe occurs twice as a past participle in Blanchardyn. And wherby ye haue mowe knowen by the relacion of your captayne .

liv Syntax I. Verbs. § 19. Auxiliary Verbs. § 20. Voice. 53/13; by all the seruyces and pleasures that I have mowe doon unto you, 53/23. It is to be thought that he shall wyl giue hym one of his doughters in mariage, Blanchardyn, 64/25. Will. I am at a loss how to explain wold be willing,¹ in the following passage: from pe owr that ye shal wold gyue your loue unto kynge Alymodes, the right happy weal of peas shall be publysshed through alle cuntreye,' Blanchardyn, 69/19. Well he had wold that they myght be met wythall, ibid. 121/17. Perhaps the past participle has influenced the infinitive, as in the verbs of Latin origin, like 'mitigate, participate,' etc. (b) Have often means = lead, take, bring. (The ladyes) toke her up anone, and had her to bedde, Blanchardyn, 96/20; (Subyon) toke her by the hande, and had her up fro the grounde, ibid. 177/32, 181/17, 183/2, 189/30; Aymon, 92/14, 525/9, 536/10, etc.; Morte Durthur, 486/17. (c) May is equivalent to can; they are sometimes used together tautologically. The gretest honoure that man can or may do to a knyght.'-Blanchardyn, 66/10. = (d) do is used to give the verb which it precedes a causative meaning. I shal doo passe this same spyere throughe the myddes of thy body, Blanchardyn, 27/17; I shal doo folow hym I shall cause him to be followed, ibid. 44/10 (Original: 'Ie le ferai Sieuir'), 112/7, 120/25, 126/28, 137/21, 148/3, 157/12, 186/4, 187/23, 190/3, 200/31. So in Malory. Compare. 'make' in § 25 below. (e) do used redundantly, as can or gan in Middle English. I tried in vain to find out a rule in Caxton for using or omitting this troublesome 'auxiliary.' There are 95 instances of this do in Blanchardyn. (f) Come is once used as an auxiliary, as in French, and probably in obedience to it: 'She called hym nyghe her, and shewed hym the ryght myghty nauye that cam to arryue there' = which had just arrived (venoit d'arriver), Blanchardyn, 153/35. (9) For owe, see 'Impersonal Verbs.' (h) For the use of shall and will, in order to mark tense and mood, see 'Tense' and 'Mood.'

§ 20. Voice.

The peculiarity of forming the passive voice from intransitive verbs, which is characteristic of the English language, or rather the 1 Dr. Furnivall says it is the past participle 'have been willing to,' 'have consented to.' 2 Past part. wisht, been willing.

Syntax I. § 20. Voice. § 21. Verbal Forms. lv conversion of what is the object of a verb into the subject (he was given a book), is, so far as I am aware, not to be met with in Caxton, and I found only one instance in Malory. Cf. the following instances:- As was tolde hym by the knyght, Blanchardyn, 43/1; all that was told hym, ibid. 196/20; and whan it was told the kynges that there were come messagers, Morte Darthur, 48/27; whan hit was told hym that she asked his hede, ibid. 79/25, 327/35;-he departed and came to his lord and told hym how he was answerd of sir Trystram, ibid. 463/5. This rigid observation of the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs, with regard to the passive voice, is very strange at the end of the 15th century, as there are instances of the modern freedom as early as the beginning of the 13th century. " Koch quotes one instance from Layamon: þat we beon iquemed,' 1/40; and another from Robert of Gloucester: 'ycham ytold,' 5514. But I find the passive construction even with the direct and indirect object:- :- 'Nes among al moncun oni holi dole ifunden pet muhte beon ileten blod,' Ancren Riwle, 112; pet is scarcely the dative; nor is Ure Lauerd in Ure Lauerd beo idonked,' ibid. 8, where MS. C has; 'beo hit ponked,' for another passage, on p. 112, is indisputable : 'pe he was pus ileten blod.'¹ CHAUCER. I may you devyse how that I may be holpe, III. 11; I am commaundid, II. 294; ye schal be payd, III. 17; Thembassatours ben answerde for fynal, IV. 306. Chaucer offers no example of the passive with a double object, but I find one in Hampole, Prose Treatises, p. 5: 'I fand Jesus bowndene, scourgede, gyffene galle⚫to drynke!' Perhaps we may see in Caxton's apparent dislike of this construction, a sort of negative influence of the French.

§ 21. There are verbal forms which, in Old English, were indifferent with regard to voice. These were the infinitive, the verbal

noun (-ung, -ing), and sometimes the participle past, when used adjectively. 1 Einenkel was somewhat rash in saying, with regard to this use, that in Chaucer's time this revolution had just began, and that we must look upon these instances as mere irregularities and licences, p. 110.

lvi Syntax I. § 22. Tense. In Middle English there is a faint beginning of creating new passive constructions of the infinitive and gerund by means of the auxiliary be; but before the Elizabethan age the modern use of the passive infinitive and gerund is not complete. In Caxton there is a distinct tendency towards the modern use, but still the active constructions prevail. The Infinitive, Gerund, and Participle will be dealt with in their proper place; here a few instances will suffice: :- He made the toun sawte ofte tymes ful sore to be assaulted, Blanchardyn, 152/4; after that greuouse sorowe that she hath had of my takynge, ibid. 148/32; (he) was remembred of it always, ibid. 31/7; he was ryght sore merueylled, ibid. 139/16.

§ 22. Tense.

(a) Sometimes the Present Tense occurs instead of the Preterite (Præsens historicum):- And then he taketh him bytwene his armes, and kisseth hym by grete loue; and whan he had doon thus, he sayd. Aymon, 78/12; all they[m] of theyr companye arayed themselfe, and yssued oute of the castell . . and soo go upon the oost of Charlemagne, ibid. 78/25; but Reynawde the worthy knyght is not abasshed, but he taketh all his folke, and setteth theym afore hym, and sayd to his brother Alarde, ibid. 101/12. (b) The Present used instead of the Future is very rare :— 'To morwe erly, whan we see houre and tyme goode, and alle redy, we shal do sowne oure trompetter,' Blanchardyn, 157/11. (c) The Preterite is used in the narrative; but sometimes the Perfect alternates with it, often even in the same sentence:- Charlemain is come to the frensshe men, and commaunded theym for to wythdrawe theym selfe, Aymon, 84/7, 8; Reynawde and his bredern are goon upon the walles, and loked about theym, and sawe that the bassecourte of the castell brenned there as their wytaylles were, ibid. 98/1, 2; Sir Bleoberis ouerthrewe hym, and sore hath wounded hym, Morte Darthur, 296/32. This use crops up pretty often in Middle English epic poetry. Cf. Story of Genesis and Exodus :— 'Wid wines drinc he wenten is hogt, So bat he haued de dede wrogt. 1149, 1150; Symeon and leui it bi-speken, And hauen here sister dor i-wreken.' 1855, 1856, 2013, 2101, 2312, 2609, 2622, 3746, 3798, 3956.

Syntax I. § 22. Tense. lvii (d) The Preterite instead of the Past Perfect Tense is still very common in Caxton :- (We) shall shewe the sorowes and the complayntes of the proude pucelle in amours, and the manyere that she kept after the kysse that blanchardyn toke of her, Blanchardyn, 43/8. And (the city) hym semed the most fayre and most riche cyte that euer he sawe, ibid. 45/17. Cf. 47/33, 57/29, 59/26, 66/15, 116/8, 128/34, 129/26, 145/12, 162/6, 185/6. Malory, Morte Darthur, 37/13, 49/2, 99/31, 150/25, 271/19, 313/14, 325/18, 337/7, 348/3. (e) If what a person thinks, hopes, or tries does not agree with the facts, the verb containing the object of the verbs think, believe, trow, fear, hope, try, etc., appears, as a rule, in a tense anterior to that of those verbs, e. y. :— The prouost and the other of the towne entred ayen in to the cyte, wenyng to them that Blanchardyn had be wyth them, but he was not, Blanchardyn, 88/8. • 1. for they were bothe fal in swone, so that no lyf coude be perceued in theire bodyes, but trowed all they that were present that they had be bothe deed, Blanchardyn, 20/2; as they sholde neuer haue seen eche other, they toke leue one of other, 94/5; for well he wend that he sholde neuyr haue seen ayen her, 95/30; but the prouost trowed that he (Blanchardyn) had ben a sarrasyne as other were, 128/10; they were constreyned to enter into the brode see agayne, lest they sholde haue smytten hemself agrounde, 136/13. (She) was in a grete feer lest he had ben drowned in the grete tempest, 152/14; she was right glad, wenyng to her that it had be Sadoyne, 183/13; and thenne sir launcelot wold haue yeuen hym alle these fortresses and these brydges, Morte Darthur, 352/4. Cf. ibid. 368/35, 369/30, 392/29, etc. 2. The infinitive of the perfect, instead of the present tense, after such verbs is (with a very few exceptions) strictly observed :— He wende to haue tourned the brydell of his horsse, Blanchardyn, 140/32; the cassydonyers had not syth the powere for to haue dressyd it (the standarde) vp ayen, 141/30; (the prouost) wend neuer to haue come tyme ynoughe there, 158/3; he wende to haue lost his wyttes, 186/33; he trowed certaynly to haue fynysshed hys dayes, 188/3. Cf. 107/11, 108/8, 113/22, 117/25, 136/22, 152/29, 166/8, 182/23, 184/2, 197/25, 203/9, 205/25, 205/31, 206/5; Charles the Grete, 133/1, 142/13, 143/15; Aymon, 60/2, 85/26, 101/28, 175/ 23, etc.; Morte Darthur, 35/12, 37/15, 83/1, 83/6, etc.

lviii Syntax I. § 22. Tense. Exceptions:- (Alymodes) wythdrewe hym self in to his pauyllyon, commaundyng his folke that euery man shold loke to lodge hym self, trowyng to be in a sewrete that his enmyes as for that same day sholde not comen nomore out of their cyte (but they yssued out), Blanchardyn, 59/20; she shal neuer haue no parfytte Ioye at her herte, for loue of a knyght of whom she is enamored, whiche she weneth to be peryshed (but he was not), 155/3. Cf. 167/25, 185/14, 186/22, 186/27, 190/33; Aymon, 196/26, 231/11; Morte Darthur, 227/13, 248/3. This use was continued in the 16th century:- He fell to the erthe, wenyng he had been slayne, BERNERS, Huon, 29/25; (Huon) drew out his sword to defende hym selfe, thynkyng the beest wold haue assayled hym, 111/11; cf. 200/31, 291/2; with the infinitive, 11/17, 26/30, 27/3, 31/13, 40/9, 44/20, 62/15, 69/6, 90/5, 100/4, 108/4, 108/30, etc.; he was about in such familiar sort to have spoken to her, SIDNEY, Arcadia, p. 27; I was about to have told you my reason thereof, SPENSER, Ireland, p. 613; I hope to have kept, ibid. p. 620. 'Her scattered brood, soone as their Parent deare They saw so rudely falling to the ground. Groning full deadly, all with troublous feare, Gathred themselves about her body round, Weening their wonted entrance to have found At her wide mouth.' SPENSER, Faërie Queene, I. i. 25. 'All cleane dismayd to see so uncouth sight, And half enraged at her shamelesse guise, He thought have slaine her in his fierce despight.' ibid. I. i. 503. Cf. I. ii. 362; I. ii. 39; I. iii. 5; I. iii. 24; I. iii. 41 ; I. v. 13; I. vi. 3; I. vi. 40; I. vii. 14, etc. (f) With regard to the agreement between the tenses in principal sentences and clauses, the strictness of our modern rules, adopted from the Latin grammar, is still unknown, and, in particular, the Preterite in the principal sentence is often followed by the Present in the clause. This is due to a sort of anacoluthon. There is, as it were, a sudden transition from indirect to direct speech, which is indeed very common in Middle English, as well as in Caxton and Malory :- (Blanchardyn) prayed hym that he vousshesauff to helpe hym that he were doubed knyght, Blanchardyn, 24/2 (Original: 'quil le aidast a adouber de ses armes'); and whan she myght speke vnto her maystres that he that this Iniurye had doon to her what so euer he be, Yf he may come in her handes or in her power, noon shal

Syntax I. § 23. Mood. lix mowe sauc hym, but he shal lese his hed for the same, 43/13; and sayde of a goode herte and a free wylle that he shal furnysshe Rubyon of his requeste, 83/3; Blanchardyn made grete sorowe and lamentacyon, wyshyng full often that he may yet see ones his lady, 97/17, 65/11, 69/19, 138/20, 185/7; (Charlemayne) sware god that he sholde neuer retorne in to fraunce but that Ryynawde were take ; and that yf he maye haue hym, all the worlde shall not saue hym, Aymon, 73/16; (the kyng) badde hym be redy and stuffe hym and garnysshe hym, for within xl dayes he wold fetche hym oute of the byggest castell that he hath, Morte Darthur, 35/33; and there Dynadan told Palomydes all the tydynges that he herd and sawe of syre Tristram, and how he was gone with kynge Marke, and with hym he hath alle his wyll and desyre, ibid. 455/12.

§ 23. Mood.

Caxton's use of the Subjunctive is nearly modern; in the sentences, however, which express a wish, the synthetic use is remarkable. Instead of the modern may god help me' there is so helpe me God'; instead of 'might it please God,' 'pleased God,' etc. This, however, is very common, and is continued in the poetry of even modern times. But there is another point worth noting. There are several instances of the Indicative instead of the Subjunctive Mood, which seem to suggest that the modern tendency of supplanting the Subjunctive may be traced back to Caxton's time, or still carlier. 1. Sentences expressing wish :- I beseke and praye pe, in the worship of the goddes, that at tyme of nede, for the defense of my royalme, thou wylt uttir and shewe that which I see appiere with in þe, Blanchardyn, 104/22. There are several instances of this use in Huon :-for I wyll thou knowyst she is the fairest mayde that is now lyuynge, 50/14; I wyll thou layest unto me good hostages, 51/9; I wyll thou knowest that ye shall all lose, 87/28; I doubte me lest he hath slayne my sone Lohyer, Aymon, 30/17. Please occurs in Elizabethan authors in the Indicative, when used in principal sentences expressing wish :- :- Pleaseth it you therefore to sit down to supper,-Lyly, Euphues, p. 28; pleaseth you walk with me down to this house-Shakspere, Errors, IV. i. 12; pleaseth you ponder your Supplicant's plaintSpenser, Sheph. Cal., February. There seems to be one instance as early as 1360, Sir Gawayne BLANCHARDYN. e

lx Syntax I. § 24. Imperative Mood. and the Green Knight, 2439: 'bot on I wolde yow pray, displeses yow neuer.' 2. Negative clauses :- He began to ryde faste by the forest, in whiche he was bothe the daye and the nyght . . . wythout adventure to fynde that doeth to be recounted, Blanchardyn, 31/19 (original: qui a raconter fuce); wythout fyndyng of eny aduenture that is to be recounted, ibid. 127/7; it nedetn not to be doubted that he is comme to his extremite of prowes, wythout that amours hath ben the cause in the person of some hyghe a pryncesse, 72/19. 3. Conditional sentences:- (a) The clause (introduced by if) appears sometimes in the Indicative :- • And yf thou wylt not doo it Aymon, 25/6; always yf he hath trespassed ayenst you in ony manere, I am ryghte sory for hit, ibid. 30/28; now shall it be scen yf it is true or not, ibid. 325/3. The Subjunctive appears in Aymon, 25/33, 26/1, etc. (b) Sometimes the principal sentence following a conditional clause appears in the Indicative, though the latter expresses irreality:- For a ryght gode knyght he was, yf he had been a crysten man, Blanchardyn, 86/13; for I was dysherited and undoon for euer, yf they had not been, Aymon, 159/6.

§ 24. Imperative Mood.

1. The Imperative is very often followed by the personal proInstances abound. Cf. p. xiii. noun. 2. Here and there the imperative seems to be represented by the Indicative, as the arrangement of words suggests:- But wel ye knowe that he was not hadde sore ferre from the kynge his fadre, Blanchardyn, 13/1 (original: sachiez); A, fayr damoysels, said Amand, ye recommaunde unto la Beale Isoude, Morte Darthur, 436/16. This occurs very often in the Story of Genesis and Exodus, as in the Cursor Mundi (frequent) :— 'Almigtin louerd, hegest kinge, bu give me seli timinge.'-Story, 31. Adam, hu knowe eue din wif,' ibid. 397. Cf. 737, 1492, 2072. The Oriel Text of the Book of Curtesye has one instance :- 'As ye be commandyd, so ye do algate.' 120.

Syntax I. § 25. The Infinitive. Active and Pasive. lxi Hill and Caxton have: ' so do ye algate.' The Infinitive.

§ 25. Active and Passive.

While, as mentioned above, the Infinitive in Old English—as well as in the other Teutonic languages-was indifferent with regard to voice, the later periods of Middle English develope the passive on the same principle as Latin, and are probably modelled on that. Whenever there is an action without a subject to do it, we find the passive construction in Latin-infinitivus passivi and participium passivi (or rather gerundium), e. g. militem occidi iussit; credendum est. So far as I am aware both these constructions are translated in Old English, as well as in Middle English of the first centuries, by the simple infinitive. Instances abound :— ... oncy, ba hi þæt ne gepafodan, pa het he hi behenfdian,-Sweet, Oldest English Texts, p. 177 (Martyrology); pa heht se casere gesponnan flower wildo hors to scride, ibid.; Eac is to gedencanne, Cura pastoralis, 53; denum eallum was to gepolianne Beowulf, 1418; ne bid swyle cwénlic peáw, idese to efnanne. þætte freoðu-webbe, ibid. 1941; we nu gehyrað þis halige godspel beforan us rædan, Blickling Hom. 15/28. Cf. 55/25, 107/26; hit is lang to areccene, Wulfstan, 7/12; seo menniscness is wundorlic ymbe to smeagenne, ibid. 15/14, 25/6, 27/1, 158/16, etc., etc. Middle English :— Nu ne perf na mon his sunne mid wite abuggen but toward crist ane mid scrifte swa him his preost lered al swa his festen, pe swide oner Rimet þes flesces wlongnesse and chuc (chirc?) 30ng and god to donne peruore monie and feole odre godere werke pe nu were long cou to telle,—O. E. Hom. I. 9; heo wes wurse to polien þenne efreni of alle pa opre pine, ibid. I. 43; hwet is us to donne ?—ibid. I. 91; pan alden his to warniene wid uuele ipohtas, ibid. I. 109; II. 117, 139; patt (sc. flocc) talepp patt to lofenn iss, Ormulum, 77; þeos (pinges) beoð alle ine freo wille to donne or to leten, Ancren Riwle, 8 ; leted writen on one scrowe hwat se ze ne kunneð nout, ibid. 42. 'Ghe knew it for hire owen sune; And quane it sulde sundred ben, Ghe bar it teremuth for to sen.' Story of Genesis and Exodus, 2628; 'de bi-leuen brennen he bead.' ibid. 3154. 'O spuse-brek womman þat þe Iuus dempt to stan' Cursor Mundi, 186;

Ixii Syntar I. § 25. The Infinitive. Active and Passive. • workie for to neuen.' ibid. 4056, 4420, 5634, 5678, 6364, 6718. And syn he best to love is and most meke.' 'foul artow to embrace. ibid. III. 93. 6 But ay thay wondren what sche mighte be, That in so pover array was for to se. Chancer, V. 77; ibid. II. 310. His brest was hole withouten for to sene.' ibid. III. 13; 'it (sc. þe oost) is to dispyse (orig, spernendum est).' Boethius, p. 12. his emperour is to undirstand our Lord ihesu crist, Gesta Romanorum, p. 22 (= by this emperour is understood, etc.); I wolle hane this childe, that thi wife has brought forthe this nyght, to norisshe in my palys, ibid. p. 208; some the emperoure made letters to send to the empresse, ibid. p. 213; thenne she brought him out of pe prison, and gerte bathe him, ibid. p. 312. The passive construction is rarely to be met with in the earliest Middle English texts. There are, however, numerous instances in the 14th century :— Cursor Mundi (Cotton, Göttingen, and Trinity MSS.), 4856: 'pair siluer he tok and gaue þam corn And to pair inne did it be born.' Cf. 5004, 5080, 9098; worthy to be... i-preysed (= praeconiis attollendi), Trevisa, Polychronicon, I. 3; suche seruep and is good to be knowe of Cristen men, ibid. I. 17; that made hem gentil men y-callid be,-Chaucer, I. 240. And suffrith us · ful ofte to be bete in sondry wise.' ibid. II. 314. (Petrarch's Original, p. 170: et saepe nos multis ac gravibus flagellis exerceri sinit.) In Caxton the old use is still very frequent, if it is not the prevailing one; and, to conclude from several instances, the passive construction was not quite familiar to him. The proportion between the instances of active and passive construction is in Blanchardyn 11 to 8. () Governed by adjectives and answering to the Latin Supine. Active. The sore of loue is ryght anguyssous and heuy forto bere,—Blanchardyn, 68/23; lete vs not departe from hens for this is a goode place for to deffende, Aymon, 108/10; but the foure sones of Aymon were good to knowe by thother for they had on grete mauntelles of scarlet furred with ermynes, ibid. 224/8.

Syntax I. § 25. The Infinitive. Active and Passive. lxiii Passive. (Subyon) tolde them. . . that he wold wedde the proude pucelle in amours, for many causes and raysons that were to long to be reherced,-Blanchardyn, 179/18; here shall you here of the hande hewyng, and of a thynge heny to be recounted,-Aymon, 53/12; Reynawde and his bredern are suche knyghtes that they ben not for to be lightly ouerthrowen, ibid. 104/2; ye are gretly to be blamed, ibid. 234/6. (b) Governed by verbs, especially by do and make, answering to the Latin Infinitivus Passivi. Caxton very often uses a redundant lo, so that we find such awkward expressions as, 'he did do make.' Active. I shal doo folow hym (original: Ie le feray sieuir), Blanchardyn, 44/10; he made to drawe vp ancres, ibid. 111/13; they made to take up the ancres and to hale vp their saylles, ibid. 127/2; he made the toun sawte ofte tymes, ibid. 152/4; Subyou domaged theym ryght sore, and their place, wyth their bombardes and other engynes of warre, that he had do brynge there, ibid. 200/31; but what so euer goode sporte and pleysure that blanchardyn sawe ther make for his sake nothyng coude playse hym, ibid. 110/11; very striking is ibid. 12/22: Blanchardyn was taken in to the handes of a right noble lady of the lande for to norysshe and byngen vp (original : pour le nourir et esleuer). Cf. Gesta Romanorum, p. 208 (quoted above, p. lxii). There is also both the active and passive construction governed by the same verb :- Kyng Alymodes commaunded expressely to the mareshall of his ooste, that he shold doo make and to be sette vp a galhouse, Blanchardyn, 187/23; Aymon, 70/5, 73/30, 74/22, 78/14, 90/24, 96/21, 96/28, 129/4, 145/23, 147/21, etc. Passive. for he made to be brought vnto hym by his folke al suche armures and harneys as to hym behoued to haue, Blanchardyn, 47/19; (Blanchardyn) made hym to be armed,-ibid, 47/22; he made his trompetto to be sowned, ibid. 119/23; Aymon, 65/8, 66/14, 69/34, 73/23, 73/26, 74/13, 80/1, 80/21, 84/31, 87/1, 96/24, 101/22, 167/ 32, etc.; Morte Darthur, 37/1, 367/38, etc. (c) Governed by the verb to be,' answering to the Latin Gerundium or Futurum Passivi :- Active. :- And where vpon is to by-leue that blanchardyn was neuere in hys lyff half so glad, Blanchardyn, 80/11; syr Emperour, this paynym i

lxiv Syntax I. § 26. The Simple Infinitive. nameth hym self fyerabras, whiche is moche to redoubte and hath done moche harme to crysten men, Charles the Grete, 42/26; and yf thou mayst come vnto the hye secrets whyche ben strongly for to doubte and drede in the doubtous courteynes of the most hye prynces. Thenne shalt thou be most messhaunt, The Curial, 5/12; ye be to blame (still kept), Aymon, 83/7, 99/13. Passive. He began to ryde faste by the forest wythout aduenture to fynde that doeth to be recounted (original: qui a raconter face), Blanchardyn, 31/19; wythout fyndyng of eny aduenture that is to be recounted, ind. 127/7; yf Blanchardyn was ryght glad of this adventure, it is not to be axed, 42/1, 12; it is not to be told but Blanchardyn mayntened hymself, 50/29. Instead of the infinitive there occur two instances of the past participle:- Thise ben the folke of themperour Charlemayn, that goeth to Ardeyn for to besege a castell that the foure sones of Aymon haue do made there, Aymon, 70/29; how the kyng Charlemayn wold have doon hanged Mawgys incontynent after that oliver had deliverde hym to hym, ibid. 365/5. Cf. Alle the werk which I haue do maad, Bury Wills, p. 39. .. • There are striking instances of group (b) in Berners's Huon :— (Huon) toke the horne of Iuorey from his necke and toke it to his host to kepe, sayenge, host, I take you this to kepe,' 85/15. Cf. ibid. 233/16 (kepe, however, may be the substantive; Middle English, kep. See Stratmann s. v.); thyder his doughter was brought to hym to se, ibid. 313/31; how the duches Esclaramond deliueryd her doughter Clariet to Barnarde to bere to the abbot of Cluny, ibid. 401/26. For the Tense of the Infinitive, see above, p. lvii.

§ 26. The Simple Infinitive is far from being so much restricted

as in Modern English. Caxton's use of it is nearly as free as Chaucer's. A few instances will do:- How after many dysputacyons Olyuer ayded arme fyerabras, Charles the Grete, 57/4; But the valiaunt erle of rames pursued hym so nygh that he suffred hym not goo at his wylle, Aymon, 517/9. Cf. Man schal not suffre his wyf go roule aboute, Chaucer, II. 226; That wol not suffre us duellen here, ibid. II. 279. The Infinitive governed by 'do' is nearly always simple: for instances see the preceding paragraph.

Syntar I. § 27. To & for to. § 28. Functions of the Infinitive. lxv After 'make' the simple Infinitive in a passive sense is very rare. He made the toun suwte ofte tymes ful sore, Blanchardyn, 152/4 ; The good lady made bryng lynnen, Aymon, 129/7. Cf. Chaucer, Boece, p. 55, l. 1460: he lete brenne pe citee of Rome and mude. slen pe senatours.¹

§ 27. To and for to preceding the Gerundial Infinitive.

As a rule, Caxton uses for to, (a) In order to denote aim and purpose; (b) after substantives. The first translates the French pour, the latter de. There are, however, exceptions. On the first sixty pages of Blanchardyn, to occurs eighty-six times, and of these only two are governed by nouns, viz., 16/6, 41/20. On the other hand, out of the eighty-six passages containing for to, there are but three governed by verbs, viz., 18/18, 29/25, 37/13. Here and there both to and for to occur in the same sentence :- They alle sholde mounte on horsbacke for tenquyre and seke after his most dere and welbeloued sone, and to brynge hym ayen vnto hym, Blanchardyn, 20/21; ye myght well kepe your selfe that ye com not so often to see vs and for to doo vs harme, Aymon, 83/9.

§ 28. Functions of the Infinitive.

(a) Caxton sometimes uses the Infinitive--as in Old and Middle English—where we use the Gerund, especially after prepositions :— Wythout aduenture to fynde, Blanchardyn, 31/18; Wythout to make ony noyse, Aymon, 78/24; yf I goo there wythoute myn armes, nor wythout to be as it apperteyneth, ibid. 219/31; wythout to be dyshonoured, ibid. 470/25. Infinitive with the Gerund, Blanchardyn, 37/15, 16; he salued hym prayng that for to paye well and largely content him, he wold vouchsauf to take hym for his hoste, Blanchardyn, 46/9; ye knowe well the offence that your broder halde doon to me, for to haue slayn soo cruelly Lohier, Aymon, 60/2; but none myght compare wyth Reynawde for to do well, Aymon, 82/3; yet ye be there and wel ferre for to be oute, Charles, 93/3; ye are gretely to blame for to displease kyng Arthur, Morte Darthur, 80/12. Remnants of this use occur still in Spenser (? as conscious archaisms):- 1 Dr. Furnivall suggests that this construction may explain Shakspere's puzzle in All's Well, III. iv.: 'I see that men make rope's (make us to be ensnared) in such a scarre (fright) that we'll forsake ourselves.'

lxvi Syntax I. § 29. The Infinitive Absolute. Or who shall let me know On this vile body for to wreak my wrong.' Faerie Queene, II. viii. 28/4. 'feare nought, then saide the Palmer well aviz'd, for these same Monsters are not these in deed, But are into these fearefull shapes disguiz'd By that same wicked witch, to worke in dreed, And draw from on this journey to proceed.' Ibid. II. xii. 26/5. (2) The Infinitive used instead of a whole clause (as a manyworded adverb):- They kylled and slue and hurte sore many one, Deffendynge hem selfe soo strongely ayenste their enmyes, to theyr grete losse and damage, and to wythdrawe them self ayen so that they withdrew themselves (original: maint en naurerent et occirent en eul deffendant, tellement que leurs ennemis, a leur grant perte et dommage, sen retournerent arrieve sans gaires prouffiter, car moult en yolt de mors et de naures'), Blanchardyn, 187/10; he lefte not for to be forthwith quartered... but that he toke that same sarasyn by the heyre, etc., Charles the Grete, 132/18; for to renne xxx leghes he wold not be wery, ibid. 150/13; Here is to hard a mocke for me, and ye wynne not moche by, for to gabbe me of this facyon, Aymon, 338/29 (conditional clause); and soo he lete conduyte the harper out of the countrey but to say that kyng Mark was wonderly wrothe he was (conditional clause), Morte Durthur, 465/12. There are several instances of this use in Berners's Huon, and here and there in Elizabethan writers :- Syr, quod they, to dye in the quarell we shall ayde and socoure you (edition of 1601: were we sure to dye, etc.), Huon, 22/2; I thanke the of thy grace to haue gyuen me the puyssaunce to sle such a creature (ed. of 1601: that thou hast gyuen me, etc.), ibid. 109/21; as long as I lyue I shal neuer forgete Huon, and shal alwayes, to dye in the payne, kepe me for the bodely company of ony man lyuinge (ed. of 1601 and shal alwayes be redy to dye in the payne and kepe me fro, etc.), ibid. 195/14; yf he had knowen it to haue dyed in the quarel he wolde neuer haue consented to that treason, ibid. 284/6; Comforte your men, who hathe great desyre to defende this citye for the sauegarde of their owne bodyes and lyues, thus to make sorow ye can wyn nothynge therby, ibid. 387/30.

§ 29. The Infinitive Absolute.

There is a peculiar use of the Infinitive which turns up first in the second half of the 14th century :-

Syntax I. § 29. The Infinitive Absolute. lxvii 'I say this, be ye redy with good herte To al my lust, and that I frely may As me best liste do yow laughe or smerte, And never ye to gruch it.'-Chaucer, II. 289 (Grisilda). 'Let hym fynde a sarasyn And y to fynde a knyght of myn.'—Guy of Warwick, 3531/2. I have tried in vain to find any trace of this use in earlier days, and can only account for it in the following way. There is an outspoken tendency in the English of the 14th century to supplant adverbial clauses of time, and express a condition by absolute constructions:- þe same Plato lyryng, hys maistre socrates deservede victorie of unristful deep in my presence, Chaucer's Boere, 184 (original : 'codemque superstite praeceptor ejus Socrates injustac victoriam mortis me adstante promeruit'); but I withstod pat ordinaunce and overcom it, knowing al pis pe kyng hym self,-ibid. 308; The service doon, they soupen al by day, Chaucer, II. 364; This wordes seyde, she on hire armes two fil gruf, ibid. IV. 337; The cause iknowe, and of his harm the roote, Anon he yaf the syke man his boote, ibid. II. 14. As appears by the preceding examples, both participles serve to represent clauses in the present and past tenses. But how about the future? Why should there be no absolute construction for a clause with a future tense? The want of a proper participle did not prevent the language from completing the use of absolute constructions. It resorted to the Infinitive. Wycliffe tried to introduce a future participle. 'He was to dyinge,'-Lucas, I. 2 (crat moriturus); 'to doynge,' ibid. 22, 23 (facturus). But this innovation was not accepted. There is, however, a similar formation in Caxton: Guy, hir loue and tocoming husband,' Charles the Grete, 134/27, i. e. that was to be; Our tocomyng souerayne lorde,' Blades, 139/140; it occurs also in Piers Plowman. Cf. Skeat, Notes, p. 371, and Trevisa, Polychr. I. 267. This probably gave birth to that peculiar use which, in the course of its development, became more and more free, so that in the 15th century the Infinitive Absolute often serves to alternate with any principal sentence and clause :- " 'I dar the better ask of you a space Of audience, to schewen oure request And ye, my lord, to doon right as yow lest.—Chaucer, II. 281.

lxviii Syntax I. § 29. The Infinitive Absolute. 'Ne (he) in his desire none other fantasye bredde, But argumentes to this conclusioun, That sche of him wolde han compassioun And he to ben hire man whil he may dure.'-Chaucer, IV. 127. ‘(I mene that ye wolde) agreen that I may ben he In trowth alway to don yow my servyse, As to my lady right, and chief resorte With al my wit and al my diligence, And I to han right as yow list conforte And that ye deigne me so muchel honoure Me to comaunden aught in any houre, And I to ben youre veray humble trewe."--Chaucer, IV. 230. 'Men schold him brenne in a fuyr so reed If he were founde, or if men myght him spye, And we also to bere him companye.—Chaucer, III. 38. Item, I geue and quethe to Willm Husher III s. IV d. and he to have his indentour of his prentished. Bury Wills, p. 16 (a.D. ); Item, I wyll that Maist. Thomas Harlowe sey the sermon at my interment, if he vouchsafr, and he to have VI s. and VIII d. to prey for me, ibid. p. 17; ibid. p. 18. A striking instance occurs on p. 21: I will that the seid preest ne his successours shal not lete to ferme the seid place to no man nor woman, but he and his successours to logge; Also y will þat Iohn Edmund (haue) al þe led . . he to pay per for as it ys worthy, Earliest English Wills, 2/13 (A.D. 1387); I yeue hem halli unto Maude my wyf, scho for to doo with them hir owne fre wylle, ilid. 95/16 (A.D. 1433); ibid. 123/18 ff (A.D. 1439); If all thre sonnes die withoute heires of their bodies, theire moder than lyuyng, then she for to have all the same maners, ibid. 124/25, 127/14, 15 (A.D. 1439):- 'frollo bat worthy knyght Proferyd wyth arthour for to fyght Vnder pis wyse and condicioun.- Ho hadde pe Maystrie haue þe crown; And no mo men but þey twa.' · Arthur, ed. Furnivall, 1. 76. Caxton seems to have disliked this use; the following passages are the only instances I have found of an Infinitive Absolute occurring in his works :- And with the remenaunte he shold make men ryche, and to sette them in good poynte, Charles the Grete, 126/3; yf I retorne wythoute to auenge my barons, I shall do pourely, sythe they haue susteyned and borne up the crowne Imperial and my wylle, and I now to retorne wythoute to auenge them. He that gaf me suche counceyll, loueth me but lytel, I se wel, ibid. 16/14.

Syntax I. § 29. The Infinitive Absolute. lxix But Malory's Morte Darthur makes a very large use of it; instances abound; and it is probably due to the influence of this great favourite of the 16th century that the absolute infinitive is very frequent in Berners, and occurs even in Elizabethan times :— This is my counceill... that we lete puruey X knyghtes, men of good fame and they to kepe this swerd, Morte Darthur, 40/37 ; for hym thought no worship to haue a knyght at suche auaille he to be on horsbak and he on foot, ibid. 71/23; hit was neuer the custome of no place of worship that euer I came in whan a knyghte and a lady asked herborugh and they to receyue hem and after to destroye them, ibid. 310/23; and soo they rode vnto the keepers of beestes and alle to bete them, ibid. 367/38; The custom was suche amonge them, that none of the kynges wold helpe other, but alle the felauship of euery standard to helpe other, ibid. 533/18. Cf. 461/27, 590/35. In the following instances the Infinitive Absolute is used without a subject:- I wylle that ye gyue vnto your broder alle the hole manoir with the appertenaunce, vnder thys forme, that sir Ontzelake hold the manoir of yow, and yerely to gyue yow a palfrey, Morte Darthur, 134/18; I wyl foryeue the the dethe of my broder, and for euer to become thy man, ibid. 224/19; thou shalt neuer escape this castel, but euer here to be prys ner, ibid. 244/14; I will do to yow homage and feaute, with an C knyghtes with me, and alle the dayes of my lyf to doo you seruyse, ibid. 266/31; he shold fyghte body for body, or els to fynde another knyght for hym, ibid. 303/14; there is non other waye but thou must yelde the to me, outher els to dye, ibid. 314/3. Cf. 324/14, 408/8, 496/9, 527/25, 633/14, 646/32. Berners goes a step beyond Malory in his free use of the Infinitive Absolute :- Yf it fortunyd that the vanquisser sle his enemye in the feld, or he confesse the treason for the deth of his sonne, that than the vanquyssher to lese all his londys, Huon, 40/26; it shall be sayde that you who hath lyuyd in so grete tryumphe all the dayes of your lyfe, and now in your latter dayes to become a chylde, ibid. 47/6; whan thou seest hym sytte at the table, than thou to be armyde wyth thy sworde, ibid. 50/7; And also thou to brynge me thy handfull of the hereof hys herde, ibid. 50/20. Cf. 107/5, 116/32, 169/14, 169/20, 185/11, 256/21, 287/20, 303/26, 304/15, etc. In all these instances the Infinitive Absolute is more or less governed by, or at least in connection with, the finite verb of the

lxx Syntax I. § 30. The Infinitive with the Accusative. principal sentence; but there are some instances where the Infinitive is used entirely apart from the preceding sentence:- By God, quod he, I hope alway byhynde! And she to laugh, Chaucer, IV. 198. Cf. IV. 185, V. 295. 'Most sencelesse man he, that himselfe doth hate, To love another; Lo! then, for thine ayd, Here take thy lovers token on thy pate So they to fight.'-Spenser, Faërie Queene, I. vi. 47/8. Mr. Kitchin, in his Clarendon Press edition, explains this expression by and they go to fight'; but I am rather inclined to see in it a remnant of the Infinitive Absolute, if not an imitation of the older French use. See Littré, Dictionnaire, s. v. de, 20º.

§ 30. The Infinitive in connection with the Accusative (or Nominative) case, where we now put for or for.. to.¹ As in Chaucer, the

Infinitive with the Accusative occurs governed by substantives, adjectives, and impersonal verbs :- No wondur is a lewid man to ruste,-Chaucer, II. 16; now were it tyme a lady to gette henne, ibid. IV. 250; but it is good a man be at his large, ibid. II. 71; (his folke) putte hem self vpon their enmyes, so that it was force the polonyens to recule almak, Blanchardyn, 107/18; it is better a man wysely to be stille than folyssly to speke, Charles the Grete, 93/5; for it is gods wyll youre body to be punysshed for your fowle dedes, Morte Durthur, 67/10; for it semeth not yow to spede there as other hauc failled, ibid. 77/34. In Malory, and even in Shakspere, we sometimes find the Infinitive in connection with the nominative case instead of the expected accusative, after substantives, adjectives, and impersonal verbs :- Thow to lye by our moder is to muche shame for vs to suffre, Morte Darthur, 453/4; hit was neuer the custome of no place of worship that euer I came in, whan a knyghte and a lady asked herberough, and they to receyue hem, and after to destroye them, ibid. 310/23; a heauier task could not haue been imposed than I to speak my griefs unspeakable,-Shakspere, Err. I. i. 33; what he is indeed, more suits you to conceive than I to speak of,-As You Like It, I. ii. 279; thou this to hazard needs must intimate skill infinite or monstrous desperate,-All's Well, II. i. 186; I to bear this... is some burden,-Timon, IV. iii. 266. 1 John Fisher has the modern construction: It is better for a synner to suffre trybulacyon.'-English Works of John Fisher, ed. Mayor (E. E. T. S.), p. 41, 1. 9.

Syntax I. § 31. Infinitive omitted. § 32. Pres. Participle. lxxi

§ 31. Sometimes the Infinitive is omitted, and its function is

included in the preceding auxiliary verb. This is especially the case where we now use verbs like 'go,'' move,' etc. This omission is rather frequent in Old English :— Swa swa ofer runcan man wat þæt he sceolde to his huse and his reste, Boethius, 132; dat hie forgieten hwider hie scylen, Cura Pastoralis, 387/14; for oft donne hy witodlice geseop pat hy sceolon to reste, Beda, 283; þæt he myste, hwær ut sceolde, Orosius, 286/20; le him æfter sceal, Beowulf, 2817; ponne he ford scile, ibid. 3178; ponne du ford scyle metod-sceaft seon! ibid. 1179; Ac hie to helle sculon on pone sweartan sið, Genesis, 732; Min sceal of lice sawul on sið fæet, Iuliana, 699; Heo was on ofste, wolde ut panon feore beorgan, pa heo onfunden was, Beowulf, 1293; ær he in wille, ibid. 1371; Ic to sa wille, ibid. 318; nu wille ic eft pam lige near, Genesis, 760; da he him from wolde da gefeng he hine, Cura Pastoralis, 35/19; pa mid pæm pa hi hie getrymed hæfdon and togædere woldon, pa weard eorpbeofung, Orosius, 160/28; ac pa hic togædere wolden pa com swa ungemetlic ren, ibid. 194/17. Middle English:- 'Bot I wyl to pe chapel, for chaunce pat may falle.' Sir Gawayne, 2132. 'I frayned hym . . . whider þat he pouzte.' Langland, Piers Plowman (B), 16/174. I could not find this use in Caxton, but there are instances in Malory :- But the brachet wold not from hym, Morte Darthur, 37/24; I wylle to morowe to the courte of kyng Arthur, ibid. 446/1; whether wylt thow? ibid. 560/32; that wold the none harme, ibid. 390/4.

§ 32. The Present Participle ending in -yng, -ynge (scarcely in

-ing), has the same functions as in Modern English; for tocoming, see above, § 29, p. lxvii. " With regard to voice, there are but few exceptions to its active meaning. Desplesaunt = displeasing occurs in Blanchardyn, 27/19; thy lyffe is to me so gretly displeasaunte.' But several times it has the passive sense =- displeased:- Byfore whiche cyte was yet Kyng Alymodes at siege wyth his oost, wherof the fayr the proude pucell in amours was sore displaysaunt, Blanchardyn, 127/11; but on thys day . . . so desplaysaunt ne sory was he neuer as I shal make hym for the, Charles the Grete, 62/3; the noble flory pes was moche dysplays unte for the

lxxii Syntax I. § 33. The Pust Participle. necessyte of the frensshe men, ibid. 124/26; wher fore thadmyral was so dysplaysaunt and angry that he wende to haue dyed, ibid. 143/14. The verb displease occurs also several times in the phrase: dysplayse you not, ibid. 113/20, 146/34; and in the past participle dysplaysed, Aymon, 464/19, 510/8. Malory has beholdyng beholden:- = Ye are the man in the world that I am most beholdyng to, Morte Darthur, 42/24; I am moche beholdyng vnto hym, ibid. 86/22; me semeth ye ar moche beholdynge to this mayden, ibid. 476/32; therfor ye are the more beholdyng vnto god than any other man to loue hym and drede hym, ibid. 640/11; beholden occurs, ibid. 86/11, 89/5. Cf. Skeat, Notes to Langland, p. 161. Instead of holden [B, ▲], we find in [c] the form holdinge. This represents a common corruption, which appears also in beholding, as used for beholden by Shakspere and others, see Richard III., II. i. 129; Julius Cæsar, III. ii. 70; and Abbott, Shakspere Grammar, 3rd ed., sect. 372.

§ 33. The Past Participle exhibits far more irregularities with

regard to voice. Past Participles of transitive verbs used in an active sense, or at least indifferent as to voice, turn up in all the periods of the language. Old English. Ond ic bebiode on godes naman, þæt nán mon pone æstel from þære béc ne dó, ne pá bóc from pæm mynstre: uncúp hú longe þær swá gelærede biscepas sien, Cura Pastoralis, Preface. Uncúp may very likely be an absolute participle = 'it being unknown,' but I am rather inclined to take it in an active sense = 'not knowing,' referring to ic. The Middle English use of the word seems to justify this interpretation:- His mud is get wel uncur with pater noster and crede, O. E. Miscellany, p. 4, 112; of his swike he arn uncuð, ibid. p. 16, 512; 'Here dede is al uncuð Wið at spekeð here muð.' O. E. Miscellany, p. 19, 594. Eftsone we pe bed uncude pe heuenliche kinge, for þat ure li flode him swiðe misliked, alse he wile noht cnowe bute pat pe him beð queme (we that do not know the heavenly king . . . he also will not acknowledge us), O. E. Homilies, II. p. 45. Cf. unwiste. There is a parallel to this use in Old Norse. Kunnr Old English cúð, is used in an active sense :-

Syntax I. § 33. The Past Participle. lxxiii Atli sendi ... ár til Gunnars kunnan segg (Attila sent once to Gunther, a knowing, i. e. clever man), Edda, Atlakviða, 1/3; Geðrówod under dám pontiscan Pilate,--Elfric, Homilies, II. 596/14; hwæt getácnode sé gebrædda fisc, búton done yeɣrówodan crist? ibid. II. 292/13; and his bróðer sunu Irtacus, yfele geworht man, féng to his rice, ibid. II. 476/17; ond hie pa wurdan hrape gelyfde Crist him sealde gesihpe, Blickling Homilies, p. 155/5; gelyfed believing, also Elfric, Homilies, II. 26/32; Lives of Saints, II. 302; and æt nyhstan þæt folc da weard swa wið god forworht, þæt he let faran hæþenne here and forhergjan eall þæt land, Wulfstan, 14/2. Cf. ibid. 155/11; niniuéte wæron forsyngode swyde, ac hy dydan, swa heam þearf wæs, ibid. 170/11. = Middle English. The Old English Homilies exhibit the same participles as those quoted above :- And pa welle bi-wisten XII. meister deoflen swilc ha weren kinges to pinen per wiðinnen þa earming saulen pe for-gult weren, O. E. Homilies, p. 41; nu leofe bredre ze habbed iherd hwa erest biwon reste pam forgulte saule, ibid. p. 45; he demað stiðne dom þam forsunegede on his efter to-come pet is on domes deie, ibid. 95; on hwan mei pe mon modegian pen he beo wel ipozen and ipungen, for he mei findan fele pe beod bet ipozen and istozen pene he, ibid. 107; heo setten heore honden ofer ilefde men, and heo underfengen pene halian gast, ibid. p. 91. Cf. unbilefde men, ibid. II. p. 81, 171, 195; he scal beon swa iweorht pet him mon mote wið speken and his neode menan, ibid. II. 111. There are very numerous instances of participles of compound verbs, the first part of which is for :— All folle wass forrgillt,—Ormulum, 25, 26; 3iff þatt tu forrlanged arrt, Tu cumen upp till Criste, ibid. 1280; hwet sculen horlinges do, pe swikere, pe forsworene,-Poema Morale, 103. Cf. Alle he weeron forsworen and here treothes forloren,-Chronicle, ab anno 1137. O. E. Homilies, I. 143. 'And it sal ben de laste tid, Quan al man-kinde, on werlde wid, Sal ben fro dede to liue brogt, And seli sad fro de forwrogt.' (And the righteous separated from the wicked.) Story of Genesis and Exodus, 266; forswonken,—Cursor Mundi, 2017; forliuen (Cotton, Göttingen, Trinity), forliued (Fairfax), ibid. 5315; forwalked = tired out with walking,-Skeat, Notes to Langland, p. 312; for wandred tired out with wandering, ibid. -

Ixxiv Syntax I. § 34. The Verbal Noun. Chaucer, too, has several instances of this use :- Now hadde Calkas left, in this mischaunce, Alle unwiste of this fals and wikked dede, His doughter, IV. 111, 112. (Unwiste = not knowing, ignorant ;) pou and god . . . ben known wip me pat no þing broust me to maistrie or dignite; but pe comune studie of al goodenes, ibid.; Boece, Consolation, 14 (original: tu mihi et . . . deus conscii nullum me ad magistratum nisi commune bonnorum omnium studium detulisse'). 'O olde, unholsom, and myslyved man!' ibid. IV. 313 = man of ill living. Cf. Modern English, long-lived, though that is probably an adj. in -ed from the compound noun long-life: its i is long. Caxton's use of the past participle is pretty regular; there are, however, several instances at variance with modern use. In his reprint of Chaucer's Boece or Consolation, Caxton alters the 'known' of the passage quoted above, into knowing:- *- (Blanchardyn) was remembred of it allewayes, Blanchardyn, 31/6; and the prouost asced hym yf he was counselled for to fulfylle the construction of that texte, ibid. 47/12, 178/2; the lady is well trusted wyth me, ibid. 79/1; wherof he was right sore merueylled,— ibid. 139/16, 162/7. Cf. I was wondyrde (Harleian MS., I wondered), Hampole, Prose Treatises, p. 6; ha false and renye strompet renegate, Blanchardyn, 185/31; I meruaylle me moche how thou, that art prudent and wyse of goodes art so ouerseen and fro thy self, for to dar expose thy self to so many perillis = mistaken (Furnivall, Glossary), Curial, 3/13; whan charlemagne sawe hym seased of mawgys, he called rowlande, Aymon, 365/26. Cf. Huon, 94/8; whan Huon sawe that he was sessyd of his horne (ed. of 1601 : possessed). = Malory is, in this respect as in many others, nearer the Middle English use:- They are wery and forfoughten,-Morte Darthur, 87/25, 105/35; I pray you in no wyse be ye aknowen where I am, ibid. 254/21; thenne he told the kyng alle that batail, And how sir Palomydes was more weyker and more hurte and more lost of his blood, ibid. 447/13.

§ 34. The Verbal Noun.

The verbal noun in Caxton, with its functions of noun and verb, may be traced back to two different sources. (A.) When used as a noun, it derives from the Old Engli-* noun in -ung, -ing. Instances of it are very cominor

Syntax I. § 34. The Verbal Noun. lxxv in modern times. It is only worth noting when it forms part of a compound :- Muste I nedes deye thus shamefully, wythoute deffence makynge? Blanchardyn, 188/31; the barons and knyghtes thenne of a right gode wyll, wythout answer nor replye makyng, in grete haste. went and armed hem self, ilid. 189/32; in thes wordes talkyng¹ togyder, dyd arryue there foure of their men, ibid. 192/25: Reynawde toke therof vengeaunce vpon Berthelot by good rayson and that more is, it was his body deffendynge,-Aymon, 207/29, 566/26; and for that honour doyng to Sir Tristram he was at that tyme more preysed, Morte Darthur, 394/19. These compounds are common in Old and Middle English :— Sige forgeaf Constantino cyning almihtig, dúmweorðunga,—Elene, 144; sincweordung, ibid. 1218; dægweordung, ibid. 1233; dustsceawung, Blickling Hom., 113/29; unriht gitsung, ibid. 53/21; bi his clodes wrixlunge, O. E. Hom., I. 207; by his side openunge, ibil. ; in his blod swetunge, ibid.; pere is . . . fallyng in blode shedynge, Piers Plowman (Text C), 12/282; in housing, in haterynge and in to hiegh clergye shewynge, ibid. 15/76; late usage be 30wre solace of seyntes lyues redynge, ibid. 7/87; porugh ibeatus virres' techynge, ibid. 10/321; porw bedes byddynge, ibid. 19/373; with herte or sy3te shewynge, ibid. 13/279; without any money payenge, E. E. Wills, 107/20 (a.d. 1436). • The more modern phrase 'the house is building '2 is not met with in Caxton; he has still a (or in) preceding the verbal noun :— (He) herde the feste and the noyse that was adoynge in the prouostis house, Blanchardyn, 67/5; she wyst not what she sholde saye or thynke therof, whether she was a wakyng or a slepe, ibid. 152/34; and as the feste was a doynge, there came a messager Aymon, 163/7; he founde the chirche of saynte peter a makynge, ibid. 576/8; atte the same oure that this Ioye and feste was in making (original : 'se faisoit'), Blanchardyn, 67/1; Morte Darthur, 84/12, 389/7. (B.) The verbal noun is used as a verb: then it derives from the present participle. 1. Governed by the preposition in. We now use in in connection with the verbal noun, where, in Old English, the simple participle was preferred, e. g. 'ealo drincende oder sædon' others said in drinking ale, Beowulf, 1946. I 1 ? pres. part. absolute 'they talking.'-F. J. F. It is a pity that is being built,' &c., tend to displace this construction. BLANCHARDYN. f

lxxvi Syntax I. § 34. The Verbal Noun. suppose that in, imitated from the French, was grafted upon the old participle, so that it kept its verbal function. Therefore it was not followed by of, even in the earliest periods of its use:- And thei seye, that we synue dedly, in schavynge oure Berdes,- Maundeville, p. 19; he was a dedly Creature, suche as God hadde formed, and duelled in the Desertes, in purchasynge his Sustynance, ibid. p. 47; and in bryngynge hire Servyse, thei syngen a Song, ibid. P. 310. Caxton very often drops in, as in Blanchardyn, 14/20, 16/8, 18/8, 33/12, etc. But even when it precedes the verbal noun, it is not followed by of :- I am come to serue her in kepyng my worship,—Blanchardyn, 76/11; and in tornynye hemself ayen, [they] layde hande on their swerdes, ibid. 84/27; euery man cam forth to doo his deuoyre, eche of hem in his rowme in defendynge the place,―ibid. 113/4, 123/17; Charles the Grete, 26/34, 52/11, 66/34, 85/23, 163/19, etc. " 2. There are a few passages in Caxton, which, in my opinion, throw a most interesting light on the use of the verbal noun, both in Middle English and in modern times. Most humblie beseek ynge my. lord to pardon me so presumyng,' Blades, 140; 'take no displaysir on me so presuming,' ibid. 148. Cf. 165. I see in this construction a mode of expression which was the only one used in old times, and which still remains in vulgar English: 'don't mind me sitting down.' In Old English, as well as in Latin, Greek, and the old Teutonic languages, it is not the action or state as an abstract, but the person or thing acting, which is the subject of perception, feeling, or thought. 'hac literae recitatae magnum luctum fecerunt' the reading of this letter, Livius, 27, 29; 'pocna violatae religionis iustam recusationem non habet' for the violation of religion,-Cicero, De Leg., 2, 15. = = To this principle are due many of the so-called absolute constructions in the Old Teutonic dialects. Sec Grimm, IV. 873, ff. It appears also in the noun-clauses in Old and Middle English. Instead of the modern abstract sentence, e. g. 'you see that he's going away,' the old construction is, 'you see him that he goes away.' So Old English Hom., I. 17; ‘3if þu hine iseze pet he wulle assottie to

Syntax I. § 35. The Adverb. lxxvii pes deofles.' See below, 'Noun Clauses.' The same principle appears also in the following instances illustrating the older use :— Be pe lifigendum (during thy life time), Beowulf, 2666; be þæm lifigendum, Beda, 2, 5; To-janes po sunne risindde = at the time of sunrise, Old English Miscellany, 26. 'Alle waters als þai sall rynne And at sal last fra þe son rysyng Til þe tyme of þe son doungangyng.' Pricke of Conscience, 4777 f. 'After the sunne goyng down.'—Genesis, 28, 11. In later times this use began to decay, as indeed in every respect abstraction supplanted intuition, and the verbal noun took the place of the old present participle. Thus Purvey alters the instance quoted above to ‘aftir the goyng down of the sunne.' Cf. Exod. xxii. 26, Deuteronomy xi. 30. Perhaps we may see the state of transition in the following passages of the Ayenbite. The old participle is kept in its outward form, but the new use, i. e. the verbal noun, throws its shade on the construction. Thus we have: '3ef he zuerep fals be his wytinde,' p. 6. 'Be him wytinde' would answer to the Old English 'lifigendum'; 'be his wytinge' would be quite modern (as it really occurs, see below); the connection of both gives 'be his wytinde.' Cf. pp. 8, 28, 37, 40, 47, 94, etc. The French has: 'à son (leur) escient.' Both the mixed and the modern construction occur on p. 73, Ayenb. guo into helle ine pine libbinde: pet pou ne guo ine pine steruinge' (original: 'en ton vivant, en ton morant'). The extremely free use of the verbal noun as an adjective to substantives, which is characteristic of Elizabethan English (‘undeserving praise,' unrecalling crime' in Shakspere) is not met with in Caxton. Perhaps these are worth noting: 'fallyng sekeness,' Charles the Grete, 37/28; 'weepyng teerys,' Morte Darthur, 338/9. Cf. Huon, 219/25; Lucrece, 1375; Complaint, 304.

§ 35. The Adverb.

I. Derived from Nouns. (a) In the Genitive Case. = Alonge of longe = fully, at length. As alonge by the grace of god it shall be shewed in thistorye of this present book, Blunch-

lxxviii Syntax I. § 35. The Adverb. ardyn, 2/6; (Blanchardyn) entred in to a chambre, hanged wyth right fayre and riche tapysserye of the destruction of Troye, well and alonge fygured, ibid. 15/2; his mayster . . . . well and alonge dide aduertyse the chylde, ibid. 15/22; he dyde reherce unto blanchardyn al alonge, how the royalme of tourmaday was come to a doughter full fayre, ibid. 128/29. Of lighte= lightly. A man that is well garnysshed is not of lighte overthrowe, Aymon, 106/6. = anew. Of a freshe (a apparently mistaken for the article) After. began the batayll of a freshe, sore harde and fell, Aymon, 110/23. (b) Old Instrumental, now the Accusative case. = Other while (Old English hwilum) sometimes. It is as requesyte other whyle to rede in Auncyent hystoryes, Blanchardyn, 1/13. Wonder grete (Old English wundrum). Syr Sadok gaf hym a wonder grete falle, Morte Darthur, 532/19; soo they hurtled togyders wonder sore,-Morte Darthur, 433/15; he merueylled wonder gretely, ibid. 459/35. Caxton has wonderfull. Wherof the good lady Margerye was wounderfull wroth and sory, Aymon, 36/23. Cf. pat feht was wunder strong-Layamon, 1744; it fresethe wonder fuste,---Maundeville, 11; singe wondir swetly,-Gesta Romanorum, 334; wondyr hevy,-ibid. The old instrumental case is contained also in the following adverbial phrases :- She rydeth the lytyl paas (orig.: a petit pas), Blanchardyn, 38/ 22 (Blanchardyn bygan to ryde on a good paas,ibid. 40/10); accordyng to my promyse, I haue holpen you the beste that I coude, ibid. 149/25; but the beste that to hym was possyble he dyde recomforte her, ibid. 172/21; whiche came rennynge all his myght towarde Subyon, ibid. 201/20. Perhaps the following phrases are formed after the same principle, if not in analogy to the cognate accusative :- Dynadas was ouerthrowen hors and man a grete falle,—Morte Darthur, 401/22; there was Kyng Arthur wounded in the lyfte syde a grete wounde and a peryllous, ibid. 412/25; the spere wente in to his syde a grete wounde and a peryllous, ibid. 442/20. II. Derived from Adjectives. Though the final e was scarcely more than a mere 'monumentum scriptionis,' yet there are very numerous instances of adjectives used as adverbs by means of (or without) the old -e.

Syntax I. § 35. The Adverb. lxxix 1. Before adjectives. Clene. Ye cam lyke a madde man clene oute of your wytte, Morte Darthur, 599/16. Close. He lyght ful quykly the shylde alonge the breast and the helmet wel clos laced, Blanchardyn, 24/16. Exceeding. Whan the admirall saw her so exceeding fayre he was taken in loue, Huon, 162/8 Hard. Sire Lamorak was hard byge for hym, Morte Darthur, 358/2. Marvellous. Thys is a man meruayllous ryche, Charles the Grete, 42/15. New. Now be the thre brethern newe horsed, Aymon, 63/29; there was a chylde newe dede, Charles the Grete, 37/18; but they knewe hym not for he was newe desguysed, Morthe Durthur, 636/24; when he sawe that he was new horsed agayne he was ioyfull, Huon, 291/24. Wonderful. The dukes Beues had slayne Lohier, the sone of the kynge Charlemayn, wherof the goode lady Margerye was wounderfull wroth and sory, Aymon, 36/23. Wood wrothe. Whan he sawe a knyght with his lady he was wood wrothe,— Morte Arthur, 407/12; thenne was kynge Marke wode wrothe oute of mesure, ibid. 470/15, 487/7, 488/19, 610/13, 647/26; (Launcelot) ranne wylde wod from place to place, ibid. 593/4. 2. Attached to verbs. Clene. They made hym to be wasshed clene,—Blanchardyn, 148/18 ; all the estates were set and Iuges armed clene,―Morte Darthur, 491/33; thenne was sir Palamydes clene forgeten, ibid. 553/25; I counceyle yow said the kynge to be confessid clene,-ibid. 577/28, 601/8, 611/ 10, 638/35, 647/9, 672/11; he saw within the shyppe but one man clene aruyd, Huon, 447/3. Clere. (An hand) helde within the fyst a grete candel whiche brenned ryght clere,-Morte Darthur, 666/24.

lxxx Syntax I. § 35. The Adverb. Dear. Neuer deth was so sore solde ne so dere boughte as this shall be, Aymon, 38/26. Fayre. Nature had fare appareylled the gardyne, Blanchardyne, 122/ 28; (Reynawd) wente fuyr vpon the folke of charlemagne, Aymon, 449/12; soo they did saufly and fayre,-Morte Darthur, 370/17; he salewed hym not fayre,―ild. 659/18, 666/35. Cf. Gesta Romanorum, p. 3, and passim; and fayre endyd his lyfe. Foul. Gerarde of Roussyllon weneth for to fare foull wyth vs, Aymon, 42/2; thou hast borne the foule this day ageynst me, Charles the Grete, 69/31; my fader is kyng Bagdemagus that was foule rebuked at the last turnement, Morte Darthur, 188/8; foule haue ye mocked me, ibid. 511/31; haue done foule to yow, ibid. 599/35. Incontynent. She called to her them that were in her chambre to whiche incontynent she commaunded that they sholde goo, Blanchardyn, 56/16; he shold late hym haue it in-contynuent,-ibid. 60/4; the maystres dyd perceyue incontynent by her wordes. . . . ibid. 64/30, 187/1, 194/7, etc.; than duke Naymes departyd, and incontenent he incounteryd Charlot, Huon, 32/14; but Huon releuyd hym incontynent,-ibid. 56/ 24, etc. Cf. Marlowe, Tamburlain, 52; Spenser, Faerie Queene, I. vi. 8/5; ibid. II. ix. 1/7; Peele, Alphonsus, 229 a. Late. Now haste you thi rewarde, for my lorde Lohyers deeth that thou late slew, Aymon, 56/18; he was but late made knyghte, Morte Darthur, 471/15; cf. Blades, p. 172. Cf. That likewise late had lost her dearest love,-Spenser, Faerie Queene, IV. viii. 3/4; ibid. I. ii. 11/2. Loude. He smote his hors wyth the spore myght, Blanchardyn, 170/13. Nere. · escryeng as loude as he I am myself nere goon, Aymon, 565/23; the knyghtes name was called Accolor that after had nere slayne kyng arthur, Morte Darthur, 89/15. New. Thou newe made knyght thow häst shamed thy knyghthode, Morte Darthur, 108/7; there was a fayre medowe that semed newe mowen, ibid. 228/17; A. M. horses let to be new shode, Huon, 113/ 10; let her be bayngned and wesshyde and new arayed, ibid. 536/25.

Syntax I. § 35. The Adverb. lxxxi Cf. And streems of purple blood new die the verdant fields,-Spenser, Faerie Queene, I. ii. 17. Nyghe. How nyghe was I lost, Morte Darthur, 654/27. Passyng. Sir Palamydes dyd passynge wel and myghtely, Morte Darthur, 557/21 (there is also passyngly, ibid. 543/13, 544/33). Cf. And all the wyles of wemens wits (she) knew passing well,-Spenser, Faërie Queene, III. viii. 8/9. Kyd, Spanish Tragedy, 107. Playne. I ware yow playne,—Morte Darthur, 621/34. Cf. By which he saw the ugly Monster playne, Spenser, Faërie Queene, I. i. 14/6. Scarce. For they be not vytaylled scars for foure dayes, Charles the Grete, 122/3. Cf. Scarce them bad arise,-Spenser, Faerie Queene, I. iv. 14/14, 22/8. Softe. He salued hym full softe,-Aymon, 33/27. Stronge. Soo stronge he spored his horse, that he wente ayenste Reynawde, Aymon, 86/23. The common adverb of negation is not used as in Modern English. Ne not (preceding the verb) occurs but quite exceptionally : in Blanchardyn only nys =ne is :- There nys no tonge humayn that coude to yow recounte ne saye the grete sorow, Blanchardyn, 19/22; ther nys so grete sorowe, but that it may be forgoten at the laste, ibid. 133/4; ther nys no tonge of no creature mortall, that vnto you coude telle .. the grete Ioye, ibid. 148/2; there nys noo man so oolde but he sholde soone gete hete there, Aymon, 452/12. Here and there ne turns up also before other verbs:— Charlemagn ne shall see the beste torne of the worlde, Aymon, 168/18; I ne entende but onely to reduce thauncyent ryme in to prose. Charles the Grete, 39/6; he ne preysett kyng ne crle, ibid. 42/17; ne doubte ye not for I shal rendre you anone al hole, ibid. 95/11.

lxxxii Syntax I. § 36. Prepositions. Ne =nor. I holde nother castelle ne fortresse of hym, Aymon, 25/22. Double negatives are very common: He neuere had borne noon armes, nor herde speke therof, Blanchardyn, 13/24; nor also had not seen the manere and thusage of Ioustynge, ibid. 14/1; (Blanchardyn) neuere had taken theratte noo hede, ibid. 15/2, etc. etc. There is an instance of four negatives in one and the same sentence. For neuer daye nor owre the childe Blanchardyn toke noo fode of none others brestis, ibid. 13/3.

§ 36. Prepositions.

A = in or on. (He) herde the feste and the noyse that was adoynge in the prouostis house, Blanchardyn, 67/5. For other instances of this kind, see Gerund. The prouoste descended a lande (= on land), Blanchardyn, 198/30, 199/25; Aymon, 145/30, 525/7, 529/4. They lepte a horsbak (on horsbak), ibid. 180/27, 183/16; Aymon, 26/28; the kynge ascryed hym self a hyghe (= on high), ibid. 20/12; he descended from his hors a foote, Aymon, 35/10, 186/5, 232/29, 490/20; they wende that the cyte had be sette a fyre (= on fire), ibid. 511/30, 583/9; he thus founde hymselfe a grounde (on grounde), ibid. 45/1, 232/10, 564/14. A is often = of. (He) cut his helmet and the coyffe of stele in suche manere awyse (=of wyse) that the goode swerde entred in to the brayne, Blanchardyn, 28/20. Cf. above, Genitive. Against = upon, towards. Hym happend ageynst a nyghte to come to a fayr courtelage, Morte Darthur, 200/3; (Launcelot) ageynst nygyt rode vnto that castel, ibid. 574/6. At to. He myght not brynge his entrepryse at an ende, Blanchardyn, 41/14; the bloode ran vp at her face, ibid. 64/16, 84/36, 176/26, 177/7, 177/21, 188/1. (He) wente wyth all hys oost at Mountlyon, Aymon, 69/14, 66/27, 79/21, 349/5, 408/1, 430/9, 496/8. At on. Reynawde toke the kynge and drewe hym a lityll atte oo side, Aymon, 146/7, 453/7. By = from, out of. (He) laughe at them by grete love, Aymon, 230/25, 298/3, 303/30.

Syntax I. § 36. Prepositions. lxxxiii By = in. (He) smote a knyghte by suche a wyse, that he putte his spere thorughe the body of hym, Aymon, 42/15, 61/24, 304/5, 453/1. By =on. They dyd soo moche by their iourneys that they can to saynt Iames, Aymon, 156/19, 235/20, 239/32. By = with. (He) smote a knyghte by suche a strengthe that he ouerthrewe hym, Aymon, 43/12. By is used alternately with of and with in passive constructions; but of prevails. Cf. Blanchardyn, 1/15, 2/12, 11/11, 18/10, 19/3, 42/13, 66/8, 97/35, 98/27, 101/27, 109/32, 113/34; by, 1/26, 124/ 16, 169/21; with, 91/19, 124/14; Aymon, 52/34, 53/1. For in spite of, is rare in Caxton, but occurs several times in Malory :-- This child wylle not laboure for me for ony thyng that my wyf or I may do, Morte Darthur, 102/22; I wyll accomplysshe my message for al your ferdful wordes, ibid. 167/31, etc. This use is very common in Elizabethan writers. Marlowe, Massacre, 2114; Spenser, Faerie Queene, 1, 3, 24/5; Peele, Old Wives' Tale, 453, b; Kyd, Spanish Tragedy, 17; Shakspere; see Schmidt, 8. v. For = from. After she asked whi they were departed for the kynges courte, Aymon, 36/19. In into, is still very frequent. = Yf he may come in her handes or in her power, noon shal mowe saue hym, Blanchardyn, 43/14; the prouost came ayen in the sayd place, ibid. 81/16, 96/29, 105/5, 109/14, 109/24, 116/24, etc.; Aymon, 63/1, 159/20, 210/20; Morte Darthur, 252/13. Here and there also in the 16th century:- By rise of virtue, vice shall grow in hate, Gorboduc, 180; how canst thow in this condition; Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 35. In =on, is rare. That. in the crosse suffred deth and rassyon, Aymon, 24/20; ye ascended in to heuen and lefte for your liyeutenant saynt Peter thappostle in erthe, Charles the Grete, 71/27; Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 760. 'I think the pleasure they enjoy in heaven Cannot compare with kingly joys in earth.' 1 Misprint for fro.

lxxxiv Syntax I. § 36. Prepositions. Cf. Lord's Prayer: Thy will be done in earth. And in the honour of a kyng he sweares,-Marlowe, Edward II., 1216. He is in England's ground, ibid. 1705; Shakspere, Venus, 118; Midsummer Night's Dreum, II. i. 185; Troilus, V. ii. 169. Maugre in spite of. = (They) ledde the lady by force to castel forde, maulgre Subyon, Blanchardyn, 8/25, 9/1, 179/24, 180/29, 180/34, 189/9; Aymon, 86/14, 229/1; very often in Malory, and still in Shakspere. Maugre occurs also as a substantive :- They myghte no lenger endure the grete magre that Reynawde bare to theym (original: dommaige'), Aymon, 86/16; I haue herd moche of your maugre ageynst me, Morte Darthur, 405/28. So twice in Spenser :- :- 'Ne deeme thy force by fortunes doome unjust, That hath (mangre¹ her spight) thus low me laid in dust.' Faerie Queene, II. v. 12/9; III. iv. 39/8. Morris, Glossary to Spenser's Works, Globe (= a curse upon? edition). Of differs in its functions from the modern use in several essential points. 1. It denotes reference, as to :— Pardoune me of the rude and comyn englyshe, Blanchardyn, 2/9; the childe grewe and amended sore of the grete beaulte, ibid. 13/6; of the tables and ches playinge and of gracyous and honeste talkynge, he passed them that were his elder in age, ibid. 13/19, 20; demaundynge of the bataylles of Troye (= about), ibid. 14/13; the same, 15/8; wel shapen of alle membres, ibid. 37/21; sore troubled of wyttis, ibid. 45/8, 48/31, 65/21, 97/10, 99/14, 145/30, etc.; Aymon, 54/25, 64/5, 290/32, etc. -- 2. It denotes cause, in consequence of :- (They) iudged hem self right happy of a successoure legytyme, Blanchardyne, 12/17; sory of, ibid. 21/4; euyl apayde of (original: maltalentif), ibid. 28/13; of a custume (= in consequence, according), ibid. 112/32, 130/8; he ought of rayson to be well rewarded, ibid. 126/6, 133/10. 3. Of by in passive constructions. See by. = 4. It seems to be mistaken for on, upon :- (Kyng Charles) beyng in his dormytorye, trustyng of the syde of our lord in grete deuocyon began to say the psaulter, Charles the Grete, 33/32. 1? by the ill will of.-F.

Syntax I. § 36. Prepositions. lxxxv This mistake, probably brought about by a being equivalent to of and on, is common in the 16th century :- They began to slee alle suche as wolde not beleue of Ihesu Cryst (ed. of 1601 on), Huon, 152/24; the same, ibid. 417/30, 462/12, 464/28; I wyll send thee of my errand, Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes, 494 a; my master riding behind my mistress; both of one horse, Taming Shrew, IV. i. 71; as when thou shouldst be prancing of thy steed, Greene, Alphonsus, 235 b. On mistaken for of :- On hym is no care, Aymon, 62/27; she began to thynke on that poure man, Charles the Grete, 13/33. Probably also the phrase: on lyue alyue, Aymon, 64/18. See Genitive: he seith not ryght on me, Morte Darthur, 138/25-16th century :- = 'I tell you true, my heart is swoln with wrath On this same thievish villain Tamburlaine.' Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 520. 'And tyme may yield us an occasion Which on the sudden cannot serve the turn.' Marlowe, Jew of Malta, 473, 1078, 2338, 4690. The middle on's face, Lear, IV. v. 20; my profit on't, Tempest, I. ii. 365, 456; I'm glad on 't, Jul. Cæs., I. iii. 137. Ouer of :- Kynge alymodes knyghtes had grete enuye ouer hym, Blanchardyn, 65/22; right enamored they were ouer hym, ibid. 66/25; to thende he myght be auenged ouer hym, ibid. 86/30; Blanchardyn, that grete slawghter dyde make ouer his men, ibid. 107/27. То = up to, equal to :— Suche a worship apparteyneth not to be doon to me, for I am not to the value therof, Blanchardyn, 109/20. Tofore = before:- (He) presented hym selfe to-fore the kynge, Aymon, 186/24, It is a remarkable custom in Caxton and other writers of the 15th century to use, for variety's sake, two different prepositions for the same purpose :— O thou free knyght, replenysshed wyth prowesse and of grete wordynesse, Blanchardyn, 49/15; she cam and brought wyth her a fayre whyte coueryng of damaske clothe, wherof she made the hors of blanchardyn to be couered wyth, ibid. 61/7, 8; loue serued her wyth a messe sharp and sowre ynoughe tyl her tast that is to wyte of a louely care, ibid. 67/17, 18; (Blanchardyn) cam ridyng through the toun accompaned wyth the prouoste and of many other knyghtes,

lxxxvi Syntax I. § 37. Conjunctions. ibid. 83/23; the knyght of whom my sayde lady is so sore enamoured upon, hath to his name blanchardyn, ibid. 130/17; Sadoyne sawe their shyppes redy and well stored wyth vytaylles and of other thynges, ibid. 150/28; they all were eten wyth bores and of lions, Aymon, 52/34, 53/1; Charlemayne apoynted not wyth the foure sones of Aymon, nor to Mawgys, ibid. 58/24, 25; I shall shew you whether I can do any thyng wyth the spere and of the swerde, ibid. 83/28; I am not a chyld wherof men oughte to mocke wyth, ibid. 360/12. (He) toke it and robbed wythall the nose, the mouth, and the eyen of rowlande, and in like wyse to all thother xii peres of fraunce, ibid. 371/21, 22; wysdom desyreth you to be hys wyf, and for to be quene, Charles the Grete, 14/8,9; it is the same of whyche your god was enbawmed wyth,―ibid. 56/29, 30; O fayre Quene of Orkeney, Kynge Lot's wyf and moder of sir Gawayne and to sire Gaheris, and modir to many other, for thy loue I am in grete paynes, Morte Darthur, 425/12; and the begynnynge of the kynges letters spak wonderly short vnto Kynge Arthur, and badde hym entermate with hym self and with his wyf and of his knyghtes, ibid. 456/32, 33; thenne by his aduys and of sire Sadoks he lete stuffe alle the townes and castels, ibid. 495/19.

§ 37. Conjunctions.

And used redundantly (compared with the Old English and the present use), turns up pretty often in Caxton, as in other writers of the 15th century, and is not unfrequent in Elizabethan times :- :- And the thyrd tyme with a full grete herte she revyled hym, and sayyng to hym that he was lyke an hounde, Trivet, p. 233; yf thow wolt telle me, and I shalle gete the on fallyng to thin estate, Gesta Romanorum, p. 173; the vertu of the broche is this, that who so euere ber hit vpon his brest late him thinke what he wolle, and he shalle mete perwith at his likinge, ibid. p. 181; forsothe, sir, quod he, and I shall tell you, ibid. 202; sir, quop he, and I shall tell you not, ibid. 322; whiche boke I late receyued in frenshe . . . for to reduce and translate it in to our maternal and englysh tonge, Blanchardyn, 1/9; by my feyth, sayd Reynawde, and we shall-deffende ourselfe also to our power, Aymon, 235/11; (), brother Reynawd, and what doo you here, ibid. 244/26; cosin Reynawd, sayd Ogyer, and we shall kepe vs fro you, ibid. 263/11; alas, and that I dyde grete harme, ibid. 283/4; for the more that ye praye him, and the worse shall he doo, ibid. 330/27; syre, sayd Richarde, and ye shall see me anone, ibid. 343/22; sir, sayd mawgis, and I yelde me to you, ibid. 357/5; I praye you lete hym come here and that he awake myn vncle Charlemagne oute of his slepe, ibid. 405/12; whan he herde the duke naymes speke so, and it moved his blade full sore, ibid. 419/6; I neuer put man to the erthe and thys hors present, Charles the Grete,

Syntax I. § 37. Conjunctions. lxxxvii ... 70/10; I requyre the that it may playse the to take the payne for to rescowe and socoure my loue guye, and ellis I am a loste woman, ibid. 135/3; alle the barons cam thyder and to assay to take the swerd, Morte Darthur, 42/35: syre knyght, sayd the other, whoos name was Hontzlake of wentland, and this lady I gat by my prowesse of armes this day, ibid. 114/23; wylle ye, sayd syre Gawayne, promyse me to doo alle that ye maye to gete me the loue of my lady. Ye syre, sayd she, and that I promyse you, ild. 150/11; whanne Elyzabeth, Kyng Melyodas, myst her lord, and she was nyghe out of her wytte, ibid. 273/27; a mercy my lord, sayd she, and I shalle telle you alle, ibid. 275/33; wel, said the Kyng Melyodas, and therfor shal ye haue the lawe, ibid. 275/35; but their horses he wold not suffre his squyers to medle with, and by cause they were knyghtes erraunt, ibid. 442/29; telle me, said palomydes, and in what manere was youre lord slayne, ibid. 518/31; and therfore ye may be sory, said sire Tristram, of your vnkyndely dedes to so noble a kynge. And a thynge that is done may not be vndone, sayd Palomydes, ibid. 542/29; sir knyghte, said she, and ye wille ensure me by the feyth that ye owe vnto knyghthode that ye shalle doo my wylle . . . and I shalle brynge yow vnto that knyght, ibid. 652/12; syr and I wille doo hit, sayd sir launcelot, ibid. 658/9; thenne had the kynge grete joye, and dressyng hym to sytte up, and toke the swerde by the pomel, Melusine, 153/16; and penne gaf hym the swerd ayen, and thus makyng his wounde opend, and out of it ranne blood, ibil. 153/22; by my feyth, said thenne Anthony, and I accorde therunto, ibid. 217/10; sens he was aduertesyd, that with kepyng his tonge fro spekynge he myght abrege hys iorney, and he sayde that surely he wolde that way, Huon, 64/24 (ed. of 1601 omits and); syr, quod themperour, and he shal derely abye it, ibid. 305/27. Gorbodue. 'Loe, this is all; now tell me your aduise. Arostus. And this is much, and asketh great aduise.' Gorboduc, 146; 'Warre would he haue? and he shall haue it so.' ibid. 680; Barabas. Haply (the Turks) come for neither, but to pass along Towards Venice by the Adriatic sea; " With whom they have attempted many times, But never could effect their stratagem. Jew. And very wisely said. It may be so.' 'Is she so fair? Marlowe, Jew of Malta, 205; And matchless beautiful,' ibid. 617. 'O earth-mettled villains, and no Hebrews born! And will you basely thus submit yourselves To leave your goods to their arbitrament?' ibid. 310; 'Well, yet the old proverbe to disprove I purpose to begin, Which always saith that cowardly hearts fair ladies never win : Shall I not Julia win, and who hath a cowardlier heart?' Sir Clyamon and Sir Clamydes, 507, a ;

lxxxviii Syntax I. § 37. Conjunctions. Kendal. Thou, how art thou a gentleman? Jenkin. And such is my master. Greene, George-a- Greene, 259, a ; Hamlet. 'Will the king hear this piece of work? Also Pol. And the queen too.' Hamlet, III. ii. 53; Cass. This rudeness is a sauce to his good wit. Brut. And so it is.' Julius Cæsar, I. ii, 307. = as: Also nighe as I can, Blades, 132. As = as if, is very common:- Lepyng alwaye here and there, as hors and man had fowgthen in thayer, Blanchardyn, 42/7; her gowne that she had on was therof changed as grete shoure of rayne had come doune from the heueus, ibid. 43/17; after thys fortune I haue ben syn, as force compellyd me therto, seruaunt vnto a kynge sarasyn, as I had ben one of theym, ibid. 133/31; he smote vpon his enmyes as it had be the thonder, ibid. 169/2; he hewe the sarasins as they had ben wythoute harneys, Aymon, 137/20; (he) kept hymself styll like as he had ben deed, ibid. 179/11. Still frequent in Elizabethan authors :— 'And lickt her lilly hands with fawning tong, As he her wronged innocence did weet.' Spenser, Faerie Queene, I. iii. 6/3. Cf. ibid. I. v. 20/9; III. i. 6/5; 'I hope our credit in the custom house Will serve as well, as I were present there.' Marlowe, Jen of Malta, 94. For Shakspere, see Schmidt, s. v. As is used redundantly before other conjunctions and adverbs in Malory:- I wist it were soth that ye say I shold do suche peryllous dede as that I wold slee my self to make the a lyar, Morte Darthur, 84/38; awaite vpon me as to morn secretely, ibid. 287/22; I wille be-redy as to morne, ibid. 311/4; for as that same day this lady of the lake knewe wel that kynge arthur shold be slayne, ibid. 361/25; he charged the lady of the lake not to discouer his name as at that tyme, ibid. 362/22; nay, said sire Palomydes, as att this tyme I wille not Iuste with that knyght, ibid. 382/23; for as to morne the grete turnement shalle be, ibid. 383/23; that shalle ye not wete as at this tyme, ibid. 408/22; ye shalle not wete as at this time, ibid. 412/10. Both (postponed) = as well, also occurs in Morte Darthur, not only in order to connect two, but more persons and things :- I am sorc hurte and he bothe,―ibid. 134/10; he smote syr galahantyne on the helme that his nose braste out on blood, and

Syntax I. § 37. Conjunctions. lxxxix cerys and mouthe bothe,―ibid. 192/5; for my hors and I ben fresshe bothe,―ibid. 323/20; now I wil say vnto you and to hym both,— ibid. 349/3; fals treason hast thou wrouzt and he both,-ibid. 403/31. Eke (Old English eúc) = also:- eke harneys, Blanchardyn, 60/21; I shall delyuere you hors, and wherof his son and eke Blanchardyn came, ibid. 126/13. Ne = nor, see ' Adverbs,' p. lxxvii. Nor-also =nor-either :- For not a peny he wolde take of it, nor his brethern also,- Aymon, 145/7. So = if :- Yf nedes I shal dey, I were of it all well content, soo that it were in the absence of her, Blanchardyn, 188/23; I shall now quyte you and relesse vnto you all the servyse that ye owe me, to you and to your eyres for evermore, soo that ye will take Richard, the sone of Aymon, and see that he be hanged, Aymon, 324/7; I will not take your yeldyng vnto me, But so that ye wylle yelde you vnto syr Kay the Seneschal, Morte Darthur, 200/32; I wille ryde with you so that ye wille not rebuke this knyght, ind. 348/32. This use is also frequent in Elizabethan authors :- 'So now the mighty emperor hears of you, Your highness needs not doubt but in short time He will . . . redeem you from this deadly servitude.' Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 1011; ibid. 3839; Faustus, 1364; Jew of Malta, 189; ibid. 190. Than then when (Old English donne) :- = Thenne Brastias saw his felawe ferd so with al, he smote the duke with a spere that hors and man fell doune, Morte Darthur, 54/2, than Syre Tor was redy he mounted vpon his horsbak and rode after the knyght, ibid. 109/20; thenne the duke sawe he myghte not escape the deth, he cryed to his sones and charged them to yelde them, ibid. 155/4; and thenne Baumayns sawe hym soo well horsed and armed, thenne he alyghte doune and armed hym, ibid. 222/26. Than = than that, than if :— For I had leuer that ye were confused and dysmembred than I shold take armes or hors for to Iuste lyke as ye say, Charles the Grete, 43/17; and yf thou haue broughte Arthurs wyf, damd Gweneuer, he shall be gladder than thow haddest guyen to him half fraunce, Morte Darthur, 167/24; now am I better pleasyd, saye

хс Syntax I. § 37. Conjunctions. Pryamus, than thon haddest gyuen to me all the prouynce and parys the ryche, ibid. 178/2; I had leuer to haue ben torn with wylde horses than ony varlet had wonne such loos, ibid. 178/4. That, like the Greek örɩ, is often used to introduce a direct speech (oratio recta), so that it is equal in value to the modern colon :— He sayd full angerly to the styward, that 'to an euyll owre hath your lady ben so madde as to mary her self to a ladde, a straunger,' Blanchardyn, 184/9; (Merlyn) late wryte balyns name on the tombe with letters of gold, that here lyeth balyn le Saueage, Morte Darthur, 98/35; [how in the same function occurs, ibid. 84/7; (the kynge) wrote the names of them bothe on the tombe, How here lyeth launceor the kynges sone of Irlond, that at his owne requeste was slayne by the handes of balyn.] That often replaces other conjunctions in compound clauses, especially when; this is a literal translation of the French 'que' in the same function :— • When they of the cyte had seen the manere and the rewle of their enmyes, and that all wyth leyser they had seen their puyssance and their manere of doynge, The Captayne and the prouoste of the towne dyde ordeyne a stronge and a bygge worde, Blanchardyn, 58/17; when he knewe and that he was aduertysed by his sone. he was al ynough content, ibid. 126/10; and whan she sawe that by no manere of meanes she myght not tourne ne chaunge the corage of her cruel fader, And that she herde hym saye blame of her god she by grete wrath sayd, ibid. 186/9; and whan the nyght was passed, and that reynawd was vp he went here and there, Aymon, 434/23; and whan the tables were take vp and that everi man had eten at his ease, they wente to their warde, ibid. 463/27; and whan the morowe came and that mawgys had his newe sloppe and his hode he toke his palster, ibid. 467/9.—And after that the worke was ended, and that all their enmyes were taken or slayn, they brought hym and entred wythin the cyte, Blanchardyn, 195/26; after that Sadoyne was crowned to be kynge, and that he had archyeued and made all his ordonnaunces .. Blanchardyn, his felawe, dysposed him self for to retourne ayen toward Tormaday, ibid. 196/22.-So began he to be ful of thoughte and all annoyed of hym self by cause he was not armed tyl his plesure, and that he myght not yssue out, ibid. 59/30; they sholde make theim gode chere of suche goodes as god had lent hem: by cause they semed to be knyghtes, and that it was sore late to ryde eny ferther, and that noo housyng nor no retrayt was nyghe, ibid. 204/27, 28; thother laborers had so grete enoy by cause he dide better his devour than thei, and that he was better loved than thei, Aymon, 575/16.

II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 38. Concord. xci That is used tautologically:- None can telle it you, bycause that it (the beaulte) was so grete, that god and nature had nothyng forgoten there, Blanchardyn, 13/7; it is bycause that he is a straunger, ibid. 91/20; I shall now quyte you and relesse vnto you all the servyse that ye owe me ... for evermore, soo that ye wyll take Richard . . . and see that he be hanged, Aymon, 324/7; ye knowe how longe that he hath dammaged vs, ibid. 402/14; me thynketh that we oughte to avenge vs vpon hym, sith that we have hym, ibid. 402/16; ye wote well that I left him by cause that peas shold be made, ibid. 407/26; I am wel admeruaylled fro whens that cometh to the suche presumpcion Charles the Grete, 53/13; for it is longe sythe that they haue ony thynge holpen vs, ibid. 140/30.

II. SYNTAX OF THE SENTENCE

§ 38. Concord.

The first rule of every syntax, namely, that a finite verb agrees with its subject in number, is very often sinned against in the early periods of the English language. (4.) The slightest violation of grammar is the construction of collective nouns with prelicates in the plural (karà ouveau). Of this concession made by grammar to logic, there are instances from Old English down to our own day :- Old English: þæt folc sæt and arison, Exodus, xxxii. 6; se here swór þæt hie woldon, Chronicle, 921; pin ofspring sceal âgan heóra feónda gata, Genesis, xxii. 17. (March, Comparative Gram., § 402.) Middle English: þat israelisshe folc was walkende toward ierusalem on swinche, and on drede, and on wanrede, and po wile was hersum godes hese. Ac efter pan þe hie weren wuniende in ierusalem po hie forleten godes lore, O. E. Homilies, II. 51. dis wird of engeles metten him, Story of Genesis and Exodus, 1790. 'And euerile on dat helden wið him, do wurden mirc, and swart, and dim.'-ibid. 285. 'And als ilkan for sere resun Com for to mak þair orisun.'-Cursor Mundi, 10,222. 'That all the folk schuln laughen in this place.'-Chaucer, II. 231. 'And saugh wel that hire folk weren al aweye.'—ibid. IV. 201. The remenaunt were anlanged, more and lesse.'-ibid. III. 81. BLANCHARDYN. g

xcii II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 38. Concord. This use is rare in Caxton. 'People, folk,' are followed by a singular verb, e. g. Aymon, 38/12, 100/19; the plural is an exception, e. g. Aymon, 70/26: what are this folke?' (B.) Plural nouns, or several nouns joined together by a copulative conjunction, take a singular predicate. This striking irregularity crops up very early, and is very frequent in the 15th century, and in the time of Shakspere :- Moren and wilde (h)uni was his mete, O. E. Homilies, II. 139; 'In firme begining, of nogt Was heuene and erde samen wrogt.'-Story of Gen. and Exod., 40; For was sundri speches risen.'-ibid. 668; 'dor was laid adam and eua.'-ibid. 817; 'Alle his wundres þat he dop, is þurch pene vend.'--The Passion of Our Lord, 1. 60 (Old English Miscellany, 39). 'Alle his wundres þat he dop, is þurch þene quede.'—ibid. 1. 250. (he) steaz into heuene pet is aboue alle sseppe pet ys ine heuene, Ayenbite, p. 11; pe nezende article and pe pri laste belongep to pe holi gost and is pellich, p. 13. Sipen þe sege and be assaut watz sesed at Troye, Sir Gawayne, 1. 1; out tak the forsayd matyns bokys that is bequethe to Thomas my sone, 5/14; Early English Wills, 5/14;-the hole goodis that is my owne, 92/12; pis es the dettis pat es [h]owynge to me, 39/34 (Essex, ab. 1417); the 80 mark pe whiche is in Thomas Harwodes hand, 44/12; forto dispende the goudis that es therin, 71/2; On the finger was wretyn wordis: 'percate hic,' Gesta Romanorum, p. 7. Cf. Zupitza, note to Guy of Warwick, 1. 298. CAXTON. The kyng Alymodes and alle his oost was right sore affrayed, Blanchardyn, 119/29; here is xx li of money, Aymon, 332/7; here is grete merveylles, ibid. 444/31; Sach II. brethren as is kyng Ban and kyng bors, Morte Darthur, 57/38; there ben but fewe now lyuynge that is so myghty as he is, ibid. 241/22; he arryued up in Irland euen fast by a castel where the kynge and the quene was,ibid. 285/9; there was slain that morowe tyde x M good mennys bodyes, ibid. 53/12. There are many instances of this freedom in the literature of the 16th century:— There is more nobler portes in England, Andrew Boorde, p. 120; there is at Bath certain waters, ibid.; the olde noble the Aungels and the halfe aungels, is fine golde, p. 121; in Cornwall is two speches, p. 123; in Wales is used these two stalticious matters, p. 127; yet in Ireland is stupendous thinges, p. 133; XVIII Scotish pens is

II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 38. Concord. xciii worthe an Englysshe grote, p. 137; the mountains is very baryn, p. 160; the greater is the flods, p. 161; there is many great mountains, p. 165. Cf. 171, 172, 185, 191, 195, 208, 245. There was many Dukes, Erles, and barons, Huon, I. 2/22 (ed. of 1601 were assembled); there was lenynge in wyndowes ladys and damesels, ibid. 38/28 (ed. 1601: were); there was present in the feld lordes and knyghtes, 43/4. Cf. 90/19, 115/19, 126/30, 156/6, 157/9, 167/3, 210/24, 313/25, 325/25, 371/13, 388/29, 390/6, 394/21, 413/ 15, 414/23, 422/11, 423/4, 471/22, 472/19, 473/31, 555/23, 29, 589/ 24, 605/28. 'What shooting is, how many kindes there is of it—is tolde.'— Ascham, Toxoph. 31. 'Both the mastur and rular of the sterne ys wyse and experte.'- Starkey, England, etc., p. 57, 1. 1071. See, Diccon, 't was not so well washed this seven year, as ich neeen.’- Gammer Gurton, 193. 'There is five trumps besides the queen.'-ibid. 199. 'What needs these plaints?'-Mucedorus, 232. 'What needs these words?'—ibid. 232. 'Here is four angels for you.'-Greene, Looking-Glass, 125, a. 'Here is twenty angels.'—ibid. 'Each others equall puissaunce envies, And throug their iron sides with cruell spies Does seke to perce.'—Spenser, Faërie Queene, I. ii. 17, 4/6. 'He had yet lived, whose twelve labours displays His endless fame, and yet his honour spreads.'—Tancred, I. iii. 'Here's your thirty shillings.' 'Our neighbours, that were woont to quake And tremble at the Persean Monarkes name, Now sits and laughs our regiment to skorne.'- about their necks Marlowe, Tamburlaine, 115. Hangs massic chaines of golde . . .'—ibid. 314. 'Whose fiery cyrcles beare encompassed A heaven of heavenly bodies in their Spheares That guides his steps and actions to the throne.'—ibid. 464. 'Was there such brethren, sweet Meander, say?'—ibid. 567. 'What saies my other friends?'—ibid. 768. 'Upon his browes was pourtraid vgly death, And in his eies the furie of his hart, That shine as Comets, menacing reueng, And casts a pale complexion on his cheeks.'—ibid. 1054/55. 'for Wil and Shall best fitteth Tamburlain, Whose smiling stars giues him assured hope.'-ibid. 1136. 'What is beauty, saith my sufferings, then ? '—ibid. 1941. 'Now shame and duty, loue and feare presents A thousand sorrowes to my martyred soule.'-ibid. 2166.

xciv Syntax II. § 39. Co-ordination instead of Subordination. My lord, such speeches to our princely sonnes Dismaies their mindes before they come to prooue The wounding troubles angry war affoords.'-ibid. 2646. 'from Trebizon in Asia the lesse Naturalized Turks and stout Bythinians Came to my hands full fifty thousand more, That, fighting, knowes not what retreat doth meane.'-ibid. 3538. 'See now, ye slaues, my children stoops your pride And leads your glories sheep-like to the sword !'—ibid. 3748/49. 'Distrest Olympia, whose weeping eies Since thy arriuall here beheld no Sun, But closde within the compasse of a tent, Hath stain'd thy cheekes, and made thee look like death.'- ibid. 3883. The Humidum and Calor, which some holde Is not a parcell of the Elements.'-ibid. 4477. 'Sometimes like women, so unwedded maides, Shadowing more beautie in their ayrie brows, Then has the white breasts of the queene of Loue.'— Marlowe, Faustus, ed. Breymann, 149 (B). For Shakspere, see Abbott, § 335. The instances with -8, and -th, however, may be also explained as remnants of Northern and Southern endings.

§ 39. Co-ordination instead of Subordination.

It is a well-known characteristic feature of poetical style to use sentences as co-ordinate ones, which, logically, stand in the relation of subordination. But Caxton's prose also exhibits several striking instances of this use. Two principal sentences are asyndetically joined together, where we should expect a principal sentence and a subordinate clause :- Whan he see Blanchardyn, that all prest was to furnyshe hys enterpryse, gaffe to hymselfe grete meruaylle, and praised hym but litell, he asked hym of whens he was. Blanchardyn answerd, that for no drede nor fere that he had of hym he shuld kepe his name from hym, Blanchardyn, 84/3; whan the sarrasyns saw the kynge of the gyauntes dede they were sore frayed and gretly abashed, for in hym was alle their hope. they fled toward their tentes as faste as they myght. Blanchardyn and they of Tormaday pursued them, ibid. 87/14, 15; Sadoyne behelde the pucell beatryx that so gentyl was and so odly fayr, he enbraced and kyssed her, sayeng, ibid. 143/21. Cf. 33/2, 39/16, 141/25, 168/24. In the prose of the sixteenth century I noticed this use only in Berners :-

II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 40. Noun Clauses. XCV So he went to hys lodgyng sorow full and in grete dyspleasure, and than he imagyned and studyed on the mater, and howe to brynge about his interpryse; than he departed fro hys lodgyng, and went to Charlot the kynges sone, with whome he was ryght pryuey; he founde hym syttyng on a ryche couche with a yonge knyght, Huon, 13/3-9; thus they 2 bretherne departyd and kyssyd theyr mother, sore wepynge. Thus they toke theyr horses and theyr companys, ibid. 14/3, 4; Charlot came agaynst the 2 brethern; the Abbot of Cluny saw Charlot commynge al armyde, ibid. 19/13, 14; as they lokyd in to the see they spyed a shyppe charged with xxx paynemes, and grete ryches; then Gerames saw how the shipp was commynge to that porte, then he sayd to his company, syrs, lett vs go, ibid. 129/11, 12. (But, perhaps in this case then-then answers to Old English donne donne when, then.) Cf. 134/20, 149/ 6-9, 152/16, 185/3, 4, 203/1, 273/8, 297/4, 313/25, 381/24, 388/2.

§ 40. Noun Clauses.

= (4.) The Subject Clause, which, in Modern English, is introduced by that, turns up very frequently in the shape of an Accusative in connection with an Infinitive. 'It is better a man wysely to be stille, than folysshly to speke,' Charles the Grete, 93/5. See § 30. (B.) Much more interesting is the difference in the construction of the Object Clause. Compare the following two sentences: And God saw the light that it was good' (Genesis, i. 4); 'You see that I am composed' (Dickens, Dombey and Son, iii. 9). Logically speaking, the two constructions are equivalent; but psychologically, how different is the idea which they represent! In the first case the sentence expresses an abstract result; in the second, the verb see has a concrete object, in which a certain attribute is perceived. The former way of expression is the older as well as the more intuitive, and it crops up very often in Early English, though the more modern one seems to have crept in at a very early period :- Old English: Ic pet gehýre, put pis is hold weorod, Beowulf, 290; We put gehýrdon purh hálige héc, pat éow dryhten geaf dóm unscyndne, Elene, 364. Cf. 853. Middle English: Gif þu hine iseze pet he wulle asottie to þes deofles hond send to his werkes. pet pu hine lettest, Old English Homilies, 1. 17; he scal so feste men setten him to irefen. and for godes eie libban his lif rightliche and beon on erfeðnesse anred and edmod on stilnesse. and his ofspringe ne ipauie pet hi beon unright-

xcvi II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 40. Noun Clauses. wise (and shall not suffer his offspring to be unrighteous), ibid. I. 115; 'ful wel þu me iseie pauh þu stille were. Hwar ich was and hwat i dude þauh þu me uorbere.'- On God Ureisun of ure Lefdi, 105/106; 'He wayned me vpon þis wyse to your wynne halle, for to assay be surquidre, 3if hit soth were, þat rennes of þe grete renoun of pe Rounde Table.'- Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, 2457 ; (They) louen more here folye avowis to -- fulfille hem pan to fulfille goddis hestis.'- Wyclif, Unprinted Engl. Works, ed. Matthew, p. 103; 'When the emperowre harde telle All pat case, how hyt felle, That Saddok was so slayne, Therof was he nothyng fayne.'-- Guy of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, 1498; 'When he sawe dewke Raynere And the constabull Waldynere, How þer men were broght to grownde Wyth grete yre yn a stownde, Gye beganne to crye in hye.'-—ibid. 1967. For other instances in the same work, see Zupitza's note to 1. 1497. · I aske pe ien of alle the men. pat pei be pikid oute,-Gesta Romanorum, p. 154; knowist thow not me, what I am ?-—ibid. 208; he went to the sheldes where they lay, ibid. 235; and he had grete envie of his childe pat pe emperour loved him so moche, ibid. 322. Caxton and Malory are well acquainted with the old use. The following instances are equivalent in their structure to those quoted above :- Syre, I knowe not your persone, what ye be, nor to whom I speke, Blanchardyn, 183/26; whan sadoyne, that was the same tyme lokyng out at a wyndowe wythin his castell of Cassydonye, and his wyf the fayr Beatryx by hym sawe the two oostes that they wold Ioyne togyder to batayl, he gaf hymselfe gret meruayl, ibil. 193/29; the lady, that was shette wythin, was full sore and wroth for her frende blanchardyn, that he was 800 ferre from her, ind. 197/30; (he) went to the ryuage of the water, and byhelde it that it ranne lyke a quarel out of a crosbowe, Charles the Grete, 157/26; byholde me how I am obedyent to the commaundements of the chyrche, ibid. 238/25; (he) came to the bataille and sawe his knyghtes how they had vaynquysshed the bataylle, Morte Darthur, 171/35; and we here knowe the wel that thou arte syre Launcelot du laake, ibid. 186/

II. Syntax of the Sentence. § 40. Noun Clauses. xcvii 38; and therfor alle the myssayenge that ye myssayed me fordered me in my bataill, and caused me to thynke to shewe and preue my self at the ende what I was,―ibid. 229/35; that shalle cause me that I shall not be knowen, ibid. 258/1; he knewe sir Blamor de ganys that he was a noble knyght, ibid. 303/17; syr Danadan knewe the knyght wel that he was a noble Knyght, ibid. 429/4; but euer sir Dynadan thought he shold knowe hym by his shelde that it shold be sir Tor, ibid. 429/18; he euermore desyred her to wedde her,―ibid. 575/34; anon the good man knewe hym that he was one of the knyztes erraunt, ibid. 671/33. But the real meaning of this old construction seems already drawing to decay in Malory and Caxton; for in many instances that is no longer understood as a conjunction, but as a relative pronoun; consequently the personal pronoun is dropped, and the noun clause becomes an adjective one :— ... Whan the kynge herde the prouoste, that soo grete offre made for to haue ageyne blanchardyn, He gaff hym self grete merueylle, Blanchardyn, 91/29; but ouer moche dysplaysed her to see her feyth-full frende Blanchardyn that wolde goo ayen out of the lande, Blanchardyn, 172/14; of that other part, he sawe his only doughter, that denyed and defended hym his çomynge in to his cyte, ibid. 184/7; (Alymodes) sawe hym self bannyshed and chassed out of his towne and royalme, and also his doughter that was wedded to his mortayll enmye, ibid. 191/30; the kynge Alymodes, seeng his folke that fled cam and yelded hym self in to the handes of blanchardyn, ibid. 195/16; he sawe his cheff banner ouer thrawen, and hym self enclosed of al sydes, his men that fled, and awayte non other but after the stroke of deth, ibid. 203/17; thenne whan Charlemagne saw his peres that were soo sore moved wyth angre agenste hym, he sayd to theym, Aymon, 485/21; and whan reynawd saw mawgis that dyde so well, he was glad, ibid. 516/19; neuertheles, Rychard beyng on a lytel montayn, and byhelde the hoost of the paynyms came ageynst hym with grete courage, ye may wel ymagyne in what estat his hert was, ibid. 150/29; feragus, beyng euyl contente for hys hors that was dede, took hys swerde for to smyte Rolland, ibid. 222/28. (C.) Whenever the object noun-clause is at the same time an adjectival one, Caxton uses the old construction. Take for instance this sentence, 'He saw a shield that he knew to be his brother's.' Instead of using our accusative with the infinitive, Caxton says (as we also often do now): 'He saw a shield that he knew was his brother's':-

xcviii Syntax II. § 41. Change of direct and indirect Speech. She commaunded that they sholde goo and arme them self for to resiste ayenst her enmyes at their commyng on lande, whiche she sawe approched alredy right nyghe, Blanchardyn, 56/19; and also for of the grete dysplesure that he had of the quene his wyffe, that suche a sorowe made for her entyerli beloued sone blanchardin whiche she wyste not where he was becom... ibid. 112/1; the fayr pucelle and proude in amours myght not seasse nor leue her sorowe ther fore, that she contynually made for her right dere frende blanchardyn; that for the loue of her she trowed that he had other be lost or ded,―ibid. 120/ 11; the pouere folke of prusse, that is to wyte, the barons and knyghtes that Sadoyne had brought wyth hym were sore dyscomfyted and full of sorowe for thabsence of their maystre, that they sawe was brought prysonner of the paynems, ibid. 171/30; I am he that thou knowe that dyd doo destroye rome your cyte, and slewe the Pope and many other, and bare awaye the relyques that I there founde, Charles the Grete, 52/30; fals creature that thou arte (whome I byseche god confounde), thou wendest to haue made me to muse in thy folyes, ibid. 119/8; and amonge them he sawe his broders sheld syr Lyonel, and many moo that he knewe that were his felawes,—Morte Darthur, 185/7; and so shull ye haue wel rewarded me of all that ye say that my brother and I haue doo for you and for your realme, Melusine, 153/1; and thanne all they that were there byan to sorowe and wepe for the pyte they had of the kyng, And also of the sorow that they sawe the virgyne, his daughter, made so pitously, ibid. 154/22.

§ 41. Change of direct and indirect speech.

It is a frequent anacoluthon in Old French, Middle High German, and Middle English writers to pass abruptly from indirect to direct speech. This occurs several times in Caxton, but Malory makes a most extravagant use of it :- "Wex derke, dis coren is gon, Iacob eft bit hem faren agon, Oc he ne duren de weie cumen in, "but go wið us senden beniamin; " do quad he, "quan it is ned.”—Genesis and Exodus, 2240 ; 'The dewke clepyd Gye there, And bad, yf hys wylle were, That Harrawde schulde haue wyth hym eche dell Fyve hundurde knyghtys armed well, And wende forthe, wythowte fayle, Boldely them for to assayle, "And ye, syr Gye, a thousande Bolde men and wele bydande." "" Guy of Warwick, ed. Zupitza, 1785; 'He clepyd hys hunte to hym there And seyde, he wolde chace pe dere

Syntax II. § 41. Change of direct and indirect Speech. xcix Erly in the morowtyde In the forest, þat was so wyde, Bothe at hartys and at hyndys, And wylde bestys of odur kyndys, 'Preuely that hyt be wroght, That pe dewke wytt hyt noght."'—ibid. 2328/29; 'The emperowre asked then, What were all tho armed men. Oon seyde, hyt was syr Gyowne, "All in wrath goyth fro pe towne In odur stedde to do hys beste Wyth schelde and spere to fyght preste.”—ibid. 3162/70. Cf. Zupitza, note to 1. 1785. ་ Than the messanger sayde to her that the kyng made to hym so harde and heuy countenaunce, that he wold nat heere speke worde, neyther of yow hys lady, neyther of youre chylde, in any maner that myght be, Trivet, p. 239 (Chaucer Society's Originals & Analogues); and syth whan she was come ayen to her self, that she had the myght to speke, she sayde to the prouost that soone and incontynent he shold go toward the kyng Alymodes for to wyte, yf for golde or syluer he wolde take to raenson þe knyght. And yf his playsure was to sende hym ayen to her, 'I shal gyue him for his raenson seuen dromadaryes al laden with fyn gold,' Blanchardyn, 90/2; he right reuerently salued hym, sayeng vnto hym, that he was come there for to beye ayen þe straunge knyght . . . thus right gladly she wolde. haue hym ayen, yf your plesure were for to putte hym to raenson, ibid. 91/23; Alymodes ansuerd to hym, and sayd that it was more than a monthe ago that they neuer made noo yssue. . . and that they were made full symple, syth that the yonge knyght was taken, whiche I betok you for to be brought vnto the kynge of salamandrye, ibid. 116/14; Sadoyne departed and com to fore the kynge his fader, to whome in the best wyse that he myght or coude dyde shewe vnto him his wyll, and . . . that a lawfull and Iuste cause he had to do soo, for to gyue socoure and helpe the yonge knyght straunger, 'that thourgh his prouesse and grete worthynes hathe socoured you,' ibid. 126/1; the prouoste tolde to hym . . . that neuer syth that she receyued the letter that he dyde sende to her by hym, she had no Ioye at her herte, nor shal neuer haue vnto the tyme that she see you ayen, ibid. 156/33; thenne they auysed the kynge to send for the duke and his wyf by a grete charge, And yf he wille not come at your somons thenne may ye do your best, Morte Darthur, 35/25; the kynge commaunded II. knyghtes and II. ladyes to take the child bound in a cloth of gold, and that ye delyuer hym to what poure man ye mete, ibid. 59/6; (A squyer) told hym how ther was a knyght in the forest had rered vp a pauelione by a well, and hath slayne my mayster a good knyght, ibid. 68/25; Balyn told his broder of his aduenture of the swerd, and of the deth of the lady of the lake, and ...

Syntax II. § 42. Adjective Clauses. how kyng arthur was displeaysyd with hym, wherfor he sente this knyzt after me, ibid. 83/8, 9; (Pellinore) charged the heremyte with the corps that seruyse shold be done for the soule, and take his harneys for your payne, ibid. 117/15. Cf. ibid. 119/5, 129/26, 136/3, 146/34, 149/28, 169/13, 170/32, 178/22, 183/22, 203/5, 208/4, 227/ 17, 231/17, 239/10, 240/9, 242/37, 247/8, 271/20, 281/6, 282/2, 315/ 21 and passim; for yf they had not be, the paynemys had dystroyed them all, or had constrayned to be conuerted to theire fals lawe, whiche had be to vs wers and heuyer than ony deth corporall, Melusine, 152/5, 6. This freedom is very frequent in Berners, and occurs as late as the second half of the 17th century :- (Huon) embrassyd hym and sayde how often tymys he had sene Guyer, his brother the prouost, wepe for you, and whan I departyd fro Burdeux I delyueryd to hym all my londes to gouerne, Huon, 62/ 31, 32; than the admyrall answeryd, and sayd how he wolde pardon hym on the condycyon that he shulde neuer after trespas hym, nor no man in his countre, and be syde that, to become my man, and to do me homage, ibid. 150/1; he founde Iuoryn, to whom he shewed ... howe he and his company founde the sayd knyght and your nece the fayre Esclaramonde, ibid. 163/18; than he called all his couent, and chargyd them, in the vertue of obedyence, to reuest them selues with crosse and myter and copes, to reseyue Huon, the ryghtfull enherytour to the countre of Burdeux though the kynges of fraunce be our founders, ibid. 219/11, 12; they alyghted and kneled downe before Huon, and requyred hym to haue mercy, and pyte of theym as to saue theyr lyues and put vs in pryson, ibid. 336/17; (Huon) commaunded him that incontynent he sholde go to the emperour, and say vnto hym that yf it be his pleasure to here spekynge of any peace, I shall condyscende therto, ibid. 342/10; then he sayd to kynge Arthur, syr, I wyll ye holde your peas, for if ye speke one worde more agaynst Huon the souerayne kynge of the fayry, that he wold condemyne hym parpetually to be a warwolfe in the se,' ibid. 602/21; they told him that they were poor pilgrims going to Zion, but were led out of their way by a black man, clothed in white, who bid us, said they, follow him,-Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress, 133/1. $42. Adjective Clauses. (4.) For the construction of adjective clauses, see 'Relative Pronoun,' § 15, B, p. xxxvii above. (B.) Adjective clauses are sometimes used with a conditional sense (who would speak if somebody would speak):- =

Syntax III. Arrangement of Words. § 43. Inversion. ci Certes, who someuer brought her this sorowful and pyteuose tydynge I doubte not but that she shold slee her self for grete displaysir, Blanchardyn, 155/30; and I promyse you, that who shall hange Richarde, I shall goo to Reynawde, and shall put myself in hys pryson, Aymon, 326/23; who that sholde speke of the bredern of reynaude and of theyr dedes, it were to longe to be recounted, ibid. 536/3; for who that might take them fro the sarasyns, none of them shuld neuer retourne foot, in sury nor in tharsy, Melusine, 169/ 32; 'By my hed,' said Anthony, who that shuld punysshe you . . . ye were not puyssaunt to make amendes suffysaunt therof,' ibid. 209/ 26; but, fayre Cousyn, it is wel trouth, that who myght goodly tary the day of your weddyng it were your honour,' ibid. 238/1; and who that shuld enquire of me what folke they were, I shuld say it was one of Claude of Syon bretheren that camme toward his brother at his mandement, ibid. 249/5. For the so-called figures of syntax, like anacoluthon, pleonasm, see the Appendix below, on Caxton's style, p. cix, &c.

III. ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS

§ 43. Subject and Predicate (Inversion).

Compared with Early English, the inversion of the present language ranges over a very limited space. Caxton, in this respect, is very near the Modern English; in two cases, however, he has kept the Middle English. 1. Inversion used in emphatic sentences :- :- Sore troubled of wyttis, and gretly vexed wythin her mynde as ye here, rode forthe the gentel pucelle,-Blanchardyn, 45/10; so smot they hem self wythin callyng vp a hyghe crye in to pe thikkest of their enmyes, ibid. 59/4; and syth made eche hem self to be armed hastely whan dressid and redy they were, they made their coursers to be had forth out of the stable, ibid. 60/33; and after that announced was there comyng, men made them to entre in to the chambre of parement, ibid. 76/27; to the rescue of blanchardyn cam also the gode prouost,-ibid. 166/23. 2. Co-ordinate sentences introduced by and are often inverted. This use may be traced to the pre-historic time of the English language. It appears in the oldest Teutonic dialects, and is still kept in Modern German, though learned grammarians are untiring in ridiculing this time-honoured use :—

cii : Syntax III. § 43. Inversion. Old English: Her Aepel heard cyning forpferde and feng Cupræd to Westseaxna rice, Chronicle, a. 741; ac monige sindon me swiðe onlice on ungelærednesse, peah pe hi næfre leorning cnihtas næren, wilniad deah lareowas to beorne, and dynced him swide leoht sio byrden pas lareondomes, Cura Pastoralis, p. 24. lem. Modern English: Syon was sum hwile iclepet þe hehe tur of IerusaAnd seið syon ase muchel on englische leodene ase heh sihče, and bitacned pis tur pe heh schipe of meidenhad, Hali Meidenhad, p. 5; and was his holie lichame leid in buriels in pe holie sepulcre, Old English Hom., II. 21; alse hit bi pe wimman and bi sheawere. hie bihalt hire sheawere, and cumeð hire shadewe peronne, ibid. 29; and gif hit is swo. me ding ne brings no synful man quemere loc pene teares sheding for his sinnen. and wiste seinte peter, and Seinte Marie Magdalene, ibid. 65. Cf. ibid. 83, 127, 165, 213; Saules Warde, 249 (Old English Hom. I.); And tanne comm he sippen' ut All dumb and butenn spæche, and toc to becnenn till þe follc, and space he nohht wipp tunge.'—Orm. 224; 'He made an aucter on godes name, And sacred he dor-on, for sowles frame.' Story of Genesis and Exodus, 626; o sente he after abram, and bitagte he him is leman.'-ibid. 782; 'It semet wel dat ge spies ben, And into is lond cumen to sen, And cume ge for non oder ding But for to spien ur lord de king.'-—ibid. 2171; 'And al is unweder dor atwond, And wurd dis weder sone all stille.'-ibid. 3059. Caxton offers several instances of this use:-- Thenne dylygently he demanded his mayster of the subtylnes of the werke, of thystorye and of the personnages. And first recounted vnto hym his mayster the puyssaunce the right grete cyrcuyte, and the noblesse of the cyte of Troyes, Blanchardyn, 15/9; the wawes wexed so bygge and so grete, that they semed to be mountayns. And was the tempeste so perelouse, that they were constreyned to enter into the brode see agayne, ibid. 136/11; Kynge Alymodes made the towne to be assayled, and was there made grete alarme and grete fray,— ibid. 152/23; and within a whyle they cam to the heremytage and took lodgyng and was there gras otys and breed for their horses, soone it was sped and full hard was their souper,-Morte Darthur, 111/7; for moche he langed that he myght there be arryued for to shew hym all the tydynges. And dured not long the scarmoushe, Melusine, 127/4; Uryan thanne made the standarde to passe fourth rydyng in batayll moche ordynatly and was Vryan before, hauyng a staf on hys fyste,

Syntax III. § 44. Place of the Verb. § 45. Of the Object. ciii ibid. 131/22; anoone camme there Vryan, whiche alyghted, toke hys speere, and so dyde hys folke moche appertly, and made hys banere to be dysployed abrode, and were the crosbowe men on bothe sydes of hym vpon the bridge, ibid. 131/30; and so moche they dide that the fals paynemes might gete nothing on them, but that they lost twyes asmoche more, and was scarmusshing moche fyers and peryllous, ibid. 137/20; and thanne Vryan smote hym vpon the helmet a grete stroke with all his might, and was the sawdan so sore charged with that stroke that he was so astonyed and amaysed that he neyther sawe nor herde, ibid. 145/28; and thene Vryan and his folke lodged them self in the paynens lodgys, and was the sommage of the cristen sent fore,―ibid. 146/18. Cf. 203/17, 214/7, 12, 215/13, 234/7, 240/6.

§ 44. The Predicative verb, especially the verb be, is, as a rule,

placed at the end of adjective clauses, and exceptionally also in others:- The knyght thenne beholdynge the Iouencell Blanchardyn, that right yong was, and sawe hym alone, Rose anone vpon his feet, Blanchardyn, 26/16; theire sperys (that sore bygge and stronge were) broke also all to pyces, ibid. 28/10; thenne her maystres, that sage and dyscrete was comforted her, ibid. 43/19; whan blanchardyn had wel loked and rede the verses that grauen were in the marbell vpon the gate, and well vnderstode theire sentence, a lytyl he bygan to smyle, ibid. 47/8; there beganne the trompettes, the hornes, the olyphauntes, and the busynes to blowe, that suche a noyse made, that the see and the erthe retentyssed wyth alle, ibid. 183/6. Cf. 41/29, 49/10, 51/18, 60/31, 62/20, 64/30, 88/27, 94/29, 97/6, 99/8, etc.

§ 45. Place of the Object.

(4.) The object, when a noun, precedes the verb: 1. in emphatic sentences; 2. in clauses, especially before past participles and infinitives:- 1. Your loue and lady I shal yelde vnto you this day, Blanchardyn, 25/2; so smot they hem self wythin callyng vp a hyghe crye in to be thikkest of their enmyes, where they slew and detrenched many one, And dyuerse tentes and pauyllons they pulled doune, ibid. 59/6; for so helpe me god, as I loue you wyth all my veraye herte, and am so esprysed wyth your loue, that relerce it to you I can not, ibid. 9/34; he toke his way forth on, and folke he met ynoughe by the waye, ind. 98/30; to the rescue of blanchardyn cam also the goode prouost, ibid. 166/22. 2. Thenne the proude pucelle in loue, after a lytyl musyng, vnderstode well by the wordes of the captayne, and by the cognyssaunce that he tolde her of his horse, that he was that self knyght that the

civ Syntax III. § 45. Place of the Personal Pronoun. kysse had taken of her, Blanchardyn, 51/26; I shal suffre for this nyght hym that so grete a dysplaysure hath don to me this day, ibid. 51/31; Blanchardyn thanked the messager, and prayed hym curtaysly that he wold haue hym for humbly recomended to the goode grace of the noble pucelle, that so fayre a present had sent to hym, ibid. 82/6; the paynem knyght, that was full curteys, made a token to hym that his request he dyde graunte, ibid. 90/26; and for thys werke to conducte and brynge to an ende, I graunte you euen now, and chose you, for to be in oure behalue Conestable and hed captayne of oure present armye, ibid. 100/27; and none of them abode there, but that he was ded or taken excepte som that fled awaye, that this tydynges brought to Alymodes, ibid. 191/9; that god that created the firmamente, and made alle thynges of noughte for the people to susteyne... kepe and saue the, Aymon, 24/19; I complayne me to you of the foure sonnes of Aymon, that hathe my londe dystroyed and wasted, ibid. 89/13; they coude no counceil gyue, but said they were bygge ynough, Morte Darthur, 47/10. (B.) The personal pronoun as an object is not bound by this rule. In Old English its place was generally before the finite verb, as may be seen from the Blickling Homilies, where more than 80 per cent. of the pronouns in the oblique case precede the verb. In Middle English prose the modern arrangement carries the day, and in Caxton there are but a small number of instances exhibiting the old use; but even in these the French influence may have been of some effect :— I me recommende ryght humbly vnto your good grace, Blanchardyn, 133/18; and to the surplus, to the playsure of oure lorde, and hym playsed ye shal vnderstande by mouthe ferthere of myn astate, ibid. 134/4; and yf I maye take hym, I shall not leue hym, for the duke Aymon that shamfully is goon from me, nor for his foure sones that I haue made knyghtes, wherof I me repente sore, Aymon, 38/21; the kyng gaaf hym ayen his salute, and hym demaunded what he was, ibid. 40/26; he called afore hym his barons, and to theym sayd, ibid. 104/18; ye knowe wel the grete dishonour thei have doon to me, wherof I me complayne vnto you, ibid. 183/15; I you supplye with al myn herte that now ye wyll rewarde me wyth a yefte that I shal desyre, Charles the Grete, 49/28; therof, madame, I you assure, ibid. 92/30. Cf. 127/1, 159/19, 160/15; God me spede, said Blamor de ganys, Morte Darthur, 306/26; the kyng rode euen to her, and salewed her, and said god yow saue, ibid. 541/5; I haue none other wylle than to endeuoyre me perto, how be it certayn that I may not acomplysshe to the regarde of the grete honour that ye haue me shewed, Melusine, 152/13; but it augmenteth my doulour, wherfore I you commande that ye cesse of this heuynes, ibid. 155/8; but the

Syntax III. § 46. Place of the Attribute. CV hauoir that is departed amonges my felawes I may not it rendre or yeld to you, ibid. 211/6.

§ 46. Place of the Attribute.

(A.) One attribute. In Old and Middle English, adjectives (as a rule) precede the noun; this before-putting, though not unfrequent in poetry, occurs rarely in prose. In Caxton, adjectives—not only of French, but also of Teutonic origin, as well as present and past participles-follow the noun, and we may safely say that this is due to French influence. (B.) Of two adjectives belonging to the same noun, the first precedes, the second follows it. This is nearly like the French use; but Caxton was far from copying his original, he simply kept a very old good English tradition :- Old English: Gif ænig man hæbbemódigne sunu and rancne,- Deuter. xxi. 18; to gódum lande and widgillum, Exod. iii. 8; wæron on pis um felda unríme gesomnunga hwittra manna and fægerra, Beda, v. 13; he gefór... gód man and clæne and swide ædele, Chronicle, 1056; þat se anweald becume tó gódum men and tó wísum,-Boeth. xvi. 1. · • Middle English: heo wulle under fon swa hez ping and swa hali swa is cristes licome, O. E. Hom., 25; pet frumkenede childe and pet lefeste,―ibid. 87; non þe ledeð feir lif and clene,-ibid. 137; monie wundre and muchele,-ibid. 139; pat lobeliche ward, and ateliche, and grisliche,―ibid. II. 5; lomb is drih ping and milde,--ibid. 49; pe olde men pe po weren and lif holie, ibid. 51; after summ apel man & good,-Orm. 611; Rihhtwise men and gode,―ibid. 116; full mehhtiz mann and more,―ibid. 806; 'Of hem woren de getenes boren, Migti men, and figti, [and] for-loren.'—— Story of Genesis and Exodus, 561; 'A michel fier he sag, and an brigt,'—ibid. 951; 'Ghe bed him gold, and agte, and fe, To maken him riche man and fre.'-ibid. 2018; 'Long weige and costful he or fond.'-ibid. 3880; Troye, pat god mon was and wys,-Robert of Glos., p. 10; a lute bal and round,—Wright, Pop. Treat. on Science, p. 137; Sire Emerde Valence, gentil knyght and free,-Polit. Songs, (Camden Soc.) p. 216; ful modi man and proud,-Anecd., p. 2; He was hardy mon and strong,- Alis., 4402; the foulest contree, and the most cursed, and the porest,—— Maundeville, p. 129; a heze ernde and a hasty,-Gawayne, 1051; to knawe god and lonye,—Ayenbite, 88; sope blisse and ziker,―ibid. 93; pa is guod lyf and yblyssed, ibid.; a gode zone and trewe,-ibid. 101;

cvi Syntax III. § 47. Place of the Adverb. and namely with a yong wif and a fair,-Chaucer, II. 327; an old man and a pore with hem mette, ibid. 1II. 98; of such a parfyt God and a stable,--ibid. III. 6; in a foul stynkynge stable and cold,- Wyclif, 17; in grete fatte hors and nedeles,ibid. 60; gaie houses and costy,ibid. 61; open heretiks and stronge,―ibid.; new song and cost,-ibid. 76; an heuenly yiefte and gostly,―ibid. 82; here worldly lif and cursed,-ibid. 99; proude men and delicate, ibid. 120; wide clopis and precious,ibid. 128. Cf. ibid. 129, 140, 145, 156, 181, 223. I am come of gret blode and riall,— Gesta Romanorum, 23; a strong man and a mighty,―ibid. 42; a wise man and a redy,- ibid. 148; a noble man, and a worthi,―ibid. 172; riche yiftes and fair,—ibid. 190; a worthy knyzt and a riche,―ibid. 202. Cf. ibid. 251, 264. : CAXTON and so grete a stroke and so heuy he gaffe hym, Blanchardyn, 62/22; god hath well kept hym from so moche an hap and so hyghe, ibid. 75/24; that knewe hym for a trusty man and secret,— ibid. 81/23; he lete fall vpon daryas suche a stourdy strok, and so grete, ―ibid. 86/17; a grete tempeste roose in the see, and so horryble,– ibid. 97/20; that was a fayr knyght and yonge,-ibid. 110/2; ye shall doo as a wyse woman and well counseylled,―ibid. 178/1; the best tyme and most entier,—ibid. 179/5; the grete strokes and the dangerous,-Aymon, 392/9; that was a worthy knyghte and a wyse, ―ibid. 504/20; a myghty spere and sharpe,-Charles the Grete, 48/27; O ryche emperour and noble, ibid. 84/16; I had had fyue of the valyauntest erles of fraunce and of the grettest,―ibid. 88/3; she ledde them by an olde gate and secrete,-ibid. 94/1; in spayne he had XVI grete townes and stronge,―ibid. 205/6; she was called a fair lady and a passynge wyse,-Morte Darthur, 35/7; that is a passyng true man and a feythful, ibid. 38/29; that was a passyng good man and a yonge,―ibid. 52/8; thou art a boystous man and an vnlykely,―ibid. 84/20; he was a likely man and a well made,--ibid. 94/27; the best knyght and the myghtyest,---ibid. 192/35; many in this land of hyghe estate and lowe,―ibid. 198/1; this is an horryble dede and a shameful,-ibid. 211/13; this is a fowle custome and a shameful, ibid. 310/31; they foughte vpon foote a noble batail togyders and a myghty, ibid. 346/21. Cf. 353/5, 408/16, 412/25, 425/31, 432/2, 435/7, 442/20, 509/2, and passim.

§ 47. Place of the Adverb.

There is an evident tendency in Caxton to place the adverb before the verb, and very often even before the subject :- Thenne dylygently he demanded his mayster of the subtylnes of the werke, Blanchardyn, 15/7; Blanchardyn toward the stables tourned his waye, ibid. 17/20; right thus . . . cam the yomen & grommes of þe stable makynge grete noyse and crye for pe grete courser of þe kynge, whiche that night was stolen fro theim, ibid. 19/10; (Blanchardyn)

Syntax III. § 48. Apposition. cvii founde a knyght that lay there on the grounde, armed of all pieces, the whiche full pyteously complayned, ibid. 22/18; for hir sake I wyl fight with you in fauoure of pe good knight her true louer, þe whiche falsly, as an vntrewe knyght, ye haue be trayd, ibid. 26/11; they founde pe knyght, that awayted after theym, that well and curtoysly saluted Blanchardyn, ibid. 33/5; of the tecrys that from her eyen fyll doune, her gowne that she had on was therof charged, ibid. 43/16; Blanchardyn herkned the prouost, to whom boldly he answered, ibid. 48/15. Cf. 72/31, 85/8, 86/21, 87/21, 99/4, 101/5, 131/26, 133/17, 140/9, 145/7, 147/25, 151/7, 164/31, 169/25, 186/ 11, 194/12. This is especially striking in passive constructions, where the adverbial combination, stating by whom something is done precedes:- So was he by the two doughters brought in to a chambre, Blanchardyn, 50/21; of what dethe mygt I do make hym to deye for to gyue vnto hym his payment of the grete oultrage by hym commytted in my persone, ibid. 52/30; and seen the battaylles and scarmysshynge that by them of the towne and their enmyes were made, So began he to be ful of thoughte, ibid. 59/27; syth he also perceyued the black sleue that upon his helmet was sette fast, ibid. 63/27; many of the gretest of hem had ben slayn or taken, yf by the vertue and strengthe of blanchardyn they had not be socoured, ibid. 66/13; I doubte not that yf by aduenture she were out of his remembraunce, and by hym putte in oblyuyon, that god forbede but that sholde dey sodaynly, ibid. 74/1; he called blanchardyn his new Conestable and tolde hym how, by hym and his barons, was ordeyned to hym the charge and conduyte of his werre, ibid. 103/21; he sholde neuere haue Ioye at herte tyll that the deth of his brother, and the damage that he had receyued were by hym auenged, ibid. 107/24; he awoke out of his. slepe thurghe the pyteouse crye that of his men was made, ibid. 113/16. Cf. ibid. 142/34, 143/31, 159/19, 161/11, 194/8, 9, 10, 199/4.

§ 48. Apposition.

A word in apposition to a possessive genitive is, in Middle English, and still in Caxton, put after the noun governing the genitive (Cf. Skeat, notes to Piers Plowman, pp. 42, 157, 307, 329; Zupitza, Guy of Warwick, 1. 687). This arrangement is very old, though the modern one may be found exceptionally as early as the Chronicle, about the year 890:- Old English for his wed broderes luuen Oswi, Chronicle, 656 (Laud MS.); for Saxulfes luuen per abbodes, ibid. (very frequent); on Torevines dagum þas ofer módan cyninges, Boethius, 16/1; BLANCHARDYN. h

cviii Syntax III. § 49. Contraction. be Cnútes dæge einges,-Hickes, Dissert., ep. p. 2. (Quoted by Mætzner, Grammar, III., p. 355.) Middle English: purh davides mud be prophete, Old English Hom., I. 139; in august time pe Imparour, Cursor Mundi, 11277; ion heued, pi prisun, ibid. 13167; in Kynges hous Arthor, Gawayne, 2275; pe duches dozter of Tyntagelle, ibid. 2465; for marye loue of heuene, Piers Plowman, B I, 157; for the lordes loue of heuene, ibid., B VI., 19; the kynges metynge Pharao, Chaucer, V. 163; that was the kynge Priamus sone of Troye, ibid. IV. 108; and byd him that on alle thynge That he take up Seys body, the kynge, ibid. V. 159; the faire yonge Ypsiphile the shene That whilom Thoas doughter was the kynge, ibid. V. 321; to praye for my lordes soule,-Sir Thomas West, Early English Wills, 7/4, 5; on pe maydenys halfe Blanchflowre,-Zupitza, Guy of Warwick, 687; the dewkys men Segwyne, ibid. 2427; my lordes sone pe emperowre, ibid. 2827; the erlys doghtur Rohawte, ibid. 4005; the erlys sone Awbrye, ibid. 4339, 5352, 6054, etc.; goddes sone of heuen,--Perry, Religious Pieces, p. 2. CAXTON for syn that he was departed from his fadres house, the kynge of fryse, [he] had nothre eten nor dronken, Blanchardyn, 31/21; but wel he tolde hym that he sholde be well lodged in the prouostys house of the towne,―ibid. 46/3; here foloweth the ballade that was wryton vpon the gate of the prouostis place of Tourmaday,-ibid. 46/21; for right moche he desyred to shewe hymself, for his ladyes loue, doughter to kyng Alymodes,--ibid. 83/9; the kynges sone of Ireland, Morte Darthur, 80/23; I loue Gweneuer, the kynges doughter Lodegrean,-ibid. 100/15; his name is syr gauayne hyng Lots sone of Orkeney,―ibid. 108/37; I am the lordes doughter of this castel,―ibid. 127/30; his name is Marhaus the kynges sone of Irelond,ibid. 141/4; for the kynges loue of heuen,-ibid. 177/32; he sawe his broders sheld syr Lyonel, ibid. 185/6, etc.; of the kyngis deth of Armenye,-Melusine, 178/14. There are also two instances of the modern construction :— (They) gaff eche other soo vnmesurable strokes that the kynge of Polonye spere brake al to peces, Blanchardyn, 108/1; they fonde three of pe kynge of frysys seruauntes,-ibid. 112/17.

§ 49. Contraction.

Instead of saying 'the father came, and the son came,' as primitive tribes still do, we use the contraction 'the father and the son came.' Caxton exhibits several interesting traces of that state of the language, which takes the middle course between the primitive repetition (anaphora), and the modern contraction. 1. Two adjectives and one noun :-

Syntax III. § 49. Contraction. cix The grete strokes and the dangerous, Aymon, 392/2 (instead of 'the grete and dangerous strokes.' See above, § 46). 2. Two subjects and one predicate :- (He answered) that he sholde putte peyne that his honoure sholde be kepte, and his body ayenst hym, Blanchardyn, 48/19; hym semed, yf he wold be baptysed and all his folk, and to byleue in our feith, that the tempeste shold breke, ibid. 137/18; wold subyon or not, and all his helpes, the noble lady, proude of loue, was taken oute of his power, ibid. 197/20. 3. One verb and two objects :- They were in a grete daunger of Subyon, that damaged theym ryght sore, and their place, Blanchardyn, 200/29. 4. One object governed by two verbs:- But the knyght, that was ryght curteys, guyded hym and conduyted a whyle, Blanchardyn, 39/30. To sum up-Caxton's syntax, on the whole, is nearer Chaucer than Shakspere; and there is a still greater kinship between his prose and that of the fourteenth century, than that of the Elizabethan age. In reading Caxton's books, the general impression resembles very much that received by reading The Tale of Melibeus, or even Maundeville; and the results of a minute analysis agrees with that impression. It is true, many peculiarities of Caxton's language turn. up also in Shakspere and Spenser; but we must keep in mind, that there is always a sort of tradition in poetry, which links together the remotest periods, while in simple prose, as in daily life, the distance of times is of great influence. There is a wide gap between the language in Spenser's Faërie Queene, not to speak of the Shepherd's Calendar, and his View of the State of Ireland. Thus, the plural of abstracts is very frequent in the poem, but very rare in the prosc treatise; the article is extremely often omitted in the former, while it is used in the latter, etc. There are several points, which draw a very marked line between Caxton's syntax and that of the sixteenth century :— 1. Ye, not you, is still, with a few exceptions, the nominative of the 2nd pers. plural personal pronoun. This is quite common in Berners. See p. xiii.

CX Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. 2. Adjectives referring to preceding nouns are not yet followed by one. See p. xxviii. 3. The personal pronoun, when a subject, is still very often omitted. See p. xxxiii. 4. Self is still considered an adjective, as seen by the 3rd person plural: themselfe, never themselves. The latter becomes the rule about the middle of the sixteenth century. 5. Who (in the nominative) as a relative pronoun is still unknown. 6. The indefinite pronoun one is not yet used; in its stead we find men. See p. xlvi, § 15. 7. Constructions like we are banished the court' are not yet in use; there seems to be still a rigid observance of the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs, with regard to the passive voice. See p. lv. 8. Agreement between tenses (consecutia temporum) is not yet strictly observed. See P. lviii. See p. lxvi. 9. The infinitive absolute is still in use. 10. The arrangement of words is much more free than in later times. See pp. ci-cix. APPENDIX.

I. CAXTON AS A TRANSLATOR

HIS STYLE. 'IN his translation of this work, Caxton shows himself piously literal. Words and phrases, both foreign and unusual, he transferred bodily to his text; nothing ever deterred him, simply because it was French; he wandered along every winding of the sentences he was rendering, and brought them over with all their sinuosities into English. In consequence, his translation is perhaps one of the most literal that has ever been produced in the English language; and though to some extent stilted and even awkward, yet it is impossible not to admire his faithfulness to his original; and the very quaintness of those peculiarities of language sometimes adds a charm to his composition.'-Octavia Richardson, in the Introduction to her edition of The Four Sonnes of Aymon, E. E. T. Soc., p. vii.

Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. CX1 I don't think Caxton was such a pious slave. His translation of Blanchardyn, no doubt, is as 'quaint' and even as 'awkward' as that of The Four Sonnes of Aymon; but I cannot admit Miss Octavia Richardson's statement with regard to his 'piety.' On the other hand, I contend that he was as good and free a translator as any of the 15th century, and in his style certainly not inferior to Peacock, the greatest prosaist of his time. of a What makes Caxton's style appear so awkward in the eyes modern reader, is his repetitions, tautologies, and anacolutha. But these irregularities are, for the most part, conscious sins, committed not only by him, but also by all the writers of his time. Read the following sentences from Malory, whose like never occurs in Blanchardyn or Aymon, and you will admit that Caxton was a very able translator, for his time :-- / Well, saide Merlyn / I knowe whome thou sekest / for thou sekest Merlyn / therfore seke no ferther/ for I am he, Morte Darthur, 36/ 16—18; and moche blood they bledde bothe / that al the place there as they faught was ouer bledde with blood, ibid. 71/26-28; but traueilynge men are ofte wery, and their horses to / but though my hors be wery my hert is not wery, ibid. 96/21-23; for I haue sene many of their sheldes that I knowe on yonder tree / there is kayes shelde & sir braundeles sheld / and syr Marhaus sheld, and syre Galyndes shelde, and syre Bryan de lystnoyse sheld, and syr Ålydukes sheld with many mo, ibid. 195/36, 196/4; and toke his swerd redy in his hand, redy vnto bataylle / and they were al armed in black harneis redy with her sheldes, ind. 206/18-20; but alweyes quene gweneuer preysed syr kay for his dedes / and sayd what lady that ye loue and she loue yow not ageyne, she were gretely to blame, ibid. 122/15-17; thenue ther was a lady in that countrey that had loued kynge Melyodas longe / And by no meane she neuer coude gete his loue; therfore she lete ordeyne vpon a day as kynge Melyodas rode on huntynge / for he was a grete chacer / and there by an enchauntement she made hym chace an herte by hym self alone / til that he came to an old castel, ibid. 273/19-25; but as yet he may not yet sytt sure on horsbak / for he that shalle be a good horsman / hit must come of vsage and excercyse, ibid. 344/23—25; and as she wold haue ranne vpon the swerd, and to haue slayne herself / alle this aspyed kyng Marke / how she kneled doune and saide/ swete lord Ihesu haue mercy vpon me, ibid. 368/34, 369/2; now maye ye saye, sayd syr launcelot vnto youre frendes, how & who hath delyuered you, ibid. 199/24-26; thenne syr, he sayd, my name is Garoth, and broder vnto syr Gawayn of fader and moder,

cxii Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. ibid. 218/21, 22; fy on you bothe, said sir Gahoryse, for a fals traitour/and fals treason hast thou wroust / and he both vnder the fayned chere that ye made vs, ibid. 403/29-31; but the Kynge of Irland whos name was Marhalt, and fader to the good knyghte sir Marhaus that sire Tristram slewe, had alle the speche that sir Tristram myghte here it, ibid. 529/19-22; he told he of whens he was / and sone vnto Launcelot, ibid. 622/3, 4. Of course, Caxton followed the drift of the narrative in his original as closely as possible; but so far as I am aware, there is no ground whatever for supposing that he slavishly sacrificed the genius of his native language to Latin or French. It will be seen by the Introduction that Caxton's Syntax is essentially English, as much so as that of Chaucer and Gower; his arrangement of words is, in spite of his original, truly Saxon; and even in his introduction of foreign words, he only continued what the preceding centuries had begun. There are a very few decided Frenchisms in Blanchardyn; but these are rather slips of the pen, than intended or conscious innovations. Such are require, demand, governing the dative case, see § 6, p. xxiii; swear, with the accusative, see § 7, p. xxiv, A; the article used in the vocative case, § 7, a; the his, § 7, b, p. xxvi. Cf. Dr. Furnivall, Introduction to Eneydos, p. xix. = As strong evidence against Miss Richardson's opinion, I quote the fact that there is not one instance of the French moi I being translated by 'me'! See § 4, p. xi. With regard to Caxton's style, its main feature is the tiresome tautology, which is apparently produced by the translator's desire to make as much as he could of his work, to render it as showy as possible; his whole age was affected by this fashion of intolerable verbosity: to convey an idea through the medium of as many words as possible was considered as a beauty of style. This appears first in the choice of words. Generally, one French expression is rendered by two consecutive synonyms; sometimes the first of these is the word of the original, sometimes another; sometimes one is French, the other Saxon; sometimes one strange, the other familiar :- 1 Compare the American girl who liked creaky shoes because they announced her coming and made folk look at her.

Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. cxiii Regned in fryse a kynge of right benewred and happy fame (orig. de tres horeuse renomme), Blanchardyn, 11/10; but priuated and voyde he was of the right desyred felicite, 12/1; of lignage or yssue of his bodye (orig. lignie), 12/2; I leue to telle the bewayllyngis and lamentaciouns (orig. regretz), 12/4; by her self al alone in solytary places (orig. en lieux solitaires), 12/6; now it is soo that atte his byrthe and comyng in to this world (orig. a laduenement duquel), 12/12; sourded and rose vp (orig. sourdy), 12/14; prest and redy (orig. preste), 23/20; by his behavoure and contenaunce, men myght well knowe that he was departed and come of noble extraction and hyghe parentage (orig. haulte lignee), 50/16, 18; I holde hym so courtoys and dyscret, or wyse, 54/27; for bothe of hem loued sore blanchardyn, and right enamored they were ouer hym, 66/24 ; Amoures or loue serued her wyth a messe, 67/17; she sette neuere nought by amours and loue, 75/15; Blanchardyn save and perceyued the noble, 77/1; mouyd wyth grete wrath and yre, 92/7; she wolde not putte in oblyuyon nor forgete hym, 94/11; she myght see ne chuse the nauye, 135/28; she byganne to chuse and perceyue the saylles, 135/30; to gyue socoure and helpe vnto her, 150/16; the grete malyuolence or euyll wylle, 153/21; (the proude pucelle) mounted vp to a high toure for to see and beholde the hatayl, 163/14; right grete was the effucyon or shedyng of blode, 165/22; wythout answer nor replye, 189/32. It is, however, worth noting that the original too sometimes indulges in slight tautologies :- Pourquay ne a quelle cause, 22/20; ne le sceut ne peult, 52/21, 66/10, 103/5, 122/20. A second sort of tautology is Caxton's additions of his own, for which there is not the slightest necessity whatever. (But who of us doesn't like touching up other men's work?) Compare the following instances, to which many more can be added :- Blanchardyn grewe in beawte, wytte, and goode maners beyonde mesure, and passed all other of his age, 13/10, 11; and recounted vnto him his mayster . . . the right grete valyaunce of Hector of Troylus, Parys and Deyphebus brederen, and of Achilles, 15/15; after, he demaunded of his mayster, the names and blasure of the armes, 15/23; wythout that ony body coude telle any tydynges where he was becomen, 18/13; thenne Blanchardyn, moued of pyte, alyght from his courser, and sette fote on erthe, 23/9; to thees wordes sayde Blanchardyn to the knyght, and prayed hym that he vousshesauff to helpe hym, 24/1; he sholde auenge hym of his enmye, and that he shulde yelde ayen his lady vnto hym, 24/5; and that he shulde therfore dye shamefully in that place, 27/2; and yf thou auaunce, or haste not thy self, I shal doo passe this same spyere

exiv Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. thrughe the myddes of thy body, 27/17; O thou proude berdles boye (orig. garchon), 27/24; (Blanchardyn) syn departed, sore troubled atte herte for the pyteouse dethe of the two true louers, 31/1; (he) had nothre eten nor dronken, but onely that whyche he fonde vpon the trees growynge in the grete forest, as crabbes and other wylde frutes that are wonte to growe in wodes, 31/24, 25; (a marener) brought hym a boote goode and sure that from the knyght of the ffery was sent vnto hym, 32/26; right well it were your fayt and welthe for to goo rendre your personne vnto her, 38/10; she rydeth the lytyl paas vpon her swete and softe palfraye (orig. sa haguenee), 38/23. Cf. 44/1, 4, 12, 46/18, 26, 50/10, 52/3, 55/13, 20, 56/21, 58/30, 59/11, 63/12, 64/6, 65/34, etc. There are very few passages in which Caxton is less verbose than the original. Cf. 24/16, 44/6, 65/16. There are also few instances in which Caxton seems to have misinterpreted the FrenchFor syth that by fayre meanes thou wylt not yelde agen the pucelle, thou most nedes deffende the nowe, ayenst me, the right that thou pretendest vpon her (orig. Il te conuient contre moi deffendre le droit que tu y pretendez a auoir), 27/15, 16. Cf. 29/1. The sudden transition from one construction to another is pretty frequent in Caxton, and seems, to a certain degree, to have been considered as a figure of speech. Compare the following passages :- For I confesse me not lerned, ne knowynge the arte of rhetorik, ne of suche gaye termes as now be sayd in these dayes and vsed, Blanchardyn, 2/11; soo that by his dylygence taken wyth an ardaunt desyre, fonde hymself nyghe her and of her maystres wythin a short space of tyme, 41/24; O thou free knyght, replenysshed wyth prowesse and of grete wordynesse, haue mercy vpon our fadre, 49/15; (then sayd blanchardyn) that hym semed yf he wold be baptysed and all his folk, and to byleue in our feith, that the tempeste shold breke, 137/18; I gyue my self vnto you, prayeng that ye wol saue bothe me and my cyte, and to take vs in to your mercy, 142/14. Against the first important principle of modern composition, the unity of sentence, Caxton often sins. Such strong anacolutha as the following would be impossible nowadays; but Caxton and his contemporaries used them without any scruple. 1. A principal sentence co-ordinate with a participle clause; a perfect tense being substituted for a participle, or having its conjunction and subject suppressed :-

Appendix. Caxton as a Translator. His style. CXV The knyght thenne beholdynge the Iouencell Blanchardyn that right yong man was, and sawe hym alone, Rose anone vpon his feet, Blanchardyn, 26/16; and euyn at these wordes cam the prouost tyl his owne knowlege ageyne, and understanding that he had lost the felde for cause of the stourdy stroke that he had receyued of the spere of blanchardyn, And sayde in this maner, 49/22; Alimodes, seeng his enmyes cam a lande, and in so fayre ordonaunce y-sette of that one part, and of that other syde he sawe them of the cyte that cam wyth a grete puyssaunce vpon hym and his folke, It is well ynough to be byleued, that he was not well assured, 162/24; Alymodes seeng his folke lose grounde, and were smytten ded doun right by the hyghe prouesse and grete worthynes of blanchardyn, desyred sore wyth al his herte to joyne hym self wyth hym, 167/20; the kynge Alymodes, seeng his folke that fled, his cheff standarde ouer thrawen and layng vpon the grounde, His barons all to bet adoune, and also save that Impossyble it was to hym to escape hym self quyk from the bataylle, wherfore, assone as he mygt, or euer that a more grete myscheff sholde happe vnto hym, cam and yelded hym self, 195/16. 2. Direct specch interrupting an indirect one. See Noun Clauses, § 40, p. xcv. 3. A principal sentence co-ordinate with a relative clause :— (She) douted leest he shuld sette his loue on one of the doughters of the prouoste, whom she hasteli sente for and spake to hym [= to whom she spoke] as it foloweth, Blanchardyn, 69/12; and of another part she sawe a grete noumbre of folke that retourned to the tentes, [and then she] thoughte wel, and also her hert Iudged and gaf it to her, that that was the worthy blanchardyn, 89/16; how sodayne toke leue of his fader the kyng, and [how] so dyde Blanchardyn, and [how both] toke the see wyth a grete naue, 125/16; he was cast in to an hauen of the see of the sayde lande, where he made grete wast, [where he] toke and slewe many men, and [whence] many he dyde brynge wyth hym prysoners, 145/15; certes, who-someuer brought her this sorowfull and pyteouse tydynge, I doubte not but that she shold slee her self, 155/30; he perceyued a right myghty nauey, wherof they that were comen vpon lande, he sawe hem in grete nombre, 162/3. 4. Other instances :- (He) byganne for to desyre the goode grace of the same proude pucelle in amours, wythout makynge of eny semblaunt, nor to dyscouere [or discovering] it to the knyght, Blanchardyn, 37/15; (she) commaunded hym to presente hit hastely from her behalue vnto blanchardyn prayng hym that for her sake and loue, to dye [= he would dye] the whyt coloure in to red, 168/21; whan the proude pucelle in amours sawe her frende blanchardyn departed from her

cxvi Appendix. The Manuscripts and Prints of the Romance. chambre, where she lened vpon a wyndowe that loked vpon the see, makyng full pyteouse rewthes for her loue that she sawe, nor neuer thens she wolde departe as longe as she myght see the shyppes, 174/28 [where she she there]. ==

II. THE MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTS OF THE ROMANCE

The story of Blanchardyn and Eglantyne, not being connected with the great epic subjects of the Middle Ages, viz., Arthur and Charlemagne, has hitherto been but very little dealt with in the literary history of England and France. We therefore seem still rather in the dark about the origin and development of the story. Up to now, the following versions are known:- I. In French verse, all in MS. : 1. Bibl. Nationale, Fr. 375. 2. Bibl. Nationale, Fr. 19,152. 3. Turin, coté I K 35. 4. British Museum, Additional, 15, 212, ff. 197-266 b. 5. Fragments, communicated by Paul Meyer, Romania, 1889. 6. Fragments of a Middle High-German translation, or rather rehandling, communicated by Haupt, Germania, xiv, p. 68 ff. II. In prose, 2 French in MS., 3 English in print: 1. Bibliothèque Nationale, Fr. 24,371. 2. Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels.¹ 3. Caxton, unique, 1489 (?): here reprinted. 4. 1595, in two Parts, unique. At Britwell. For the full title, see p. 227. 5. 1597. Part I., unique: Public Library, Hamburgh. In 1867, H. Michelant published at Paris an edition of th French Romance, Blancandin et L'Orgueilleuse d'Amour, from th MS. 375 in Paris, and the Addit. MS. British Museum. The Poer had before been analyzed by Emile Littré in the Histoire littéraire tome xxii (1852), pp. 765-778, and Henry Ward has described th Museum MS. in his Catalogue of Romances in the B. Mus. (1883) i. 727-8. He says:- Michelant prints the chapter-headings of this in the Introduction to h Blancandin, pp. xiii-xviii,

Appendix. The earliest Version of the Blanchardyn Story. cxvii A poem of adventures, 'Blanchandin is the son BLANCHANDIN ET ORGUEILLOSE D'AMORS. in about 4800 octosyllabic lines. French. of a king of "Frise" (Phrygia ?). He has been kept in ignorance of chivalry, till he sees some figures upon tapestry. He steals away from home, and, after a few adventures, kisses Orgueillose d'Amor, the Princess of Torinadai (apparently in or near Syria), out of sheer bravado. Her indignation is before long changed into affection. She is besieged by another suitor. Blanchandin is taken prisoner. He is shipwrecked on the coast of India. In the end he returns to Tormadai with Indian allies under a Prince Sadoine, and they relieve Orgueillose d'Amors.' M. Michelant thus sketches the contents of the earliest version of the story in the St. Germain MS. 1239, of the 13th century, which contains 4,826 lines (p. v-vii) :— 'Blancandin has fled from his Father's court-where the practice of arms was forbidden him—to seek adventures abroad. On his road, a knight advises him to go and kiss, in the midst of her retinue, the beauteous Orgueilleuse d'amour, whose name denotes her character. This audacious deed stirs most highly the wrath of the young princess. She vows she will take astounding vengeance on the culprit, who has fled. She recognises him next day in the middle of a tourney where he carries off the prize; but the valour and good looks of the young knight make love supplant hatred in her heart; and the two lovers have just avowed their mutual feelings, when an old Saracen king (Alimodes) arrives, who besieges l'Orgueilleuse d'amour, to force her to marry him, in spite of her repeated refusals. Blancandin offers to defend her, and distinguishes himself in the fight; but, overpowered by numbers, is taken prisoner. In vain is the highest ransom offered to the Saracen king. He has sworn the death of his rival, and sends him captive to a King of the Indies, whose brother, Blancandin had slain in battle. 'During the voyage, a storm rises, which wrecks the vessel, and Blancandin alone escapes. He arrives safe and sound at the court of a certain King of Athens, who is besieged by a powerful enemy. Blancandin offers his services to the King, and frees him. The King, from gratitude, wishes to marry Blancandin [to his daughter?], but Blancandin, faithful to the Lady-proud-in-love,' refuses. He confides his secret to the King's son (Sadoine), with whom he is bound in firm friendship, and both embark to succour the still-besieged Princess. At sea, they meet some of her folk; and Blançandin, without making himself known, charges them to announce his speedy arrival, for the purpose of delivering her. But, in very sight of the harbour, a tempest drives them away, and Blancandin takes advantage of the terror of his companions, to convert and baptise them. He lands, with his friend Sadoine, in the very kingdom of the Prince

cxviii Appendix. The earliest Version of the Blanchardyn Story. (Alimodes) who was besieging the Lady-proud-in-love, where his own Father was moaning in the direst captivity. Blancandin promises to give Sadoine in marriage the daughter of King Alimodes, a young and beautiful Saraceness who, in the customary way, at first sight falls in love with the Knight (Sadoine), whom she sees out hunting. Blancandin takes the city, kills the King's son Darie, gives his sister in marriage to his friend Sadoine, and sets his own father free. Then all retake the road to Tormaday, where the Lady-proud-in-love is besieged. She sends her Provost to know who the new-comers are, and to ask them for help. The Provost-who had formerly been Blancandin's host-recognises him, and announces his arrival to the Lady-proud. She wants to prepare a brilliant reception for him, while his foe Alimodes, on his side, makes ready for battle. In the middle of the fight, the Lady-proud, to encourage Blancandin, sends him her sleeve on the point of a spear; he redoubles his efforts, and puts his rival to flight. Alimodes re-embarks in all haste. And the two lovers, united at last, after so many thwartings, celebrate their marriage; and the wedding ended, every one, says the poet in concluding, goes home, S'en vet en sa contrée.' The end of the text is-Michelant, p. 208 :- Et quant la messe fut chantée, Tuit s'en vont en la tor quarrée. Mult i ot harpes et vieles, Et tantes melodies beles: Tuit li baron del païs né, Iiii jors i sont séjorné. Le roi de Frise s'en revet, Et en sa contrée s'en vet. Arriere s'en revet Sadoine, A sa moiller en Cassidoine, Des or a Blanchandins amie, Sage et proz sans vilenie. Blanchandins est sires et dus: Li romans faut; je n'en sai plus. Explicit de B. et de O. Au quint departent lor mesniée, En lor terre l'ont envoiée, This, says M. Michelant (p. vii) is the original story. But we have two other versions of it which run almost side by side, and differ from the original romance by an addition of about 1200 lines. The second version is that in the Turin MS. cotés, IK 35, a small quarto of the 13th century (copied A.D. 1331), of which the first Part may have been taken from the St. Germain MS. 1239, with a few copier's changes, while the second Part is singularly close tc the 3rd version in MS. 375 (formerly 6987) in the National Library, Paris, which Michelant has printed. The Turin MS. (Mich. p. 210) ends thus :- XIIII jors dura la cours. Qant Blanchandius fu coronés, Sadoines est arrier alés Ensi se departi Sadoine De son compaignon Blanchandin. Nostre chançons prant ici fin. O sa moillier de Carsidonie. Explicit de Blanchandin.

Appendix. Additions to the Original Blanchardyn Story. cxix The story of the later addition to the first version of the Romance is thus told by M. Michelant on pages viii, ix, of his edition :- 'In the fight which ended in raising the siege of Tormadai, Sadoine, who had slain the brother of Alimodes, was taken prisoner by the latter, and sent to Cassidonie [Chalcedony], to be there put to death. Blancandin sets out to succour his friend, and delivers him at the moment he was to be strung up on a gallows, notwithstanding the prayers of the daughter of Alimodes, who begged in vain for pardon for her spouse. Alimodes is conquered again. But, during the absence of Blancandin, his Seneschal-in whose guard he had left the Lady-proud-in-love-gets together the chief Lords of the country, and plots with them to carry off at once both the Crown and Love of Blancandin, that he, the Seneschal, may force her to marry him. Two vassals who remain faithful, conduct Orgueilleuse to a castle, where the treacherous Seneschal besieges them. They, however, find means to warn Blancandin, who hastens to return to Tormadai to revenge himself. The traitor flees,-pursued closely by Blancandin and his friend Sadoine,-and takes refuge at a neighbouring brigand's, where he hopes to get rid of the two knights who have isolated themselves in the ardour of their pursuit. They, though received with apparent good-will, suspect a snare; they persist in keeping their arms, in spite of the most pressing invitations to give them up; and, seizing on a favourable moment, they cut to pieces the band of robbers, and carry off their leader and the Seneschal, whom they punish with death. After this exploit, Blancandin returns to Tormadai, where he celebrates his nuptials and those of his friend Sadoine, with the greatest magnificence.' Such, says M. Michelant, is the new ending of the poem in the MSS. of Turin and the French National Library, 375. The differences of it in these MSS. consist only in this, that in the Turin MS. the episode of the amours of Sadoine with the daughter of Alimodes, the first interview of the two lovers, and the combats which precede the taking of Cassidonie are treated at greater length, and with details which are not found in the other version.1 The chapter-headings do not agree, word for word, with Caxton's. They divide the Story into 3 Parts, and differ in expression, as the englishing of a few below will show :-- This present book contains 3 Treatises, of which the First speaks of the birth of Blanchendin; how he set out from the court (ostel) of his Father, and why; how he became a knight, and how he kissed l'Orgueilleuse d'amours: the which first Treatise is divided 1 Does not this point to the Turin version being the later of the two?

cxx Appendix. Additions to the Original Blanchardyn Story. into 10 Chapters, of which the First tells of the birth of Blanchendin, of the joy which sprang from it, and how he was put to study as soon as he was of fit age (eut aage), and how he got on (profita). The 2nd Chapter tells how, on the information (relacion) of his Master, and also because of his own inclination, his departure is settled (1. 125 of the Verse-text). The 10th Chapter tells in what manner Blanchendin managed to kiss (parvint au baisier de) the Proud-Lady-of-Love, and of the displeasure that she took at it (ab. line 687 of the Verse-text). The Second Treatise tells how Blanchendin came to Tourmaday, and how he fought his Host; how and by what means he recovered the good-will of the Proud-Lady-of-Love, and of the imprisonment of the above-named; and contains 16 Chapters, of which the First tells of the sharp grief that the Proud-Lady-of-Love made on account of the aforesaid kiss; of the arguments between her, and her mistress who comforted her (ab. line 710 of the Verse-text). The 2nd Chapter speaks of the threats of the Lady-Proud-in-Love to Blanchendin, and how Blanchendin came to Tourmaday to lodge; of the Provost, and the verses which he found on the Provost's door (line 781 of the Verse-text). The 16th Chapter tells how Blanchendin slew the King of the Giants; how Blanchendin was captured; of the grief which the Lady-Proud-in-Love made thereat; how she sent the Provost to (devers) Allimodes for the ransom of Blanchendin; and of the refusal of Allimodes, and how he had Blanchendin shipt off (fist enmener) by sea (line 1903 of the Verse-text). The Third Treatise tells how Blanchendin behaved himself (se gouverna) at Athens towards the King; of his return; of the conquest of Cassidonie; how he recognized his Father; of the victory that he won against Allimodes and against the traitor Subiien; and is divided into 221 Chapters, of which the First says that Allimodes had Blanchendin shipt off; and how, by chance, he (Blanchendin) was saved from the dangers of the sea, and pretended to be a Saracen (line 2119 of the Verse-text). The 2nd Chapter tells how Blanchendin was retained by the King of Athens, and brought to good end (lui acheva) a war that he had in hand (awit). (line 2285 of the Verse-text). The 22nd Chapter tells how Subien thought to save himself; and the way he was taken, and then hanged (line 5954 of the Versetext). We evidently want an edition of the Brussels MS., to show its full differences from Caxton's original. As to Blanchardyn pretending to be a Saracen, the Verse-text says (p. 75) that after escaping to land from the shipwreck, 1 Michelant prints xii., but gives headings of xxij.

Appendix. Early Version of the Robbers' Attack. cxxi Il est en .I. tertre montés : Devant lui vëoit tors asses Hautes, qui furent Rubien, Un roi du lin Octevien. Octeviens fu rois de Grece ; Rubiens fu roi de Losgece. Son barnage ot par grant poeste Trestout ensanle à une feste; Paiens i ot et Sarrasins. Lors se porpense Blancandins Comment il pëust escaper, C'arriere se puist retorner. 2234 2240 Diu reclama, le fil Marie, Que il li puist sauver sa vie, Sarrasin dist qu'il se fera, Et lor langage parlera, 2244 Car il set bien Sarrisonois, Et bien Latin, et bien Grigois, 2248 D'une herbe son visage frie, Lors fu plus noirs que pois boulie. A tant s'en torne le marois. Devant sa tor sëoit li rois: Il ot la barbe et les grenons Dusqu'as orelles gros et lons... 2254 To enable the reader to judge how Caxton's French-prose original expanded and altered the poem, the last 50 lines of M. Michelant's text are given below. The robbers arm to attack Blanchardyn and Sadoine :- :- 6080 Nel vaurent pas illuac ocire, Ains l'enmenront à lor empire. Le matinet, à l'esclairier, Joste le fu le vont loier. 6112 Asses li font et duel et paine; 6085 Puis donent lor cevaus avaine, Et de la vitaille au larron Se courrerent li baron. 6116 6088 Asses orent, et un et el, Et el demain wident l'ostel. Si enmainent lor prisonier; Tant penserent de chevaucier, 6092 Que repairié sont à lor gent Lors sont li laron haubergié, Puis issent de la cambre hors. Selvains s'escrie, li plus fors: "Signor, prendes ces .II. glotons. Fremes les huis que les aions. Si me faites cel pont lever, Qu'il ne s'en puissent escaper." Blancandins voit le traïson, Et a dit à son compaignon: "Companis, dist il, nos sous trahi. Ce sont larron que je voi ci. S'or ne deffent cascuns sa vie, Jamais ne reverra s'amie. Veïstes mais tele aventure? Mult par est fols li hom qui jure De rien qui avenir li doie." Lors recommence li harnoie. Li larron les dansiaus requierent Et cil as brans d'acier i fierent. Au premier colp ocist Selvain, Blancandin le fiert de sa main; 6100 Après a l'autre porfendu, Et Sadoines i a feru 6120 Qui d'aus estoient mult dolent; Mais deseur tot fait graut dolor Ma dame Orgilleuse d'amor. 6124 6096 6102 Mais quant son dru voit revenir, A ses.II. bras le va saisir, Et cil le baise, et ele lui. Là s'entrespusent ambedui; S'es espousa .I. archevesques. Ases i ot abes et vesques, Et menestreus et ionglëurs. 6128 A une hace qu'il trova; .III. des ciés du bu sevra, Que vous feroie plus lonc conte? Tous les ocient à grant honte ; N'en escapa viex ne kenuus. Subiiens i fu reconnus; .VIII. jors entiers dura la cours, 6132 Et Blancandins fu coronés, Et Sadoines s'en est r'alés 6106 O sa moillier en Cassidoine. Blancandins se part de Sadoine. 6136 6108 CHI FINE DE BLANCANDINS. As another sample, take the incident of the kiss, and note how the prose writer has supprest much of the Maid-of-Honours' talk, and has made Blanchardyn kiss Eglantine only once, instead of three

cxxii Appendix. Early Version of the Kiss incident. times. Orgilleuse's barons are talking of the uselessness of suitors courting their mistress (p. 22, 1. 633):- Blancandins n'ot soing de lor feste, Ains chevauce, pas ne s'areste Desor les mules Sarrasines : Là chevauchierent les mescines, Et si vont .II. et .II. ensanle. Li damoisiaus mult biaus lor sanle Et mult lor plaist à esgarder. L'une commença à parler, Cele estoit fille au roi d'Espagne ; Si le mostra à sa compaigne : "Ves quel dansel sor cel destrier! Com a gent cors per embracier! Ki'n porroit faire ses soulas A son plaisir, entre ses bras, Tos tans auroit joie d'amor; Jamais n'aroit nule paor. Car plöust ore au fil Marie, Qu'il fesist de moi s'amie! Aportées d'estranges terres. Li poitraus fu de mult ciere œvre, Mainte escalete d'or le cœvre. Toute la sele o le ceval Fu covers d'un vermel cendal. De jouste li fu sa maitresse, Ki n'a perdue mainte messe Et mainte voie de moustier Por li et duire et castoier. Blancandins chevauce par force Tot .I. cencin, lés une roce, Et vit Orgilleuse d'amors. De li baisier fu angoissous, Et dist qu'il nel lairra por voir Que il n'en face son pooir, 648 Coique soit ore del falir; Miex en vorroit après morir! Lors point son ceval, et eslesse Entre la dame et la maistresse, Jà nel tenra on por malvais. Cele part vint de plain eslais, Entre les .II. dames se mist, Et de l'autre tant s'entremist, L'autre dist: "Ce seroit damage : Trop estes de legier corage. Si ne vous ameroit por rien; Mais en-droit moi seroit il bien, Car il est biax, et je sui bele, Virge de cors, gente pucele. Si ameroit miex mon deduit Que le vostre, si cum je cuit." L'autre pucele s'en aïre, Par mautalent li prist à dire : Damoisele, trop estes baude, Et de vostre corage caude. Se or le voloit commencier, Ancui le porroit assaier Laquels feroit mix à plaisir U jou, u vous, à lui servir." Tant se sont entreamprosuées Que andeus se fuissent mellées, Mais eles n'osent; si se tienent, Car Orgilleuse d'amor criement Cascure forment le redoute, Et ele vient après sa route, Desor son palefroi Norois Dont li resne furent d'orfrois. La testiere fu bien ouvrée, .I. fevre i mist mainte jornée. Les clokes furent, et les serres, Ains qu'ele fust bien acointie, L'ot Blancandius .III. fois baisie ; Puis s'en torna grant alëure, Plus que galos ne amblëure, Mais tant comme cevax puet rendre, Car il n'a soing de plus atendre, Mais de l'escaper, se il pot. Ains se porra tenir por sot, Se Diex n'en pense, qui tout fist, Car Orgilleuse-d'-amor dist Qu'ele jamais ne sera lie Desi qu'ele ne sera vengie: "Car il m'a faite trop grant honte. S'il est fix à rois u à conte, Si perdra il demain la teste; Jà n'en ert de si grant poeste. A tant est këue pasmée Del ceval, sor l'erbe enversée. Mult en fu triste et courecie Sa maistresse, plus ne detrie, De pasmison le releva. Oies comment le conforta ... Caxton's copy of his French original, which he sold to the Duchess of Somerset, and from which he made the present translation, was the same prose version which I have collated in Paris. In

Appendix. The unique copy of Caxton's Blanchardyn. cxxiii the table of contents, in the headings of the chapters, and in the whole drift of the narrative, both texts agree; there are but very slight differences, pointed out in the footnotes, which may be either due to the MS. which Caxton had before him, or, what is much more probable, to the translator's system of touching-up his original. The only known existing copy of Caxton's work, in the Library of Earl Spenser, is imperfect. All the text after sig. M.iiij., and one leaf after B.i., are wanting; they are now supplied from the French original. See pp. 34 and 211 ff. Blades thus describes Lord Spencer's copy:- No. 78.-THE HISTORY OF BLANCHARDIN AND EGLANTINE. Folio. Sine ullâ notâ (1489 ?). COLLATION.-Imperfectly known. The introductory matter makes a 3 [teruion], signed i, ii, iii, the 6th leaf being blank. A B C D EFGHIKLM are 4" [quaternions], and there were probably several other additional signatures. ns TYPOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARS.-Without title. The Type is all No. 6. The lines, which are all of one length, measure 4ğ inches, and there are 31 to a full page. Woodcut initials. Without folios or catchwords. The Text begins on sig. j recto, with a prologue by Caxton. [and] finishes on the verso of the same leaf... The table follows on sig. íj, with a 2-line initial . . . and finishes on the 5th recto, which, however, in the only copy known, is unfortunately in manuscript. This appears to have been copied from the very rare reprint¹ by Wynken de Worde,2 the last 4 lines being:- 'How Blanchardin wedded his love the proude / pncelle in amours: And of the grete ioye that was made there. and of the Kynge of Fryse deth. capl° liiij°.' The 6th leaf is blank. On sig. Aj recto, the 1st chapter commences As to the date there are only the typographical particulars to guide us, which, however, all point to about the year 1489. The only known EXISTING COPY is in the library of Earl Spencer. It is, unfortunately, imperfect, wanting the 5th leaf of the preliminary matter, A5, Bij, and all after Miiij. It is in a fair state, and measures 83 × 63 inches. One leaf (sig. L iij) has also been preserved among the Bagford collections in the British Museum (Harl. MS. 5919, fol. 3 b), and from this our specimen at Plate LIV has been obtained. 1 Why not from the chapter-heading on the last page of Caxton's Text? 2 An imaginary book. I can find no trace of it in Herbert's Ames, Bohn's Lowndes, Hazlitt, &c. BLANCHARDYN. i

cxxiv Appendix. The Verse and Prose Stories of the Romance. SALE PRICES Amount. £ 8. d. Year. Sale Lot. Seller. ... ... 783 J. Ratcliffe 3 6 ... ... G. Mason 0 0 ... Purchaser. 0 G. Mason. ... 1776 1799 IV. 261 1812 ... ... ... ... Duke of Roxburghe. 6360 Duke of Roxburghe 215 5 0 Earl Spencer. Blades, Life of Caxton, ii. 216-7 (1863.) Of the edition of 1595-of which Mr. Christie-Miller has the only copy-there are, in the present edition, two long specimens under Caxton's text. Part I. of ed. 1597 is at Hamburg. The shortest, and therefore the most ancient, version of Blanchardyn and Eglantyne is that contained in the MS. 19,152 of the National Library at Paris. In it the poet is kind enough to marry both Blanchardyn and Sadoyne after their return from Cassidonie, where they have killed Darie, the son of Alymodes, and conquered the entire kingdom. The whole story answers to Caxton's chapters 1-42, and half of 43. The Paris MS. 375, and that at Turin, add the taking of Sadoyne in the Castle, Blanchardyn's setting out in order to save him and the treason of Subion, as related by Caxton in chapters 43—56. Thus far the report of M. Michelant, in his edition of Blancandin et L'Orgueilleuse d'Amour (Paris, Librairie Tross, 1867), is right. But with regard to the prose versions he commits a very gross mistake. He believes the two only extant prose versions to be one and the same. After having given a description of the Brussels MS. he, referring to a short note dedicated to an unknown gentleman, says:— Nous crayons qu'il est ici question du Duc de Bourgogne, Philippe le Bel, qui à fait faire bon nombre de ces translations, notamment celles de Siperis, d'Hélène, d'Eric et Enite, que l'on trouve dans la même bibliothèque, bien que le second exemplaire de cette translation semble infirmer notre hypothèse. Ce dernier fait partie du fonds de Sorbonne No. 466, petit in-folio sur papier, aux armes de Richelieu, de cent cinq feuillets à longues lignes, d'une écriture du xv siècle, qui paraît postérieure à l'autre MS. La table dont la première .anque, contient en tout 54 chapitres sans division de livres; elle diffère de la précédente bien que roman offre le même terte.' I really cannot conceive how the editor could venture to put forward such a fallacy. The prose MS. of the Brussels Library has

Appendix. The two Prose MS. Versions of the Romance. cxxv not the least connection with that of Paris. They are quite independent of each other, and differ not only in the Tables of Contents, but also in the text. The Brussels MS. is a brief abstract of the story, as Michelant might have seen by the small number of leaves, -while the Paris prose version is a full rendering of the romance. Besides this, the former agrees with the poetic version as printed by M. Michelant, in every name, while the latter, or Paris MS., exhibits a most important alteration in the names of persons and places. In the Brussels MS., as well as in Michelant's edition, Blanchardyn kills Rubion, the 'roy des Gaians,' and is sent by Alymodes to Salmandrie. During a storm he escapes, and comes to the shore of Athens. He presents himself to the king Ruban, who makes him 'senechal' of his army, against his enemy Escamor de Beaudaire. This is quite different in the Paris MS., in which Blanchardyn is cast on the shore of Prussia, and comes to Marienburg. The king of Prussia is pleased with him, and appoints him (Blanchardyn) head-captain of his army. Meanwhile a wounded knight arrives with the news that the king of Poland has invaded Prussia. Blanchardyn, with Sadoyne, is sent against the Poles, and Blanchardyn unhorses the king, who gives himself up as a prisoner. What induced the author of the Paris prose version to alter Athens into Marienburg? Probably he wanted a country better known to the people of that time as a scene of constant war, and in this respect his choice was very well made. After the Crusades to the Holy Sepulchre had lost their charms, the knights of England and France very often joined their colleagues of the Teutonic order, who were in a state of constant warfare with their heathen neighbours in Lettow (Lithuania), Ruce (Russia), and elsewhere. Compare Chaucer's description of the Knight :— At Alisaundre he was whan it was wonne ; Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bygonne, Abouen alle naciouns in Pruce. In Lettowe hadde he reysed, and in Ruce, No cristen man so ofte of his degre.-The Prologue, 51-53. Forthy who secheth loves grace, Where that these worthy women are, He may nought than him selve spare Upon his travail for to serve, * * * * *

cxxvi Appendix. Thanks to Helpers. So that by londe and eke by ship He mot travaile for worship, And make many hastif rodes, Somtime in Pruse, somtime in Rodes, And some tyme into Tartarie.' Gower, Confessio Amantis, ii., 5 C. I feel grateful to Lord Spencer and Mr. Christie-Miller for so kindly allowing their treasures to be used for this reproduction, and I thank Mr. Graves and the other Officers of the British Museum for the facilities they have afforded me. I am also indebted to Dr. Furnivall for adding side-notes and head-lines to the text. Vienna, Nov. 14, 1889.

Caxton's Dedication to Lady Margaret Beaufort

[DEDICATION.] UNto the right noble puyssaunt & excellent pryncesse, my redoubted lady, my lady Margarete, duchesse of Somercete / Moder vnto our naturel & souerayn lord and most Crysten Kynge henry p seuenth, by the grace of god, Kyng of englonde & of ffraunce, lord of yrelonde, & cetera, I, wyllyam caxton, his most Indygne humble subgette and lytil seruaunt, presente this lytyl book vnto the noble grace of my sayd lady. whiche boke I late receyued in frenshe from her good grace, and her commaundement wyth alle for to reduce & translate it in to our maternal & englysh tonge / whiche boke I had longe to fore solde to my sayd lady, and knewe wel that the storye of hit was honeste & Ioyefull to all vertuouse yong noble gentylmen & wymmen for to rede therin, as for their passe tyme; for vnder correction, in my Iugement/ it is as requesyte other whyle to rede in Auncyent hystoryes of noble fayttes & valiaunt actes of armes & warre, whiche haue ben achyeued in olde tyme of many noble prynces, lordes, & knyghtes / as wel for to see & knowe their walyauntnes for to stande in the specyal grace & loue of their ladyes, And in lykewyse for gentyl yonge ladyes & damoysellys, for to lerne to be stedfaste & constaunt in their parte to theym that they ones haue promysed and agreed to suche as haue putte their lyues ofte in Ieopardye for to playse theym to stande in grace, As it is to occupye theym and studye ouer moche in bokes of contemplacion; wherfore, at thynstaunce and requeste of my sayd lady, whiche I repute as for a commaundemente, I haue reduced this sayd boke out of frenshe in to our englyshe: whiche boke specyfyeth of the noble actes and fayttes of warre, achyeued by a noble and victorious prynce named Blanchardin, sone vnto the kynge of Fryse / for the loue of a noble pryncesse

Caxton's Dedication to Henry VII's Mother. callyd Eglantyne, other wyse named in frensche 'lorguylleuse damours,' whiche is as moche to saye in englyshe, as the proude lady of loue, quene of tormaday: And of the grete aduentures, labours, anguysshes/ and many other grete dyseases of theym bothe, to-fore they myghte atteyne for to come to the fynall conclusion of their desired loue / as alonge by the grace of god it shall be shewed in thistorye of thys present book Bysechynge my sayd ladyes bountyuous grace to receyue this lityll boke in gree of me, her humble seruaunt / and to pardoune me of the rude and comyn englyshe, where as shall be found faulte; For I confesse me not lerned, ne knowynge the arte of rethoryk/ne of suche gaye termes as now be sayd in these daye} and vsed: But¹ I hope that it shall be vnderstonden of the redars and herers: And that shall suffyse. ¶ Besechynge allmyghty god to graunte to her moste noble goode grace, longe lyffe / and thaccomplysshement of hir hihe, noble, and Ioyes desires in thys present lyff, ¶ And after this short and transytorye lyff, euer lastynge lyff in heuen. Amen / 1 Orig. Bat

The Table of the Chapters

HEre begynneth the table of the victoryous prynce Blanchardyn / sone of the noble kyng of Fryse, And of Eglantyne Quene of Tormaday, other wyse callyd lorgoylleuse damours, whiche is to saye, the proude lady in loue. ¶ The first chapitre conteyneth / how blanchardyn departed from his fader and moder wythout lycence / ca primo [p. 11] How to fore his departyng he deuysed wyth his mayster, enquyring hym of the bataylles of Troye the grete cyte / whiche he sawe in tapysserye, the fygures of the knyghtes, and other affayres.¹ capitulo ijo. [p. 14] ¶ How blanchardyn departed wythout knowleche of the kynge his fader, and the Quene his moder, and ledde wyth hym the beste hors & courser that the kynge his fader hadde, and his goode swerde. capitulo iij°. [p. 16] iiij [p. 18] ¶ How the kyng of fryse sent out men for to folowe and to seche Blanchardyn his sone, and of the grete angre and displayser that the kynge & the quene hadde / calº. How blanchardyn fonde in his waye a knyght wounded to the deth by a nother knyght whiche had taken his lady from hym / And how by the sayd blanchardyn was promysed to rescowe hir agayn, & how he receyued thordre of chiualrye of the wounded knyght / capitulo vº. [p. 21] ¶ How Blanchardyn wente after the knyght soo ferre that he fonde hym, And wolde haue enforced 2pe lady of the hurte knyght / capitulo vj°. [p. 25] 1 Orig. affyares 2-2 Orig. þº of lady

The Table or Contents. Of the bataylle that [happed] betwene blanchardyn and the knyght, whiche soo longe fought togyder that blanchardyn slewe hym, and rescowed the mayden / whom he brought agayn to her loue and frende, whome she fonde ded, wherfor the mayde deyde for sorowe. capitulo vij [p. 27] How blanchardyn fonde a knyght whiche sente to hym a bote to passe ouer a ryuer / and of the dyuyses that they had togyder / and of the good chier that the goode knyght dyde to blanchardyn. capitulo viij.° [p. 31] Of the deuyses and fayr exhortacions that the knyght of þe fery gaaf to blanchardyn / and how he conueyed hym on the waye toward Tormady curtoysly / capytulo ix. [p. 34] The x chapiter conteyneth how blanchardyn departed fro the knyght of the ferye, and went all alone after thorguylleuse damours. capitulo xº. [p. 40] How blanchardyn rode so ferre that he ouertoke thorguyllouse damours, and kyssed her / For taccomplysshe his enterpryse, wherof she was in grete sorow / caplº. xjº [p. 41] Of the grete anger ¹& sorowel¹ thorguylleuse damours had of the kysse that blanchardyn had receyued of her, and of the complayntes that she made to hir maystresse / whiche dyde grete payne to appease her. capitulo xijo [p. 42] ¶ How after that Blanchardyn had kyssed thorguylleuse damours, 2 [he] departed fro hir,2 and rode thynkyng all on her, tyl that he cam to Tourmaday, & arryued at thostell of þe prouost, for to lodge there: where as he dyd meruayllus armes : 3 Capitulo xjijo. - [p. 44] ¶ How blanchardyn Iusted wyth the prouost and ouerthrewe hym; and by two damyselles, doughters of the saide prouost, was ladde in to their hous for to be lodged honorably. capitulo xiiij [p. 47.] ¶ How blanchardyn was richely lodged and receyued in to the hous of the prouoste by his two doughters / and of the complayntes 1—1, 2—2, 3—3, 4—4 Wanting in the French.

The Table or Contents. that thorguylleuse damours made to her maystresse, of blanchardyn. capitulo xvº. [p. 50] Yet of the complayntes and grete ¹thretenynges and¹ menaces that thorguylleuse damours made to her sayd maystresse, of Blanchardyn/capitulo xvj [p. 52] How thorguylleuse damours, after many remonstraunces whiche by her maystresse were made to hir, bygan to modere² her anger and hate, whiche she hadde toward blanchardyn ³for the kysse.³ Capitulo xv.ij°. [p. 53] ¶ How thorguyllouse damours made thordynaunce for þe defence of the cyte. And how the kyng Alymodes arryued & toke the porte nyghe vnto Tormaday, where he sette his siege. Capitulo xviij. [p. 55] How a5 doughter of the prouoste brought to blanchardyn a whyte couerture for his hors, and gaaf to hym one of hir sleues, prayng hym to bere it on his helme / whiche he dyde "gladly6/16 Capitulo xix. [p. 58] ¶ Of the grete bataylle whiche was to fore Tormaday, ayenst the people of kynge Alymodes / And of the grete prouesses that Blanchardyn dyde that daye. And how thorguylleuse damours becam amorouse of hym. And of the deuyses whiche made to her maystresse of blanchardyn, and other thynges / Capitulo xx°. [p. 61] How thorguylleuse damours, by the grete loue that she had sette vpon blanchardyne / by cam moche Ialouse / & sore⁹ doubted leste he shold sette his loue in one of the doughters of the prouost for whom she sente moche hastely, & speke to hym 10 secretely 10/ Capitulo xxj°. [p. 69] 11 Of the deuyses that were bytwene the prouost & thorguylleuse damours, & of the grete loue that she had sette in blanchardyn / Capitulo xxijo. [p. 72] How the prouost retourned home, & recounted to blanchardyn alle 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2 et dechasser ensus delle 5 la 6-6 Wanting. 3-3 Wanting. apres pluseurs remonstrances 7 Ay parle 8-8, 9-9, 10-10 Wanting. 11 Ay parle ,

The Table or Contents. that thorguylleuse damours had sayd to hym / & how she sent for blanchardyn to com to her / þe whiche cam, & of the deuyses, & how their loues were confermed. caplo. xxiijo. [p. 74] How blanchardyn ¹retourned home wyth the¹ prouoste, and the fayr stede or courser all white, & of the sleue of cloth of golde, whiche his lady thorguylleuse damours sente to him/ and of the grete bataylle bytwene blanchardyn & a geaunt, whiche was slayn, & of the meruelouse prouese doon by blanchardyn and also how he was taken. capitulo xxijij°. [p. 80] : How kyng Alymodes wold haue put to deth Blanchardyn / but at the request of his doughter fayr & good / respyted hym of hys deth and how thorguylleuse damours sent the prouost to alymodes to offre hym raenson for his delyueraunce, whiche wold not accepte it. Capitulo xxv°. [p. 92] How daryus, by the commaundement of the kyng his fader, ledde blanchardyn toward the kyng of salamandre / but the ship was peryshed, & all drowned except blanchardyn / whiche arryued 2 on londe,2 & cam to þe kyng of maryenborugh, whiche reteyned him, & made him conestable of his oost / ca. xxvj°. [p. 94] How a knyght wounded cam & reported tydynges to þe kynge of maryenborugh, that þe kyng of polonie, his enemye, was entred in to hys royalme wyth a grete armye.3 ca. xxvij. [p. 100] How the kyng of Maryenborugh delyuered his sone sadoyn wyth fourty thousand men to blanchardin for to fyghte wyth his enmyes, and chased them oute of his royalme. Capitulo xxviij [p. 102] How blanchardyn & sadoyn wyth ther armye dysconfyted their enemyes. and blanchardyn toke pº kyng of polonye prysoner, whom he delyuerd to þe kyng of maryenborough: 5 ca. xxix [p. 105] How daruys, sone of kyng Alymodes, by fortune of the see arryued in fryse / where he tok the kyng, fader of blanchardyn, and dyde there grete dommage, and ledde hym prysoner in to Cassydonye. Capitulo xxxº. [p. 110] 1-1 revint en lostel du jetter 2-2 a port 3-3 Wanting in the French. 5 et de lonneur quil fist a blanchandin

The Table or Contents. How darius arriued in thost of the kyng his fader, where he was receyued with grete Ioye, bycause he brought grete foyson of bestaylle, & almanere of vitayll, ¹to þe oost.¹ caplo. xxxiº. [p. 115] How the goode prouoste wente oute of Tormaday, And toke all the bestayll that Daryus hadde broughte in to the ooste² / And ladde it in to the cyte, Wherof they hadde grete nede. Capitulo xxxij [p. 117] "Of the complayntes that Blanchardyn made: And of the grete comforte that Sadoyne made to hym / promysyng that to his power he wolde ayde hym. Capytulo xxxiij [p. 122] How Sadoyne toke leue of his fader and also Blanchardyn, and wente to the see wyth a grete nauye full of men of armes / for to socoure thorguylleuse damours / and of the goode prouoste whiche they mette in the see, of whome Blanchardyn was Ioyous. Capitulo xxxiiij [p. 125] Of the grete deuyses of Blanchardyn and of the goode prouoste / and of the lettres that he sente to thorguylleuse damours / and of the Ioye that she had. Capitulo xxxv°. [p. 131] Yet of the Ioye that thorguylleuse damours had for the comynge of her frende & loue5/ & of the grete sorow that sone after she demened, whan she sawe the tempest & fortune that so soone put hym soo ferre fro the porte / Capitulo xxxvj. [p. 134] How blanchardyn & sadoyne arryueden tofore Cassydonye, where they fonde daryus, whiche cam and spake to theym / Capitulo xxxvij. [p. 137] "How blanchardyn sleue daryus, & of the grete batayll where cassydoniens were slayen & dyscomfyte, & the cyte taken / And how sadoyne & the fayr beatryce dyd do baptyse theym & their people. Capitulo xxxvjijo. [p. 140] How blanchardyn fonde ther his fader kyng of fryse, whiche ther was prysoner / and of their pituose deuyces that thei had togyder.7 capitulo xxxix [p. 144] 1-1 quil ot amene du pays de frise a lost de soudit pere de quoy Ilz orent 2 du roy son pere 6-6 Wanting in the French. eu tresgrant dangier en chemin 3 Ay parle 6-6 Ay parle 7-7 Wanting.

The Table or Contents. How blanchardyn,¹ sadoyne, & the kyng of ffryse wente to p* see wyth a gret puyssance for to com to socoure þe fayr orguillouse damours, 2where they arryued in thende wyth right grete Ioye, by the prouesse & valyaunce of armes that they dyde.2 Capitulo x1°. [p. 149] ¶ How blanchardyn recounted to the kynge his fader, & to Sadoyne, the beaulte and bounte of his lady: and of the prouoste whiche cam for to mete theym / Capitulo xlj [p. 151] Of the grete Loye that thorgulleuse¹ damours had whan she herd saye of the prouoste, the Ioyous tydynges of the comyng of blanchardyn, her frende and loue5 / capl° xlij [p. 157] Of the grete bataylle tofore Tourmaday ayenst the kyng Alymodes, whiche was descomfyted / And of the takynge of Sadoyne: and of the sorowe that blanchardyne made. Capitulo xliij°. [p. 160] ¶ How Blanchardyn made hym redy, and toke his men in his shippe for to goo socoure his felawe sadoyne, whom kyng alymodes ledde wyth hym prysoner in grete distresse. Capitulo xliiij°. [p. 171] How blanchardyn put hymself to the see for to socoure his sayd felawe Sadoyne / Capitulo xlv. [p. 174] How subyon, to whom blanchardyn to fore his departing had lefte the gouernaunce of his loue, thorguylleuse damours, had made conspyracion ayenst her for to take hir to his wyff, & make hym self kyng, '& of his grete alyaunces / Capitulo xlvj°. [p. 175] How the erle of Castelforde: the prouoste, and the knyght of the ferye, toke and ledde the lady by force to castelforde, maulgre subyon & alle his puyssaunce. capitulo xlvijo. [p. 179] How the kyng Alymodes arryued to fore Cassydonye & how he spack to his doughter, the fayr beatryce. And for to doo her despyte/he ded reyse a payr galowes, supposyng to haue hanged theron sadoyne her husbonde. caplo. xlviij [p. 182] How the fayr beatryce sente socours to her husbond sadoyne, & was 1 Orig. banlchardyn 2-2 Wanting in the French. Orig. reconuted Orig. thorgullense 7-7 et ce quil en aduint 6-6, 6-6 Wanting.

The Table or Contents. rescowed fro deth / and brought wythin Cassydonye, maulgre the kynge Alymodes / Caplo. xlix [p. 189] 'How Blanchardyn arryued in the hauen of Cassydonye, before whiche Towne he founde Alymodos the Kynge.2 cap. 1. [p. 191] How grete the Batayll was bytwyx Blanchardyn and kyng Alymodos before Cassydonye, and how Alymodes was ouercome, take, & broughte prysoner into the Cyte, & of the Coronacyon of Sadoyn, & of his Wyff Beatryse. cap. li. [p. 192] How the proude Mayden in loue sent the Prouost toward Blanchardin, whiche after thees tydynges exployted so sore, that he arryued wyth alle his Exeercyte nyghe to the oost of Subyon. cap. lii. [p. 197] How Blanchardyn and Sadoyne dyscomfyted Subyon, and of the grete bataylle and manere how he was taken, and what followed after.4 cap. liii. [p. 202] How Blanchardin wedded his loue, the proude pucell in amours: And of the grete joye that was made there, 5and of the Kynge of Fryse deth.5 cap. liv. [p. 206] 1 A leaf is out of the original. The next four Chapter-headings are taken from Caxton's text below. The last is from the edition of 1595. 3 et des nopces 5-5 et de la mort de subien 2 et se mist en ordonnaunce pour le combatre 4-4 Wanting in the French.

The Text

The first chapitre of this present boke conteyneth¹ how Blanchardyn departed out of the court of his fader, kynge of fryse / Capitulo. primo. Hat tyme when the Right happy wele

peace of peas/flowrid for the most parte in In a time of all cristen Realmes / And that moche land a King peple dyde moche peyne to gadre and multyplye vertues / Regned in fryse reigns in Friesa kynge of right benewred and happy fame2/loued / doubted and wel obeyed of his subgettis / Ryght habundaunt of the goodes of fortune / But pri1-1 Et commence a parler 2-2 de tres horeuse renomme (The first 6 Chapters of the edition of 1595.) [Sign. A 3] ed. 1595. [Wood-block.] Chap. 1. The firft Chapter entreateth of the byrth of Blanchardine, his nurffing and his bringing vp.

Mongft many antient Chronicles importing the haughtie exploites of fundry nations, Lords and Princes, this ftory of the valorous Blanchardine deferueth greateſt commendation of true and perfect magnanimitie. At the time when a generall peace concluded throughout the moft part of Christendome, when gentlemen and Noble Peeres made their returne from armes, and applyed them felues to domefticall and cuntrie paftimes: There reigned a King in the Realme of Frize, redoubted for manhood and prowes, abounding in goodes and poffeffions, reuerenced and beloued both of his fubiects and equalls, and moft happie in all his BLANCHARDYN. B

Chapter I

But after praying, his Queen brings forth a son, Blanchardyn, uated ¹and voyde¹ he was of the right desyred felicite who has no child. in mariage / That is to wyte, of 2lignage or yssue of his bodye²/ Wherof he and the quene his wyffe were ³sore displesed³ / I leue to telle the bewayllyngis and lamentaciouns that the goode lady, the quene, made full often 5 by her self al alone in solytary places of her paleys for this infortune. But she, knowyng the vertuouse effecte of deuote and holy oryson / exercysed with al her strengthe her right sorowful greuous herte to this gloriouse occupacion / And after this fayre passetyme / by veraye permyssion deuyne, conceyued a right faire sono, whiche was named Blanchardyn / "Now it is soo that atte his byrthe and comyng in to this world, 6 7sourded and rose vp7 one not acustomed Ioye and gladnesse of the kynge and of the quene, of the prynces and lordes, and of all the comyn people of the lande / that Iudged hem self right happy of a successoure legytyme/yf vnto you I wold recounte and telle the Ioye and the myrthe that atte that daye was made / I myght ouermoche lengthe oure matere / Blanchardyn, the chylde, was taken in to the handes of a right noble lady of the lande for to norysshe and bryngen vp.8 3-3 tres desplaisans solitaires 7-7 sourdy who is nurst by a noble lady. 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 lignie 4-4 regretz 5-5 en lieux a laduenement duquel 8-8 pour le nourir et esleuer 6-6 attempts, [fauing in ye want of iffue] to fucceed him in his kingdome, wherof, bothe he and the Queene his wife, were moft penfiue and difcontented, and by mutuall complaints greatly bewailed this miffortune. But the Queene, defirous to fruftrate the fcandal that might aryfe by reafon of her barrennes, day by day, (in mofte deuout and humble manner) folicited the Gods to fend her a fonne; whofe dayly and deuout prayers, penetrating the heauens, by the permifion and fauour of the Gods fhe conceiued and bare a fonne, whome at the chriftning they named Blanchardine. This vnexpected ioy bred fuch a contentment to the King and Queene, and a comfort to all the Realme, that after humble thankes giuen to the Gods, feafts, banquets, and all triumphes were proclaimed throughout the Realme of Friz. And leaft 9 sign. A 3, back.

¹ But 2 well ye knowe2 that he was not hadde sore ferre from the kynge his fadre, nor fro the quene his modre / ¶ For neuer daye nor owre the childe blanchardyn toke noo fode of none others brestis, but all onely of the quene his modres owne brestis.3 The childe grewe and amended sore of the grete beaulte wherof he was garnysshed. none can telle it you, bycause that it was 1 A j. Blanchardyn is suckled by his mother. good, learns Grammar, Logic and Philo8 so grete, that god and nature had nothyng forgoten there / ¶ Blanchardyn grewe in beawte / wytte and He grows up goode maners beyonde mesure, and passed all other of his age. Thenne whan he came atte thyssue of his childhode, he was take for to be endoctryned in lytterature and in goode maners to a clerck, the whiche wythin short tyme made hym expert and able in many and dyuers sciences, that is to wyte, in gramayre, logyke and philosophie. ¶ Blanchardyn, emonge other passetymes, delyted hym self in 5hawkynge and huntyng5 / 6 where as right moderatly and manerly mayntened hym self. Of the tables and ches playinge, and of gracyous and honeste talkynge, he passed them that were his elder in age. ¶ And for to speke the trouthe/he was naturelly inclyned, and vsed alle that whiche the herte of a noble man appeteth and desyreth / Reserued that he neuere had borne noon 2-2 sachiez 3-3 que de celles de la Royne Wanting in the French. 5-5 en chasses et valleries 6-6 ou tresmodereement se contenoit des tables desches / De gracieusement et sagement deuiser passoit les plus sagies 7 Orig. playnige de soy. sophy, hunts, and plays at chess. the Childe fhould (by abfence from the Parents, through negligence of the Nurffe,) mifcarie, the Queene her felf vndertooke his nurffing and bringing vp. [ed. 1595 The Childe grew in beautie, proportion, wit and manners, beyond the expectation of all men. And when he was arriued to the age of difcretion, he was committed to the tuition of a graue and learned Tutor, to be inftructed in Philofophie; by whofe induftrie and painful labour, he foone attained to perfection. his exercifes and difportes at idle times were hawking, hunting, and playing at Cheffe ; and in fuch paftimes he ſpent fome part of his youth, till his

Chapter II

Blanchardyn is not allowd to bear arms. But he never bears arms or jousts, though he gets to know about them. One day Blanchardyn Nor also had not seen armes, nor herde speke therof. the manere and thusage of Ioustynge and tournoyinge¹/ 2 And that was for by cause of the right expresse commandementes of the kynge his fadre / doon to theym that hadde the chylde in gouernaunce/¶ Notwythstandyng he lefte not to knowe theym / For it is sayde in comyn langage, that the goode byrde affeyteth hirself And so dyde Blanchardyn / as ye shall mowe³ here heraftre/ The seconde chapytre conteyneth. how Blanchardyn by fore his departyng talked and deuysed wyth his mayster, demaundynge of the bataylles of Troye, whiche he sawe fygured in tapysseryes, And the signyfycacion of the names of the knyghtes, of theyre armures theyre armures theyre fayttes.* and of T happed that on a daye emonge othre/ Blanchardyn fonde hym self in aduyses wyth his mayster, I walkynge wythin the paleys. And by aduenture entred in to a chambre, hanged wyth right fayre and 1 Orig. tournoynige 2-2 Et ce par les 3 Orig. omwe 4-4 Wanting in the French. maturitie and riper age made him defirous to follow armes and feates of chiualrie, as heerafter you fhall heer. [ed. 1595] Chap. 2. How Blanchardine, walking in his Fathers Pallace, accompaned with his Tutor, he peruſed in the hangings of Tapeſtrie and Arras, the fack and diftruction of the famous Cittie of Troy. T happed on a day that Blanchardine and his Tutor, walking within the Pallace of the King his father, and ſtedfaſtly pervfing the abftracts & deuifes in the hangings, demaunded of him what warlike feidge and flaughter of men that might be, which he faw figured in the fame; and hearing his

sees a tapestry of the Destruction of Troy, riche tapysserye of the destruction of Troye, Well and alonge fygured. Blanchardyn, that neuere had taken theratte noo hede, Ryght instantly dyde aduyse and sette his syght toward the sayde tappysserie. And coude not merueylle hym self to moche, in beholdynge vpon the same, of the dyuerse and strange werkes that he perceyued. ¶ Thenne dylygently he demanded his asks about it, mayster of the subtylnes of the werke, of thystorye and of the personnages / ¶ And first recounted vnto hym his mayster / the puyssaunce the right grete cyrcuyte and the noblesse of the cyte of Troyes. ¶ And syn the horryble and merueyllous bataylles of the grekes ayenst the troians. the right grete valyaunce of Hector/of Troylus, Parys / and Deyphebus brederen/of Hector and ¹and of Achilles,¹ and of many othre, Of whom he sawe the representacyon in the sayde tappysserye, that sore mouyd and styryd his noble and hyghe corage / And gaffe hym awylle for to be lyke vnto those noble and worthy knyghtes, wherof he sawe the remembraunces / and is told of the battles of Greeks and Trojans, Achilles, blazons. 3 A ij. ¶ After, he demaunded of his mayster, the names 2 and their arms and blasure of the armes that the sayde knyghtes bare / that well and alonge dide aduertyse the chylde. And for tabredge longe taryeng, to fore they departed fro the chambre / by thynstruction of his mayster, he was sage and endoctryned of the names and vsages for the moost parte of thabylymentes necessary, and seruynge 1-1, 2-2, 4-4 wanting in the French. Mafter fo to blazon ye warres of the Greekes, in this ten yeeres feidge gainſt Troy, gaue more diligent attendance, eſpecially when he beheld the valiancie of Hector, Troylus, Paris, Diophoebus, Aiax, and withall, the ingenious capacitie of graue Vliffes, the large cercuite of the Cittie, and princely buildings of the fame, fo that from that time foorth hée conceiued finall delight in any thing, but only in recording the magnanimitie, haughtie courages, and the great commendations atcheiued by that victorie. Then queftioned he with his Mafter, of the blazonry of armes, and ye quartering of theſe coates, 5 Orig. diilgent 6 leaf A 4.

Chapter III

Blanchardyn determines to bear arms. Blanchardyn resolves to learn how to fight. He goes into his chamber. to the werre / From that oure forthon the right noble Iouencel Blanchardyn concluded in his corage, that he shold fynde hym self, yf god graunted hym helthe, in som place where by experyence he shuld lerne to bere armes, and shuld exercyce and take payne and dyligence vpon hym self to knowe the wayes of the same, for the grete plesure that he toke in herynge therof speke, thynkyng in hym self that the vse therof shulde be to hym/ryght moche agreable and plaisaunt. And so thenne departed from his mayster more pensefull than he had be byfore tyme / ¶ The thirde chapitre conteyneth how blanchardyn departed wythout the knowlege of his fadre, the kynge of fryse, and bare awaye wyth hym his goode swerde, and toke his goode courser / And of the sorowe that the kynge and the quene made for his departynge / Lanchardyn, after the departynge that he made Ba from his mayster, cam in to his chambre al alone. had which were portraied in the faid tapiftry; wherin, beeing by him moft perfectly refolued, his minde was more & more inftigated and pricked forward to atchiue the honor which others, in that map, (as he learned) acquired, fo that (all other pleaſures and delights laid apart) continually practifed, both in action and in reading, the imita tion of thoſe valorous warres; neither thought he any time fo wel beſtowed as either in reciting, reading, or conferring of thoſe warres. [ed. 1595] Chap. 3. The deuices of Blanchardine after he had left his conference with his Mafter, & of his departure from his FaB thers Court, without the priuitie of any. Lanchardine, beeing come into his Chamber, penfiue and fad that he had not atchiued any enterprize, neither as yet had lerned to beare armes, by reafon of the tender care his Parents had ouer him, concluded with himſelf the meanes of

resolves to leave his father's house. And there al his thoughtes he concluded in one, for to Blanchardyn fynde the manere and facyon for to departe out of his faders hous, the kynge¹ / ¶ And it is not to be doubted/ but or euere he myght come to the chyeff of his enterpryse, for to make his departynge, that his mynde was full sore troubled wyth al, bycause of the dyuerse and many conclusyons that his fantasyouse wylle dyde. present by fore hym / Neuerthelesse, all rewthis2 layde a departe, aswell for his fader as for his modre, kynrede & fryndes, as other Infynyte thynges that are wont to tarye þe corages of some enterpryses / concluded by hym self his departynge, wythout shewyng tyl ony body, & dyde so moche by his subtyll engyne that he gate a ryght goode & riche swerde, that longed vnto the kynge his fadre, whiche afterward was to hym wel syttynge4/whan he sawe hym self thus garnyssed therHe contrives to get a good sword; wyth, he was ful glad / Thenne went he all fayre & softe doune fro the paleys, euyn about the oure of and one moonmydnight the mone shone bright & faire. Blan20 chardyn toward þe stables tourned his waye / where he fonde, standing aparte, the best courser of þe kinge his 1-1 lostel du roy son pere regretz 3 Alimodes fut desconfit prins et mene prisonnier en la cite et des nopces et couronnement de sadoine et de la belle beatrix bien séant 5 Orig. donne light night his departure, and couertly practifed with himſelf fome fecret way for his efcape, leaſt that the priuitie thereof beeing once diſcouered, hee fhould be preuented of his purpoſe. In thefe perplexities and folitarye deuices hee ſpent great parte of his time, fur-channged with exceeding anguifhe of minde, for his aduenterous flight; and fearing leaft pouertie might breed daunger, he purueyed him felf of a moft rich & trufty fword, belonging to the King his father, which when he had faftned to his fide, hee tooke more courage then before; then, pricked forward with the fpurre of honor and armes, he foorthwith left his Parents and people furprized with found fleepe, and about the houre of one of the clock in the morning, came to ye ftable, where ftood many gallant & feruiceable horfes; but amongſt all other, "hee chofe the courfer his father tooke leaf A 4, back.

Chapter IV

Blanchardyn quits his Father's Palace. Blanchardyn takes his father's best horse, and gallops off, no one knows where, but God guides him. fader, whiche was p fairest & the best that coude haue ben founde in ony countrey at that tyme. So that for the fyersnes of the sayd courser, he was kept in a litil stable by him self, nere ynoughe the grete stables / The Iouencel blanchardyn, Ioyful & gladde, cam & entred in to be stable, & sette the sadell & the brydell to the riche and myghty courser, vpon whiche right quykly he mounted; & smyting wyth the sporys, went his waye anone, to thende that he shulde not be herde nor aspyed of noo man. So rode he all that nyght, that was to hym of auauntage, for cause of be mone that spredde her bemes abrode, wythout that ony body coude telle ony tydynges where he was becomen¹/ Thus as ye here, the Iouencel blanchardyn all alone, wythout companye, departed from the kynge his fader/ the whiche god wyl kepe & guide / so shal we leue him drawing on his waye, & shal retourne to helpe the sorowful kynge & quene for to complayne & wepe for thabsence of theyre dere sone Blanchardyn. ¶ The iiij. chapitre conteyneth how the kynge of fryse made to pursyew his sone blanchardyn, & of the grete sorowe that he & the quene his wyf made for hym2/ 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. greateſt pleaſure in, whome incontinently hee fadled and furniſhed with a mofte fumptious caparizon; whome, when he had made ready (as he imagined), hee led foftly out of the ftable, the Groomes, by reafon of their heauie fleepe, hearing no noyes at all. Thus finding him felfe free, and vnfeene of any, hee incontinently mounted his horffe; and, beeing mounted on his back, he poſted away with all celeritie. But leauing Blanchardine on his iourney, that way which fortune led him, I wil make mention what pittiful complaintes were made in the Court after his departure, for his abfence. [ed. 1595] Chap. 4. The pittifull complantes made in the Court for the abfence of Blanchardine.

A fter the partynge that blanchardyn2 made, that alone & wyth out companye rode lighteli, to thende he shold not be folowed of noo man, The nyght 1 A iij. the stablemen cry for the stolen horse. passed, & the fayre daye came, & the sonne rose vp Next morning spred yng his bemes vpon the erthe, The owre cam that euery man was rysen vp wythin the paleys / right thus as many knyghtes & esquyers went there walkyng & spekynge one wyth other, cam the yomen & grommes of þe stable makynge grete noyse & crye for þe grete courser of þe kynge, whiche that night was stolen fro theim. So moche that the bruyt & the tydinge therof ranne thrughe all the pallays. The kynge & the quene, his wyf, atte that owre were rysen vp, herynge the bruyt that there wythinne was made for that myschyef that so was fallen, & had grete meruelle. ³dyuerse there / were that vnto them brought þe tydynge of the same. but not long hit taryed, whan tolde and recounted was to theim the harde departynge of theire right welbeloued sone blanchardyn. þat al alone was gon no man knewe where. whan þe good kyng & the quene vnder The King and Queen hear of their son's bolting. stode þe voyce of theym, þat þe pyteouse tydynges brought vnto theim there nys no tonge humayn þat coude to yow recounte ne saye þe grete sorow & lamentacion that they They weep, both togidre made / & so dyde al they that were wythinne, for þe grete loue that they al had vnto þe Iouencel. but þe lamentable sorowynge that þe king & the quene made passed all other for they were bothe fal in and swoon. swone, so that no lyf coude be perceued in theire 2 Orig. blancahardyn 3-3 assez fu Fter the filent night had taken her pitchie Car to runne to our Antipodes, Phoebus, being mounted on his glorious coatch, entred the Horizon. the Groomes (according to cuftome), comming into the ftable and miffing the Kings Courfer, ran heer and there, making moft pittiful acclamations; which, being fuddainly brought to the eares of the King, the whole Courte grew in an vprore what might betide of him, till being farther enfourmed that his fonne Blanchardine was no wher to be found,

All Friesland sorrows for Blanchardyn's going. The King laments. The King bids all his Barons search for his son. They set out, bodyes, but trowed all they that were present that they had be bothe deed, wherof þe pyteouse cryes, wepyng & lamentacions bygan to be more grete / so that thurgh þe cyte were herde þe voyces, wherby they were soone aduertysed, wherfor suche a sorowe was made wythin þe palays in the cyte & thurgh al the royalme / wept ladyes / maydens / men & wymen/ within a short¹ while þe palays and the cyte were tourned from Ioye vnto tristresse, & replenysshed wyth sorowe ful byttir. The kynge & the quene, after that they had layen in a swoune a goode while, came ayen to theyme self. And the kynge ascryed hym self ahyghe, saynge: 'O my rightbeloued sonn, the gladnes and Ioye of myn herte, who moued you to leue me / and to parte soo? Certeynly I perceyue in me the shortynge of my dolaunt and sorowfull lyff.' After the rewthes and lamentacions of the kynge, commaunded expressely to al his barons and knyghtes in the cyte and thurghe alle the Realme, that vpon the loue that they ought to hym, and vpon asmoche as they entended to do hym playsire, That they alle sholde mounte on horsbacke for tenquyre and seke after his most dere and welbeloued sone, and to brynge hym ayen vnto him. Thenne were anone steryng out of alle partyes, knyghtes, noble men and burgeys, and they parted for the cyte, toke dyuerse wayes, enquyrynge in every place where they passed by for to here and vnderstande some good and true tydynges of the Iouencel blanchardyn. But se moche 1 Orig. ashort prefent fcoutes & poftes were fundry waies difpatched, to make inquirie after him; but all in vaine; for Blanchardine, being well mounted, rode ſo faſt, that before day he had gone abooue twentie miles from his Fathers Court. The Meffengers, defperate of his inqueft, in all places of their returne gaue ftraight charge to the inhabitants, that diligent fearch fhould forthwith be made throughout the Realme of Frize for Blanchardine, and hee that could bring firſt tidings of him to the Court, fhould be moſt amply rewarded for his

Chapter V

Blanchardyn cannot be found. they coude not seke nor enquyre that euer they coude lerne nor here ony tydynges of hym, wherof alle dolant and confuse tourned ayen to the kynge of Fryse, that of this aduenture was full sory and dolaunt. And so was his wyf the quene. I shal leue to telle yow of the kynge and the quene, suffryng theym to demayne theire rewthis and complayntes vnto that tyme and oure shalbe for to retourne to the same / ¶ The fyfthe¹ chapitre speketh how blanchardyn founde a knyght on his waye wounded to deth by another knyght, that from hym had taken his lady awaye. 1 Orig. fythe but can get no Blanchardyn, and come back tidings of to the King. paines. But when a moneth was paft, and no tidings brought to the King of his fonne, Oh! the pit tiefull outcries and continuall laments that both the King, the Queene, and all the Court made, was farre exceeding my capacitie to conceiue, & much more my pen to write. But the Queene (whofe tender care of her only fonne was greater then the reft, vpon the prefent returne of the poftes), founded with greif; and remaining in this extafie the ſpace of an houre, at length comming to her felf, beganne her exclaimes in this fort: 'Oh! vngentle heauens, by whofe mightie powers all terreftiall things are gouerned, what diſaſters doe you continually heap vpon our heads? oh! accurfed nature, that thus vnnaturallye thou ſhouldeft bereaue mee of the ioy of my foule, when my only folace refted in the happie fight of my Blanchardine. and thou, accurfed earth! why haft thou giuen him leaue to walke on thee, from the fight of his Parents, whofe folace is turnd to fadnes, whofe mirth to mourning, whofe bliffe to bale, whofe happines to heauines, whofe life to difmall death? But, ah! fond Woman, what boote theſe booteleffe teares, thefe vncoth paffions and tragicall complaints, when there refts no hope of recouerie?' In theſe, and fuch like extreames, the King, the Queene, and all the Court did ſpend great part of their time; and, in theſe agonies, I will leaue them, to recount what the aduenture of Blanchardine was. [ed. 1595] Chap. 5. How Blanchardine, hauing rode all night, found an armed Knight, fore wounded, lying on the ground, &c. 2 sign. B [1].

Blanchardyn finds a wounded Knight. 1 A iiij Blanchardyn rides by hidden ways, through a great forest, till 10 a.m., and sees an armed knight on the ground, moaning, B And how by the 'same, Blanchardyn was made knyght, that promysed to rescue his lady vnto hym. A S byfore ye haue herde of Blanchardyn, that alone was departed wythout leue of the kynge, his fader, holdynge the couert wayes, because that of his faders folke he shold not be folowed or ouer taken / So moche and so longe a space he rode wythout fyndyng of ony aduenture that ought to be recounted or tolde, that passyng forth on his waye thurghe the londe, founde hym self in a hyghe waye brode ynoughe / that ladde hym vnto thende of a grete 2 forest, in whiche he entred and rode styl tyl the morowe none, wythout ony aduenture whereof men ought to make mencion. And so rode all nyght vnto the next morowe, tenn of the clocke. And gooynge doune from a hylle in to a valeye³ / founde a knyght that lay there on the grounde armed of all pieces, the whiche full pyteously complayned & made grete mone / Thenne blanchardyn, seeyng the knyght there alone taryed hym self, meruellyng 5 why nor what cause³ moeuyd hym thus to sorowe and complayne. He stode styl, makyng humble salutacion vnto hym/ and syth demaunded hym of the causes of his 2 Orig. agrete 3 Orig. avaleye Orig. pyteouly pourquoy ne a quelle cause 5-5 Lanchardine, hauing rode all the night, and finding both him felfe and his horfe begin to be wearie, and not any aduenture woorthy recounting, traueling thorough a large forreft by many bye-paths (for feare of efpialls), chaunced at laft to finde a man armed, lying groueling on the ground, all imbrued in his owne gore, being by a knight mofte cowardly encountred; who not only had bemangled his limbes, but alſo bereft him of his looue and Miftreffe, which he had carried away perforce. when Blanchardine beheld this mofte heauie fpectacle, allighting from his horfe, comforting the diſmaid knight, holpe to binde vp his bleeding wounds, & withall inquiring of him ye cauſe of his miſhap, 6 sign. B, back.

sayde sorowe and greuaunce / The knyght, right humbly and wyth a right lowe voyce, las he¹ that hurt was to deth / rendryd hym ayen his salewyng, & well alonge aduertysed the Iouencel blanchardyn of his mysaduenture / shewyng to hym the place and the wounde that drue hym toward to dethe by the hande of a knyght that had taken his lady from hym, the whiche thynge was but late doon vnto hym. ¶ Thenne Blanchardyn, moued of pyte, 2alyght from his courser,2 and sette fote on erthe, and disarmed the knyght from his armures, and syth wrapped his wounde, wherof he so sore sorowed, and dyde couere hym wyth his mantell, axyng / yf he that Iniurye had doon to hym myght be but lytyll ferre goon / The knyght answerd and sayde that he myght wel haue goon a myle and nomore / After this he toke hym self to syghe full sore, saynge/Alas! my right dere lady that so moche I loued This day shal the separacion be made of the two hertes that so stedfastly loued eche other. I fele deth atte thentree of my sorowefull herte, 3prest and redy³ to make me pryuated¹ of the swete remembraunce of our entyre and feythfull loue / but moche more werse and greuouse is to me that by vyolent opressyon / that traytour that hath wounded me to deth / shall enioye youre youghthe vnpolusshed.' To thees wordes comme cellui qui 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 preste Orig. pryuatod 1-1 who shows a mortal wound given him by a knight who took and carried off his lady. Blanchardyn tends the wounded man, who laments the loss of his Ladylove, and that his injurer will enjoy her. & the man that fo inhumainlike had left him in this diftreffe. hee anfwered: "braue young Lord, I trauelling along theſe plaines, tending my iorney to my houfe, diftant from hence not paft two leagues, was on the fuddain encountred by a vilain, who not only hath left me mangled and wounded as you fee, but alſo hath caried by force from me my wife, whofe abfence will be the prefent cauſe of my death, and whofe daunger brings greater forrow to my heart then all thefe woundes which I endure." 'Why,' quoth Blanchardine, how long fince departed hee hence, and left you thus diftreffed?' the wounded Knight replyed: "ſcarce half an houre agoe, he tooke his way towards yonder wood, and

Blanchardyn begs the wounded inan to dub him Knight, that he may avenge him. sayde Blanchardyn to the knyght, ¹and prayed hym' 2 that he vousshesauff to helpe hym that he were doubed knyght wyth his armes2 / and that in fauoure and compassion of his infortune he sholde auenge hym of his enmye, and that he shulde yelde ayen his lady vnto hym³/Thenne the knyght sore hurt to dethe, wyth grete The Knight arins peyne rose up on feet, & armed blanchardyn with his and dubs Blanchardyn, who at once mounts his steed, takes a gallop, armes, & gaaf him p necstroke of knighthode, & dowbed knight for to strengthe þe more the good wylle þat he had toward him / 4that tyme pe4 blanchardyn sawe hym self armed of all his armures, he was right gladde & Ioyous, & sore desyrynge for to auenge the dyshonnoure & shame that to þe knyght had be late don / He cam toward his goode courser, on whiche he lyght ful quykly / the shylde alonge the brest, & the helmet wel clos laced, the spere on the rest,5 & his goode swerde ygirded/Whan blanchardyn sawe hym self on horsbacke & thus wel armed, made a tourne upon the playne for grete Ioye/& to þe knyght began thus to saye: vassell 1-1 Wanting in the French. 3-3 Wanting. 6-6 la lance au poing 2-2 quil le aidast a adouber de ses armes alors que 6-6 sailly sur son destrier sans quelque auantage prendre caried my looue with him." then replyed Blanchardine: 'I neuer yet until this day haue vndertaken armes; but let mee requeft you to honor me with the order of knight-hood, and I will pawne my life to dye, or to recouer againe your looue.' Then faid the wounded man: "I will not only make you knight, but withall (if you pleaſe) arme you with this my armour and launce, that fhall adde more ftrength to your courage; and befides, I will exorate the Gods to fend you all happines, not only in this, but in all other your honorable attemptes." Sir,' quoth Blanchardine, 'I thinke me fufficiently honored by this your offer; therfore difarme your felfe fpeedily, that he may not be paft recouerie, before I ouertake him.' So the wounded Knight armed him, and inveſted him with the order of Knighthood. when Blanchardine faw himfelfe thus arraied, his youthly courage prickt him on; who, taking his horfe, mounted the Saddle, wher brauely managing him vpon the plaine, to proue how well he could rule his Launce, found himfelfe (as he thought) fit for this enterprize. And

Chapter VI

and in spurs sporys, pursuit of the enforce your self & take ayen your corage, for, to the playsyre of our lorde, Your loue & lady I shal yelde vnto you this day / & also youre enmye taken or ded' / thenne brocheth blanchardyn forth wyth the his ryche courser, takyng his leue of þe knyght sore knight who carwounded, & kept the way that the knyght dyde shewe / ful wel & right fayre dyde blanchardyn conteyne hym self in his harneys, seen that neuer had borne non armes a fore, & right wel halpe hym self wyth his spere, & handled & tourned hit at his playsyre. ¶ The vj. chapytre conteyneth how Blanchardyn went after the knyght so longe that he founde him, where he wold haue enforced the lady of the wounded knyght / Blanchardyn, that wyth all his herte desyred to him that he went sekynge, rode forth ried off the Lady. soon hits the track, piteous cry, wythin the forest so moche, that he founde the foot of Blanchardyn the hors of hym for whom he wente in enqueste, traitor-knight's whiche he folowed ryght quykly, in so moche that fro ferre he entre herde þe cryes ful piteouse of a mayden hears the Lady's wher by he thought and knewe for trouthe that it was she that he went sekynge. So tourned he that parte / & soone chose in the shadowe vnder a busshe the knyght that he soughte, & the gentyl mayde or damoysell dolaunt, & ful sprenct wyth grete teerys/ and finds her weeping, she Ryght fowly handled & sore beten by the sayde knyght, having been fo, with valiant courage and cheerefull countenance, hee tooke his leaue of the w[ou]nded Knight, and poſted after the other, that had carried away his wife. He had not ridden long, but he perceived the tracktes & footsteps of a horfe, that had lately gon that way; and, following thoſe ſteps with a ſpeedy pace, he heard the pittifull com32 plaint that a ¹Lady made, to appease the raging luft of a villaine, who fought perforce to rauifh her: whom preſently hee found, hid vnder the ſhadow of a leafye tree, beating ye poore diftreffed Lady, the wife 1 sign. B 2.

beaten by the traitor for rejecting his lust. Blanchardyn for the reffuse that she made to his shameles concupyscence / Blanchardyn herynge the cryes, & seeynge þe wepynges, the grete sorowe & doleaunce of the vertuose and noble mayden / broched wyth þe spowrys & swyftli waloppyd that parte, tyl that he cam to the place where as the sayde pucelle cryed so pyteously / Where as atte thapproches that he made, said ful instantli to þe knyght: ' vassal, kepe þat ye nomore attouch þe pucel / & defende youre self from me. for hir sake I wyl fight with you in fauoure of þe good knight her true¹ louer / þe whiche falsly, as an vntre we knyght, ye haue be trayd & wounded vylaynously, wythout a cause goode or raysonable: so yelde ye her ayen lightli to me by loue² / & I shal lede her ageyn surely and saufly towards her³ right dere loue.' The knyght thenne beholdynge the Iouencell Blanchardyn that right yong was, and sawe hym alone, Rose anone vpon his feet / all chaffed and full of yre, as half madde for the contraryte of his fiercely refuses, wylle that he founde in the same mayde, moche fyersly behelde blanchardyn, & sayde vnto him, that in vayne he traueylled for to require her from him for another / in sainge to him that of suche purpose he wolde ceasse, and that he shulde noo more speke therof, or ellys he demands the Lady for her wounded lover. The traitorknight injure Blanchand threatens to shulde shewe hym by his swerde / that the pursyewte that he had made and wolde yet make for her / shulde ardyn. 1 Orig. hertrue paramour 3 Orig. toward hers ami of the wounded knight. to whom, making fpeedy approch, vaffail, (quoth he), defift from this cruell and damnable enterprize! for I fweare by heauen, I will make thee repent this abfurd vilany.' The Knight, feeing Blanchardine to be young, & greatly greeued for his fodaine approch, made femblance of much wrath; but Blanchardine, with auftere countenance & Princely voice, commaunded him prefently to free the Lady, whom moft wrongfully he had caried away from her huſband, whom hee left almoſt ready to yeeld vp the ghoft. The knight, difdaining to be fo vpbraid by fo yong a knight, beftirred himſelfe prefently, and made him ready to the fight. But

Chapter VII

be to his shame / And that he shulde therfore dye shamefully¹ 2 in that place.2 The vij chapytre conteyneth and speketh of the bataylle that was made betwyx the sayde knyght and Blanchardyn. And so longe they fought that Blanchardyn slewe hym sterke ded/ and reskued the pucelle, the whiche deyde for sorowe, bycause that she founde her true louer ded. W bids the traitorknight mount, and fight for the Lady. Han blanchardyn vnderstode the knyght thus Blanchardyn went thretnyng hym, and that so moche in12 humaynly entreated the gentyll pucelle / sayde vnto hym, 'vassell, goo thou, and lyght vpon thy destrer. For syth that by fayre meanes thou wylt not yelde ayen the pucelle, thou most nedes deffende the nowe ayenst me the right that thou pretendest vpon her. And yf thou auaunce, or haste not thy self / I shal doo passe this same spyere thrughe the myddes of thy body / For thy lyffe is to me so gretly displeasaunte / But that it were for shame that I see the a fote, 5I sholde haue separed alredy the sowle of the / from the body.' ¶ The knyght, heryng the grete wordes of the Iouencell Blanchardyn / answerd hym, & sayde, 'o thou proude He sneers at ❝berdles boye, and full of arrogaunce, ouer grete haste thou makest to the purchas of thy deth whiche is right 1 Orig. shameflly 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 Il te conuient contre moi deffendre le droit que tu y Wanting. pretendz a auoir. 5-5 Ja te eust fait separer 66 garchon Blanchardyn, (withall) commaunded Blanchardine to defift from his enterprize and leaue him to his pleaſure, (or if not) it fhould coft him his life. Blanchardine, not able to endure thefe cruell menaces, willed him to addreffe him to the combat quickly, or he would send him, body and foule, to hell: wherevpon he furniſhed himfelfe to the fight. BLANCHARDYN. C

Blanchardyn kills the Robber-Knight. horse. sore nyghe, and the whiche I shal presente anone vnto the wyth the yron of my spere whiche is full sore trenchaunt' Thenne wythout¹ moo wordes the and mounts his kynght mounted hastely on horsbake, and toke his spere whiche he cowched / and cam gyuyng the spores ayenst blanchardyn, that had his spere all redy prest in hande Soo ranne the vasselles to gyder, and roughte / eche other by suche a force vpon the sheldes, that they They charge, break their spears, and fight with swords. Blanchardyn cleaves the traitor to the chin, [ed. 1595] T were brusen and broken all to peces; theire sperys (that sore bygge and stronge were) broke also all to pyces. And thenne toke theire swerdes, wherof they gaaffe many a grete stroke tyl eche other / Blanchardyn 2sore angry and euyl apayde2 / of that he sawe the vntrewe knyght to endure so longe / approched hym self ayenst hym, and heued vp his good swerde wyth bothe his handes, wherof he gaffe to the knyght suche an horryble and dysmesurable a strok, in whiche he had employed alle his strengthe & vertue, that he detrenched and cut his helmet and the coyffe of stele in suche manere awyse, that the goode swerde entred in to the brayne porfended, and cloue his hed vnto the chynne, and syn wringed his strock atte the pullyng out ayen, that he made of his swerde. So fell the knyght doune¹ from 1 Orig. wythont yre et maltalentif 3-3 tellement Orig. donne 2-2 The combate betweene Blanchardine and the Knight.

Hefe braue caualiers, being mounted, encountred ech other with fuch agility, that their fpeares fhiuered in the ayre; & each of thein, admiring the valure of his foe, and finding their launces broken, they betooke them felues to their fwords. long remained the fight doubtfull, till Blanchardine, remembring the equitie of his quarrell, and the honor he ſhould atchiue by this conqueft, with all the agillity and ftrength hee could, (mounting himfelfe on his ftirrops), fo feircely affailed his foe, that vnnayling his armor and vnlacing his helmet, he fent him to carry newes of Blanchardines valure, to the 5 sign. B 2, back.

horseback, hangs the traitor's head on his saddle, his hors, ¹that neuere moeued fote nor legge¹ / The pucelle thenne seeynge that she was delyuered by the dethe of the knyght / wyst not what a manere she shulde kepe, nor how to thanke humbli ynoughe blanchardyn, whiche made the pucelle to lyght vpon sets the Lady on the hors of the knyght so slayne and deed / fro the whiche incontynent2 he dyde cut of the hed, & henged hit atte forende of his sadel, for to shewe hit to the knyght wounded, that he shulde take the more comfort wyth the ryght wysshed desyre of the syght of hys present maystresse / ¶ The noble pucelle, ryght desyrouse to here tydynges of her right true louer / demaunded of Blanchardyn whether he wyst not that her louer was alyue Bewtefull suster,' sayde blanchardyn, 'that owre that I parted from hym I lefte hym strongly greued and sore hurt, but I hope that yet, to plesure of oure lorde, we shal fynde hym alyue / late vs ryde a goode paas, to thende we may gyue hym comfort'/'Alas, syre,' sayde the mayden, 'I make grete dowte, seen³ his grete sore, that neuer I shal see hym alyue/And yf thus it happed, that god forbede, I shuld quyte and gyue vp the remenant of my lyffe. that we two helde but one party For our herte, thenne shulde be departed, yf deth parted vs asondre in takynge fro me my louer. and my parte shulde be wythout powere, and as Imperfyht drawyng to the perfection of · 1-1 que oncques puis ne remua pie ne jambe 2 Orig. incontnynent 3 attendu the So Syth and says he hopes to find the wounded Knight alive. The Lady anLover dies, she swers, that if her shall die too. infernall ghofts: which when the Lady faw fo brauely accomplisht, fhe foorthwith gaue thankes to God and him for this deliuerie. Then Blanchardine, feuering the head of the flaine traitorous Knight from his body, hung it at the pombell of his Saddle, and fet the Lady on the Knights horfe, and poſted towards the wounded knight. but on the way, fhee demaunded of Blanchardine in what ftate he had left her knight? to whome he replyed, that though hee were greatly wounded, yet was he liuing. 'alas! (quoth fhe), let vs poft to comfort him, with as great ſpeede as we may.' But approching the

They find the wounded knight dead. His Lady-love swoons, weeps, his body. his partye' in suche deuyses as ye here, blanchardin & the maiden rode forth tyl that they cam to be place where p knyght her louer laye, whiche they founde ded, & the sowle departed fro the body/whan the pucelle sawe her feythfull loue dede, of the grete sorowe that she toke therof / She fell doune¹ dyuerse tymes in a swoune vpon the corps or euer thusaunce of speche was in her restored for to complayne the intollerable euyll that for this infortune enuyroned her herte out of all sydes / ¶ And for tabredge, after the rewthes, syghes, and wepynges that so moche incessauntly or wythout ceasse2/ made the noble pucelle, and falls dead on fell doune sterk ded vpon the stomak³ of her most dere louere. This seeyng, blanchardyn right moche abasshed hymself / and sayde in hym self that thees two persones loued eche other full truly. wher of moche grete pyte toke hym 5in tendryng theym,5 so muche that the teerys ranne doune from his eyen/ & right muche dyspleased hym that he muste leue them there / Ryght gladly/yf he had myght, wold haue brought them bothe wythin some place for to gyue the corsses a sepulture, to thende they shulde not abyde there to be He cannot bury fode for birdes and bestes / But so ferre he was from all townes, that agrete day Iournay nyhe were there noo dwellers. wherfor it behoued hym for to leue hem there, seeyng that noon otherwyse he myght doo / But disarmed hym self of tharmures of the sayd knyght / toke ayen his mantell, and syn departed, sore troubled Blanchardyn weeps for them. them. He takes off his armour, puts on his mantle, 1 Orig. donne Orig. sceyng 2-2 Wanting in the French. 5-5 en soy rattendrissant 3 le pis 6 Orig. donne place, where they found him dead, which fight fo amazed and difcomforted the forowfull Lady that, calling to heauen for vengeance on the foule of her aduerfary, fhe prefently yeelded vp the Ghoſt; which ftraunge event fo amazed Blanchardine, to fee fuch perfect amitie to reft in two conioyned hearts, that leauing them, and difarming him felf of his armour (being to heauy for his cariage), he tooke againe his mantle, which before hee had left with the knights,

Chapter VIII

Blanchardyn rides wearily on. atte herte for the pyteouse dethe of the two true¹ louers. And also had wel in remembraunce the knyght that he had slayne. Blanchardyn, all mournyng and pense4 full, departed & went his waye / And from that tyme forthar began to fele a lytel of the state of loue & praysed & comended hit in his herte, and was remembred of it allewayes / The viij chapitre conteyneth. how blanchardyn fonde the knyght that made hym to passe ouer the ryuere wythin a bote that he sent hym. And of the deuyses that they had to gydre. & of the goode chere that the knyght made to hom/ A and goes his way, praising love. ftre that Blanchardyn was goon fro the place Blanchardyn where he lefte the two louers wythout lyffe / he morning, hungry. began to ryde faste by the forest, in whiche he was rides till next bothe the daye and the nyght, vnto the morowe aboute the owre of pryme, wythout aduenture to fynde ³ that doeth to be recounted.3 Ryght wery and sore trauaylled and is weary and he was for hunger & for thurste that he felte, For syn that he was departed from his fadres house, the kynge of Fryse / had nothre eten nor dronken / but onely that whyche he fonde vpon the trees growynge in the grete forest, as crabbes and other wylde frutes that are wonte to growe in wodes. So longe rode blanchardyn by the 1 Wanting in the French. 3-3 qui a raconter face 2 Orig. abote 4-4 Wanting. and pofted away. but, remembring this integritie of affection betweene them, he felt the ſting of loue to penetrate the intralls of his tender hart. [ed. 1595] Chap. 6. How Blanchardine came to a riuer, which he could not paffe, and the knight of the Ferry fent him a boate to paffe him ouer.

Blanchardyn sees a plain through which runs a broad deep river. He rides to the river-brink. A knight on the opposite bank forest, that in comynge doun from an hylle / ¹he sawel there vnder in a playn a moche ample and a grete medowe / thorugh which passed a grete ryuer wyth a streme, sore bigge and right grete / Blanchardyn, seeyng this riuere of so bygge a streme,2 so depe & so sore grete, was moche abasshed how nor by what manere he sholde mowe passe hit ouer. So descended and cam dounes the hylle, and rode thurgh the medowe tyl he cam to the banke of the ryuere, whiche he fonde grete and large, wherof he was sore displeased, for Impossy ble was to hym for to passe ouer, tyl that by aduenture, atte the other syde of the ryuere, he sawe a knyght armed of al peces, that went hastly rydynge along the ryuage; the whiche, whan he sawe Blanchardyn, anone warns him not to escryed hym self hyghe, sayeng / 'vassall, beware, beware that ye putte / not your self wythin this ryuere by noo manere for to passe hit ouer / For nother ye nor your hors sholde neuer departe out wythout ye sholde be bothe perysshed. Suffre alytel whyle; For soone I shal sende you a vessell 5 for to passe for you and your hors ouer'5/Thenne blanchardyn, herynge the knyght that to hym wolde do this curtoyse to make hym passe ouer, alyghted from hys courser, & sette fote on grounde. Not long he had ben there, whan toward The boat comes. hym arryued a marener, that brought hym a boote goode and sure that from the knyght of the ffery 1-1 Il choisy 2 Orig. astreme 3 Orig. donne 4-4 suffrez vous 5-5 ou nef pour vous passer 6-6 Wanting in the French. swim the river. A boat shall be sent for him. Ong ridde Blanchardine through the forreft, till at length he came to a high hill, at the foote wherof there ran a riuer, moft deep and perillous; whether, when Blanchardine was come, he, trauerfing vp and doune to finde a paffage, was efpied by the knight of the ferry, and by him aduifed not to venter ouer (in any cafe), becauſe there was no landing on the other fide. Blanchardine alighting, thanked the knight much, & requested the boate to fhip him ouer, which the knight of the Ferry

his horse cross 1 Bj. was sent vnto hym / he entred the vessell, ledynge his Blanchardyn and hors by the brydell. Thenne began they to rowe, so in the boat. that wythin a short whyle they were ouer. Whan they were passed ouer, they founde þe 1 knyght, that awayted after theym, that well and curtoysly saluted Blanchardyn; whiche thanked hym moche of his curtoysy Blanchardyn that he had shewed vnto hym, of his goode aduer- Knight, tysynge, and of the vessell that he had sent hym for to passe ouer the ryuer / ¶ The knyght wyth grete merneyll bygan to byholde blanchardyn. and the more he thanks the liking to him, loked vpon hym, the more lyked hym to be a childe who takes a great comen of a hyghe extraction / saynge in hym self, that neuer noo day of his lyffe, a fayrer Iouencell had he not seen / And that the disposicion of his membres Iudged hym to be a man of grete myght.¶ After 2 he mynded and dyde byholde² his Ioyouse esperyte, & his assured contenaunce and goodely manere,3 that right moche pleased hym / So aproched him self nygh blanchardyn, and began to demaunde hym / axyng of and asks him whens he was, and whyther he wold drawe to / Blanchardyn full curtoysly answerd hym, sayeng / that he was of the roalme of ffryse; & by cause, thanked be god, that the marches there were in peas / he had sette hym self to Iournaye / for to fynde som contreye to get some fightwhere werre was, for to proue his barnag, excercisyng hym self in the noble crafte of armes for tacquyre lawde 2-2 remiroit 3-3 Wanting in the French. about himself. Blanchardyn says that he has left Friesland ing, and practise arms. preſently diſpatched away. Blanchardine, entring the boate, was by the induſtry of two Mariners conducted to the further fhore; at whofe arriuall, the knight of the Ferry attended to receiue him, with fuch kinde and courteous falutations, that much encreafed Blanch32 urdines loue towards him. and the knight, precifely veiwing the fingular beautie of Blanchardine, mixt with a kinde of maieftie and courage, requefted to knowe the place of his abode, and the cauſe of his comming thither. to whome Blanchardine, with princely grace and eloquent fpeech, related at large the Cuntrey where he was born, & the aduenture that mooued him to trauell, which was by reafon sign. B 3.

Chapter IX

The Knight of the Ferry is pleased with Blanchardyn's answer. & pryce as tyl a knyght apparteyneth / Thenne the knyght, heryng þe haulte corage & goode wylle that the yonge knyght Blanchardyn had, was ¹ryght well apayed¹ of that answere, and praysed & comended hym ryght moche in his herte. ¶ The ix. chapitre conteyneth and speketh of the deuyses and fayre exortynges that the knyght of the feery made vnto blanchardyn, and how he conueyed hym vnto the waye of Tormaday / A fter many dyuyses made betwene the knyght and blanchardyn by the shorys of the ryuere, the 1-1 trescontent that all parts about the Realme of Frize, were fetled in tranquilitie & quiet and heerupon hee vndertooke this inqueft, to acquire honor and fame by his Chiualrie. The knight of the Ferry, much delighted with this braue refolution, and highly commending the valour of Blanchardine (beeing fo young, and yet of fo haughtie courage), requeſted him home to his houfe, where bothe him felf and his horfe did reft, and refreſhed themfelues for a day or two. Then Blanchardine (loth to linger, or make longer ſtay) craued leaue of his gentle hoft, ye knight of the Ferry, to depart; who, accompaning him a little way, difcourfed at large the ſtate of that Country vnto him, and many other nouels, which heer after fhalbe ſhowen. [ed. 1595] CHAP. 7.2 How the Knight of the Ferry difcourfed at large to Blanchardine the ſtate of the Countrey, and the beautie of the Princeffe thereof. A Fter this freendly repaft, which Blanchardine had receiued with the Knight of the Ferry, Blanchardine riding foftly on the riuer fide with the knight in his companie, requeſted him to enforme him of this Country, & the ſtate thereof, vnder whofe gouernment it then was: The knight, moſt defirous to fatiffie Blanchardines requeft, beganne in this fort to vnfolde the circumftance: 3"This Countrey (quoth he) is called Dalmacia, wherof Tormaday is the principall 2 Caxton's Chap. xi. corresponds to Chap. of ed. 1595. 3 B 3, back.

Blanchardyn first hears of Eglantine. knyght¹ [le mena en son chastel, ou Il fut receu en grunt reuerence par la femme de dud cheualier / Se on pensa bien de lui et de son destrier pas nest a demander, Coer de tous les biens dont on pouoit corps dhomme aaisier, blanchandin en fut seruy ainsi comme bien en auoit mestier¶ Blanchandin, apres ce quil ot mengie a son aise et que Ilz furent leuez de table, demanda et enquist au cheualier comment auoit nom la marche et le pays ou Il estoit arriue ¶ Le cheualier, oyant le Iouencel, lui respondy, et dist quil estoit seruiteur a la pucelle de tourmaday, qui estoit succedee a la couronne du Royaulme de darye, dont tourmaday estoit le chief et la maistresse cite dudict royaulme dont assez p[r]es estoit marchissant vng roy payen tresancien, nomme alimodes de cassidonie, qui par sa force et grandeur veult auoir a femme ladicte damoiselle, lorguilleuse damours, et que pluseurs grans princes chrestiens eussent bien voulu auoir pour la grant bonte delle, et la noblesse de son royaulme qui moult est riche Mais par le refus que la pucelle a fuit au roy alimodes, Il sest prepare et mis en ordre pour faire grant guerre a ladicte pucelle, pour ce que tant on luy auoit loee et prisee pour la tresexcellente beaute qui est en elle, et aussi les tresgrans vertus dont 1 A leaf wanting in Caxton, now supplied from the French original. Blanchardyn is well entertaind by the Knight of the Ferry, who is under the Queen of Darye, the capital of which is Torinaday. of Cassidonye King Alymodes wants to wed Proud Lady of (Eglantine); the Queen, The Love' but she has refused him, and he is about to make war on her. and cheife Cittie, gouerned by the moſt beautifull, chafte & princely Lady Eglantine, who is now regent and Queene therof: and by reafon that diuers Kings, Lords & Princes haue folicited her in mariage (allured through her magnificencie and furpaffing beautie, which all the world admyreth), yet her chaft life, beautified with virginitie, controles and countermaundes loue and all his lawes. And heeruppon fhe is furnamed Eglantine the faire, Queene of Tormayday: yet the proude Lady in looue. But not farre hence there is a proude Panim King, called Alimodes of Caflidone, that would haue enforced our Princeffe to marry him, after the refufall of many chriftian kings: and by reafon of her denyall, he is now preparing to inuade her dominions; and that which he cannot winne by looue and promiſes, he will attempt by fire and fwoorde: for her beautie hath carryed

Q. Eglantine's beauty and wealth. elle est aournee, La quelle, entre les autres pucelles du monde, est reputee la supellatiue | Se sa beaute, son humilite, et les biens qui sont en elle, vous vouloye au long raconter, trop vous pourroie tenir ¶ Neanmoins Ia soit ce que elle soit telle comme vous me oez dire, si comme toute commune vise recite, on ne la pourroit trop louer et She has shut her prisier ¶ La cause si est pour ce que elle na oncques ears to all offers of love, and is therefore called 'The Proud Lady of Love.' volu ne veult prester ses oreilles aux offres, prieres ne requestes, que nullui ait fait en amours, tant feust grant ne bien adreschie. Elle en est appelee de tous princes pres et loingtains, 'lorguilleuse damours' Ia soit ce quelle ait nom englentine'¶Blanchadin a grant merueilles escoutoit le chevalier parler si gracieusement se deuisoit que le chiualer ne se pouoit assez esbahir comment le Ione chivaler pouoit auoir desia tant de vertus, comme de excellente beaute, gracieusete et prudence, dont a ceste occasion ne se polt tenir quil ne dist blanchandin ¶ 'Pleust ores a dieu sire que mu maistresse, lorguilleuse Queen Eglantine damours, eust de vous fait son amy, par ainsi ce feust voutre vouloir et vous la deussiez deffrendre (sic) alenThe Knight of the Ferry wishes would love Blanchardyn, and let him deKing Alymodes. Blanchardyn dare not think of this. ¶ Blanchandin lors respondy Sire, Ie vous remercie du bien fend her against contre du roy alimodes' au cheualier, et lui dist, et de lonneur que vous me voulez; mais Ie congnois assez que vng si grant bien ne mest pas deu, et que oultrecuidance seroit a moy de y vouloir penser, veu que comme vous dictes, tant de gens de bien lont voulu requerre, et que pour riens elle ne veult oyr priere] nor requeste of noon of theym / be he_neuer of so grete perfection.' 'Certes' / sayde thenne the knyght, 'me semeth not / that this manere at long rennynge fuch prayfe and commendation throughout the world, that all the neighbouring Princes haue profecuted her loue; and euery one hath giuen ouer his fute, fauing Alimodes: & hee (I fay) whome no anfweres will fatiffie, endeuoreth to compell her to wed him by force. Now (if it fhall pleaſe God) that you, by your haughty prowes and manly courage, fhall defend her from Alimodes, I doubt not but that

may endure the arowes of loue, ne hir dartes right sharp som daye / yf god be plesed / shall not be ydle about her / But peraduenture she so quykly The Knight feels sure that Eglantine 'll be subdued by love some day, hitte atte her herte ther wyth all, that daunger nor refuse shal haue nomore lawe for to rule nor gouerne hir prowde corage / as touching loue. ¶ God gyue and he hopes it'll grace that this may be soone. and that he to whom we be soon. begins to desire Eglantine. the favour of wolde wysshe moste good in this worlde, be cause of the reformacion of suche an obstynate wylle' / Moche humbly remercyed blanchardyn the knyght, excusynge Blanchardyn hym self in dyuers facions by gracyouse langage of this thynge. How be it, that with in hym self alredy, by thadmonestynge of the good² knyght, byganne for to desyre the goode grace of the same proude pucelle in amours, wythout makynge of eny semblaunt, nor to dyscouere it to the knyght. ¶ After many wordes seruyng to the purpos afor sayd, and vtteryd betwyxt them bothe the knyght sayd vnto Blanchardyn, 'Syre, ye be a right fayre Iouencell, and of noble representacion, well syttyng on horsbacke, and tyl a wysshe wel shapen of alle membres / And to my semynge right wel worthy to haue the grace and fauore of the right gentyll damoyselle, the proude mayden in amours. Soo thenne, after my counseyll, my aduyse is that theffecte that shal procede therof shal be to you 2 Wanting in the French. 1-1 Ja soit ce The Knight says looking fellow, he's a very goodin time (confidering your excellencie of perfon and princely behauiour) fhee may confent to be your wife:' 'alas, Sir (quoth Blanchardine), can you imagine any poffibilitie in mee to obtaine her whome fo many Princes of high eftates haue vndertaken, and haue their intents and purpoſes annihilated? no, no, Sir, I neither can [n]or will pre32 fume fo high: but all the feruice that my abilitie is able to perfourme, fhall reft at her imployment and commaund.' 3 Wel, fir,' anffwered the knight of the ferry, 'nothing is impoffible in loue; and although ſhe haue been hetherto moft obftinate and peruerfe in liking; yet loue may chance to make feizure vpon her tender heart, when ſhee leaft fufpecteth. 3 Caxton, B iij.

and, if he'll follow advice, he may win Eglantine. She is going to ride to Tormaday. 2 Biij. Blanchardyn must offer to serve Eglantine as a soldier. 'You will find her moche prouffytable / I haue told you her byfore, that the paynem kynge Alymodes apparreylleth hym self to make werre to my lady, my maystresse, the proude pucelle in amours, and commeth for to be-syege the cyte of Tormaday. And for this cause departeth now my sayd lady ¹from a castell of hers,¹ not ferre hens, & draweth toward Tormaday 2 for to gyue a corage to the knyghtes and other men of werre, that ben in the towne for the deffense of the same ayenst the kynge Alymades. Right well it were your fayt ³and welthe³ / for to goo rendre your persoune vnto her, for to serue her as a soudyoure for tacquyre praysynge of worthynesse and goode renomme, that thurghe this cause shall mowe growe to your ward, somoche that the bruyt wherof haply shal come to her knowlege, vnto the preiudyce of her pryde dampnable / And to the felycyte of your benewred persoune deseruynge ther-by her goode grace I doubte5 not / but that ye shall fynde her by the waye / Ryght nobly accompanyed of knyghtes and noble men, of seruauntes / of ladyes and damoyselles And by cause of her delyciouse custume and tendernes of her selff, she rydeth the lytyl paas6 vpon 7her swete and softe palfraye / And of her custome 1-1 dun sien chastel 3-3 Wanting in the French. 4-4 qui a ceste cause vous pourra accroistre et auconter tant que le bruit espoir viendra a sa rongnoissance ou preiudice de son dampnable orgueil / et a la felicite de vostre bieneuree personne 5 Orig. dobute 6-6 a petit pas 7-7 sa haguenee 'And by reafon of the entire affection I beare you, (feeing you fo refolute to performe any thing for our Countries good,) If it fhall pleaſe you to bee rulde by my aduice, I will vndertake that our Queene fhalbe your wife, and thus it is: 86 The King Alimodes (as I tolde you) intendes warre to our Princeffe.' . . ... [ed. 1595] leaf B 4.

whan she rydeth by the feldes awaye / she commeth allewayes behynde, ferre ynoughe from all her folke, riding behind hauynge onely besyde her a goode auncyent damoysell, her folk, mother. her somehow. whiche dyde norysshe her of her brestys in her moost with her fostertender and yonge age / And is called her nouryce and maystresse. Wherfore I counseylle you to fynde the Manage to kiss waye and the manere for to haue a kysse ¹or cusse¹ of her mouth, how so euer that it be / Yf ye doo so, I ensure yow ye shal be the happyest of alle other / For my herte Iudgeth yf ye may haue that onely cusse / and ye wyll 2but yf it be long on yow² / hit shal be occasyon of a loue inseparable betwyx her and you in tyme to come / How be it I knowe right wel, and make no doubte at all / but that first of all hit shall At first she'n be tourne/for pryde of her, tyl a grete displeasire vnto her, and shal be therof wors apayed more then reason angry. Tormaday.' promises to do this, and takes leave requyreth. ¶ But care you not for that / ye be well Don't mind that, horsed; passe forthe wyth the spore wythout eny spekynge as for that tyme, and ryde fast awaye, but spur on to wythout taryeng, tyl ye come to Tourmaday / And whan ye come there, thynke to do that wher-by ye may be comended.' ¶ whan Blanchardyn herd the knyght thus speke, he was ryght glad, and promysed Blanchardyn hym to do soo yf possyble were to hym, what someuere shold falle therof / ¶ And after the curteys thanke / that wel coude make, Blanchardyn toke his leues of the knyght, and of the lady his wyf, thankyng the knyght of the goode counseyll and aduertysinge that he had gyuen vnto hym / Thenne departed forth the chylde Blanchardyn / But the knyght, that was right curteys, guyded hym & conduyted a whyle, and shewed hym the waye that he muste holde for to furnysshe his entrepryse / Prayeng our lord god that a gode adouenture he myght fynde, as the herte of hym dyde desyre / 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 se a vous nen tient 3-3 voult prendre conge of the Knight of the Ferry.

Chapter X

Blanchardyn rides fast to overtake Eglantine, and syn toke leue of Blanchardyn, and tourned homward ageyne/ The x. chapitre conteyneth. how Blanchardyn parted fro the knyght of the Fery, and rode on his waye al alone after the proude damoyselle in amours, for tacomplysshe¹ his desyrable entrepryse, 2 as foloweth2/ Aft ftre that þe knyght was retourned home, blanchardyn bygan to ryde on a good paas, desiring with all his herte to ouertake þe proude pucell in amours, for to fulfylle his desyre and the promesse that he made to the knyght/ ¶ So thought he moche in hym self by what manere he myght execute and brynge at an ende the werke that he hath vndertaken, that is to wyte, to kysse the proude mayden in amours, wherof in this manere of thoughte was his noble herte all affrayed and replenysshed wyth grete fere lest he shold faylle of his entrepryse / For wel it was thaduis of and is resolvd to blanchardyn that the thyng *ought well to be putte in a proffe / syth his promesse was thus made to the knyght. And for this cause entred wythin his thoughte a drede as for to be so hardy that he sholde vaunce hym self for to kysse suche a pryncesse that neuer he had seen byfore / And wherof thacquentaunce was so daunger8 B iiij. kiss her, ouse. But loue, that wyth her dart had made in his herte a grete wounde, admonested hym for to procede constantly to his hyghe entrepryse. And after all varyablenes and debates y-brought at an ende wythin the mynde of this newe louer, his resolucion fynall was that he sholde putte peyne for to haue a cusse of the proude pucelle in amours, al thoughe deth sholde 2 Wanting in the French. 4-4 deuoit aduenir 1 Orig. tacomplyssse

Chapter XI

die for it. be vnto him adiudged onely for this cause; And her though he should upon went Blanchardyn sayenge: 'O veraye god, how well happy shold myn herte be, that presently is ouer moche pressed by cause of myn enterpryse, yf I myght obteyne that one cussynge / And yf myn infortune or feblenes of corage sholde lette me for this aduenture that so sore I desyre / Deth make an ende of me' / 8¶The xj. chapitre speketh how Blanchardyn ouertoke the proude mayden in amours and kyssed her, wherof she toke a grete anger / TH At last, Blanchardyn sees Eglantine in front of him. her. Hus as ye here the Iouencell Blanchardyn went stryuyng in herte, for fere that he had, lest he myght not brynge his entrepryse at an ende, and rode thus, thynkinge a goode while tyl that soone after he herde the bruyt and the voyces of the proude pucelle in amours folke / and in tornynge of a narowe waye / by the knowlege that the knyght of the Fery had yeuen to hym of her araye / knewe that it was she that he went sekynge/ & thought it was tyme to endeuoyre hym self. he gaf the spore to þe hors & forced hym as He gallops up to moche as he coude, for to ouertake the fayre pucelle, Soo that by his dylygence taken wyth an ardaunt de24 syre / fonde hymself nyghe her and of her maystres wythin a short space of tyme. ¶ Blanchardyn seeyng the oure and the poynt that he sholde furnysshe hys enterpryse that ful sore he desyred to fynysshe, smote hys courser wyth the spore for to kysse her ¹as he furth by her went,¹ wherof happed, by þe bruyt that his hors made, that she loked bakward for to se what he was that so hastely rode after her. And so well it fortuned Blanchardyn that bothe theyre mouthes recountred, and kyst eche other fast/¶ Yf blanchardyn was right 1-1 en passant She turns her head; their lips meet, and they kiss.

42 Blanchardyn, having got his kiss, gallops off. [Ch. XI, XII. Blanchardyn gallops on, and passes all Eglantine's escort, the ladies of which praise him. Blanchardyn is joyful, glad of this aduenture / It is not to be axed. And of that other party the proude mayden in amours coude not kepe her behauoure in this byhalue for the grete dyspleasyre that she toke therfore¹ / But blanchardyn wyth a glad chere waloped his courser as bruyauntly as he coude thurghe the thykkest of all the folke / lepyng alwaye here and there, as hors and man had 2fowgthen in the thayer2 / And dyde so moche in a short while that he had passed ladyes & damoselles / knyghtes and squyers, & all the grete companye of this proude pucelle in amours / gyuyng a gracyouse and honourable salutacion to them all where he went forth by. It is not to be axed yf he was well loked vpon of all them of the rowte¶ And in especall of the ladyes and gentyl women, that all in one sayde he was a knyght right goode and fayre, and that it semed wel by countenance to be a man comen of hyghe extraction, merueyllyng hem self what he myght be, and fro whens he came there thus alone wythout eny companye. ¶The xij. chapitre conteyneth and speketh of the grete wrathe and anger that the proude mayden in amours had for the kysse that Blanchardyn had taken of her. And of the complayntes that she made ther fore vnto her maystres, that peyned herself full sore for to pease her / ³as herafter foloweth /3 W Han Blanchardyn sawe that he had brought at an ende his enterpryse, And that he had passed alle the rowtes and compaynes of the proude pucelle in amours, he was ryght glad of this fayre aduenture / Soo 1 de ce baisier 3-3 Wanting in the French. 2-2 volassent en lair Orig. euterpryse

Chapter XII

toke his waye as right as he coude, as was tolde hym by the knyght, and rode toward Tourmaday. ¶ A and rides on, lytyl shal here ceasse oure matere to speke of hym / vnto tyme and oure shal be for to retourne to the same / And shal shewe the sorowes and the complayntes of the proude pucelle in amours / and the manyere that she kept after the kysse that blanchardyn toke of her. Incontynente that she felte her self to be thus sodaynly kyst of a ¹man straunger¹ out of her knowlege, she fell doune from her amblere 2 as a woman from her self and in a swone 2 / 3 And whan she myght Eglantine is indignant at being kist by a strange inan. speke vnto her maystres³/ that he that this Iniurye had doon to her what so euer he be / Yf he may come She vows in her handes or in her power, noon shal mowe saue revenge. pacified. hym / but he shal lese his hed for the same / ¶ Of the teerys that from her eyen fyll doune, her gowne she weeps, that she had on was therof charged as grete shoure of rayne had come doune from the heuens / thenne her maystres, that sage and dyscrete was / comforted her, blamyng gretly be grete sorowe that she made for a cusse / but þe proude pucelle in amours kept so hard that same kisse in her corage, whiche she reputed for an Iniurye doon to her / that fayre speche nor non ex- and will not be cusacion that her goode mastres coude make nor shewe to her for to pease her of her anger / myght not in nothynge conforte her. But semed that she sholde slee her self to be more hastely venged. her maystres saide vnto her: 'Alas, my goode damoyselle, I haue right grete merueylle, how a prynces of so grete renounne as ye be of, may make so grete a sorowe of a thynge of nought. yf a gentyl man hath kyst you, take ye hit for a folye or dishonoure whiche is not so. noon but I haue seen it, & make no doubte that euere hit sholde be 1-1 homme estrange 2-2 haguenee comme vne femme oublice et pasmec 3-3 Et quant elle polt parler dist a sa maistresse BLANCHARDYN. Her fostermother bids her not make such a fuss over a kiss. No one saw it. done. There's no harm D

Eglantine's wrath against Blanchardyn. [Ch. XII, XIII. Eglantine declares she'll put Blanchardyn to death. discouered ¹nor knowen¹ by me. Soo pray I you, that ye wyl cesse your grete sorowe'/ Thenne ansuered the pucell to her maystres / 'how may ye requyre me to leue myn anger, 2 but that I sholde complayne me² / No lenger may suffre me god to lyue in suche a sʊrowe / yf that shame done to me / be not right sone auenged.³ Now knowe I not yf he be a gentyl man or not. Alas, that my knyghtes knowe not, and my folke that marchen by fore me / this aduenture. soone ynoughe they wolde auenge me. ¶ Certaynly I shal doo folow hym; and byleue for certayn that his laste daye is comen and shal deye.'5 'O madame,' said the maystresse vnto the yonge damysell /'ye shal do more wyseli. for yf thys thynge shuld come oute and be knowen, your sorow ought to double sore therfor, yf men sayden that of eueri man ye had taken a kysse. yet ought ye to maynten & holde thapposite, "saynge strongly ayenst hit.6 & ye wyll scandalyze 7& vttre your mysfal that is now happed to you of one man.8 lepe vpon your palfraye. your folke ben ferre afore you / and and say nothing put out of your ymaginacyon suche casuall fryuolles,⁹ & that ouer 10 moche do greue your self / for it is for your best, & worship grete yf ye wol vnderstande hit well'/ Her fostermother advises her to hold her tongue, about it. ¶ The xiij chapitre conteyneth how blanchardyn, after he had kyst the proude mayden in loue / went forth on his wayc, "hauyng styl his thought fast vpon here beaulte"/ tyll that he cam to the cyte of tourmaday / where he alyghted at the prouostis house for to be lodged there / as herafter foloweth /12 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 Ie mourray piteusement 4-4 Ie le feray sicuir 5—5, 6—6, 7—7, 8-8 Wanting. 9-9 les friuoleances 10 Orig. oú 11-11, 12-12 Wanting.

Chapter XIII

fter many shewynges that the olde damoyselle had After many her lady, the proude pucelle in amours, 1wyth what peyne & grief that it was¹/atte thynstance mounts her & requeste of her sayde maystresse, she mounted anon Eglantine vpon her 2whyte palfray amblyng2 / And sayde she palfrey, sholde fynde at Tourmaday / hym that had doon her this vyolence / And that by the morowe next she sholde make him to be hanged.3 Sore troubled of wyttis, and gretly vexed wythin her mynde as ye here, rode forthe the gentel pucelle after her folke towardes and rides towards her cyte of tourmaday. But we shal leue her sorow12 yng / wyth her maystresse that conforteth her, & shal Tormaday. speke of blanchardyn, that alredy was nyghe comen vnto the cyte of Tourmaday/whiche he dyde beholde Blanchardyn well, hauynge merueylle of the comodyouse and riche contrey where the towne was sette / And hym semed on the sca the most fayre and most riche cyte that euer he sawe / thinks this city The see was nyghe betyng on the walles atte one syde of the towne, at the other syde were the grete medowes, the fayre vynes and the londe arable / The wodes, swete ryueres, and dyuerse fountaynes. And sayde in hyinself / that he that had suche a noble cyte of his a noble one. owne were a grete lorde. Blanchardyn exploytted so, that he soone entred the cyte. And rode a goode waye wythynne, beholding on eche syde the fayre houses and ryche palayces, and the grete edyfyces, as monasterys, chirches, and chapelles. and also he sawe the grete multytude of peple, the fayre stretes ample and large/ market-place, tyl that he cam to the chyeff market place, Where he He rides to the dyde calle a man to hym for to brynge hym to a good lodygys for hym self and his hors. The man ansuered hymn, that wyth grete payne he sholde be lodged / And that the men of armes of the proude pucelle in amours were comyng in so grete nombre for to awayte on þe siege, that the Kynge Alymodes wold leye aboute the a quelque peinne et meschief que ce feust 2-2 la haguenee 3-3 le ferra prendre 1-1

cyte there that the towne was not suffysaunt¹ for to and is advised to lodge hem alle. / But wel he tolde hym that he sholde lodge at the Provost's. The Provost says he cannot lodge there unless he first fights his host, the Provost. be well lodged in the prouostys house of the towne, yf he wolde receyue hym for his hoste. ¶ Blanchardyn thanked hym humbly, and prayed hym that he wold shewe hym the prouostys hous/ And he wyth goode wylle dyde soo / Blanchardyn drue thytherward / & fonde the prouost syttyng at his gate / He salued hym / prayng / that for to paye well and largely content him, he wold vouchsauf to take hym for his hoste, and lodge hym in his place. The prouost stode vp anon, & dede beholde blanchardyn, whiche he praysed moche in his herte, & sayde vnto hym thus: 'Syre, the manere of this lodgyse is suche, that noon may lodge hym self here but yf he doth that whiche is wryton in that marbel stone aboue the yate' / Than casted blanchardyn his sight vpward, and sawe writon, graued wythin a marbel stone, the verses that herafter folowen; 2wherof he was glad for non other sporte or non other thing he desired¶ Here foloweth the ballade that was wryton vpon the gate of the prouostis place of Tourmaday/2 W Ho that wol lodge hym self herynne, most furst befyght thost of herynne wyth spere, swerde, & eke of axe. Here nedeth non other craftes to gete ynne, for who that wol be receyued wyth chere fyn May thynke / that nedes he muste therto. But god graunte hym grace herto, to ouercome his host, thylke hardy foʊ / He shal mowe lawfulle entre this Inne /4 1 Orig. snffysaunt 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 This is set as prose by Caxton. * Quy se vouldra ceans logier, Loste fault combatre premier De la lance, despee ou de hache; Il ne conuient aultre fourrier. Quy a desir dy herbegier, l'ense quil fault quainsi le face; Mais se dieu luy donne la grace Que son oste vainque ou defface, En lostel saille sans songier.

Chapter XIV

¶ The xiiij chapitre conteyneth. how the Iouencell blanchardyn Iosted and fought ayenst the preuost, and ouerthrewe hym; and how two yonge damoselles, doughters to the prouost, cam and toke Blanchardyn for to haue hym to be lodged wythin her faders place / Han blanchardyn had wel loked and rede the W Ha verses that grauen were in the marbell vpon smiles fight. the gate, & well vnderstode theire sentence, a lytyl he Blanchardyn bygan to smyle/ as he that ¹lytyl dyde sette ther by¹/ And the prouost axed hym yf he was counseylled for to fulfylle the construction of that texte. Blanchardyn ansuered that he was therof right wel content, so that and agrees to he myght haue harneys to arme hym selff wyth all / The prouost sayd it sholde not lacke on that / and that gladly he sholde furnysshe hym of goode and mete harnoys to arme his body wyth all / And he dyde soo / For he made to be brought vnto hym by his folke al suche armures and harneys as to hym behoued to haue, and that to suche a caas apperteyneth / Blanchardyn sette fote a gronde, and made hym to be armed and well appoyntted by the prouostis men, whiche was all prest and redy poyntted to the Iouste/¶ Whan BlanchThe Provost armour; lends him courser; ardyn sawe hym self well armed of alle peces / right quykly he lept vpon his courser, the helme on his he leaps on his hede / the shelde atte his necke, and the spere in his fyste, wythout takyng any auauntage, wherof all thassystents that were comen there for to see hym Ioust with the prouost of the toune, sayde that they neuere sawe no fayrer man of armes, nor better pyght,2 nor better syt32 tyng on horsbak. Grete multytude of peple was there many folk come assembled for to see the Ioustynge of the two vasselles. 1-1 de ce tenoit peu de compte 2 adroit to see the joust.

The Provost of Tormaday þe prouost seyng blanchardyn redy mounted vpon his hors, þe spere in his fyste, & lepte out of his place, he semed wel by his behauoure & mayntenaunce to be a man of right grete fayte / for to saye trouthe, he was a myghty man of body, wel renommed of prowesse. And the valyant Blanchardyn, the spere couched on his thye, awayted for hym in the strete all redy for to assaylle hym. The prouost sayde to blanchardyn from as ferre as he coude chuse¹ hym: 'Syre, thynke to deffende your self well, For yf ye ouercome me I shal lodge you in my house, where ye shalbe right richely serued wythout your cost / but yf I may, it shal not come therto, For I shal brynge you to dethe, or to me ye shal yelde your self.' ¶ Blanchardyn herkned the prouost, to whom boldly he answered that he shold doo the best and the worst that he coude, and that he shulde take no thoughte but onely for hym self, and that he sholde putte peyne that his honoure sholde be The Provost and kepte, and his body ayenst hym / Thenne toke the states the conditions of the fight: if he is beaten, he will lodge Blanchardyn gratis. Blanchardyn charge one another at full speed. Blanchardyn unhorses the Provost. prouost his spere / and so dyde Blanchardyn 2the his,2 whiche was strong and bygge, that it was meruayll. And as moche as the horses myght renne, came eche ayenst other/The prouost brak his spere vpon blanchiardyn, but he hurted hym not, For his goode shelde kept hym, and his stronge bones suffred hym not to bowe bakward, by the right grete vertue wherof he was garnysshed Blanchardyn hytt the prouost in the myddys of his shelde so myghtly that it was perced all thourgh, that the yron was seen at the other syde of the shelde / And yet the prouostis harneis was hole, and nought dommaged of nothyng / But not-wythstandyng the strok was so myghty grete and so sore peysaunt that hit lyfted the prouost out of the sadel to the grounde more thenne tenn fot ferre bakward; & with that renne, blanchardyn his courser ran ouer þe 2-2 la sienne 1 choisir

his uri. Blanchardyn dismounts, and is about to cut the Provost's head off, prouost that he tradd vpon one of his armes, so that it and runs over was hurt full sore. But he was so gretly astonyd of p myghty stroke wherby he was fallen doun, that he wyst not ¹where he was.¹ Blanchardyn right quykly alyghted from his hors / his swerd in his hande for to cutte the laas fro the helmet of the preuost, & so to smyte of his hede yf he wolde not yelde hym self to Blanchardyn, and gyue hym fre entre wythin his hous. But whan the two doughters of the prouost, that right praty and full fayre were, dyde see this harde bataylle, and theire fadre in parell of deth / lepte hastely out of their house, and cam to the place, where as bothe of hemputtyng them self vpon theyre knees byfore blanchardyn, sayde vnto hym: 'O thou free knyght, replenysshed wyth prowesse & of grete wordynesse haue mercy vpon² our fadre' / And Blanchardyn, full of courtoysye, to them answered / that for the loue of them/he sholde be sauf from all euyll / And euyn at Blanchardyn these wordes / cam the prouost tyl his owne knowlege Provost, when h's two daughters beg for his life. spares the his house ageyne, & vnderstandyng that he had lost the felde for cause of pestourdy stroke that he had receyued of the spere of blanchardyn. And sayde 3 in this maner :3'a, right gentyl knyght, to whom none oughte to compare hym self / For that right grete vertue that in you is entred and sette, I yelde my self vnto you / And pre- who yields up sente my hous to your plesure and behouffe, prayeng right affectually that in pacyence ye wyl taken hit wyth suche as ye shall fynde in hit.' And thenne wythout taryeng drewe his swerde, and toke it vnto and sword to Blanchardyn, that wyth goode wyll gaff it hym ageyn, and wyth-all pardoned hym alle that he myght haue had mysprysed ayenst hym in that that he wold fyght wyth blanchardyn / wherof the prouost thanked hym gretly. Blanchardyn. 1-1 quelle chose aduenue luy estoit 3-3, 4-4 Wanting in the French. 2 de

Chapter XV

The folk of Tormaday praise Blanchardyn. The Provost's daughters The xv. chapytre conteyneth how Blanchardyn was moche richely lodged and receyued in the prouostis hous, of the two doughters of the prouoste. And of the complayntes that the proude mayden. in amours made vnto her maystres of Blanchardyn / Fter this that blanchardyn, atte requeste of the Α After this that atte requests of the two yong damoyselles / had pardoned theyre fader, the prouost, his euyll wylle¹ dyuerse folke of the towne that had seen the valeauntnes and prowes, the grete humylyte and courtoysyes that were in blanchardyn/praysed and commended hymn right moche, sayeng comonly that a fayrer knyght they had not seen nor herd speke of in their tyme; And that by his 2 behauoure and² contenaunce, men myght well knowe that he was departed and come of noble extraction and hyghe parentage. Soone after Blanchardlyn / hauyng the two yong damoyselles by the handes, was lad by receive and feast the prouoste in to his house, where he was receyued and festyd, god knoweth how / So was he by the two doughters brought in to a chambre full richely dressed and hanged wyth riche tapysserye / where he was desarmed by the two damoyselles, that helped him / whiche toke him a longe gowne furred wyth fyn martrons, that was her faders, for to clothe hym wyth ! And syth dyde sende for the wyn, and made hym the best chere for the first acqueyntaunce that euer coude be made to a knyght. It is not to be tolde but that Blanchardyn mayntened hym self, talkyng emonge hem more gracyously than euere dyde man, and shewed him, disarm him, clothe him in a furd gown, and give him wine. He talks graciously to them, and wins hym self of so goodly and honneste behauoure / that their hearts. right sone he conquered the hertes and goode wylle¹ 3-3 haulte lignee 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 4--4 Wanting.

2 Cj. reaches of the two forsayde praty maydens; that was not a lytell thyng¹ For moche fayre and gentyl they were. Whiche on that other part / sawe in 2Blanchardyn so grete a beaulte³ / that neuere was seen by them noon suche in noo man, wherfore it was noo meruaylle yf they gladly behelde hym. We shal leue to speke of this matere / And shal retourne to speke of the proude mayden in amours, whiche alredy had exployted so moche that she entred wythin her towne of Tormaday, Eglantine and in a dyspleasans right bytter of her acustumed Tormaday. corage, descended in to her paleys wyth her stoute rowte of folke of armes, & syth, moche tryste and pensefull, entred her chambre, callyng wyth her her mastres, that fulle soone cam there / wherfore that night noon of them alle, were he neuer so moche her famyllyer / cam to see her, but onely the captayne of Its Captain tells Tormaday, that cam for to make vnto hir the reuerence. And emonge other deuyses, that ynough brief were, recounted vnto her / how a knyght straunger was come to the cyte / whiche was the fayrest gentylman that myght be seen, and had befought the prouoste and ouercomen hym. Thenne the proude pucelle in loue, after a lytyl musyng, vnderstode well by the wordes of the captayne, and by the cognyssaunce that he tolde her of his horse, that he was that self knyght that the kisse had taken of her. But she therof made noo semblaunt / The captayne gaff 'the goode nyght to the damoyselle, toke his leue of her, and went. The proude mayden in amours, seeyng the captayne goon from her presence / sayde anon vnto her maystres: 5′I shal suffre for this nyght hym that so grete a dys32 playsure hath don to me this day by the waye to be festyd in the prouostis hous.5 But ther nys man a 3 Orig. abeaulte 1-1 qui nestoient pas peu de choses 4-4 la bonne nuit 5-6 le lairay meshuy festoier en lostel du preuost cellui qui tant ma fait de desplaisir au Iour duy sur les champs her that a most fair knight has overcome the Provost. She recognizes this knight as the one who kist her,

Chapter XVI

she'll be the death of him. lyue, that so gretly be my frende / that myght kepe and declares that me / But that I shal to morowe make hym for to deye of an right euyll deth, ¹Yf I am woman a lyue.¹ And wyth this, yf the prouost wolde not delyuer hym vnto me I shal destroye hym,2 and shal make hym pryuated from all his tenementes that he holdeth of me' / Thus as ye here, þe proude pucelle in amours, in her harde herted wyll, abode all that nyght for to make Blanchardyn to deye / wherof for this cause, for grete anger that was in her, she had nother lust nor myght for to ete nor drynk, nor also to take the reste of slepe / Eglantine is still wroth with Blanchardyn, and discusses how she shall have him kild. ¶ The xvj. chapitre conteyneth yet of the complayntes & grete thretenynges that the proude pucelle in amours made vnto her maystres of the knyght Blanchardyn N suche astate, and of the wrathe wherin she was / talked & deuysed her self sore harde and IN miche astate, and of the wrath, who in dangerly wyth her maystres, whiche dysconseylled her by al manere wayes of the deth of blanchardyn / But what argument nor remonstrans that she coulde make to the proude damoyselle in amours, coude nor not myght not³ moeue her for to haue awaye her corage from thobstynacion that she had toward Blanchardyn / Thenne sayde the fayre damoyselle, that so fyers was ayenst the god of loue¹ / 'Of what dethe myght I do make hym to deye for to tormente hym moost therby / Other late hym be hanged / brente, or drowned / his hed to be smytten of from his shulders / or to make hym to be drawen and quartre 1/ for to gyue vnto hym his payment of the grete oultrage by hym commytted in my persone' / Her maystres, heryng her wylle / conclusion, and haulte corage insaucyble / that right 1-1 Wanting in the French. 3-3 ne le sceut ne peult 2 Orig. hym hym 4-4 Wanting.

sore touched thonestete and honoure of alle pryncesses / " was therof right Impacient / And bygan to saye suche or semblable wordes: Alas, madamoselle, he that ye so sore do hate / hath not desserued dethe, thoughe he hath taken a kysse of you / To my semyng ye sholde forclose and take awaye out of your herte all invtyle sorowfulnesse, wherof ye ouer moche doo hurt hit, And Her fostermother says a kiss doesn't deserve death. 1 Cij. that so gentle knight as B'anchand valiant a ardyn loved her. And garnysshe hit of a newe Ioye / The rayson wherby I so saye, I shal shewe hit vnto you, yf ye be Eglantine should rejoice pleased to vnderstande it / Al ynough ye may thynke and knowe / that what someuer he be / he hath a gentyll herte, and is a man of hyghe facion. where all-redy ye haue mowe knowen by the relacion of 2 youre captayne of Tourmaday / ye may vnderstande of his worthynesse / Ye may well knowe / that yf he had not chosen you full praty and ryght fayre, and more than eny other accomplysshed in all manere of beaulte and faycture / byleue certaynly that he neuere wolde haue vaunced hym self to take a kysse of you nor had not put hym self in daunger of youre indyngnacion, that gretly ought to be drad. Wherfore atte my requeste, and for the loue that euere ye had to me; by all the seruyces and pleasures that I haue mowe doon³ unto you, And that herafter I myght doo, beseche you / that this euyll wylle and grete indygnacion / that ye haue to that yong knyght, ye putte and chasse out from you. And that ye wyll ceasse your sorowe, and take ayen vnto you thastate of Ioyfull lyuyng / For vpon my sowle, it is the beste that ye can doo in this world' / ¶ The xvij. chapytre conteyneth how the proude pucelle in amours, after dyuers and many remonstracions made by her 2 Orig. yf 3 Orig. dooon Otherwise he'd kissing her. never have riskt She should give up sorrowing, and be joyful.

Chapter XVII

to let love creep into her heart. maystres vnto her, bygan to wexe moderate, puttyng awaye from her the hate that she had vpon blanchardyn / At fter that the proude mayden in loue had largely herde of her maystres, that all ynough semed her raysonnable, wyst nomore what to replyque nor Eglantine begins gaynsaye, & bygan to leue her eerys thurghe a subtyl and soubdayne hete of loue, that perced the veray hert rote of her for the delyuerance of the yong knyght / blanchardyn / She helde her self styl a longe¹ whyle wythout speche, and becam penseful, with a contenaunce full sadde, more than euer she was byfore / But at thende of a whyle, began for to saye wythin her She says, 'How self: ¶'O veraye god, what bruyt of cruelnes and of cruel it will be of me to kill a knight for only a kiss! 'Still I shall grieve if he brags to the Provost's daughters that he's kist me. 'But he is too noble to do this. tyrannye sholde be spred ouer all the worlde of me, that am a woman, Yf I, for by cause of a kysse onely, sholde make to deye soo gentyll a knyght. I nedes muste saye that he loueth me truly, and ouer moche straunge sholde be the reward of his loue vnto hym, yf deth sholde folowe therby by the sentence of me, that may conforte hym. ¶ But alas, I make a grete doubte that ouer moche sholde greue me / yf by aduenture it happed that he fonde hym self somwhere, as he presently doth wyth the doughters of the prouost, sholde boste hym self to haue kyssed me / this remors prycketh me to the herte. how be it, I holde hym so courtoys and dyscret, or wyse, that noo bostyng shold not mowe come out of his mouthe, & in especyall of her vnto whom he hath shewed so grete a token of loue. It is farce, and her to I am constrayned / that I confesse that he hath the corage areysed vnto parfytte noblenesse And that yf he were otherwyse, he sholde neuere haue made farce to kysse me / 2¶ Men sce atte ey his beaulte, wherof he is endowed hyghly / his 1 Orig. alonge 2--2 on voit a loeul

Chapter XVIII

valyauntnes is alredy well preued. And therfore I 'I'll make him my Seneschall and Commanderin-chief. chuse hym and make hym myn Senescail and cheff of my werre, For he is a man worthy to be taken soo / And by al thus, but yf it holdeth on hym / yf eny malyuolence or euyll wylle I haue had byfore this vnto hym, I altogydre pardone hym. But alwayes, yf he lath eny loue to me / It is for nought; For neuer, daye of my lyffe, hym nor other I wyll not loue. So wot I But I won't neuer what loue ment, nor what it is of loue / nor I loke not after to knowe it / For all suche thynges I repute and take for foly, as ¹certaynly they be / And wol that euery may knowe that it is shalbe allewayes my 2souerayne desyre² and fynall conclusion' / love him, 1 Ciij. and and that I ¶ The xviij. chapitre conteyneth how the proude pucelle in amours made her ordonaunces for the kepynge of her cyte / And how Kynge Alymodes arryued and toke lande nyghe the cyte of Tourmaday, whiche he beseged with a myghty power of folke /³ IN ³ N this dyuersyte of purpos the proude pucelle in amours, to what a peyne that it was passed the tyme of the nyght / And on the morowe she made the castell and her sayde cyte of Tourmaday to be garnysshed right wel of vytaylles, of men of warre, and of almanere of artyllary / by cause that she had had tydynges that same daye / that for certayn she sholde be beseged there, after whiche ordynaunces so made by her knyghtes & captaynes, she wythdrewe her self in to her castell of Tourmaday / She entred in her chambre and cam toward a wyndowe, out of whiche men sawe 2-2, 3-3 Wanting in the French. firmly resolvc.' Eglantine victuals and arms her city of Torinaday.

She sees King Alymodes's navy anchor before her city. Eglantine bids her men oppose K. Alymodes's landing. right ferre in to the see / And there she had not be no longe whyle, whan she had perceyued the playn choys ands fyght of a right grete and myghty nauye, and of many a highe mast that bare grete saylles / And many penoncelles, baners, and standardes that the wynde shok here and there, wherof the golde & the azure was glysteryng tyl vnto her eyen / bycause of the brygh; bemes of the sonne that spred were vpon them. All the see was couered wyth shippes & galeyes, that wyth a full sayll cam to take parte, and to caste theire ankers byfore the cyte of Tourmaday. ¶ The damoselle seeng that grete armee commyng, knewe all ynoughe that it was thexcercyte of the sayd kynge Almodes, by the banners & cognyssaunce that she sawe appyere vpon the see/ She called to her them that were in her chambre to whiche Incontynent she commaunded that they sholde goo & arme them self for to resiste ayenst her enmyes at their commyng on lande, whiche she sawe approched alredy right nyghe After this commaundement made, they all went to arme and arraye hem self, & thourgh all the cyte ¹euery man tokehis harneys on hym, & made grete haste toward the hauen.¹ Troumpettes, claryons, & other instrumentes bygan to blowe thurgh euery part of the towne / and were all in affraye for to lepe out, to thende they myght be at the descendyng of theyr enemyes to lande. Neuer so soone they coude comen, But that the kynge Alymodes had alredy taken lande, & his sone daryus wyth hym, and one of his daughters that he had,2 whiche was moche fayre, and a praty mayden, that it was meruaylle / So had he one kynge in his companye that hyght Rubyon. And wyth theym was come another kynge right myghty and grete beyonde mesure, and a seven-foot whiche of heyght was xv fote long, and wyth-all right foull and hydouse for to see / So moche they dede that They muster, but are too late. Alymodes, with his son Darius, his pretty daughter, K. Rubyon, hideous king, 1-1 Chacun courut aulx armes. 2 Orig. he had he had

they cam all out of their vesselles, and had out all theyr horses, tentes, & pauyllyons / artylleryes, and harneys / And sprade them self thurgh the medowes that be there full ample & large / They of the cyte coude neuer lette hem nor defende / But that atte their pleasure they descended from their shippes & toke at arins, all The Kings and 6000 men come up to Tormaday, lande, for so grete a nombre they were, that men called with 80,000 men them about four score thousand¹ men of warre or more, land. besyde thos that kept their shippes / Ryght grete bruyt & grete noyse they made at their comyng a lande, of harnes, bussynes, and of tambours, so that an horryble thyng it was to here / The Kynge Alymodes and his son daryus, acompanyed wyth the two other kynges, mounted vpon theire coursers & palfreys, 2 & *xx thousand men wyth them,2 & came to fore the cyte, The kynge Alymodes so ferre that he was nyghe by the gate, heuyng vpward his hand / sayeng to them that kept theire warde / that they sholde yelde vp the cyte and demand its vnto hym or euer that the lande aboute were wasted/ sweryng vpon all the goddes that he worshiped / that he ne sholde departe from byfore the cyte, vnto the tyme that he had the proude pucelle in amours tyl his spouse and wyff / They of wythynne thenne heryng Alymodes the kynge speke that wel they knewe, ansuered vnto hym / that they had noo fere of hym / And that theyre damoyselle & maystres doubted nor feered hym nought in noo thynge / This ansuere y28 herde, Alymodes þe kynge, replenysshed wyth wrath and Ire more than euer he was to fore / made his oost to approche as nyghe the cyte as he coude / He made there his tentes & his pauyllyons to be pyght, and his folke to be lodged aboute hym / And made his chieff standard³ to be sette al on hyghe vpon his riche pauyllyon ayenst whiche they of the cyte casted full fast, 1 Orig. thousaud 2-2 a dix mille hommes auec eulx 3 Orig. staudard * C iiij. surrender, and that EglanAlymodes to tine be given to wife. These demands being rejected, Alymodes pitches his tents close to the city.

Chapter XIX

The citizens fire on them, and kill many, but cannot dislodge them. Alymodes prepares to bombard Tormaday. The Tormadians set a guard on their walls, & often serpentynes and gunnes, wherof they dyde grete dommage vnto their enemyes / But what someuer thinge that men euere dyde vnto them, nor that of their folke was made grete oceysion and slawghter, Neuertheles, they lefte not to lodge hem self there, 1 what for daunger nor moleste that men coude do to them¹ And all as nyghe the cyte as myght be / makyng redy their canons and their bombardes, for to bruse and bete doune the walles of the sayd towne / ¶ The xix. chapytre conteyneth how the doughter of the prouost brought to Blanchardyn a fayre coueryng, all of whyte sylke, to couere his hors wyth all, and one of her sleues, prayng hym that he wold bere hit vpon his helme. And he dyde so. W Hen they of the cyte had seen the mancre & the rewles of their enemyes, and that all wyth leyser they had seen their puyssance and their manere of doynge, The captayne and the prouoste of the towne dyde ordeyne a stronge and a bygge warde that they sette by a goode ordenaunce along the walles, and in to the yates for the defence of the towne / And this and then 2000 of doon, toke wyth them two thousand men well chosen and all in a goode array / lept out of the cyte, & sodaynly wyth a grete cry that they made, cliarged vpon theyre enmyes, wherof at their commyng on / they dyde putte to deth grete foison of Kynge Alymodes folke, whiche was right sory for it. But soone ynough, by the prouysion that he putte therto, reculed his enemyes abacke tyll wythin the barreys of the towne / Another posterne of the cyte was open, wherof them charge their foes, and slay many of them. 1-1 quelque dangier ou moleste que on leur sceust faire. 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 gouuernement dedens de la cite.

1000 of the foemen. the enemyes toke noo kepe / out of whiche yssued out Then another a thousand inen, goode & handy fyghters well shapen, Tormadians make a separate & strongly herted for to hurt their felon enmyes. So sally, smot they hem self, wythin callyng vp a hyghe crye in to be thikkest of their enmyes, where they slew and and kill many detrenched many one / And dyuerse tentes and pauyllyons they pulled doune, and brought to dethe theym that were wythynne. Soo that the cry and the callyng camen vnto the kynge Alymodes pauyllyon, that hastely came there, acompanyed wyth x thousand of his Alymodes drives men / The noyse and the cry ¹bygan thenne to be efte as grete than it was to fore¹ / so that the folke of the proude pucelle in amours were constrayned to wyththem back, of his men. drawe them self ayen in to þe cyte, after that they had after losing 1400 brought & slayne wel xiiij c. of their enmyes, without eny losyng of theire owne folke, wherof Alymodes the kynge was right sory & dolaunt / & sore troubled & heuy, wythdrewe hym self in to his pauyllyon, commaundyng his folke that euery man shold loke to lodge hym self, trowyng to be in a sewrete that his enmyes as for that same day sholde not comen nomore out of their cyte. Blanchardyn, that at the same owre was in Blanchardyn is the prouostis hous, heryng the bruyt & the noyse that wythout the towne was made by kynge Alymodes folke, the whiche he had seen and aduysed from ouer the walles where he went vp / And seen the battaylles & scarmysshynge that by them of the towne & their enmyes were made, So² began he to be ful of thoughte, & all annoyed of hym self by cause he was not armed tyl his plesure, and that he myght not yssue out vpon the proude pucelle in amours enmyes wyth her folke. The prouost, that right wyse was and subtyll / asked blanchardin what moeuyd hym to be so sore sad & pensefull, and yf he was not well lodged at his case 1-1 se renforca si tresgrande 2 Si annoyd that he was not in the fight. BLANCHARDYN. E

Blanchardyn complains to the Provost that, tho' he wants to fight, he has no armour. The Provost agrees to give him a horse and arms. Both of them arm quickly. and to his playsure / and yf he wanted eny thynge that myght be recouerd for gold or syluer, that he sholde telle it hym, & that he shold late hym haue hit in-contynent¹; al sholde he putte in leopardye, bothe lyf & goode, for to fulfille bis wylle/'Alas,' saide blanchardyn/Sire, of your lodgis and good chere I am right wel content, & thanke you moche therfore / But one thynge wol I telle you, syth that it playseth you to knowe þe cause of my grete dysplaysaunce; ye shall vnderstande that I haue habandonned & forsaken bothe fadre & modre, kynnesmen & frendes, & eke lyflode & lande2 where I toke my byrth & noureture, for to excercyse & able my self in þe noble crafte of faytes of armes, & to take & lerne þe discipline of knyghthode / ¶ And I se nowe that for defaulte of armures I may not sette awerke nor employe my goode wylle / whiche full sore greueth me, And moche more than I telle.' The prouoste, hering the goode wylle and grete affection / that this yonge knyght had / was therof right glad / and sayde vnto hym / 'vassell, come wyth me, and I shall delyuere you hors and eke harneys right goode, so that ye shall haue noo cause for fawte of armures/ But that ye shal mowe proue your prowes whiche I holde right grete.' 'Syre,' sayde blanchardyn,³' of the curtosye that ye haue doon and proffre vnto me, I thanke you moche;' thenne the prouost toke Blanchardyn by the hand, smylyng, and to hym sayde: 'come you wyth me, and I shal gyue you the choys of suche armures as ye shal lyke.' They two went to gidre, and entred in to a chambre that wel garnysshed was of all manere of armes, suche as atte that tyme were vsed. The prouost dilygently armed blanchardyn of suche armures as he wold chose. And syth made eche hem self to be armed hastely / Whan dressid 1 Orig. in contynent 3 Orig. saydeblanchardyn 2-2 terre et le pays Orig. saydecome

Chapter XX

and redy they were, they made theire coursers to be had forth out of the stable, whiche were brought anone to the mountyng place before the halle. Thenne one of the doughters of þe prouost, knowyng that blanchardyn was armed and redy to goo out wyth her fader / she cam and brought wyth her a fayre whyte coueryng of damaske clothe, wherof she made the hors of blanch8 ardyn to be couered wyth, and vnto hym she gaffe one of her gowne sleues, that was of damask blake / prayng hym that for her sake and loue he wolde voche sauf to were and bere it vpon his helmet / Blanchardyn toke þe sleue of the damoysell, sayng that he sholde fulfylle her request; & she, thankyng hym therof / sayde, she sholde, be cause as her semed that god sholde gyue hym some goode fortune that day/ 16¶ The xx. chapitre speketh of the grete bataylle that was byfore the cyte of Tourmaday ayenst kyng alymodes folke, and of the grete prowes that blanchardyn made there that day and how the proude mayden in amours becam sore enamoured oú¹ him. & of the deuyses or communyng that she made wyth her maystres. A [1 read on] One of the Provost's daughters gives white horsetrappings, and her black Blanchardyn sleeve to wear in his helin, and says that God 'll favour him. the Provost mount, Fter that the prouoste and Blanchardyn were Blanchardyn and armed of all peces, and set vpon the myghty coursers the shelde at the necke / theire helmes bokled, and eythre of them the spere in the hande / toke leue of hem that were there, and departed out of the place, and cam to the towne gate, where they fonde thre and find 3000 thousaund men alredy for to yssue out / the whiche by the motion & warnyng of the prouoste / had appareylled them self for to kepe hym felawship and folowe men at the gate.

Blanchardyn and the Provost march out with Eglantine's men, and charge the foe. Blanchardyn, in front, kills the nephew of Alymodes, then one of his knights, and then six enemies. hym When the prouoste was come to the yate, hit was soone open, thurghe whiche they alle yssued out in goode and fayre ordynaunce / Blanchardin, whiche was sore desyryng for to proue¹ hym self and shewe his strengthe and vertue, to haue bruyt and comendacion, and that he myght be knowen / dyde putte hym self in the fore front, hauyng a ryght bygge spere in his hande/¶They bygan alle to vaunce, and marche forth out of the barres of the towne. And syth all atones gaaf a grete crye, Wherof theire enmyes that all redy awayted there for them, were alle affrayed / They byganne thenne to renne one vpon other by so grete strengthe, that for the noyse and sowne that the erthe gaffe by cause of the horses that ranne harde vpon, It semed to them of wythin and wythout that the foure elementes had fought theire togydre / ¶ The duste rose vp fro the grounde that derked the lyght of the sonne wyth the shot that drawe was of bothe sides, one parte ayenst that other / ¶ Blanchardyn, that in the fore fronte was the frist man of all, 2had his spere in the rest, and ranne vpon² Corbadas, that neuewe was to kynge Alymodes; and so grete a stroke and so heuy he gaffe hym, that the spere hed appiered at the backe thurgh the body of the sayd corbadas; & in pulling ageyn his spere, he ouerthrew him doune ³sterke ded³ to þe crthe; & syth anone he rought another of kynge alymodes knyghtes in suche a wyse that he made his spere to entre his body thurghe lunge and lyure, and so kyld hym. And so moche he made atte the first empraynte, that ar euere his spere was broken, he threwe doune ded syx of his enemyes from their sadelles / the whiche emonge the horses fete fynisshed myserably theyre dayes. And syn aftre, he lyghtly dyde sette hande on the swerde, of the whiche he smote 1 Orig. prone 2-2 baissa la lance de laquelle Il consieuy 3-3 mort Orig. swerde

After that, he hacks right and left with his two-handed sword, and slays men and horses, from him here and there wyth bothe his handes by suche a strengthe, that him that he rought wyth full stroke, was ¹all in to brused, and clouen in two peces¹ / He de4 trenched and kutte bothe horses and knyghtes / he cloue and rent helmes and sheldes, and brake the grete routes, and made his enemyes to sprede abrode / Moche better he semed to be 2a man of the fayre² than a creature of the worlde. All fled byfore hym, and made hym waye so that all flee to passe / There was noo man, how hardy that he was, that durste mete hym, so sore fered and doubted hym his enmyes/wythin a lytyl whyle he made so moche ³ of proesse³ that his enemyes were therof ryght sore abasshed, and that his swerde was well beknowen emonge hem ryght grete and horryble was the battaylle And so moche that they of Tourmaday and his enemyes merueylled gretly of the grete strengthe and hyghe proes that they sawe in Blanchardyn, the whiche his enmyes fledde, as the larke doth as the lark from the sperhauke. the sparrowhawk. The howlyng and the noyse bygan to ryse vp a hyghe, and so moche that the fayre proude mayden in amours, that lened atte a wyndowe, seeyng the grete Eglantine looks proesses & meruey!louse faytes of armes that by blanch24 ardin were there made, Asked of her maystres that was nyghe her/yf she knowe not þe knyght that had his hors couerid with whit rayment / & syth she also perceyued the black sleue that vpon his helmet was sette fast / Her maystres thenne wyst not what to thynke, nor also what he myght be / But well ynough sayde that he was the most valyaunt, & that dyde best that day of al bothe partyes / And she sayde: a, madame, loke / nowe ye may see that they all fle awaye byfore hym, and ye may well perceyue that noman dare abyde hym, moche grete desyre I haue to wyte & knowe 1-1 tout fouldroye 2-2 homme fae 3-3 Wanting in the French. out, and asks who the white knight with the black sleeve is.

A Squire tells her that this is the knight who lodges at the Provost's. Eglantine blushes, what he may be.' ¶ Euen atte this oure that the proude mayden in amours and her maystres were in suche talkyng, came vuto them a squyer that cryed on hyghe, and sayde / O my right redoubted lady, yonder wythout may you chuse and see the floure of slayer of her foes knyghthode, the subduer and sleer of your enemyes, 1not yet satysfyed nor fylled of the deth of many of hem, but styl destroyeth them.¹ he heweth and felleth doune right al byfore hym / his armes were not longe syth all clere and whyt / but now they be dyed in red wyth the blode of your enemyes that he hath slayne and brought to deth / Madame, knowe for a trouthe that it is the fayre knyght whiche is lodged at þe prouostis house.' / Whan þe proude lady in amours vnderstode the squyer speke thus, the bloode ranne vp at her face, and wexed red as a rose / Well perceyued smitten by love. hit her sayde maystres, and that the loue of hym smote her/ But no semblaunt she made therof to her. right gladde and Ioyeful was the pucelle whan she knewe that it was Blanchardyn / And bygan to thynke in her self that he was wel worthy to be beloued. thenne she sayde to her maystres / 'Certes that knyght that I see yonder dooth merueylles of armes / I see þe prouost that of nyghe foloweth him. it is to be thought þat he shal wyl giue him one of his doughters in mariage, with a grete parte of his grete hauoyre; but on my fayth it were dommage, for he is a man of noble corage, & right valyaunt / & nought it is to be doubted, but þat he is come of som noble hous. The maystres, that right sage was, dyd perceyue incontynent by her wordes that her Indygnacion and euyll wylle, that she byfore that had conceyued ayenst blanchardyn, was moderat 2in her herte, And wyst not what she therof shold thynke, but that loue had ouercome her euyll erroure, Wherof she shold haue ben right glad. and lyke as her thought 1-1 Insaule de les destriure. 2-2 Wanting in the French. She says it'll be a great pity if such a noble man marries the Provost's daughter. Her fostermother

was to be, so it was in dede happed / Among other comynyng & deuyses that she myght more playnly knowe how it was therof, right subtyly bygan to saye thus to the proude pucelle in amours: 'Madame, as for this I knowe, and can perceyue youre pryde shalbe cause / but yf ye take hede, of the totall distruction of your royalme. Concedere you not that ye be occasion, and the cause mouyng of thassemble of the ostis that are for your towne, and of the shedyng of bloode that procedeth therof/ Yf ye¹ wolde wedde the kynge Alymodes, all your lande shalbe in surete, quyete, and peas' / Than the proude mayden in amours, after this exhortyng, herde of her maystres, sayde that she sholde noo more speke therof vnto her, and that neuer the dayes of her lyff she sholde wedde 2paynem nor noo man infydele.2 ¶ And for this cause cessed a while their talkyng And loked bothe toward the felde, where they saw the knyghtes ful sore fyghtyng of bothe partyes / But Blanchardyn hath the praysyng ouer hem alle, For ther was no man of nother syde that of prowes & worthynes coude go beyonde hym, wherof kynge alymodes knyghtes had grete enuye ouer hym, and grete cure & laboure toke vpon them for to slee hym; but non of them / how hardy þat he was, durste not proche nor nyghe hym, For as many as he myght reche vnto, he feld hem doune or slew hem, and wounded them greuosly The proude pucelle in tells her that she is the cause of the destruction of her folk. If she would but all would be wed K. Alymodes, peace. Eglantine says she'll never marry a heathen. Blanchardyn is the best fighter on her side. amours folke bare them self right wel that day / This bataylle lasted tyl the nyght came; wherfore kynge K. Alymodes Alymodes, seeyng that he myght not by noo manere putte nor close them fro the cyte, by cause of the wyse wyt and worthynes of the goode knyght Blanchardyn sounded, that conduyted them made to sowne and call the has the retire retreyte ³or wythdrawe his men,³ to his losse and grete 1 Orig. Yf yf 2-2 vng Infidele aourant les ydoles dyaboliques 3-3 Wanting in the French.

and withdraws to his tent. Blanchardyn is escorted to the by the Tormadian nobles whom he had rescued and helpt. confusion/ & wythdrewe hym self in to his tente, right wrothe and sorowful for the losse of dyuers his knyghtes And all thurgh the vertue and strengthe of one knyght only / Blanchardyn & the prouost, wyth theire folke, wyth grete glorye and tryumphe entred ayen in to the cyte, and brought wyth them many a riche prysonner. And to the prouostis house toke Provost's house blanchardyn his waye, wher vnto he was conueyed of the most parte of the noble men, makyng to hym the gretest honoure that men can or may doo to a knyght / as to hym that best had doon that day / And to saye the trouthe, many of the gretest of hem had ben slayn or taken, yf by the vertue and strengthe of blanchardyn they had not be socoured & holpen that day. Some he helped ayen vpon theire horses whan they were feld doune, some he rescued from the hande of theire enmyes that had hem as prysoners, so bare him self, that wyth grete tryumphe and grete glorye he retourned fro the bataylle wyth them vnto the sayde prouostes place to the grete benyuolence¹ and gladnesse of the peple of the cyte, and there alyghted from his hors, and the prouost wyth hym, whos two doughters, that were right fayre and praty, came there ayenst them / For bothe of hem loued sore blanchardyn, & right onamored they were ouer hym / There abode xx knyghtes at souper wyth blanchardyn, for to chere and feste hym, and to be acoynted of hym. harpe / lute / 2sawtrye,2 and dyuerse other instruments of melodyouse musyke were sent for, For to reioysshe the noble felawship that was full fayre / fore there were comen diuerse ladyes, many a gentyl woman, maydens / and noble bourgeyses, at the requeste and prayers of the prouoste, and of his two doughters³ that were right besy for to chere & serue Blanchardyn wyth all dyligence. Atte the same owre 2-2 guisternes The Provost's pretty daughters, both in love with him, receive him, feast him, and attend on him. 1 Orig. beuyuolence 3 Orig. twodoughters

that this Loye & feste ¹was in makyng¹ in the prouostis house / The proude pucelle in amours was in her castel lenyng vp on one of her chambre wyndowes that had syght wythin the towne, and herde the noyse and the feste that was adoyng in the prouostis house for loue of Blanchardyn, and for to doo hym worshipe & honoure, wherof she was aduertysed alredy. And how be it that as ye haue herde anone, she had gyuen herself in hir herte to the sayd blanchardyn / alle wayes at the same owre was taken the fynall and faste conclusion, and altogydre was of her determyned, to make of Blanchardyn her louer and her specyall, that a lytyl before that/ for one kysse onely was so ferre from her gode grace, and in daunger of his lyf, yf the goddesse of loue, that is so myghty of her grace, had not purueyed better for hym / At the begynnyng of this new alyaunce, Eglantine hears the noise of the feasting, and resolves to make Blanchardyn her lover. the Provost's amoures or loue serued her wyth a messe sharp and sowre ynoughe tyl her tast / that is to wyte, of a louely care / that is as moche worthe/ as a suspecyouse She is jealous of Ialousye of the doughters of the prouoste and her daughters, specyall Blanchardyn. But she thought in her self that she sholde puruey therto of a remedye mete & goode to the cause / whiche thynge she dyde as ye shal here herafter / loue that departeth wyth her goodes, where as it semeth her best employed / forgate not her newe seruaunt / but atte her first comyng made her to be³ vysited and wayted vpon by a seruant of hers¹ named Care, that well sore mouyd and troubled her spyrites. And she that was not lernyd to receyue suche geestes, sore harde was his queyntaunce to her. And yet wythin a whyle after, loue smote her ayen wyth a darte to the quycke tyll þe herte of her so that the fayer pucell wyst not her behauyng, "nor how to mayntene her self5 / and also had no power to drynke nor ete, nor 1-1 se faisoit 4-4 vng sien seruiteur 2-2 son amy 3 Orig. tobe 5-5 Wanting in the French. becomes anxious and troubled, and is so stricken by Love that she can't eat or sleep.

Eglantine is in love and in trouble. Eglantine asks who can cure her of her lovetroubles. coude not slepe ¹ne take no maner of reste¹ / but held her hert so esprised & so ouer pressid wyth loue that she had to blanchardyn / that she myght noo lenger hyde her falle. Thenne cam to her maystres, & said to her in thys maner: 'alas, who shall mowe recouer helth to this pacient sore syke, that suffreth wyth goode wyll of herte, both grete thurste, honger, & shaketh for colde caused thrughe a hete intollerabyll?' / The maystres perceyued anoone by her wordes and maner, that she had ben in the chapiter of the / god of loue/ and by his grace men shuld haue gode accompte of the pryde that ouer longe a tyme had ruled her thinks Eglantine dismesurable herte / She thought that she had ben taken wyth kyng Alymodes loue, & syth said vnto / her: Madame, ye oughte to yelde grete graces & the God of Love. thankes to the myghty god of loue / seyng the vnHer fostermother is in love with K. Alymodes, and says she ought to thank Eglantine confesses knoulege that ye haue had alwayes here byfore of his vertues that hath dayned to vysite you, & to altre & change your corage. I byleue now that for cause of thys soudayn mutacion ye be seke & sore passioned of one accident that nameth hymself the sore of loue' / Alas,' said the pucell/the sore of loue is ryght anguyssous and heuy forto bere, as me semeth.' 'Madame,' sayd her maystres / 'men must suffre for better to haue / This euyll shalle be be cause of your perfeccion and knouleche that loue is that thynge that moost embellisheth and decoreth the nobyl corages / And I can not thynke that euer man and woman, hauyng bruyt or name of some goode vertues passyng other/haue come nor raughte therunto wythoute³ that they were or had ben in the seruice of loue.' The proude mayden in amours herkened hir maystres / but the feuere that loue had takn her for to plucke oute the roote of pryde from her herte / lettid here sore. 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2 Orig. thoughtthat 3 Orig. wythonte

Chapter XXI

that she can no and atte the ende of a whyle biganne to saye: 'Alas, amours, I haue longe defendyd my sylf ayenst the harde assautes and Impetuous excitacions, that often tymes thy messangers made vnto me. Now haue I nother power nor wyl to defende me eny more / vnto She gives herself the I yelde me.' ¶ The xxj. chapiter conteyneth how the proude pucell in loue by the grete loue that she had sette vpon Blanchardyn, bycam Ialouse / and douted leest he shuld sette his loue on one of the doughters of the prouoste / whom she hasteli sente for, and spake to hym 'as it foloweth¹/ Th longer resist the attacks of Love. up to it. foster-mother The maystres, herynge the complayntes of the proude Eglantine's pucelle in amoures, had no lytyl Ioye to here and begs her Alymodes, and relieve her to love K. country from war. suche tydynges, and tyll her feete fell herself, and falls at her feet, sayd: 'Thanked be god, madame, þe werre wiche is cause of so many euilles shal ceasse in your realme, yf it please god, for from þe owr that ye shal wold gyue your loue vnto kynge Alymodes, the right happy wele of peas shal be publysshed thurgh alle the countrey. But and yf ye suffre the siege to abyde any lenger byfore youre cyte, Ye ought to wyte that the countrey about shal vtterly be dystroyed of kyng alymodes folke; wherfore at my request, vse youre self after p dyscyplyne of amours, to whome ye haue made obeyssance, and take to youre lord and husbande the kynge Alymodes: how well ¹he ys ouerraged, take no hede and care not therfore. he hath yet strenghe ynough. ye see what it ys of warre' / And thenn the proude mayden in loue answerd and sayde to her maystres: Eglantine vows 'I haue absoluteli sayde to you, ones for alle / that 1-1 Wanting in the French. 1 Dij.

she will never wed an idolater like Alymodes. while I lyue, kyng Alymodes shall neuer wedde me. I merueylle me gretli of you, that ar ferre in age, & ought wele to knowe so ferre that a lesse euyll it were for to suffre all my lande to be wasted, than to wed and take to my lorde a kynge full of Idolatrye, acursed and apostata of oure holy crysten feyth. Thynke not that I sorough for hym, but byleue that there is grete choys of alymodes & hym for whom loue hath taken my fayth, that neuer I shall change hym.' The maystres wyste not goodely what she shulde thynke, but ynoughe she doubted that Blanchardyn had that grace, from whiche he was alytyl afore sore ferre cast. Sone after, wythoute lityll taryeng, the proude pucelle She sends for the in amoures sent for the prouoste, sayeng that she had Provost, nede of his counceyl / 'he is sage, dyscrete, and experte in many thynges,' sayd she; 'I am sure that he hath in his house a rote that, as to my semyng, shal gyf me help, and shal lyght my herte of the soris wherof I am full sore passyonned' / her maystres, wythout more enquyre to be made / sent one for the prouost, that cam sone toward the proude mayden in amours / and made to her the reuerence / She toke hym by the hande, and made hym to syt doune by her, for to breke her matere and to come to a conclusyon. She made her premysses for to speke of her werre / But she forgate not to telle hym how the knyght, his hoste, that is to wyte, Blanchardyn, and he hym self had borne hem self that day right valyauntly, wherof she was right well content / And that yf it pleased god, she sholde haue knowlege som day of thoos that helpeth her to mayntene her were ayenst the ¹false sarasyn¹ Alymodes She that ardauntly sought occasion to fynde matyere for to spek of Blanchardyn, sayde vnto and says she has the prouost in this manyere: 'Prouost, I haue founde speaks to him of the war, and Blanchardyn's deeds, you alwayes goode and trewe seruaunt vnto me / 1-1 desloyal

heard that his daughters love his guest, her. wherof I fele me moche beholden to yow / And wyl aduertyse you of one thyng that dyspleseth me sore, whiche is sayd of youre doughters, that is that they wyll enamoure hem self of that knyght, youre ghest, whiche is now lodged wyth yow, whiche is a thynge of grete oultrage and grete dyshonoure vnto them, knowyng that he is a man come of a grete house and extracted of hyghe parentage, and a grete lorde in his contrey I make no doubte, but holde my self wel. certayn that he the lesse therfore setteth by them. And also it is no merueylle, theyre grete foly dis- which displeases playseth me moche. for it is to be presumed that this myght be cause to mynusshe your worship and their goode renomme' / 'Madame,' sayd the prouost, ¹'I haue not perceyued me of this¹ that ye telle me / But yf it were soo that the knyght wherof ye speke were wyllyng to take one of hem, I sholde holde her to be employed to the most valiaunt knyght that men euere speke of: to the moost free, sage, and curteys that I trowed euere to be acqueynted of. Now wolde god that his wylle were suche / And that he had as grete desyre to take her / as I sholde be wyllyng for to gyue her to hym, shure bargayne shold be all thus lyghtly doon / that sore lytyll that god hath lent me of goodes sholde not be straunged vnto hym by me / 2for he is worthy to haue mykel more2 / hath he not taken this daye tenne knyghtes prysonners, besydes threty coursers that he hath conquered vpon youre enemyes; and so many of them he hath clouen and slayne, that grete merueylle it were to reherse the same. and to my demyng³/ The Provost answers that he wishes Blanchardyn would take one of his daughters. Fairy race; I trowe better that he is a man of the feyre than He must be of 'otherwyse, for his prowes and worthynes, that ben hyghe, are not to be tolde ne compared to the humayn or wordely werkes.' D iij. no human being could do so valiantly. 1-1 Je ne me suis pas perceu de 2-2 car il le vault 3-3 a mon ensient

Chapter XXII

Eglantine delights in the Provost's praise of Blanchardyn. She says that Blanchardyn does his great deeds for love of some Princess. The Provost's daughters must be stopt from smiling and making eyes at the knight. ¶ The xxij. chapitre conteyneth and speketh of the deuyses that were betwene the prouost and the proude pucelle in amours. And of the grete loue that she had sette to blanchardyn 'the yonge knyght, as it folowed here /' TH He proude pucel in loue, heryng þe prouost, was right glad, for she herkened not to be rewthes, but onely to that loenge and praysynge of her louer and frende specyall. But well she bethought her self that the doughters of the prouost sholde not longe trouble her heedes, for she sholde purueye therto of a remedy conuenable. And whan she spake ageyne, her wordes were suche. 'Prouost, as byfore I haue sayde vnto you, the knyght of whom I speke, parauenture is of byrth right hyghe; And suche and so vertuouyse in armes, as ye knowe. It nedeth not to be doubted that he is comme to his extremyte of prowes and valyantnes, wythout that amours hathe be the cause in the persone of some hyghe a pryncesse. And for to telle you I knowe well soo moche, that he is this day in the goode fauoure and grace of a kynges doughter, right ryche, myghty, and well in lynage, & endowed as men sayen of all that that can be desyred in the body of a woman. And therfore grete foly it is to youre doughters to haue suche an ouerwenyng² wylle, wherof men gyuen them a dysmesured proclame / Neuertheles, as dere as ye haue my playsure to fulfylle / and aboue all to renne in to myn indygnacion, holde the hande to this, that they forbere hem self to the smylynges and fayre shewes of their eyen, whiche wauntonly they caste full often vpon that yonge knyght. And to thende 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2 oultrecuidant 3-3 que elles se deportent de semblant et regars quelles font vers le cheualier.

that ye may haue them to¹ soner awaye from the loue of the sayd knyght, gyue me hem bothe, and make them to be brought here wythin, and wythout eny thyng to youre charge nor cost: I shal mary hem right wel' / ¶ The prouoste, heryng his lady souerayne, right humbly thanked her of the grete offre and curtosye that she wolde do to his doughters and was ryght glad he toke his leue of her in his most goodly manere, as to suche a caas apparteyneth / After the fayre offres had don vnto hym, and at his partyng from her, she sayde vnto hym that she wold wel see the knyght of whom they had spoken, and that he sholde Eglantine will daughters well get the Provost's married. The Provost is to bring Blanchardyn to her, him to serve her. brynge hym to her the next day for to make aqueyntance betwyxe hem bothe/ & sayde that she was wel holden to doo so, knowyng that he was in hir seruyse, & that he exposed his body for the deffence of her countrey. 'I wol,' saide she, 'knowe yf he shalbe wyllyng to dwelle wythin this my towne, takyng suche wages as ben acoustumed, or ellis yf not soo, I shal doo so well reward hym that he shal by reason be well content of me. and be sure, yf he serue me as he hath as she wishes bygonne, yf god be pleased I shal rewarde hym right well / And I hope that thurgh his ayde my werre shall take a good conclusion. and that doon / yf it pleaseth hym, he shal mowe take to his spouse hyr that so moche is his & that so truly hath gyuen her self to hym. And yf it cometh to purpos/ forgete not to say / that it were yl don of hym for to forgete her / But on my feyth, this that I speke / the cause is moued, bycause that the forsayde, his specyall maystres Her cousin is in and true louer is my cosyn germayn. / And also that she bereth in hir herte care ynough and dyspleysure love with himu, for him, for the loue of hym, And may nother slepe nor take cannot rest nomanere of naturall rest, so moche she is enamored on hym. I doubte not that yf by aduenture she were out 1 two

Chapter XXIII

1 D iiij. and would die if he rejected her; which would be a pity. The Provost next morning tells Blanchardyn of his remembraunce, & by hym putte ¹in oblyuyon, that god forbede / but that sholde dey sodaynly / after that suche pitteuouse tydynges were brought tyll her, gryeuous sore and payne tendreth to pite the very herte of myn owne body / and nedes muste I putte peyne to the releuyng of her grete sorowe. ¶ for wythout fawte it were domage yf suche a lady, that is so well condycioned, and in all manere norreture right parfyt,2 sholde perysshe thourgh the coulpe of a knyght /' ¶ The xxiij' chapiter conteyneth how p prouost retourned tyll his house, and recounted vnto Blanchardyn that the proude pucelle in amours had tolde hym / And how she sent for hym, that he* sholde come toward her / And how Blanchardyn went thither And how they talked togydre at leyser, to the grete pleasure of bothe partyes. And how theyr loue was knytted and confermed/ A fter the humble leue that the prouost toke of the lady, he went homward agayn tyl his place, all penseful of the wordes that he had herde of the pucelle. It was tyme to go to bed; so cam he toward blanchardyn / that was alredy goo in to his chambre and gaff hym the goode nyght / & on the morowe, after the masse the prouost sayde vnto Blanchardyn that he wold talke wyth him atte leyser. And blanchardyn ansuered, ' fayre hoost/in good oure be it '6 / Thenne they two sette hem self vpon a benche/ The prouost bygan hym to recounte and telle hou the 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 Orig. xxiiij. Orig. she 6-6 Wanting. 6-6 en la bonne heure

proude mayden in amoures, the euen last past, had spoken wyth hym of many thynges, & emonge other how wel has said of him, love with him, tho' till then she Poold love. has always poohtolde hym that she was right well content of his what Eglantine seruyce, and wolde reteyne hym in wages, and gyue hym of her goodes, for he was worthy therof. 'Morouere,' sayde þe prouost, sire, she hath tolde me that ye be enamored of a hyghe and a riche pryncesse, wherof I merueyll me not / for on my feyth ye be well the man that ought to chuse your specyall loue in a hyghe place. But allewayes it is force that j bere you in hande that it is her owne silf, for it semeth me and that she is in not wel possyble that yf it were in som other place / hit sholde not haue comen to her knowlege. that here is one doubte that retardeth myne ymagynacyon, she sette neuere nought by amours / & loue, But iapeth¹ & playeth her self of theym that ben amerouse. I wote not allewayes yf the god of loue myght haue shewed his vertues in her. Alas, we sholde wel desyre that it were so, to thende she myght take a goode lord for to deffende vs and her lande' / ¶ After that the prouost hade sayde to blanchardyn all that semed him. good to be tolde / Blanchardyn curtoysly, wyth a Blanchardyn smylyng contenaunce, ansuered hym, that god hath well kept hym from so moche an hap and so hyghe, as for to haue the grace of so noble and so grete prynces as was the proude pucelle in amours / '& also I byleue,' sayde blanchardyn, 'that ye make your self these tydynges. But I can not bethynke to what purpos ye haue seen eny token ne apparence for to coloure your gracyouse suspecyon; I neuer spake wyth her, nor neuer in my dayes I dyde see her / wherof sholde to me come suche a wylle?' 'I wot not,' sayde the prouost. 'I telle you that, that I haue herde of my lady. Yf ought be ther to your auauntage, soo take Now pleased god that she were that woman hit 1 se farse smiles, and says he's never spoken to Eglantine; BLANCHARDYN. F

he can't understand her talk; he doesn't think of love for her; he only wants to joust and tourney. But tho' Blanch ardyn repudiates her love, he feels it. He goes to Eglantine's palace with the Provost, that suffred so moche of sorowe and angwysshe at her herte for the loue of you.' 'I thanke you,' sayde Blanchardyn/ I wolde not that noobody sholde suffre for loue of me any thyng to his dyspleasure, where as I myght by ony manere of waye putte a remedy. But alwayes,' sayde blanchardyn, 'I can merueyll me not to moche wherof suche langage commeth, & can not thinke that it shold come of the doughter of a kyng / for thus to say, she ¹in a manere¹ mocketh me: suffyse her yf I am come to serue her in kepyng my worship. And as to me, suche an vse I seke not; but I wyl onely proue and aduenture honorably my body, as a gentyl man ought for to doo / Ioustyng, tournoynge, and behourdyng are my passe tyme / and no wyffe I thynke not to take.' 'Aa, sire,' sayde the prouost, 'I wold well kepe me, and be loth for to denounce thynge vnto you that sholde tourne you to a displeasure, and praye you that ye wyll not take the thynge other wyse than I haue tolde hyt to you, and thynke nomore vpon it. But let vs go see my lady / for in goode ernest she doth sende for you by me' / Blanchardyn graciously ansuered to his hoste that he was content, excusyng hym silf alwayes of that loue that he had spoken to hym of. How be it, he felt the contrary at his herte / They cam to þe ladyes palays, and went thourgh þe grete halle in to a fayre chambre. And after that announced was there comyng, men made them to entre in to the chambre of parement, wher as the right gracyouse and fayre, the proude pucelle in amours, was wyth many of her ladyes, and other her gentyll women / and spake at that same owre wyth certayne of her counseyll vpon the faytte of her werre. Blanchardyn and the prouost entred in to the chambre; and thenne, as blanchardyn 1-1 aucunement 2 Orig. behonrdyng. Wanting in the French.

and salutes her graciously. sawe & perceyued þe noble pucelle, he dyde vaunce him self toward her, & make vnto her the reuerence so gracyously and so boldly in all worship that non coude amende it; and consequently to all the lordes, ladyes, and gentyl women, so goodely & wel that euery one saide good of hym. þe noble mayden behelde hym moche humbly, whiche toke a right grete pleasure to see his gracyouse & assured behauyng, that tysed and doubled in her herte the fyre of loue, wherof she was sore esprysed / And thenne, after the fayre and swete welcomynges, the lady wythdrewe her toward a couche that was in the sayd chambre, & toke blanchardyn by the hande, and made hym to sytte besyde her. He made hym self to be prayed & drawen sore or euer he wolde vaunce hym self for to sytte hym doune by her. But force was to hym to obeye her commaundement, wherof al they that thenne were wythin the chambre coude not tourne their eyen from Blanchardyn, for his right grete beaulte, fayre behauoure, & good manyere. Eglantine sents Blanchardyn beside her on a couch, heart, for she burns him. with love for And she to whome the dede most touched, had grete and is glad at Ioye at her herte / to fynde her self in the presence of hym. And for to saye the trouth, she was so enbrased ¹and taken¹ wyth the brennyng fyre of loue, that she not coude kepe her contenaunce; & yf rayson had not restrayned her, wythout other premysses nor conclusyons, she sholde haue gladly of pryme face tolde vnto blanchardyn, how loue constrayned her for the² loue of hym. And at ende of a while, the best wyse that she coude, Wyth a lowe voyce she sayde vnto blanchardyn: Syre, ye knowe the werre that the vntrewe kynge Alymodes hath alredy don to me dyuerse tymes, Wher32 fore I mystered gretly of thayde and socours of you to help her. and of other / So praye I you, that ye wyl helpe & She prays him conforte me in my said werre, & I shal rewarde you so " that ye shalbe content.' Madame,' sayde Blanchardyn, 1-1 Wanting in the French. Orig. to

He says he will, not sparing himself. He wants no Wages. have them. Eglantine sighs deeply. 'I ensure you on my feyth, that in all that I shal mowe, I shal employe me in your seruyce: I wyll not spare my self. I am come out of myn owne contrey for to fynde me in a place where as I myght excercise the fayttes of armes, as longeth tyl a knyght to doo / And thanked be god, I am here right well arryued: I aske no thynge of you. But I praye you / syn that it Let the Provost pleaseth you to gyue me wages, that ye wyl doo them to be delyuered vnto myn hooste, youre prouost/for moche beholden¹ I am to hym; and I shal gladly dwelle wyth you, in the companye of your other knyghtes And shal serue you truly' / 'Syre,' sayd the pucell, I promette you that youre hoste shalbe al to gydre contented of you / and alle of myn owne' / And after thees wordes she dyde cast a profound syghe, that proceded from the depnes of her herte, that sore was pressed / She was so ouer perced and enflammed of loue / that she had so moche on it as the herte of eny lady myght bere or comprehende, vnto the grete extremyte. And the reyson is goode / for the strenthes and vertues of the gode of loue, that departeth wyth where as hym semeth goode, are suche that the more that þe persone is more harde to be conuertysed and tourned to his lawe, the more ought she afterward, whan she is ouercome, to be more constant & stedfast to kepe hit. This experyence was playnly shewed in this lady. Blanchardyn trowed to perceyue a lytyl her manere, and remembred hym self of the wordes that his hooste had tolde hym the same daye, And syth sayde to þe lady: Madame, myn hoste hath tolde me this who she said was daye that ye knowe well my lady paramours, and that She is over head and ears in love. Blanchardyn notices this, and asks her about her cousin in love with him: she is of your lynage. me right straunge.' by my feyth, this thynge semeth Thenne the proude pucelle in amours byganne to ansuere, and sayde / 'The lady of whom I touched the prouoste, your hoste, is well 1 tenu

trusted wyth me, and I wolde doo for her as moche : honoure as I wolde for my self' / A, madame,' saide blanchardyn, 'pardoune me yf I desyre by manere name. of replycacyon to knowe the name of her of whom ye what is her haue made nowe mencyon / for I ensure you, madame, that whan I dyde that grete oultrage, wherto I was constrayned by force, to nyghe & touche youre swete mouthe, I had not seen no lady, nor non other gentylwoman, of whom I desyred to be reteyned her seruaunte/ But syth I haue ben fayne of the seruyce of one whiche I repute to me a grete fredom, in suche a wyse / that yf I sholde deye for deffawte of her socours, yet coulde I not, nor wolde not departe nor be from her for no thyng of the worlde / & therfore, my ryght redouted lady, I beseche you in all humylyte, that it please you of your grace to pardoune me my vayne wylle for in you lyeth my bytter deth, or my prosperouse lyf. I am and shalbe, yf it please you, youre feythful & true seruaunt, for temploye my self in youre seruyse in al that shal please you to comBlanchardyn reminds Eglantine that he kist her lips: she, Eglantine, is his death or life; he is her servant. fesses maunde me, as longe as lyf shalbe in me, what someuer happeth to me for' / whan the pucelle herde this swete & graciouse langage, of the heryng of whiche she toke no displeasure, wold no lenger suffre hym to be in peyne, vpon whom she had sette her herte, & in whom she hoped of goode seruise for to brynge her werres tyl an ende / but seide vnto him: 'Aa, gentyl knyght, Eglantine con28 forced I am atte this houre present, syth it is your wylle, that I declare & saye that whiche my herte thynketh & suffreth for your sake; be ye sure that all that I say le vnto e prouost, toucheth noo body but only to my self / for so helpe me god, as I loue you wyth all my veraye herte / & am so esprysed wyth your loue, that relerce it to you I can not. I haue debated p quarelle ayenst the god of loue¹ / but at the 1 Orig. of god loue that what she referd to herself. told the Provost She loves with all her Blanchardyn heart.

Chapter XXIV

last I haue ben subdued & vttirly ouercome thourgh the graciouse maneres, honeste behauing, hardy & noble corage that I haue perceyued in your persone, whiche I loue moche better than alle the remenant of the world / And from hens forth I reteyne you myn onely Eglantine will be true louer and goode frende / neuer to chaunge vnto Blanchardyn's till death. Blanchardyn is full of joy, and thanks Eglantine. Thenceforth their hearts are one. He takes his leave of her. the oure of deth' / Wherof men may thynke al ynough that in spekyng and vttraunce of suche wordes / they were not wythout mutacion of coloure, chaungyng of contenaunce, and suche other thynges in this caas acostumed And where vpon is to byleue that blanchardyn was neuere in hys lyff half so glad, and not wythout a cause / as whan he vnderstode this Ioyouse tydynge¶ And as that thinge whiche most he desyred in this world, dyde accepte this gracyouse and desyrable ansuere / and how he thanked that noble mayden / It is not to be demaunded / for he forgate noo worde that therto serued to be sayde. And thenne thourghe a soubdayne fyre, that descended from the heuens aboue, was theire loue confermed to gydre. And fro that oure abode bothe their hertes in one hole wylle. The prouost at the same tyme perceyued well that blanchardyns besynes was in non euyll waye. How be it he coude knowe noo thynge therof but by suspecyon / Betwix the lady and blanchardin were noo wordes more for that tyme, but that the yonge knyght toke a gracyouse leue of the fayre pucelle, that myght not tourne her eyen from Blanchardyn / The xxiiij. chapitre conteyneth how Blanchardyn toke leue, and went ayen to the prouostis house / And of the fayre whyt courser, and of the sleue of cloth of gold that his lady dyde sende to him. And of the grete battayll that was byfore

Tourmaday, betwix blanchardyn and a gyant, whiche was dyscomfyte / and of the grete meruaylles of armes that blanchardyn made there, & of his takynge / fter their deuyses the prouost vaunced hym self The Provost takes BlanchEglantine marries the Provost's daughters to two knights. hym to his house. But or they went, the proude pucelle in amours sayde to the prouost that he sholde not leue to bringe her [his] two doughters the next morowe. And that she sholde¹ marrye hem right well / as she dyde, vnto two of her knyghtes right noble and gentyl, wythin fewe dayes after. I saye not that Ialousy was cause of this thynge / but I leue it in the iugement / that in suche a caas can good skyle/¶ After the gracyouse leue of the lady / Blanchardyn & the pro16 uoste came ayen in the sayd place and was dyner tyme The prouost that wyth all his herte loued Blanchardyn, coniuered hym, sayng, It semed hym that he sholde be yet kynge and lorde of the londe of Tormaday / And that their lady had hym well in her grace/Thenne Blanchardyn, that well beholden was Blanchardyn to the prouost/ and that knewe hym for a trusty man and secret, mystrusted not hym / but recounted & tolde hym al alonge the fayttes of his werkes in amours; how he has wherof the prouost was not lesse reioysshed than blanchardyn was. The dyner was redy, and made an ende of theyr proces tyl another tyme. They sette hem self at the table / And had not be longe at their meet, whan the lady sent to Blanchardyn a fayre whyte courser and wyth it her right sleue, whiche was of riche clothe of golde crymosyn, to thende he sholde bere it vpon his helme whan he shold go vpon her enmyes, by cause she myght the better knowe hym emonge other/¶ This present was not to be reffused, 1 Orig. holde tells the Provost prosperd in love. Eglantine sends Blanchardyn a white steed, and her crimson sleeve to wear in his helm.

Blanchardyn rewards the messenger, who reports his generosity to Eglantine. The King of Giants, Rubyon, challenges the Tormadians to joust. and the messanger sayde to Blanchardyn / that well he ought to areyse his corage whan so gentyl a lady wolde sende him suche a present / Blanchardyn thanked the messager, and prayed hym curtaysly / that he wold haue hym for humbly recomended to the goode grace of the noble pucelle that so fayre a present had sent to hym/¶ Blanchardyn dyde putte his hand into his aulmonere, and drewe out of it a riche ouche¹ of golde, vpon whiche was sette a right riche ruby enuyrouned wyth fyue grete perles, and gaffe hit to þ messager, whiche thanked moche humbly blanchardyn/of whom he toke his leue, and departed and taryed noo where vnto the tyme that he had tolde and reherced to the lady the Ioye that blanchardyn had made at the recepcion of the present that she had sent vnto hym / And syth recounted her of the riche gyfte that blanchardyn had don to hym, wherof the proude mayden in amours was wel payd / sayng in her self that suche largesse proceded to hym of veraye noblenes. Here we shal leue to speke of her / and shal retourne to speke of blanchardyn, that in the prouostis house was sette atte dyner / Right soone aftre the last messe was serued, a lytyll affray and alarme 2 roos wyth in the towne, for bycause of the kynge of geauntes called rubyon, that was in the playne wythout the cyte byfore the walles of the towne, And demaunded after the Ioustes, for his ladyes sake that daughter was vnto kynge Alymodes / the whiche had taken hym a sleue that was of satyn vyolet, and had sette hit vpon his helme for the loue of her / But bycause he was of so hyghe & bygge corpulence, and so stronge of body, and renomme of grete proes / the proes was not grete of the knyghtes, nor of other folke of Tourmaday, for to furnysshe his apetyte nor fulfylle his requeste¶ The bruyt of this werke cam to the know1 fremail 2 Orig. alytyll affray and a larme

lege and vnderstandyng of Blanchardyn, the whiche Blanchardyn for this tydyng was gladde by ouer mesure / And sayde challenge, arms, mounts Eglantine's steed, of a goode herte & a free wylle / that he shal fur- accepts the nysshe Rubyon of his requeste / and that he was comme in tyme. Redyly and soone he made hit to be knowen to Rubyon, lest he sholde departe thens, whiche was right Ioyous of þe tydynges, for right moche he desyred to shewe hymself, for his ladyes loue, daughter to kyng Alymodes, of whiche he was amorouse, & of that other partye blanchardyn made hymsylf to be armed quyckeli, and syn mounted vpon þe myghty courser that the fayer, the proude pucell in amours had sente to hym / he forgate not the sleue of cloth of gold that vnto hym had be presented from her bihalf, the whiche he couched along his shoulder in stede of gardebras, and for that day he wold¹ haue therto noon other armour, wherof the prouost was not wele content. whan he was redy appareilled, mounted & armured of all his armures, except the haulte pece where the pucelles sleue kept stede, he made the signe of the crosse ouer hym, and so departed oute of the prouostes place, and cam ridyng through the toun accompaned rides through the wyth the prouoste and of many other knyghtes. he was sore loked vpon, aud praysed of the ladyes & gentyll women as he passed by / for al prayd to our lord that wyth honoure & Ioye he wolde brynge hym ayen. So longe rydde blanchardyn that he cam to the wears her sleeve arm-guard, as his only town, to the Giant. toun gates, oute of whiche he yssued & parted, the out of its gates, spere in the hande, the shelde sette afore hym, the helmet lacid, & clos redy forto renne vpon his ennemye that he sawe byfore hym/þat walked before and comes close the barres of the toun, awaityng after hym that shuld furnyshe hym of batayll, thynkynge that none shuld dare come bicause he had taryed there longe, where of he bare hymself wel proude. whan he see Blanch1 Orig. wlod

Rubyon asks whence he comes. Blanchardyn says from Friesland, 1 Ej. to fight him. They charge one another, and break their spears. They fight with their swords. Eglantine sees them. ardyn, that all prest was to furnyshe hys enterprise / gaffe to hymself grete meruaylle, and praised hym but litell, he asked hym of whens he was. Blanchardyn answerd, that for no drede nor fere that he had of hym he shuld kepe bis name from hym / and tolde hym that he was of the realme of fryse, and his name was blanchardin, that vnto him was sent by the fayer p proude pucell, his maystres in amours for to Iuste and to aproue hymsylf vpon hym. Thenne answerd Rubyon to blanchardyn, that the daughter of the myghty kynge Alymodes, the euen byfore had gyuen vnto hym her sleue, the whiche in presence of her fader she had taken it from her ryght arme, to thende that for the loue of her he shuld doo some thynge wherby she myghte the better haue hym in her grace. 'vassayll,' sayd blanchardyn, 'thynke to do your werke / ye see me here redy to furnyshe your requeste.' Thenne bothe of them went abacke for to take their cours, and turned ayen brochynge their horses wyth their spores, that one ayenste þe other the speres in the rest, wherof they raughte eche other vpon the sheldes by so grete a strengthe, that nother of their sheldes abode there hole / but were all quartred in peces / and in suche a wyse they recountred eche other, that their speres brake vnto their hands, that the shyuers flowe vpward / & syn passed beyonde for to parfurnysshe their enterprise / And in tornynge hemself ayen/layde hande on their swerdes, wherwyth they began to smyte one vpon that other by so grete & horrybyll strokes / that the fire cam oute of their helmes / Euyn atte the same oure that the two vasselles be foughte/eche other / the proude mayden in amours was lenyng at a wyndow, thorough whyche she sawe pleynli the bataylle of her speciall & of Rubyon / wherfore all ynoughe ye maye byleue that she had grete fere that blanchardyn shulde not retourne atte his honoure / How well she helde

K. Alymodes's daughter watch es the fight. hym so valiaunt / as he was / that her aduyse was for the ryghte grete & goode desire that she had / that her beste biloued was alle redy com ¹to his aboue ouere¹ Rubyon / The doughter of Alymodes the kynge was atte this owre settynge2 byfore her pauillyon for to beholde þe batayll of þe two champions. She dyd prayse & commende so moche blanchardyn and preuely atte her herte wished hersilf hys lady peramours, for the grete worthynes / & proesse that she perceyuid in hym there, for he smote so grete strokes wyth his swerde, and so ofte that he had all astonyed alredi his enmye Rubyon / Blanchardyn / seeng Rubyon in that plyght, lefte vppe his swerde, of the whiche he raughte Rubyon wyth a reuers myght by the eere wyth Blanchardyn suche a meruelous stroke, that he ouerthrewe hym doun Rubyon. from his hors / The batayll had ben sone finyshed bytuyx them both / and Rubyon ded/ne had ben kynge Alymodes folke / that cam for to socure Rubyon, to whom blanchardyn had smyten the hed of/ yf they Blanchardy. had not come right soone. But the proude pucell in Eglantine amours for the grete care that she had to sende socoure & helpe vnto her louer that she sawe in danger, & enclosed with three score men / that aboute hym were unhorses K. Alymodes's Rubyon, folk rescue and surround sends men to help Blanch24 for to slee hym & brynge hym to deth / sent hastely her men for to secoure hym / for he was assaylled of ardyn, eche side of good men of werre, but not wythstand yng thys, right vygoriously defendid hymsylf ayenst them all / and yelded them ynoughe to do wythoute þat they hews his foes. euer coude hurte, nor wounde hym / vnto the tyme þat socours cam to hym / for he detrenched & kyt them who hacks and both legges and armes, and cloue their heedes vnto the brayne. And so fiersly mayntenid himself ther/ that none durst no more vaunce to approche nyghe hym / whan they of kyng Alymodes oost sawe them of the More of Alycite þat were comen oute, they mounted on horsebacke, 1-1 au-dessus de 2 Orig. setytnge 3 Orig. whished modes's en come up.

A fierce fight follows 1 E ij. Darius has to support Alymodes's men. Blanchardyn & came to themwarde as faste as they might come / And atte the recountre that both partyes made one ayenst that other / were many a spere broken, and many a knyghte broughte to grounde, that were troden wyth the ffeete of the horses, so that fewe of hem rose 1vp alyue. And in conclusyon, all they of Alymodes partie had ben there slayne or taken / yf his son daryus had not come the same tyme, that brought with hym a grete companie of folke, and assembled and called ayen to gydre theym that fled fro the battaylle/¶ And thenne entred hymselff in to the battaylle, where he byganne to do merueylles of armes / for a ryght gode knyght he was, 2yf he had ben a crysten man.2 Grete slawghtyr he made of them of the cyte / but Blanchardyn, that sone was aware of his commyng, cam ayenst him, the swerde in hande vp right on hyghe, whiche he lete fall vpon daryus wyth suche a stourdy strok, & so grete, that he unhorses Darius, amasyd hym wyth all, and ouer threwe hym doune from his hors/ And right sone wolde haue taken the hede wyth the goode helmet from the body of hym, yf he lyghtly had not be socoured of his men, that wyth right grete peyne, strong wounded and sore hurt, remounted hym on his hors, ³and had hym³ to his pauyllyon, wher he kept his bed the space of thre dayes. Rubyon, the kynge of gyauntes, that of Blanchardyn had ben ouer throwen, as it is sayde afore, fought full sore ayenst theym of Tourmaday, beryng to them grete domage. But blanchardyn, that alle his mynde and thoughte had ette to fynde hym, to thende he myght be auenged ouer hym loked aboute at the right syde of hym, where as he chose Rubyon, that made merueylles of armes, and had ouer thrawen doune the goode prouoste, whos hed he sholde haue stryken of right soone, yf Blanchardyn had not be that hastely brake the presse, and camen there, and socoured hym, cryey[n]ge 2-2 si en dieu eust este creant. 3-3 et emmenerent who has to be carried to his bed. Rubyon, the Giant-King, slays the Tormadians. Blanchardyn goes for him.

Blanchardyn Rubyon with an kills the Gant axe. flec, vpon Rubyon in this manere of wyse / ¶ 'Ha, A! thou false paynem ¹and cursed man! this shall be thy laste daye, for by false and grete traysen, and 2by a watche thought before, wolde haue madest me to be murdered /2 And by suche meanes thou escaped ones fro my handes ; but to me nor to noon other thou shalt neuere werke trayson.' And thenne Blanchardyn that had a stronge axe in his handes, smote atte Rubyon wyth al his strenthe, & gaff hym suche a stroke that his goode armures coude not waraunt his lyff, But was feld doune sterk ded, wherof the cry and the noyse rose vp ryght grete/Whan the sarrasyns saw the kynge of the gyauntes dede they were sore frayed and gretly abasshed, for in hym was alle their hope. they fled toward their tentes The Saracens as faste as they myght / ¶ Blanchardyn and they of Tourmaday pursued them, smytyng and ouer thrawyng the Tormadians pursuing them. hem ded vnto their tentes. And so moche that Blanchardyn cam to the kyng Alymodes tente, before the whiche he fonde his doughter syttyng, that behelde the battaylle that was afore the sayde towne / Whan blanchardyn sawe the yong damoysell that was there syttyng/ he bowed hym self douneward vpon his hors necke, and toke the mayden by the myddes of her body, and sette her vp byfore hym, wythout any resystence made by the pucelle, whiche made therof noo refuse / And syth retourned ayen as faste as he myght toward the cyte of Tourmaday. But Alymodes seyng this harde aduenture so befalle, as a man madde and all to gyder from his wyttes, cam rennyng after Blanchardyn wyth more pursued by 4000 than foure thousand sarrasyns wyth hym that folowed faste at the backe of hym for to socoure their lady / ¶ And blanchardyn that bare the pucelle byfore hym, sawe a sarrasyn that moche nyghe folowed hym/he tourned his horse hed toward hym, lyfte vpward his 2-2 1-1 Wanting in the French. par aguet appeuse mais mas cuidie faire murdrir. Blanchardyn daughter of K. carries off the Alymodes, and rides Tormaday, towards Saracens. He unluckily turns and kills one of them.

1 E iij. The rest of Alymnodes's men ardyn. They kill his horse. He slays many of them. swerde, and gaff suche a merueyllouse stroke to the sarrasyn that he cloue his hede ¹to the harde² tethe / Alas, why dyde he tary hym self for to slee that sarrasyn, for so sore nyghe he was pursiewed by kynge close on Blanch Alymodes and his folke, that they closed hym anone rounde aboute / The prouost and the other of the towne entred ayen in to the cyte, wenyng to them that Blanchardyn had be wyth them / but he was not, but was enclosed from al sydes, and in suche wyse opressed that they had all redy slayne his horse vnder hym, and was a fote amonge the sarrasyns, where he fought wyth þe swerde in the hande, wherof he made grete slawghter of them. But what occysion or defence that he made myght not warauntyse hym, for aboute him were more than foure thousand sarrasins that desyred all for to purchasse hym his deth. The kynge Alymodes seeyng the grete prowes that was in Blanchardyn, & that non so hardy durste approche hym, he bygan to crye a lowde on hyghe 'fy on you all, vntrewe paynemys! cursed be the owre of your natyuyte / Whan for the body of one knyght alone, I see you more than foure thousand men to tourne & recule abacke! full yl haue I employed þe godes that I haue doon vnto you! a full sory noryshyng I haue doon ouer you' thenne the sarasyns, that herde their lorde soo speke to them, whiche they dyde ferre ryght sore, all attones ranne vpon Blanchardyn, that sore wery & traueylled was of the grete strokes that he had / gyuen and receyued, soo that the blode ranne out of dyuers places of his body. wel he saw that it was Impossyble to hym to laste eny lenger, but that he muste be other slayne or taken. Notwythstandyng this, blanchardyn, lyke as other a tygre or a lyon that is broken loos from his boundes³/ Heued vpward his swerde wyth bothe the handes, & smote a knyght therwyth that neuewe was / vnto Kyng 3 gardes K. Alymodes reproaches his men for their cowardice. They rush on Blanchardyn, who cleaves the King's nephew to the chin, / 2 Wanting in the French.

Blanchardyn is taken prisoner. but falls himself. Alymodes's men alymodes, wyth suche a strengthe, that he cleued hym vnto the chynne bone. But as he wythdrewe his swerde to hym ward, from that grete and merueyllous stroke, his fotyng faylled hym, for cause that the grasse wher vpon he trad was sore weet & slyther. And so nedes he muste falle / Thenne cam vpon hym sodaynly out of all sydes grete foyson of paynemys, and toke and bonde hym full fast / ¶ Whan the sarasyns dyde see hym thus fallen to the grounde, they made all atones suche a horryble crye that ferre wythin the cyte and raise a cry of triumph. was herde the sowne of hit. At the same owre the proude pucell in amours, that yet was styll at her take Blanchardyn, bind him, this, and wyndowe, and had seen her folke turne agayn in to the towne wyth grete haste / And syth herde the cryo and Eglantine hears the greate noyse that was made wythout the cyte / And of another part she sawe a grete noumbre of folke that retourned to the tentes / thoughte wel, & also her herte Iudged & gaf it to her that, that was þe worthy blanchardyn / her louer, þe sarasins ledde wyth them prysoner / Seyng this confusion thus to be happed, thinks her lover Blanchardyn is taken prisoner. she wyst not how to conteyne her self, and byganne full sore to wepe wyth grete teerys, that fell doune She weeps. alonge her swete vysage, And sayde: 'Alas, my right dere and feythful louer / yf god thurgh his grace putteth noo prouysion her-vnto / this day shalbe broken and vndoo oure sore desyred acqueyntaunce / ¶ Thenne comes to her, the prouost, right sorowfull and gretly dysplaysed, wyth The Provost a sad chere entred in to the chambre where the right desolate, the proude pucelle in amours, made grete mone, whiche he fonde fallen in a swoune in the lap off one of her gentyl wymen / And syth whan she was come ayen to her self, that she had the myght to speke, she sayde to the prouost that soone and incontynent he shold go toward the kyng Alymodes for to wyte yf for golde or syluer he ¹wolde take to raenson þe knyght that was a straunger, whiche was but as her and she bids Alymodes, him go to K. 1 E iiij.

and offer him seven dromedary-loads of gold for Blanchardyn's ransom. to the battlements, sowldyour in this her werre. And yf his playsure was to sende hym ayen to her, 'I shal gyue him for his raenson seuen dromadaryes al laden with fyn gold/ so that he wyll sende hym to me sounde and hole' / Whan the prouost sawe the grete amarytude, or by termes grete sorowe, where as his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, was Inne, And the promesse that she made for the delyueraunce of Blanchardyn, He, moend wyth pyte, ansuered and sayde to the pucelle, that wyth all possy ble dilygence he sholde do so moche, that or euer the nyght sholde come he sholde knowe the certeynte of that that kynge Alymodes The Provost goes wolde doo in this behalue. he toke his leue of the proude pucelle, whiche he lefte sorowynge wyth in her chambre wyth her maydens, and went anone hastly vpon a hyghe toure that had syght toward kyng Alymodes oost. And there he called out of the batelmentes as hyghe as he myght, vpon a knyght sarrasyn þat went forth by the same toure, to whom he prayed sore moche that he wold doo hym as moche curteysy toward the kynge alymodes, that he myght, vndre gode suryte and saufcondyt, goo to speke wyth hym, for to shewe and annonce to hym certayn message from his lady the proude pucelle in amours / The paynem knyght, that was full curteys, made a token to hym that his request he dyde graunte. Soo went he hastely, and dyde so moche that he brought to hym a goode saufcondyt, where the prouoste right moche thanked hym. the prouost anone after made hym self the Provost goes redy toward his waye, and cam nygh ynoughe to the tente of kynge Alymodes. and as he passed by, he saw blanchardyn, that was kept in holde of six squyers, syttyng byfore a pauyllyon2 / That tyme that Blanchardyn perceyued the prouost that passed forth by hym / and asks a Saracen knight to get him a safe-conduct to K. Alymodes. This procured, to K. Alymodes's tent, 1-1 la grant doleur et la grant amertume 2 Orig. apauyllyou

speaking to Blanchardyn by the way. The Provost he has come Blanchardyn, tells the King to ransom he demaunded of hym what thyng he went there sekynge. The prouost tolde hym that he went toward Alymodes the kyng for his delyueraunce, saynge to hym that he sholde not be abasshed of no thynge, & that he sholde not care / but sholde make good chere / And that he sholde not abyde behynde, so that for eny golde or syluer he coude be had / 'frende, of that ye telle me,' sayde blanchardyn, ' I am right glad, ¹& Ioye wel to thanke god therof.¹ I praye you that ye wyl doo the beste that ye shal may toward the kynge alymodes, for my confyance & trust is in you' / The prouost toke leue of hym, and dyde so moche that he cam and alyghted byfore kynge Alymodes tente, And syth entred Inne, where he fonde kynge alymodes and his barons aboute hym He right reuerently salued hyır, sayeng vnto hym, that he was come there for to beye ayen þe straunge knyght that he helde prysonner, whiche is a souldyour, and reteyned in to wages wyth the proude pucelle in amours. And the cause that moeucth her herto, it is by cause that he is a straunger, and that he is comen from ferre lande to take wages: thus right gladly she wolde haue hym ayen, yf your plesure were for to putte hym to raen24 son and my lady, the proude pucelle, offreth you for hym seuen dromadaryes, al charged of fyn golde, and a thousand coursers, and as many amblynge horses and armures, goode and fyn ynoughe for to arme a thou28 saund knyghtes. ¶ Whan the kynge herde the prouoste, that soo grete offre made for to haue ageyne blanchardyn / He gaff hym self grete merueylle, & bethoughte in hym silf a lytyl whyle / and syth dyde K. Aiymodes sende for blanchardyn, whiche he behylde so moche Blanchardyn, whan he was come afore hym, and sayde wythin hym self, that neuer in his lyff he had not seen noo fayrer knyght, nor more better made and myghty of body / 1-1 en suis moult Ioyeulx et en doy bien louer notre seigneur. BLANCHARDYN. and offers for dromedaryhim seven loads of gold, 1000 coursers, horses, and 1000 1000 ambling suits of armour. sends for sees what a fine man he is, G

Chapter XXV

gets jealous of him as loved by Eglantine, and swears that he'll kill him forthwith. K. Alymodes's son Darius Ho dyde coueyte moche sore the grete hauoyre that was proffred hym for his raencon / but a soubdayne sparkle of Ialousye cam to hym byfore / that was lest this yonge and fayre knyght blanchardyn were reteyned of the proude pucelle in amours as her owne specyall louer; the whiche thynge kept hym so sore at the hert of hym, that he, mouyd wyth grete wrath & yre, wold haue ronne vpon blanchardyn for to haue slayn hym / sayeng for to couere his right false Ialousy / that it was for the grete damage and grete slawghtir that he had don of his folke / and that by the feyth that he owed to his goddes, he sholde not abyde longe alyue, for he sholde nother ete nor drynke tyll that he sholde see hym deed/ The xxv. chapiter conteyneth how kynge Alymodes wolde make to be put to deth blanchardyn / But at the request of the fayre Beatryse, his doughter, he respyted hym And how the proude pucelle in amours had sent þe prouost toward the kynge Alymodes, offryng to hym a grete raenson for the delyueraunce of Blanchardyn, whiche he refused / Hus after as ye haue herde, kynge Alymodes made THE his auowe, and sware his goddes / that he sholde ncyther ete nor drynke tyl that Blanchardyn had lost his lyff. Wherof daryus, the sone of the same kynge and other barons Alymodes, and many other barons that were there prepity Blanchardyn, but dare not speak for him. sent, had grete pyte, for the right grete beaulte and worthynes that they sawe and knewe in Blanchardyn / ¶ But the best of them all was not so hardy that he durste speke one worde nor praye for hym, by cause they drad and fered cuer sore kynge Alymodes / And thenne

daughter his doughter Beatryse that was there, whiche had taken But the King's goode hede and well ouer loked the grete beaulte of Beatrice Blanchardyn, and well had also consydered the grete and meruellous faytes of armes that she had seen hym at his feet, and prays him to spare Blanchardyn's life. The King unwillingly but says he Blanchardyn brother, will send to Rubyon's do that day, prosterned or casted her self doune byfore throws herself her faders feet, on her knees humbly / requyryng, wyth bothe handes heued vp faste to gyder, that pyte and compassyon he wolde haue of the yonge knyght, and that hys lyf myght be saued. Kynge Alymodes heryng the request and humble prayer of his doughter, whiche he loued tenderly/ansuered to her and sayde: 'My ryght dere & right well beloued doughter, I wold for mekell goode that ye had not requyred me herof, & that ye had not ben here at this tyme / for the presence and syght of hym for whom ye haue caused your humble supplycacion,¹ reneweth alle my sorowes. But for to obtempre youre request, for this tyme I consents ; graunte hym his lyf / but ye shall wyte that I shall sende hym in to the royalme of Salmandry, vnto the kynge of the geauntis brother, that is to wyte, Rubyon, whiche he hath slayne, and the whiche I loued as myn owne persone for yf he had ben yet man alyue, I wolde haue gyuen you tyl his wyff/¶ So may ye kuowe that he shal doo goode Iustyce of hym, and shal take cruelle vengeaunce / And noon other wyse wyll I doo' And syth dyde caste his eyen vpon the prouoste full proudely as by grete despyte, and tolde hym that he myght well go home ayen. And that he sholde not leue, but that he sholde departe his presence incontynent, or ellys he sholde make hym soone deye an euyll deth / And that nother for noo golde nor for no yefte that myght be don to hym, nor for noo manere of raenson, he shold not respyte nor yelde ayen blanchardin/ But he sholde sende hym in to a suche place from whiche he sholde neuer retourne ayen. & thenne 1-1 Wanting in the French. who will take vengeance on him. K. Alymodes Provost off at orders the once, and declares he will never give up Blanchardyn,

The Provost takes leave of Blanchardyn, who sends a message of fidelity to Eglantine. The Provost returns sorrowfully to Eglantine, and tells her the hard tidings of her love, Blanchardyn. She makes pitiable lamentations. the prouoste departed anone, & full sory of thaunsuere that kyng Alymodes had gyuen to hym, ful sore wepyng, went toward blanchardyn, & recounted hym the harde tydynges that had be made of hym. And euyn thus, as they sholde neuer haue seen eche other, they toke leue one of other. And after their leue taken / Blanchardyn, lokyng right pyteously vpon the prouost, prayed hym that he wold haue hym for recomended vnto the fayre, the proude pucelle in amours / besechyng her on his byhalue that she wolde not putte in oblyuyon nor forgete hym that is in her seruyse, ¹for he whom god wolde preserue can not peryshe.¹ The prouost heryng blanchardyn speke that, charged hym his eraunde to be do vnto the proude pucelle in amours, departed soon wythout eny more that he could say to blanchardyn, for he had no power to speke no more for the grete pyte that he had ouer hym / but retourned to the cyte so full of hertely sorowe that no man can expresse it to you, and rested hym not tyl he come to the /paleys, where he alighted doune and went forth in to the halle, and syth entred in to the chambre wher the noble pucelle was / vnto whom he recounted and tolde the harde & pytoyable tydynges, & the proude ansueres that kynge Alymodes had gyuen vnto him, wherof the right noble mayden made suche a sorowe & grete heuynesse that neuer was sen like / we shal leue her makynge her pytoyable complayntes, & shal retourne to speke of kynge Alymodes p right and euyl tyraunt, that all taken was wyth anger and wrathe. The xxvj. chapitre foloweth, whiche conteyneth how darius had a commaundement don vnto hym in his faders byhalue, that he shold haue blanchardyn forth in 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Chapter XXVI

And how the ship to Salamaundrye. in whiche Blanchardyn was Inne, was perysshed by fortune and tempeste of the see, and were all drowned except blanchardyn And how he cam toward the kynge of Maryenbourgh / that reteyned hym 'in seruyse,' & of hym he made his constable / A bids his son K. Alymodes Darius go to his kingdom of Cassidonie in Norway, and deliver to the King of Blanchardyn Salamandry, whose brother, Rubyon, he had slaini. fter the departynge of the prouost, Alymodes the kyng gaaff commaundement vnto his sonn daryus, that he sholde tourne ayen in to Cassydonye, whiche is in the lande of Nourwaye, of whens he was kynge. And that he sholde take wyth hym his suster, and kepe wel his lande and countreye duryng the tyme that he sholde kepe his siege before Tourma16 day / And that he sholde haue wyth hym blanchardyn/ whome he sho'de sende forth hastely assone as he were comen to Cassydonye / to be pressented on his byhalue to the kynge of salamandrye, whos brother blanchardyn had brought to dethe, 2 for to haue wrake vpon hym.2 Daryus heryng his fadres commaundement, made to be redy a shippe right bygge and grete / wher Inne he Darius embarks and his suster entred wel garnysshed wyth folke & vytaylle / And in another small shippe that was there redy he made Blanchardyn to be brought ynne wyth thre score men that had the kepyng of hym / Whan they were redy they wonde theyr saylles vp and de28 parted / Grete pyte it was to see and here the pyteouse rewthe and complayntes that blanchardyn made for well he wend that he sholde neuyr haue seen ayen her for whom he was brought in suche angwysshe and sorowe / We shal at this tyme leue to speke of hym, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 Orig. thy 1-1 de son hostel in a big ship, and puts Blanchardyn in a small one. Blanchardyn mourns his loss of Eglantine.

K. Alymodes wastes the country round Tormaday. The citizens make sallies on his men. Eglantine mourns for Blanchardyn's departure. She swoons, and is put to bed. Blanchardyn reaches Norway, at the port of Cassidonie. Darius orders him off to Salamandry, to be given up to Rubyon's brother. and shal retourne to speke of the proude pucelle in amours, And of the grete tyraunte Alymodes that wasted al the countrey aboute the city of Tourmaday, & greued sore the towne and them of wyth-ynne wyth his engynes asmoche as he coude / How be it that the cytezeynes yssued oute often and slew fuson of their enmyes And ye fayre, the proude pucelle in amours that euermore had her sight that parte that she wyst her best beloued goon, whiche she wysshed sore agayne / lamentyng for hym, for she sawe playn ynough whan he departed from the porte, toke in her herte her leue of hym, full sore wepynge/ She brought thene in remembraunce how swetly he had kyssed her, wherof she had take so grete a dyspleasure; 'but alas!' sayde she, 'this displeasure passed ouer many folde that other, and more than I can telle. Ha, A! fortune, shal I neuere haue noon other, but alwayes dysplaysure' / And after thes wordes she fel in a swone as half ded. And the ladyes and other gentyl women full pyteously wepyng, toke her vp anone, and had her to bedde, where fro she parted not six dayes after / Of that other part, Daryus and his folke, his suster wyth hym / & blanchardyn in the lytyl shippe, saylled soo longe that they arryued in the lande of Northweye, euyn at the hauene of the cyte of Cassadonye where they ancred / But or that daryus went out of his shippe, he commaunded and ordeyned to them that had kepynge of Blanchardyn / that they shold haue hym streyght forthe to the kynge of Salmaundrye / And that they sholde delyuere hym in his hande And telle hym that it was he that had slayne Rubyon, his brother, byfore Tourmaday, where his fader kynge Alymodes was yet kepyng the syege, whiche made hym a present off hym that had kylled his brother, for to take vengeaunce thereof atte his wylle / They that had the charge to doo this, ansuered that they sholde doo hys commaundement. They departed from

cassydonye; but ye may be wel in certayne that this departynge dysplaysed moche vnto Beatrise, Daryus suster & ful fayne wolde haue putte ther vnto a remedy , yf by any meanes she had coude; but atte that oure she had noo power to do soo / Blanchardyn, that in the lytyl ship was, was sore dolaunt whan he sawe hym self to be had forthe from the other, and thoughte well that a present sholde be made of hym in some straunge lande. he dyde reclame & calle vpon oure lord god right deuoutly, beseching that of his grace he wold haue pyte and mercy vpon hym, that he myght yet ones come to his sore desyred wylle / that is to wytte, to see his fayre lady, the proude mayden in loue, and that he wold kepe her sauff from kynge Alymodes handes / Ye may byleue well that Blanchardyn made grete sorowe and lamentacyon, ¹wyshyng full often that he may yet see ones his lady that he loued truly aboue all other.¹ ¶ And whan they were comen two days saylyng His ship sails, much to the Princess Beatrice's displeasure. Blanchardyn prays to God to pity him, again his love, and let him see Eglantine. rises, nyghe the coste of Salamandre, a grete tempeste roose A great storm in the see, and so horryble that the saylle of their shippe was all to-rent in peces, that all the maryners coude putte therto noo remedye. suche and so grete was the tempeste that they must gyue nedes to the wyndes the ship drives and wawes of the see, the kepynge & the gydynge bothe of their shippe and of them alle that were ther Inne, whiche soone were brought besyde a grete roche, against a rock, wher vpon their ship smote by suche a force / that she cloued anone in two peces, wher-by alle the mareners and þe sayde thre score men were perysshed and drowned in the see / And neuere non of them saued, But onely blanchardyn, that couched hym self alonge vpon the who clings to mast of the shippe, whiche enbraced & colled sore fast wyth bothe his armes. They were nyghe the lande, as it is sayde, where as the sayd mast and Blanchardyn splits in two, and all the men are drownd, save Blanchardyn, the mast. vpon it was cast of the wawes vnto the shores. whan He is cast ashore. 1--1 Wanting in the French.

Blanchardyn kneels down, and thanks God for his deliverance. Then he walks to Marienburg in Prussia, where a great King has gatherd all his lords, blanchardyn felt hym self nyghe a grounde, and fast by the lande, he forsoke his maste, & lepte from hit to the lande; and whan he was come there, he kneled doune right sone vpon bothe his knees, and hauyng his handes heued vp toward the heuens, rendered and gaff louynge and thankes vnto our lord, that thus had delyuered hym from that grete parell where he was Inne / ¶ After that he had made his oryson to oure lord, he toke on his waye all a fote, for to drawe hym self to that aduenture that god wolde sende hym / And walked so longe tyl that he fonde not, fer wythin the contrey, a right fayre towne, whiche is now called Maryenbourgh, and is in the lande of Pruce / wythin the whiche, at þe same tyme, was a right myghty kynge that kept ther a grete feste, wher-atte he had called alle his barons and lordes, & alle the gentylmen of there aboute, whiche alle arryued there vpon the daye that to them was prefyxed or poynted for to come/¶ Blanchardyn thoughte wythin hym self that he wolde make black his vysage, or of coloure suche that the folke of that contrey had hers atte that tyme; he toke and gadred som herbs that serued hym ther to, and rubbed therwyth his vysage all aboute. And in lyke wyse his handes by cause that of noo body he sholde not be knowen. He coude well speke dyuers langages, and in especyall the hygh duche¹ tonge. He purueyed and dyde ordeyne hym self so, that yf he had ben met of them that had seen hym afore, they myght not thenne haue knowen hym. ¶ Whan he had apareylled hym self well, he toke his way forth on, and folke he met He asks the folk y'noughe by the waye, of whom he asked the name of the towne that he sawe a fore hym / and they tolde hym that it was the city of Maryenbourgh / He went so longe that he cam in to the towne, and asked whiche was the waye to the paleys, for right well he coude Blanchardyn stains his face and hands with herbs. He knows the High-Dutch tongue. the way to the palace, 1-1 thioise

and salutes the King. asks speke the langage of the contrey, as it is sayde. Men shewed hym the paleys; and he went in, where he fonde the kynge amonge his barons, to whom he made the reuerence righte humbly & honorable, as ful wele coude he doo it. The kynge thenne demaunded of hym yf he was a yoman or els a squier, and Blanchardyn tolde Blanchardyn hym that he was a knyght, & that from his contree that sore ferre was, thens he was departed / for to come & serue hym, for by cause of the grete renommee þat he to serve the King had herde speke of him, and how thorugh fortune & tempeste of the see his ship was perished, & he only had saued hymsilf. The kynge ful besily behelde Blanchardyn, that semed to hym a full faer yonge man, The King likes and wele shapen of all membres / And wyth thys he praysed hym ryght gretly that he was a knyght, and so thought in hymself that he was come of som highe & nobyl extraccion, for his fayr behauore & assured contenaunce that the kynge sawe to be in hym, gaffe demonstracion of the trouble of what byrthe he was of Marienburg. the look of him, service, come of; wherfore the kynge was right wele content, accepts his and reseyued hym of his hous. And commanded to his stewarde that he sholde be brought to a chamber, and that all suche thynges that necessarye were to hym / shulde be delyuered wythoute onye gaynsaynge vnto hym: the whiche thynge, after the commaundement youen, was doon / he was ledde in to a chambre fayre & clene, where was raymentes, & full riche clothynge has him well were to hym delyuerd, wherwyth he dyde araye hymsilf. whan he was thus clothed & richely arayed, he semed wele to be a man comen of some nobyl hous. he cam ayen anon toward the kyng, that ful gladli sawe hym and moche plesed him, and so dyd he to all þe knyghtes and other of the kynges courte. The kynge, that gretli desired to knowe of his estate, asked of hym what he was, of what lande and of what lynage. blanch36 ardyn aunsuerd þat ¹he was of the lande of Grece, and clad, and asks him what and whence he is. 1 Fj.

Blanchardyn says that he is from Greece, which he left without leave of the King, his father. A storm drove his ship against a rock, and he alone escaped, sone to a kynge / 'but, sire, for cause of the right grete renomme and goode fame that renneth of you ouer all the world, is a wylle entred wythin me to departe secretly out of my countreye, wyth a fewe men of myne, wythout licence of the kynge, my fader, and brought wyth me but thre score men / We toke the see, and cam nyghe by the castell of Mocastre, byfore the whiche a right grete & Impetuouse tempeste rose, that lasted vs thre dayes and thre nyghtes without ceasse / In so moche that fortune, thrugh stormes of wyndes, made oure vessel to smite ayenst a grete roche, and brake, so that all my men were drowned, and noon escaped sau onely myself that ye see here. And wyth grete peyne and traueyl, all a fote, I am come toward you hether / Yf I sholde all suche aduentures as I haue fonde by the waye, reherce vnto you, ouer moche myght let you the heryng of hem / but thanked be Mahoum, that this grace hath doon vuto me I am comen to do you to serve the King seruyse after my powere' / 'Vassell,' sayde the kynge/ 'of your commyn vnto me I am right glad / and wel pleaseth me your seruyse, and wyl not reffuse it / And for the grete losse and grete trouble and peyne that ye haue had for to seke me / rayson requyreth / that ye shold haue a goode reward of me / Well, ye are come to passe for to serue me in a werre whiche to vs is happed of newe, ayenst a kynge whos countrey is not fer hens/And for thys werke to conducte & brynge to an ende, I graunte you euen now, and chese you, for to be in oure behalue Conestable and hed captayne of oure present armye, for the grete trust and hope that we haue in your worthynes and personne'/ thanks to Mahoun, of Marienburg. The King appoints Blanchardyn head captain of his army, to fight his foe. ¶ The xxvij. chapitre conteyneth how a knyght, all sore wounded, cam and brought tydynges to the kynge of Ma-

Chapter XXVII

ryenborugh, that his enmye, the kynge of Poleyne, was entred wythin his royalme. Han the kynge had precented this grete worship W to blanchardyn, it nedeth not to be asked yf thanks the King, and promises strength and to devote his skill to his service. he was therof gladde / or yf he forgate to thanke the Blanchardyn kynge for the same; yet he dyde th[e]rin his deuoyer so well, that none coude haue doon it better, sayeng to hym in this manere / 'Syr, sith that this grete honoure ye haue proffred me / euyn now forthwythall I do accepte it, promyttynge you that all my strenghe, myght & vnderstandynge, that the goddes haue gyuen to me, I wyll putte & applie in your seruyse' / The kynge thenne, wyth a right glad chere, receyuyd blanchardyn, and toke hym by the hande, and sayd vnto hym: 'vassel, yf ye serue me well a grete rewarde shal be redy yeuen to you therfore of me'/ Ryght thus as the kynge was talkynge so wyth blanchardyn/cam there a knyghte armed of al peces, that A wounded was sore hurt in dyuerse places of his body, his shelde crasyd and broken, and his helmet all to-kutte / he cam byfore the kynges presence, sayeng to hym all an knight arrives hyghe / Alas, noble kynge, where is now becomen the with tidings grete prowesses and hardynesse that were wont to be in the, that soo well hast ruled and kept vs of soo long tyme paste, Whan thou suffrest now thyn enmyes to sette thy land al on a fyre, and wymmen & children to be slayn of them, are comen ferre wythin they royalme / And but yf thou putte a prouysyon therto shortly, thou shalt, are thre dayes be passed, see thy self beseged wythin the cyte of Maryenbourgh / & knowe for certayn that the kynge of polonye, thy mortall aduersarye, is there in his persone, whiche hath auaunced hym self for to brenne and waste all the lande, the whiche thynge he shal mowe well doo, yf remedy be not ¹sone putte by the therunto; and alredy that the King harassing the of Poland is land, 1 Fij

The Polish attack on Marienburg. [Ch. XXVII-VIII. and is near the city; his folk have wounded Wiain three thou mayste see by me that they be not fer from hens, for as I was commynge towarde the I dyde fynde thyn enmyes byfore me, whiche haue broughte me to the plyght that thou seest me nowe ynne / and yf wele and nearly taken yhorsed I had not ben / I shulde neuer haue escaped, the knight. but other I muste deye or be taken of hem.' Whan the kyng herde the knyght speke, he vnderstode wele by his wordes / that the thynge wente euyll for hym / he asked hym in what countree of his realme he had lefte his enmyes. 'Syr,' auns werd the knyght / 'hyt is wele xxx. myle from hens to the place where I lefte them but to myn aduyse, or euer thre dayes be past / / but yf ye se a remedy, ye shal se them lodged here byfore the toun in their tentys & pauyllyons.' The kynge thenne, after the knyght had thus spoken to hym, he gaff commandement to his styward that he sholde be seen wele to that he were helyd of his woundes, that were grete, by his owne leches cyrurgyens the whiche thynge was doon as he had commaunded/The kynge wyth grete haste assembled them of his counscyll, for to see how a remedye shulde be had to the grete daunger that lykely was to comme, wythoute a goode prouysion were had.¹ days, the Poles will be before Marienburg. The King assembles his Council to plan their defence. The King of Marienburg tells his Council the [Chapter XXVIII.] How the kyng of Maryenborugh toke Sadoyne his sone to blanchardyn, & thre score thowsand men wyth for to goo ayenste his enmyes to fyghte wyth hem/ and to caste hem outc of his realme. A¹ fter that the kynge had herde the knyght, that had rehersed to hym the commynge of his enmyes / he sent for his lordes & barouns, whiche cam to hym in his paleys; & to them he shewed all that he had vnderstonde of the sayd knyghte / prayenge 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Chapter XXVIII

Polish invasion. They advise Blanchardyn, him to send and 60,000 of them that they wolde gyue hym counseyll therupon, to news of the thende he myght resyste & goo ayenste the dampnable enterpryse of his enmyes / The barouns and counsellers answerde to the kynge, they that shold speke togyder, for to aduyse the manere & how this thynge myght be conducted. They wythdrewe them self asyde, & assembled them in grete nombre to haue consideracion vpon this matere / the whiche they sore debatyd emonge them self by many & dyuerse oppynyons; but at last they dyde conclude togyder all of one accorde / that the kyng shold sende his new Conestable ayenst his aduersaryes, acompanyed wyth thre score thousaund off the most valyaunt & best chosen men of his royalme & that he sholde haue wyth hym the kynges sone, that called was Sadoyne, by cause that the barons & knyghtes of the sayd royalme sholde go wyth better wylle wyth hym / They went ayen to the kynge, & proferred and tolde hym their aduyse / Whan the kynge had herde speke his barons, the thynge was to hym right agreable / he called blanchardyn his new The King tells Conestable & tolde hym how, by hym & his barons, was ordeyned to hym the charge & conduyte of his werre and that wyth thre score thousaund men he sholde go ayenst his enmyes, for to fyght wyth hem & his best men, with his son Sadoyne, against the Poles. Blanchardyn, accepts the task. dryue hem oute of his royalme / Whan Blanchardyn vnderstode the kynge, he was therof right glad, & who gladly thanked hym of the grete honoure that he dyde vnto hym/Thenne sent the kynge his lettres myssyfe¹ in to al the partyes of his royalme, to be directed in all haste to his barons & knyghtes, that they sholde wythout delaynge come hastely toward hym. The messagers were sone redy, that bare the letters to them vnto whom they were dyrected / & so grete a dilygence they made that wythin short terme dyde arryue in the cyte of maryenbourgh, fro the first to the last, wel 1 Orig. mysfyfe

60,000 Marienburgers assemble, wellarind. 1 Fiij. Clarions summon them. thre score thousaund men of werre, alredy prest & well apparelled for to deffende their royalme & to go ayenst their lenmyes/ & whan the kyng sawe his men that were comme, he was of them right glad / & so was blanchardyn, that had the rule ouer hem all, to whome he gaff in commaundement that they sholde be redy on the morowe by tymes, for to departe in the felaweship of Sadoyne, the kynges sone, & of hym. Whan the morne cam, trompettes and claryons byganne to blowe thcurgh the towne, & in the subarbes of the same / They alle departed from their lodgis, & cam wel apparelled, in gode araye to the felde where they awayted after the counstable, that shold be their ruler & their guyde/ the whiche camm toward the kynge, & sadoyne wyth hym, & to take their leue of hym / The The King prays kyng, seyeng his sonis departyng, saide to blanchardyne: Vassall! vassal! 2 to whom I haue taken in hande that thynge most dere to me in this world / that is my sone, my royalme, my knyghtes & my barons. I beseke & praye þe, in the worship of the goddes, that at tyme of nede, for the defense of my royalme, to show himself thou wylt vttir & shewe that whiche I see appiere wyth in þe, that callest thy self the sone of a kynge, in whom ought to be graffed & sette the floure of knight-hode, with proesse & hardynesse, wher-with thou art armed, as I holde '4 / 'Syre,' sayde blanchardyn, as for me, thourgh the helpe of þe goddes, I shal so moche do, that wythin fewe dayes your ennyes shal haue no cause to be glad therof / 5& in their folysshe pryde I shal succombe & brynge a lowe their corage' And thenne, wythout mo wordes, sadoyne & blanchardyn toke leue of the kynge / Blanchardyn the son of a King in prowess and valour. Blanchardyn says he will lower his foes' pride. 2-2, 3-3 Wanting in the French. " 4-4 dont le te cuide estre arme. 55 Et de la folle entreprinse quilz ont faicte pour lorgueil et oultrage qui les esuient contre vous. vouldroy abaissier leur couraige follastre

Chapter XXIX

¶ The xxix chapitre conteyneth, how blanchardyn & sadoyne & their folke, discomfyted their enmyes, & how blanchardyn toke prysoner the kynge of polonye, the whiche he putte in the handes of the kynge of Maryenbourgh. And of the worship that they made to Blanchardyn / Aft meets his troops, and in two days they come on their Polish enemies. fter their leue taken of the kynge, the two barons Blanchardyn mounted on horsbacke, & camen to the felde, where they fonden their folke renged to-gydre; to whome they commaunded to departe, holdyng their waye toward their enmyes, whiche they fonde two dayes after, all redy aparailled for to fyght, for they were aduertysed afore of the commyng of blanchardyn/ Whan they two oostes sawe eche other / the noyse & the cry began to be grete on bothe sydes / soo beganne they to marche forth toward eche other in right fayr ordonnaunce, made by blanchardyn, that conduyted the first bataylle; & had lefte sadoyne in the seconde baytaylle, in the kepynge of two noble prynces, that were there comen with hym / The shot beganne to fle of bothe partyes so fast & soo thycke, that the lyght of þe sonne was kept wythal from þe fyghters / And syth cam to Ioyne hem self togyder wyth sperys & wyth dartys, and wyth swerdes and axes, wherof they hewe eche other, in so moche that the felde was sone couerd wyth the bodyes ded that were slayne there / The horses went, trauayllyng after theym their owne Blanchardyn battalion, Sadoyne the second. heads his tirst The fight begins. bowellys, rennyng ouer hylles & dales here & there / And blanchardyn thenne, that in proesse & hardynes Blanchardyn was entred, toke his spere doune, & ranne ayenst the brother of the kynge of polonye, that grete damage had done to þe prusyens / he rought hym so sore, & wyth so grete a strenghthe, that he shoued and passed his spere runs the King of Poland's brother

right through the body, and kills him. to the fight, alle thourgh & thourgh his body, that he fel doune sterk ded, wherof the noyse & the cry rose vp grete thourgh the batall of þe polonyens. ful sone cam the tydynges therof to the kynge, that grete sorowe made for his brothers dethe/he sware and made his auowe that he shold neuer haue Ioye at his herte vnto the The King rushes tyme his brothers deth were auenged / Sore an angred & ful of wrath, smote hym self in to the thyckest of 1 Fiiij. 1the bataylle, where he dyde vpon the prussyens grete and slays many merueylles of armes, so that there as he arryued no man durste not abyde nor come nyghe hym. Of that other parte was blanchardyn, that so many fayttes of armes had doon that, or euer his spere was broken, he had slayne and brought to deth, and borne to the grounde more than xxiiij' of his enmyes / And syth toke in hande his swerde, wher wythall he brake the grete presses; he kutte & cloue the polonyens by so grete fyersnes that his swerde & bothe his armes were They think him dyed wyth red blode / He semed not to them that sawe hym to be a man mortall, but semed better to be Prussians. Blanchardyn kills more than 34 Poles. a fiend or spirit of faery. All flec before him. grete presses he a fende, or a spiryte of the fayrye. he brake þe arayes of them that were renged, and the departed, & made waye byfore hym. Alle fled, & non durste abyde hym, for the grete & merueyllouse faytes of armes that he made there, wherof they of prusse that wyth hym were, gaff hem self grete merueylle. they folowed after at þe backe of hym, as the yonge lambe Sadoyne charges do the sheep. sadoyne & his bataylle dyde approche their enmyes; they smote hem self wythin them, callyng a grete crye, wher for they of polonye lepte and reculed hem self abake six passes or moo.3 But the kynge of polonye, seeyng his folke go backe / was ful sory he ascryed & dyde calle vpon his mayster Conestable, that he sholde ryde forth vpon his enmyes / be whiche thynge he dyde, wherof the batayll began to 3-3 plus de six pas. with his second battalion. The Poles draw back. 2 dix.

cleaves the chief Standard-bearer of Poland to the chest. be reforced ayen, so that þe prussyens, wolde they or not, muste lose grounde and goo abak / And sholde haue be full sore dealed wyth all yf they had not be soone socoured of Blanchardyn / the whiche, seeyng Blanchardyn his folke recuyelle abacke, gaffe the spore to his hors, & cam ayenst hym that bare the cheff standarde of polonye, to whom he gaaff soo merueylouse a stroke wyth his goode swerde that he cloue hym vnto the brest, and fell doune emonge the hors feet/¶ Thenne byganne the noyse and the crye to ryse vp grete of the polonyens, that trowed to haue taken vp ayen their standarde. But blanchardyn, whiche at that owre slept not, smot hym self emonge them/he kutte and cloue them that nother helmet nor shelde coude helpe there / Soo that none was so hardy to approche hym / His folke dyde folowe hym, and putte hem self vpon their enmyes, so that it was force the polonyens to recule abak the space of an acre of lande or more. The kynge of polonye, that sawe his folke recule & fle, and The King of his standarde ybrought to the grounde thourgh the Poland valyauntnes and strengthe of one knyght alone, ¹sware his goode goddes¹ that he sholde neuere haue Ioye at herte tyll that the deth of his brother, and the damage that he had receyued were by hym auenged / he smote hym self in to the bataylle, and relyed his folke to gyder as well as he coude / Soo chose he Blanchardyn, that grete slawghter dyde make ouer his men. he toke a bygge spere in his hande, and drewe that part where he sawe hym that so moche of euyll and damage had borne to hym / Blanchardyn sawe hym right well and Blanchardyn commynge toward hym; he toke also a grete spere from the hande of a knyght of his, that was nyghe hym, and cam ayenst the kynge of Polonye, that soone another. perceyued hym. They brought alowe their sperys, & charge one ranne sore one vpon the other, and gaff cche other soo 1-1 Iura ses bon dieux BLANCHARDYN. H

The King is unhorst, and, to save his life, and is kept in custody. vnmesurable strokes that the kynge of Polonye spere brake al to peces / but that other spere that blanchardyn had, that was of wode right stronge and harde, brake not, But roughte the kynge of Polonye wythall by suche a strengthe and vertue, that he bare hym from his horse doune to the grounde/¶ Blanchardyn anon cast from hym his goode spere, & syth tooke his goode swerde in hande, and cam to the kynge for to haue smytten of his hed / but þe kynge, seyenge that noon of his folke came for to socoure hym, dyde take his gives himself up swerde to blanchardyn, yeldynge hym vp vnto hym, & to Blanchardyn, prayed hym to saue hym his lyff/Thenne was the kynge redely taken to mercy of blanchardyn, that toke hym by the hande, & gaf hym to tenn knyghtes for to kepe hym, that had hym out of þe presse ¹by cause that they sholde be more sure of hym.¹ Whan they of polonye sawe & knewe their kynge to be take, they wyst wel ynough that he was not to be recouered of hem wherfor gaffe vp the place & fled awaye / And so fynably were all the polonyens discomfyted, taken, or brought to dethe, that fewe of them escaped / but grete gayne made there they of prusse, whiche was departed by blanchardyn to them that had hit deserued. After this bataylle doon, & that they had chassed their enmyes oute of their royalme/ Blanchardyn wyth grete glorye & grete tryumphe, & Sadoyne his trusty felawe wyth hym, retourned toward Maryenborugh, and their folke wyth them, where they were receyued of the kynge wyth grete Ioye & praysynge / Thenne cam blanchardyn to the kynge, and to hym sayde: Syre, I do yelde and delyuere in to your handes the kynge of Polonye your enemye, whiche I haue taken wyth the helpe of your sone, and of your noble and worthy chcualrye; & ye may now doo wyth hym what youre goode plesure is or shalbe' / The kynge, that therof 1-1 Wauting in the French. The Poles fice, and are taken or slain. Blanchardyn returns to Marienburg, whose King

was well aduertysed by his sone and by his other barons that the bataylle had ben ouercome, & the kynge of polonye taken, thourgh þe right excellent & · and puts himself and the realm under Blanchardyn's orders. hyghe proesse of Blanchardyn, toke hym in his armes, and syth sayde vnto hym: 'Ha, my right trusty frende praises him, & right noble knight, fulfylled with al gode maners and vertues; that hath be the pyler, susteynynge ¹vnder thy swerde¹ bothe my self & all my royalme² / I am not a power to reward the after the meryte that ye haue deserued to haue of me. Well ye haue shewed, & doon perfytly to be vnderstande³ thexcellent vertu of humplite that is in you / and the right hyghe and noble lynage that ye be descended of. But fro this owre now I betake my self, my sone, & my royalme in your protection, & wol that all your commaundementes be obeyed and put to execucyon in all manere poyntes.' The noble Blanchardyn thenne heryng the kynge, that suche honoure made vnto hym, sayd: 'sire, suche a worship apparteyneth not to be doon to me / for I am not to the value therof/ And it suffyseth me right well to be symply taken and kept as one of youre knyghtes wyth you and youre soone.' The kynge wyst not to thanke hym ynough, that soo had delyuered hym from his enmyes, and had put in his handes that kynge that moost he hated in this world / Wherfore he sayde vnto Blanchardyn that he had a Cosyn, that was of a right excellent beaulte, whiche he wolde gyue hym right gladly to be his wyff. But Blanchardyn dyde excuse him self, saynge þat in his countrey he was trouthplyght but he is trothtyl another The kynge herynge blanchardyn, helde hym therof for excused. right grete honoure was don vnto hym of the kynge & of all his barons / but aboue 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2 de mon people deffendeur / De vefues et orphenins secure garde et droituriere 3-3 Wanting. sans nulle doubte et as bien averi fie tes parolles. The King offers cousin to his beautiful Blanchardyn as a wife; plight to another.

Chapter XXX

Blanchardyn always sorrows for his lady Eglantine. Darius, the son al other he was most beloued & dere yholde of Sadoyne, the kynges sone, that was a fayr knyght & yonge, right hardy and valyaunt; and also Blanchardyn ioued hym moche, & yet more he wolde haue do yf he had be a crysten man but nought he durste to hym speke therof/¶ Here we shall leue to speke of Blanchardyn, & shal leue hym wyth the kynge of Maryenbourgh in prusse, and wyth his sone Sadoyne, that soo dere loued hym that wythout he was alwayes wyth hym, he myght not endure. but what so euer goode sporte & pleysure that blanchardyn sawe ther make for his sake, nothyng coude playse nor brynge hym tyll his hertys ease, But euer more reforced and redoubled his sorowe at alle tymes that he remembred wythin hym self his right swete lady & goode maystres, the whiche he had lefte beseged wythin her cyte of Tourmaday by the vntrewe and crymynel tyraunt Alymodes, kynge of Cassydonye, that had made his othe neuere to departe thens Into the tyme that he had tyl his wyf the right fayre and proude pucelle in amours / The xxx. chapitre conteyneth how daryus the sone of Alimodes, by fortune of the see, arryued in the lande of ffryse, where he dyde grete hurt, damage, & toke the kynge of ffryse, the fader of Blanchardyn, and had hym wyth hym prysoner vnto Cassydonye. WE Ell ye haue herde by-fore how Blanchardyn was taken and had prysoner by kynge Alymodes. folke, the whiche betoke hym to his soone Daryus for to brynge hym to cas-ydonye; And þe manere how he escaped the fortune of the see, and cam & arryued in the lande of prusse; Duryng the whiche tyme

Daryus, the sone of Alymodes, the kynge beyng in his cyte of Cassydonye, awaytyng after tydynges of them that had forth Blanchardyn toward the kynge of Sala4 mandrye. But his awaytyng that he made was in vayne, for they were all perysshed and drowned in the see, as ye haue herde aboue / ¶ Whan Daryus sawe noo tydynges, he coulde not vnderstande of them; he of K. Alymodes, waits in vain for the drownd Blanchardyn. keepers of ready his ships, made redy a grete nauye laden wyth men of werre, and Darius makes wyth artylary, and vytaylles for to goo agayn to the syege of Tourmaday toward his fader / Whan all these thynges were rely, he toke his leue of his suster Beatryse, to whom he betoke his citye to kepe. he syn entred his shyp, made to drawe vp ancres, and began and sails anoon for to sayle, so that wythin a lytil / whyle they were oute of syghte and fer from the hauen. and so day, longe they saylled wyth goode wynde, that they were anoon nyghe the realme of Tourmadaye; but as they towards Tormashulde haue taken lande, a storme began to come, grete & horribyll wynde to blowe, that rose oute of the landes, soo that, wether they wolde or not, they must habandoune their barkes & galleys to the wyndes & wawes of the see, wherfor they were ful sore afrayed. The wynde & the see were so horryble to here & see, that they wende all to peryshe anoon / They were full sone y-caste from the realme of Tourmaday / And the wynde brought them in to a lytyl Isle, longyng to the realme of fryse, the whiche was fruytfull & right fayr, and replenyshed wyth all maner of goodes / So that bycause of the grete commodytecs of that Isle, Blanchardyns fader, kynge of fryse, went for to sporte hym there thre or four tymes in the yere, that he shulde for32 gete ther by the grete sorowe that was atte his herte for loue of his sone Blanchardyn, of whom no tydynges he had syth his departynge from hym / And also for of the grete dysplesure that he had of the quene his wyffe, that suche a sorowe made for her entyerli beloued but is driven to an isle of Fries land, where Blanchardyn's father, the King of Friesland,

happens to be enjoying himself. Darius and his men come to the palace, sone / blanchardin / whiche she wyste not where he was becom that no body lyuyng myghte gyue her consolaconn/nor brynge her herte oute of trystesse & sorowe. And ther for the noble kynge, wyth a fewe of his folke, was come to the sayde Isle for to dysporte hym there, and to dryue his fantassye away. In the whiche Isle he had do make a fayr paleyce ryghte delectable / Duryng the tyme that he was thus there, the sayd aduenture happed, that daryus, the sone of kynge Alymodes, wyth his grete naue, by fortune of the see arryued there, as it is sayde, euen at that same hauen that was most nyghe to the sayde paleys where the kynge of fryse lay / ¹Daryus, that of his beynge ther was soone aduertysed,¹ came anone wyth his puissaunce of men to the paleys, where they founde but litil resistaunce. whan they were come there, they fonde three of þe kynge of frysys seruauntes, to whom they asked to whom belongeth that paleys, and how the lande was called. The sayd thre men ansuerd them wyth grete fere, that the paleyce and the ysle was bylongyng vnto the kynge of ffryse, that was come there thre dayes afore that 'frendes,' sayde daryus, 'what lawe is there kept amonge you in this lande?'/'Syre,' sayde one of hem, 'we holden on the crysten feyth, & are byleuyng in Ihesu cryste' / Thenne daryus, knowyng that he was fortunatly arryued vpon the crysten peple, enmye of his lawe / comaunded that they sholde be all and accordingly slayne & brought to deth / the whiche thynge was putte to execucyon after his comaundement, except vpon one of hem that escaped, that dyde soo moche, that he went & entred in to the paleys thurghe the wykettes of the gate, that of a custume were allewayes learn that its folk are Christians, kill them all, зave one, 1-1 Daire et toute sa nauire y vint arriuer et prendre port par vng bien matin Il fist jette les ancres puis saillirent hors tous ensamble moult Ioyeux de ce que hors de la tourmente de la mer estoient eschappez. Mais pas bien ne scauoient en quel pays Ilz-estoient arriuez. 2 Orig. there

lefte open. And whan¹ he was come wyth ynne, he watch, and says the Saracens are at hand. Friesland wakes, made a scrye, and called alowde after the watche / so who rouses the that euery man cam forth for to doo his deuoyre, ²eche of hem in his rowme² in defending the place after their powere & whan he was come as ferre as the halle wythin the paleys, he byganne to reforce his callynge, cryinge wyth a hyghe voyce / sainge þat they were all lost, and that þe sarrasyns were descended from their shippes byfore þe paleyce in grete nombre.' thenne rose & cam they of wythin out of all partyes of the place, armed & arrayed as haste requyred, and no bettre / Soone was the tydynges herof brought to the kynge, that at that owre was at his rest, and slept fast as a man that doubted hym self of noo suche aduenture to be falle/he a-woke out of his slepe thurghe The King of the pyteouse crye that of his men was made. Notwythstandyng he made hym self redy, and made a goode ordynaunce as a prynce of hyghe corage and grete vertue / for in all poyntes he was a right valyaunt and a hardy prynce / but ouer sodaynly he was taken. Neuerthelesse, full nobly, lyke a man of grete corage, he admonested his folke, and trowed to haue goon to the yate of his palayce, the whiche was all redy wonne and taken / And daryus and his folke were entred his palace occuInne / The kynge of fryse seynge his paleys wonne, a grete sorowe toke hym at his herte of that he was so taken vnbeware / And anone hastely he and his folke went and sought wythin the place where they myght saue hymself best / but ouer sore oppressed they were, and of so nyghe chassed that neuer one of them escaped, but he was taken or ded / The kynge was taken and seasid, the handes ybounde & the eyen yblynded, and sent in to the shippes by daryus, and lykewyse was doon of all his barons that were there / After that this grete myshap was thus falle to the kynge of fryse / 1 Orig. wahn 2-2 chacun en son lieu accoustume BLANCHARDYN. and hopes to resist, but finds pied by Darius; he is seized, and sent on ship. bound, blinded, board Darius's I

derd by Darius's шen, and the cattle carried off to the ships. The palace is fired. The King of Friesland sorrows. The Isle is plun Daryus & his folke serched the paleys / they robbed alle the richesses and goodes that were ther Inne / & were al brought in to daryus shippes /¶ Thees pytoyable thynges thus y-happed, they made their horses to be had out of their shippes, and anone ouer ranne all the ysle, & wasted and dystroyed all the countrey, and slewe men, wymen, and children bothe yonge and olde / they toke and rauysshed alle the bestyall, as oxen, kene, and shepe, wherof was there wythout nombre, and had them in to their shippes whyche they charged wyth the praye and gayne that they made there in the sayd Isle. And syn they dyde putte the palayce all in a fire, and toke wyth them grete nombre of prysoners, and entred agen in to their shippes, wyth grete Ioye & gladnes for the goode aduenture that they had fonde. all thus in grete dyspleasure & heuynes was taken þ kyng of frise, and was broughte as a prisoner, sore wepyng & sorowynge his byttirnesses. The poure sorwfull kyng had his herte all replenished wyth sorowe & heuynes, of the whiche the nobel quene his wyff shall haue parte whan thees pituable tydynges shall come to her eeris, for she toke in her self suche a sorow & so grete a displesure therfor, wyth þat that she sorowed before for the departynge of her dere sone blanchardyn / that she was constrayned thorugh grete passion & bytternes of hert to falle in a swoune; for her legges nor feete myghte not bere her, and not wythoute a cause, and bycamme so sore febil, & so full of sorowe / that atte the laste, what for her sone blanchardyn as for þe loue of her goode husbande & her lorde, she toke suche a sekenes that her soule departed from the body of her And thus the noble ladye & goode quene of fryse ended her dayes in heuynes & sorowe, ¹for the loue of her lorde that she so myserably had loste.¹ His wife swoons, and then dies. 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Chapter XXXI

The xxxj. chapiture conteyneth howe daryus arryued in to the ooste of kynge Alymodes his fader, wher he was receyuyd wyth grete Ioye 'for loue of the vitaylles that he broughte vnto them there.¹ W Han daryus entred ayen in his ship, he thanked moche his goddes, of aduenture & good fortune the Isle, Tormaday. that was happed to hym; he made the ancres to be Darius sails from drawen vp and the sayles to be haled a lofte. The wynde & the see were apeased, and a softe wynde goode for them byganne to ryse oute of the west, that droef forth their shippes there as they wolde, and wythoute lettyng arryued on the therde daye byfore the and arrives at cytye of Tourmaday, where as thoost of kyng Alymodes was lodged they cast their ancres, & ful sone they were knowen of kynge Alymodes that hastly cam wyth hys barons toward the hauen for to welcom daryus his sone whiche was com a lande, & fonde his fader that wyth grete Ioye and gladnes receyued, askyng of hem how he had doon syn his partyng from hym Daryus al alonge recounted to hym how by fortune of the see they arryued & entred in to an Isle of the see / whiche was crysten / where they dyde fynde a kyng ryght puyssaunt / whiche he had broughte wyth hym prysoner. And also tolde hym how he had dystroyed the sayd Isle, & brente the paleys that was there, & had brought wyth them a grete praye & vytall ynough / as wyne & corne, sheepe & oxen, for to susteyn his oost the space of thre monthes and more / Wherof kyng Alymodes & they of his oost were oute of mesure glad / but & yf god wol kepe the goode prouost of Tourmaday / he shall haue or thys two days be paste his parte of the sayd praye / Wher1-1 Wanting in the French. His father, K. Alymodes, welcomes him, and is glad of the has brought. Frisian stores he I 2

have made no sally since K. Alymodes took Blanchardyn; 2 Gj. of the Ioye shal be renewed amonge the knyghtes & pepyll of Tourmaday, that grete scarcenes had of fleshe & of other vytaylle / After that daryus had thus recounted to his fader his aduenture that to hym was of late happed / they two both to gyder cam toward theire tentes talkyng of many thynges / Daryus demaunded of his fader how they of þe cytye dyd,¹ & yf hit was longe agoo that they made eny yssue oute of their toun / The Tormadians Alimodes aunsuerd to hym, and sayd that it was more than a monthe ago that they neuer made noo yssue, wherof men sholde take eny hede / and that he thought wele that grete defaulte of vytaylles they had wyth-in, and that they were 2made full symple, syth that the yonge knyght was taken whiche I betok you for to be brought vnto the kynge of salamandrye / 'Syre,' sayde Daryus, ‘I haue doon of hym as ye commaunded me' / But neuer syth that they parted from me I haue herde noo tydynges of hem, nor of hym, nor of thre score men of myn owne that I dyde sende for to make present of the knyght crysten, wherof I haue gyuen me full ofte grete merueylle.' They thenne seased their wordes he was al nyght wyth his fader Alymodes, vnto the morowe that Daryus made hym self redy by thordonnaunce of his fader to retourne in his cyte of cassydonye. ryght grete Ioye and gladnes made they of the oost, for they made no doubte at all of their enmyes. Daryus, after the feste & Ioyouse talkyng that he had wyth his fader and wyth his barons / He toke his leue for to retourne and take his shippynge. 2 The kynge and the barons dyde conueye hym vnto the ship where he entred ynne,2 commaundyng hym in the but of him Darius has heard nothing. Next morning Darius sails, 1-1 comment ceulx de lacite faisoient 2-2 Desquelz Il auoit fait deschargier tousles vinres pour revitailler lost de son pere / lequel le conuoya en grant Ioye et leesse et aussi firent tous les barons de lost Iusques a la nauire sur laquelle Il mouta en prenant congie du roy son pere et des Barons.

Chapter XXXII

kepyng and protection of all their godes. The maronhome, Cassiners bygan to saylle, & seaced neuer tyl that he camen and reaches his in to the hauone of cassydonye, where he was receyued donie. wyth grete Ioye /1 ¶ The xxxij. chapitre conteyneth how the goode prouost yssued out of Tourmadaye, and cam to fet bestyall, that daryus had brought in the oost, whiche was brought in to the cyte wyth grete Ioye / E Vyn at the same owre that daryus toke shippyng vpon the see, and that his fader the kynge Alymodes, and a grete parte of his barons were goon to While K. Alysea-side modes is at the conueye hym, and were there tyll he was departed from the hauen and ferre fro the cleues, the prouost the Provost of Tormaday of Tourmadaye and many other barons of the cyte were vpon the walles beholdynge the manere and the gouernauns of them of the oost, And were alredy aduertysed of a spye / howe that the daye byfore, darius, the sone of kyng Alymodes, was arryued in thoost, and had broughte wyth hym grete plente of vytayles and that he retorned in to his countree, and toke the see that same daye. And wyth this they sawe the grete nombre of bestes, that toke their pasture in a grete medowe not ferre thens, and that noo body kept hem; for they went to haue be sure thourgh all the ooste, by cause that they of the cyte had not made longe tyme afore that no manere of entrepryse, nor dyde not come out of their towne; and also that the custume of them of wythin was, that they neuer made non yssue but it were in the mornyng, or at euyn. And for this cause the prouost, that thought vpon the same, delybered in hym self, consideryng that 1-1 Wanting in the French. sees all the grazing near the Frisian cattle city;

besiegers are away, whiche he sawe at eye; how all thoost was styll, and and as the chief that kyng alymodes, nor his barons, nor his princypal capitaynes were not comen yet from the see syde, where they were all gon for to conueye and see daryus take his shippуynge. ¶ Of that other part, he sawe also a fore hym, nyghe by the walles of the towne, the grete multytude of bestes, that were wythout kepynge, whiche was the thynge wherof they had most nede wythin the cyte / He, seeng and consyderyng this that he sawe at his eye, descended hastely from the walles, the Provost goes and dyde calle to hym al the capitaynes, barons, and the cattle unguarded, with his officers to Eglantine. With her approval, knyghtes and noble men,¹ whiche he made to come byfore theyr lady, the proude pucell in amours; and byfore her he declared vnto them all his purpos, and what he entended for to doo. Whan the lady, wyth her barons, had well vnderstande the prouost, they all in generall accorded wyth him for to putte to execucion the wordes afore spoken; & for to do the same, they went preuely & armed them self. & whan they were redy, they fonde six thousand of 2hem all a horsebak, the whiche were conducte by þe prouost. And another and 4000 archers of the capitayns had the charge of the foure thousand archers, fote men / whiche yssued oute at a posterne that was nyghe the see, & lepte anon in to the medowe where the Frisian where the sayd bestes were fedyng / & of that other partye, the prouost & his felauship wente oute of the the horse out of gate where as they were wonte to goo oute whan they 2 Gij. 6000 horsemen muster. The foot go into the pasture cattle are; the sally-gates. made their Issues. whan the capitayne of fote men was wele aduertysed, and that he wyste the prouost to be come oute of the toun, he made his folke to vaunce hemself forth softly and by order alonge by the toune dyches, whiche were drye at that syde of the toun / and so made them to walke al vnder couerte vnto the see syde all along the dyches, tyl that they cam & saw 1-1 Wanting in the French.

the bestes, that wythoute eny kepyng were enclosed round the cattle, wait till the horsemen attack their foes, then drive all the Frisian cattle into Tormaday, and await the Provost. return of the \ wyth in a maner of a parke / and after they had putte The foot get hemself betwyx the bestes and the oost / they taryed & herkened there after there men on horsbacke, the whiche they herde full sone makyng their cryes in their enmyes tentes, where as they foughte wyth hem / The fotemen thenne entred wythin the close medowe, where the bestes were pasturyng, whiche they brought all to gydre on a flok, & byganne to chasse them afore hem to the towneward, where they brought Inne bothe oxen, kyen, and sheep, wyth all other manere of bestyall that was there, wherof the peple of the cyte was gretly reioyced. And syth cam and put hym self by fore the yate of the towne in fayre ordennaunce, awaytyng that the prouost and his folke sholde tourne ayen, whiche were wythin their enmyes tentes & pauyllions, whiche they powlyd & brought doune / and slewe many of their enmyes or euer that kynge Alymodes nor his folke coude be garnysshed of their armures / And whan the prouost sawe that it was tyme for to departe, & that the bestes myght well be brought in to the cyte by that tyme, he made his trompette to be sowned, that euery man shold with draw hym self / & so cam ayen wythin the cyte wythout eny losse of his men, to their grete glorye & praysynge & grete confusion to theyr enmyes / to whom they had born so grete domage, that neuer byfore that they had receyued to the great suche / Wherby the kynge alymodes & alle his oost was right sore affrayed, and in grete heuynes of the grete losse that they had susteyned by the sayd prouost and his folke / And also of that other part, whan they knewe how alle their bestes were / had aweye fro the The Tormaḍian horsemen slay many of their foes, and then retire city, safely into the damage medowe and brought in to the towne, their sorowe and sorrow of the heathen eneiny. redoubled them full sore / The prouost, that lytyl dyde care therfore, hym self and all his folke, bothe a fote & a horsback, in gyuyng thankes & graces vnto our lord,

Tormaday gets provisions for a year. Eglantine never ceases sorrowing entred agayne in to the cyte ¹wyth grete gladnes and Ioye / where they were ful curtoysly receyued of their lady, that graciously thanked theym / The cyte of Tourmaday was purueyed of vytaylles of the same for a hole yere & their enmyes oost sore dysgarnyshed ther by, wherfor they made emonge hem self grete sorowe / but what so euer Ioye & gladnes that they made wythin the towne, the fayr pucelle and proude for Blanchardyn, in amours myght not seasse nor leue her sorowe therfore, that she contynually made for her right dere frende blanchardyn; that for the loue of her she trowed that he had other be lost or ded, & wyst not what she sholde thynke therof/ But sawe wel that yf by proces of tyme she had [not] som socours, that force sholde be to her to yelde vp & deliuer her cyte vnto kynge Alymodes, but rather she wolde deye / than she sholde see suche a sorowe to be falle to her; & for to see a remedy to the same / she dyde sende for the prouost, to whome she sayde thus / Prouoste, oure cyte is nowe garnyshed, thanked be ³oure lorde, both of vytaylles & of artyllerye for a grete space of tyme; and wyth this, for the defence of þe same, hit ys wele & suffysaunly furnyshed of goode knyghtes, & of goode souldyers grete foyson. Wherfore ryght instanly I praye you that ye doo make redy a galleye, & I shal furnysshe her welle wyth vytaylles, & wyth goode artylerye for the defence of your self and of them that She asks her Provost to 3 G iij. the King of Norway, go to her uncle, shall be wyth you / and ye shal goo as myn ambassatour toward myn vncle, the kyng of grete Norweyghe to whom ye shall declare & shewe, in my and pray him to behalf, the estate where presently I am inne / prayeng help her. hym, in my behalf, that now atte my grete nede/he wolde sende me folke for to helpe & socoure me, or els that my sylf & my royalme are in wey of perdycion' / 'Madame,' sayde the prouost, wyte ye for certeyn, 1-1 Orig. at 2, third line.

that to the pleasure of our lorde I shall doo therin my best, wyth all deligence vnto me possyble / And I hope I shall brynge you good tydynges, & suche a socours that shal not be pleysaunt vnto Alymodes the false kyng' The prouost, after many other deuyses, toke hys leue of the pucel, & cam to his hous / he made a The Provost fits out a galley, galee to be dressyd wyth all her apereylle / And whan all his thynges was redy & preste, he went oute of a posterne pryuely wyth suche as he wolde take in his companye toward the see syde; & entred his ship so preuely in the mornyng, that none of his enmyes coude and sails early in see hym tyl that they were gon awaye from the lande, & wyth oute fere of them / whan kyng alymodes knew the same, he wexed sore angry & wroth, but no remedy he myght not put therto / ¹for or euer he was aduertysed therof, the prouost & his felauship were almost oute of syght1/well he had wold that they myght be met wythall by daryus his sone / but he oughte not to care for it for daryus & hys nauey helde their waye toward Cassydonye, wher they arryued in fewe dayes the morning Darius puts the King of Friesland into a dark dungeon, wythout eny fortune / 2& the prouost saylled & rowed toward the costes of nourthweghe2 / Whan daryus was for Norway. come to lande in to the hauen of Cassydonye, 3 where he arryued wythin short tyme wythout ony fortune, as it is sayd³ / he made the kynge of fryse, & other his prysoners, to be had out from the shippes in to a grete & strong toure, where as was a tenebrouse & derke dongeon; wherin the poure sorowfull kynge, replenysshed and sore beten wyth the flayel of fortune, was cast in pryson, there to consume his olde dayes ful myserably, vnto the tyme that by his right wel beloued sone blanchardyn he be had out from this grete pouerte & myserye. So shal we leue hym thus makyng his sorowfull complaynte tyl that tyme be for to speke of 2-2 Wanting. 1-1 Wanting in the French. 3-3 Wanting. to consume his old days miserably.

Chapter XXXIII

Blanchardyn is Eglantine, and how he can get to help her. 5 G iiij. hym & shal retourne to speke of his sone, ¹the goode yonge knyght blanchardyn / Whiche we haue lefte wythin the paleys of Maryenborugh 2wyth Sadoyne.2 ¶ The xxxiij chapyter conteyneth how Blanchardyn made pyteouse complayntes for his lady wythin a gardyne, and of the grete recomforte that was made to hym of sadoyne /* E haue all ynoughe vnderstande here a fore how Yblanchardy had the goode grace of the kynge of prusse, of Sadoyne his sone, & the loue of all the barons of the sayde royalme. And how he had reffused the kynges cosyne for to haue her in maryage; but the grete loue & fydelyte that he had toward his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, kept hym there fro/ for rather he wold haue deyed than to haue falsed his feyth ever thinking of ayenst her, for whome he had at herte so many a sorowful & hevy thought for to bere / for nother nyglit nor daye he dyde non other thinge, but thynke how & what manere he myght departe out of the contrey where he was Inne, for to go to gyue socoure vnto the proude pucell in amours his fayre loue, that was his souerayn desyre & his right besy & contynually thoughte, wherof it happed upon a daye amonge other as blanchOne day, in the ardyn was entred in a gardyne wythin þe kynges paleys alone, wythout eny feliship, for to complayne the better his hertes sorowes, that in beholdyng vpon the fayre flouris wherof nature had fayre appareylled the gardyne, & amonge other he sawe a rosier tree laden with many a fayr rose that had a smel ful swete / emonge whiche one was ther that of flagraunt odoure & of beaulte passed all the other; wherfore vpon her he dyde arrest 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 Wanting in the French. palace garden, he sees one rose more beautiful than the others, Eu promettant que de tout son pouoir lui aideroit

and says it reminds him of his lady's beauty. Blanchardyn curses his mishap in being Eglantine, separated from and wishes she could know how he'd like to help her. his eyen, & said in this maner / 'Ha, noble rose, preelect & chosen byfore all other flouris that ben about the / how be it they be right fayre / thou puttest into my remembraunce thurgh the fayrnes that I see in the / ¹the right parfyt & excellent beaulte of myn owne goode lady, the proude mayden in amours,¹ whom god gyue all that whiche her noble herte wysheth & desyreth / I am so ferre from her / that aduyse it is to me, and also I byleue the same / that I neuer shal see her nomore. I can not curse to moche myn vnfortune that hath brought me, whiche was come to haue the goode grace of the most parfyt creature that god & nature wythout comparison wold euer make, in to the grete sorowes where I am now Inne / Now most I be ferre from her: wolde god now that ye, myn owne swete lady, wyst that I am aliue, & how goode a wyll I haue to socoure you, yf it were to me possible;' & in proferryng this wordes, þe teeris fel grete from his eyen in grete haboundaunce 2 without ceasse² / sadoyne that coude not dure nor be with-out blanchardyn, went him seking in all þe place so longe that at the last he cam & sawe hym wythin the gardyne/& cam there as he was or euer blanchardyn was aware of hym / He fonde him the terres at the eyes of hym makynge his full pituouse complayntes / the whiche sadoyne had herde a part of hem / he cam overhears & set hym self doun besyde blanchardyn, & prayed hym that he wolde telle him the cause of his sorowe & grete lamentacion, promyttyng to hym that it sholde neuer be told noo knowen by him, & saide vnto him: 'My right trusty felawe, ye do sobbe & make grete sorowe, wherfor I true & thinke for ueray throuth and says he must, that it is loue that so ledes you'/'Certes, sadoyne,' sayde blanchardyn, 'ye may beleue well for certayn Blanchardyn that the god of loue werreth ayenst me right sore, to holde & kepe me here in³ this contrey / & to myn 1-1 madame 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 Orig. herein. BLANCHARDYN. Sadoyne (the son) Prussian King's Blanchardyn, be in love. confesses he is. I

Blanchardyn laments that he aduyse, yf he wolde be content wyth reason / he sholde suffre that som worde were brought here to me to the comforte of one parte of my grete sorowe, ¹from her for whos sake they be sore grounded wythin my penseful herte¹I loke styl ouer the mountaynes & valeye als ferre as my sight can comprehende; but, alas, I can not cannot see where chuse nor see the toure wherynne she holdeth her self' / 'O my right trusty frende & dere felawe,' sayde sadoyne, 'is it the toure of babylonye where she doth holde her / or of Rome, 2of spayne, or of Almanye.'2 Certes,' sayde blanchardyn, 'it is not so ferre as ye wene, but syth that ye desyre so sore to knowe myn angwyshe & sorowe, I shall telle you what is me befal / I am a seruaunt reteyned wyth the lady of Tourmaday, that is called of eucry man the proude mayden in amours. She is beseged within her cyte by Kynge Alymodes, a cruel tyraunt, kynge of Cassydonye, that hath had me. as his prysoner here before, but by fortune of the see and the goode aduenture, thanked be oure lord, j am escaped; he wold haue by strengthe & puyssaunce to his spouse my sayd lady / But by cause that she wil not haue him tyl her lord, he hath purposed to kepe his love Eglantine, the lady of Tormaday, is. She is besieged in Tormaday by K. Alymodes, who will persevere till she weds him. his power men of werre by fore her cyte of tourmaday ¶ And vnto tyme that he haue her at his wylle.' After the wordes, the teeres ranne doune from his eyen. Sadoyne advises whan Sadoyne sawe his true and feythfull felawe Blanchardyn make suche a sorowe, his herte bygan to quake wythin hymself for pyte that he had of blanchardyn & sayde thus vnto hym, Certaynly, dere felawe myne, yf ye wol do after me, we shal go wyth all pouer & myght to helpe & socoure your lady, for whos loue ye take suche a sorowe, & shal delyuere her from Kynge Alymodes handes' / Blanchardyn, thenne that they shall go with an army, and deliver Eglantine. 3-3 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 patras despaigne ditalie ou dallemaigne. ou madame se tient que celles que vous auez nommees sont.

Chapter XXXIV

Blanchardyn promises Sadoyne Alymodes's daughter Beatrice, if he will help him. beholdyng ful pyteously vpon his felawe sadoyne, sayde vnto hym, 'O the right grete recomforte of my sorowful lyf /wolde god it were so as ye saye / for p Kyng Alymodes hath a daughter of his owne, whiche is so fayr that god & nature can not amende her, nor in no lande can be choson no fayrer / Certaynly yf we coude bringe this werke at an ende, she sholde be yours wythout faylle' / 'My frende dere,' sayde sadoyne, 'it lieth in the wylle of the goddes. We haue goode men of werre ynough for to furnysshe this enterpryse, whiche I sore do desyre for to gyue helpe to youre sorowes. wyll go toward the kynge my fader, for to haue leue Sadoyne will ask for you & for me.' Whether blanchardyn of this tydynge was glad / it is not to be asked / I ¶ The xxxiiij chapiter conteyneth how sadoyne toke leue of his fader the kyng, & so dyde Blanchardyn, & toke the see wyth a grete naue, charged wyth men of werre, for to gyue socoure to the proude pucelle in amours / And of the prouost of Tourmaday, whiche they founde by the waye. Af his father's leave. Sadoyne asks his father, the King of Prussia, fter many wordes proferred & sayde betwene p two yonge knyghtes, sadoyne departed & com to fore the kynge his fader, to whome in the best wyse that he myght or coude / dyde shewe vnto him his wyll requiring of him that it myght be accomplisshed shewyng vnto hym how that his royalme was in peas & tranquilite that tyme, & that it was not lyke that werre shold happe there to befal; and by cause he was a yonge man, he wolde yet faine excercyse him self in þe noble crafte of armes, & that a lawfull & Iuste cause he had to do soo, for to gyue socoure & to let him help Blanchardyn, helpe the yonge knyght straunger, that thourgh his

who has done so much for them. The Prussian King consents, for them, prouesse & grete worthynes hathe socoured you, and holpen to putte out your mortal enmyes that were ferre come wythin this your royalme / and hath brought in to your handes as prysonner, your enmye the kynge of polonye, for to do your owne wylle vpon hym / of the whiche good seruyse, he ought of rayson to be well rewarded' / Whan the kynge of prusse vnderstode his son he gaf to hym-self grete merueylle, & was wel abashed of that soudayne a wylle that was come to him. Neuertheles, whan he knewe, & that he was aduertysed by his sone al alonge of the cause & quarelle of Blanchardyn, he was al ynough content, and graunted hym his request / Wherof his son & eke Blanchardyn cam & fel bothe doune humbly at þe fote of hym, and thanked him of that grete curtosye. And for to see and furand fits out ships nysshe that this were doon, the kynge dyde make redy suche shippes as apparteyned therunto, and made them to be garnished well of vytaylles and of artyllery nedeful to suche an enterpryse. Vpon whiche nauye he sent wyth his son and wyth Blanchardyn the nombre of twelue thousand knyghtes of the most approued and best chosen of al his royalme / and other men of werre in grete nombre / Al their arraye was made redy, & the daye come that they sholde departe. The kynge seenge the barkes and shippes of his sone to be furnysshed of men of werre and of vytaylles, of golde and syluer, and of alle thynge that were necessary to them / he was therof right glad / And syth dyde doo putte wyth the and four idols on shippes foure ydoles, his goddes, that were all of fyne golde and garnyshed full richely wyth grete perles and precyouse stones. ¶ And after this he entred hym self wythin the ship & toke his leue of his sone Sadoyne / prayng vnto blanchardyn that he shold haue him for recomended & toke his leue of them / Whan the kynge was come out of the ship where he had lefte his sone sadoyne wyth blanchardyn / he beganne to wepe / with 12,000 knights, board.

Sadoyne start. When two days' sail from Torina day And after that he was gon from hem / they made to Blanchardyn and take vp the ancres & to hale vp their saylles, wher-in þe wynde entred that had them soone ferre from the lande out of syght / & toke the hyghe see assone as they myght, sayllyng by the costes of many a strange regyon wythout fyndyng of eny aduenture that is to be recounted/ & so longe they saylled bothe daye and nyght that they cam nyghe Tourmaday as two dayes Iournay/byfore whiche cyte was yet kyng Alymodes at siege wyth his oost, wherof the fayr the proude pucell in ainours was sore displeysaunt. And in espe12 cyall she was sore discomfited at her herte for the loue of her frende blanchardyn, that was the same tyme wyth his felawe sadoyne sayllyng vpon the see in grete gladnesse for the wynde & the see that were peasible. And saylled so longe that they perceyued a galeye from ferre, that made fast waye ther as they went hem self, In whiche vessell was the prouost of Tourmadaye & other seruauntes to the proude pucelle in amours, and cam ayen from the oncle, the kyng of the grete Norweghe, whiche they fonde but late ded whan they cam there, where they retourned wyth-out expedicyon of that wherfore they were goon thyder. Whan the prouost & they of the galeye dyde perceyue the shippes of Blanchardyn, they were full sore affrayed, by cause they knewe well anoon that they were all sarrasyns. ¶ And of that other parte, Blanchardyn and sadoyne perceyued sone that they of the galleye were crysten / they see the galley of the Provost of Torinaday, coming back from Norway. they made anon after the sayd galleye for to enclose & take her And whan they cam nyghe by her, they The Prussians called & asked of whens was the vessell, What they the galley. were, & fro whens they came;' & thenne the prouost, wyth a grete drede & feer of his lyfe, lept forthe & sayde/ Lordes, we see wel that we can not escape you / but for drede of noo deth I shal not leue to telle vnto you the trouth of all oure affayre / We all that come up with

The Provost says be here, come from the grete north weghe, & were sent they're sailing from Norway to their lady Eglautine. He does not know Blanchardyn, whose face is darkend. Blanchardyn is kind to the Provost, toward the kynge of the lande, whiche was oncle to the proude mayden in loue, whiche is oure ladye & maystresse.' ¶ Blanchardyn, right Ioyouse, knewe fulsone the prouost, & thought that sone ynought he sholde here of hym som goode tydynges of that thynge whiche he most desyred in this worlde / But the prouost knewe not blanchardyn the same tyme, by cause he was made blak, disfigured & sore chaunged of face by strengthe of the sonne / but trowed that he had ben a sarrasyne as other were / Thenne cam blanchardyn nyghe the bordours of the galley, & toke the prouoste by the hand, & made hym to come wythin his ship. Of dyuerses thynges he questyoned hym, but the prouost ansuered ferfully, for he doubted them sore. So prayed he to blanchardyn, after he had exposed vnto bym of whens he cam & what he was, that he wolde doo them no harme. Blanchardyn right humbly aysuered hym & sayde/'ffrende, take no feere at all, for nother damage nor euyl shal not be don to you nor to non of yours, for I shal myself conveye you yf nede be' / the prouost thanketh hym moche & was right glad. 'Sir,' sayde blanchardyn to the prouost, 'ye haue tolde me that ye be of the cite of tourmaday. I pray you that ye wyl telle me in what regyon & what marche it is sette, and who is lord there. I praye you to telle me the trouth of it' / þe prouost thenne seeng þat feabli he myght speke without doubte or fear, he dyde reherce unto blanchardyn al a longe, how þe royalme of tourThe Provost tells maday was come to a doughter full fayre and goode, that made her self to be called the proude pucelle in amours, that neuer wolde wedde kynge, duc, nor erle, how grete that he were ; & that for the loue of a gentyl knyght that not longe agoo cam and socoured her in her werre, that she had and yet hath ayenst the kynge Alymodes, that wolde haue her to his wyff. 'But, and asks him about Tormaday. him of Eglantine,

and how her lover Blanchardyn was taken prisoner, sire,' sayde the prouost /' by grete infortune the worthy knyght wherof I do speke to you, and the most valyaunt and most fayre that euer man myght or coude seke noowher in all the worlde, was taken of kynge Alymodes folke by-fore the cyte of Tourmaday; whiche kynge hath sent hym in to exile in ferre landes, that none can not knowe where / But that men saye that of hym sholde he made a present to a kynge sarrasyne, whos brother the sayd knyght had slayen. Wherfor my sayd lady is in grete displaysure, & ceaseth not and how she sornyght nor day to wysshe hym wyth her / praying god for his retourne agayne. The sayd kynge Alymodes is alwaye kepynge his siege before her cyte of Tourmaday, & wasteth & distroyeth al the contrey about, for other harme can he not do to her, the towne and the castel are stronge ynoghe and are vytayled alle ynough, so that rows for him. into the secret. or euer he coude haue them, my sayde lady sholde be for aaged.' Blanchardyn herde wel gladly the prouost/ and sayde to sadoyne his felowe in his ere, that of his Sadoyne is let lady in amours thees wordes were sayde. Sadoyne dyde here hem gladly, and the deuyses wyth Blanchardyn to the said prouost of many thynges concernyng this matyre. And Blanchardyn coude vnderstande noo thynge by the prouost, but that all was at his auantage, wherby he knewe that he was in his lady's grace as well as he was euer afore/¶ The prouost thenne seeng soo many fayre men of armes, he pryuely demaunded of Blanchardyn / yff they wolde be souldyours of the fayre, the proude mayden in amours, ayenst the kyng Alymodes, and they shold be right well payed/Thenne ansuered to hym Blanchardyn and sayde, 'I byleue al ynough well that yf she wolde make of one of vs a kyng, she myght of lyght be serued of vs and of oure men.' 'Syre,' sayde the prouost, ‘it is no nede to speke more herof / for she shal neuer take, I am well sure, non other man tyl her lord, but that self The Provost asks if the Prussians will fight for Eglantine.

Blanchardyn asks if Eglantine is inconstant, like other women, and what the name of her lover is. The Provost answers, Blanchardyn.' She dreams of him, and loves him most truly. " knyght of whom I spake right now to you of nor non shal haue her royalme of her but only hym self.' How thenne,' sayd blanchardyn, 'thynke ye that her loue be so stedfastly & so truly sette vpon hym that kynge Alymodes hath sent to be presented as ye saye / Is it your aduyse that yf of aduenture he cam ayen to her, that she wolde sette ought by hym/for it is sayde of a custume, that the herte of a woman is mutable and inconstaunt, and not in purpos stedfast' / 'Ha, ha, sire,' sayde the prouoste, 'pleysed god that he myght come to her ayen, Neuer happed so goode a daye to the contrey nor to hym also for he shold renewe manyfold þe goode grace of her that so truli loueth him.' 'frende,' sayde Blanchardyn, 'I praye you telle me the name of the knyght of whom ye doo speke so moche.' 'Sir,' sayde the prouost,' the knyght of whom my sayde lady is so sore enamoured vpon, hath to his name blanchardyn / Ye may well be sure that she shal neuer forgete hym, nor sette her herte from hym / though she were insured neuer to see hym / for she wol not here nother prayer nor requeste of no man in this world, al be he neuer so grete a kyng or prince. She dremeth often that her frende Blanchardyn cometh ayen, & that they enbrace & kysse each other in recompence of þe right euyl tyme in whiche they haue be longe in grete displaisure one from another / & for to telle you þe trouth¹ of it, It were not possyble to [1]oue more tenderly nor more truly than she doth hym / so oughte wel þe said knyght to haue her ryght dere, yf he lyue yet.' 'frende,' sayd blanchardyn, 'I doute not but he doth so / and aduyse is to me that wyth al dilygence he shold himsilf come to socoure her at her nede, after his power, yf/ he applye him it to do 800' /2 1 Orig. troutghi 2-2 se en lui estoit de ce faire. * Orig. is

Chapter XXXV

¶ The xxxv chapter speketh of the grete¹ deuyses of p prouost & of blanchardyn / and of the lettres that he sent to his lady, the proude pucell in amours / And of the Ioye that she made whan she had red them. A¹ ffter all the deuyses aboue sayd, blanchardyn drew hymsylf aside wyth-in his vessell, and toke both ynke & paper, and wrote a letter with his owne hande vnto the fayer proude mayden in loue / whiche lettres he toke to the prouost for to be presented vnto his lady. The prouoste toke them, promyttyng to do therwyth his deuoyr / And thenne blanchardyn sayd vnto the prouoste / 'frende, all these shyppes & tharmye that is herin are sarasyns; and I am a paynem, & ful well I knowe blanchardyn, wyche is enprysoned in paynems land, where he suffreth grete euyls & grete sorowe / but so moche do I knowe of his doynge / that he doth not care so moche for all that / as he doth of that he knoweth wel that the proude pucell in amours is, for his sake, sore greued atte her hert' / 'Syr,' sayd the prouoste, 'I praye to our lorde that the knyght for whos loue my said lady taketh suche an heuynes atte herte, more than I can tell you maye retorne ayen wthyin shorte tyme / for the pytyubes complayntes that she daily maketh for her louer, maketh vs al to lyue in grete dyscomforte' / After dyuerse talkynke don by blanchardyn & the prouost, they sepayred hemsylf, & toke leue of eche Blanchardyn Eglantine, writes a letter to and assures the Provost of his joy in her love. sail. other. So went the prouost & entred ayen in to his The Provost sets galee, holdyng goode fortune & a goode wynde, wherby wythin a whyle he was ferre a-fore the shyp where blanchardyn was inne / & so sore exployted wyth sayles 1 Orig. thegtere

In three days the & oores, that at thende of thre dayes he arryued wythin Provost reaches Tormaday. He and his fellows return thanks to the Virgin. The Provost tells her uncle is dend, Eglantine that that his Barons look to her as their Sovereign, 1 H j. and will soon come to help her. the hauen of Tourmaday wyth his felyshyp, wythoute eny lette were don to them / But a lytyl afore, they had be ryght sore afrayed leste they shold be recountred by kynge Alymodes folke / how be yt that there was no ship that waye that coude haue hurte theym. Notwythstandyng this, there were smal rennyng vesselles, that oftymes dyspoyled & robbed theym that cam to the sayd hauen of Tourmaday, aswell by lande as vron the see. whan the prouost was arryued, or euer he went in his owne hous nor noo where, he & all his / felyship went into our ladyes chirche of Tourmaday, for to yelde vnto her thankes & praysynges of the goode aduenture that was com to hym: they made theyr offrynges, & syn departed / Ye may wele thynke that the prouost was that tyme full well accompanyed of the barons, nobyl men, & bourgeys of the sayd cyte, for the grete loue that they had vnto hym/ and also that he was worthy therof/ and thus accompanyed, he cam in to the paleys, where he fonde the proude pucell in amours, that welcomed hym & made hym grete chere, and was ryght glad of his commynge ayen / and then þe pucell asked hymn tydynges of the kynge her vncle, & how he had exployted & furnyshed her message. 'Madame,' sayd the prouost, 'I haue ben in the grete Norweyghe, wenyng to fynde ther the kynge your vncle / but thre dayes byfore my comyng thyder, it pleased god that your vncle the kyng termyned his lyff by deth, that then toke hym; wherby the barons of the realme ben in grete troubyl, & haue noo recomforte but in you, that are theyr lady by verey successyon, as heyre of the land most nexte parent / Wherfore they sende worde to you by me / that after thobs quyes and fyneralles of your sayd vncle be doon they shall approche, puttyng theymself in ordynaunce for to helpe & socoure you, as they ought for to do

to their natural lady and souerayn prynces.' Whan I sorrows; but the Provost gives her Blanchardyn's letter, how, the nobyl mayden herde & vnderstode the prouost, she began to make grete sorowe / but þe prouost sayde vnto Eglantine her, for to recomforte her/Madame, ther nys so grete sorowe, but that it may be forgoton at the laste / and afterwarde cometh som other message, that is cause to reioyse & brynge the creatures into consolacion. saye this, therfor/ that after the pyteous tydynges that I haue brought vnto you of your vncles deth / I shall now telle you one thynge that of reason ought please you well / loke! here ys a letter that a paynem knyght hath taken to me, whiche ful sore prayed me that I shulde dyrecte them vnto you.' The lady, that wepte ryght sore, toke the letter & red yt / wherof the tenore was suche as foloweth. 'My ryght redoubted which tells her lady, the supportans of my poure lyff, the gladnes of the hert of me, and the thynge whiche in this worlde I most desyre, I me recomende ryght humbly vnto your good grace / After the harde fortune that I had to be prysoner vnto kynge Alymodes, god, my swete after his capturc, creatour, whom I yelde praysynges & louynge, hath long preserued & kept me from deth; and hath delyuerd me from the peryles of the see, wherof I all alone am escaped; but myn enmyes that led me forth wyth them, were all drowned and peryshed in the see, and not one that escaped alyue, sauf my self alonely / to whom our lord hath don thys grace, wherof I ought wel to Ioye my self in yeuyng vnto hym thankes & praysynges euermore / After thys fortune I haue ben syn, as force compellyd me therto, seruaunt vnto a and then_servd a kynge sarasyn, as I had ben one of theym; ffro the whiche kyng, to myn worship and wyth grete loue, I am departed; & hath taken me in my kepyng his sone and twelue thousand knyghtis, right expert in armes, and other souldyours in grete nombre, for to come and socoure you, and to take vengeaunce vpon he alone escaped drowning, Saracen King, who has given him his son and 12,000 knights to avenge her on K. Alymodes.

Chapter XXXVI

Blanchardyn rekynge Alymodes the tyraunt, that was the thynge that most I dyde desyre in this world, as of reason my dutye was. And to the surplus, to the playsure of oure lorde, and hym playsed / ye shal vnderstande by mouthe ferthere of myn astate / And by cause ye shall gyue credence and feyth to this, myn owne hande Wrytyng, I do now bringe to your remembrance that one onely kyssyng that I toke of yow, not ferre wythout youre cyte of Tourmaday, afore that I was of you reteyned in to your noble seruyse. ¶ My right He prays God to redoubted lady, I praye to god to gyue you the complyshement of your noble desyres. Wryton vpon the see by the hande of the knyght unfortunate / Thus signed Blanchardyn.' minds Eglantine how he once kist her. fulfil her desires. Eglantine rejoices at Blanchardyn's letter. 1 Hij. ¶ The xxxvj chapiter conteyneth and spcketh of the Ioye that the proude pucelle in amours made for loue of the commyng of her specyall frende blanchardyn / And of the grete sorowe that she made anone after, whan she see that fortune so lyghtly had hym and his nauye ayen in to the see, ferre from the hauen of Tourmaday / WE Han the proude mayden in amours had red the saide letters al alonge, & wel vnderstand the tenoure therof, the Ioye was not lytyl that she made for the reception of the same. She demaunded of the prouost yf he knewe not hym that had taken the letters vnto hym / he sayde 'nay' / but vnto her he recounted & tolde the manere, & how as by a happe / he had fonde & met wyth a myghty nauey, vpon whiche was a right grete excercyte of folke of but they were alle sarrasyns, & had theyre byleue armes;

· vpon their ydolles / & emonge them all was one knyght that coude speke to me / 'Ha, ha, prouost!' sayde the lady/well ye haue be deceyued, whan ye dyde not knowe hym that somtyme ye haue lodged in your house wyth you. It was, I ensure you, my moost dere frende blanchardyn, that at my grete nede cometh to socoure and helpe me / how thenne haue ye not knowe hym¹a grete merueylle I haue therof'/'Madame,' sayd the prouost, as to the body of hym, he may be lykened well ynough to blanchardyn / but the face of hym was dyed and blake, as all other of his felyship were. Moche grete merueylle I gyue to my self that he dyde not dyscouere hym self vnto me' / The pucelle, heryng the prouost speke, beganne to smyle and lawhe strongly / full sone was forgoton her onclis deth, for cause of the right Ioyfull tydynges that she had herd of blanchardyn, the whiche were full soone knowen thourgh all the cyte, whyche thynge brought a newe Hoye to alle the enhabytantes there. But who someuer made Ioye therof, the proude pucell in amours reioysshed her self aboue all other, by cause that this nyghed her at herte. All ynough she red and ouered Eglantine chaffs the Provost for not recognizing Blanchardyn. She soon forgets death, in her joy Blanchardyn. her uncle's at the news from his letter, the sayd letters, whiche she dyde kysse full ofte, soo She often kisses sore was her thoughte vpon blanchardyn / The nyght passed, and the fayr day cam. And erly in the mornyng the pucelle rose from her bed; and whan she and in the mornwas clothed, and opened the wyndowe, and loked ferre vpon the see, yf euere by aduenture she myght see ne chuse the nauye of blanchardyn / She behelde so longe ing his ships. on euery syde, that she byganne to chuse and perceyue sees the sails of the saylles of the shippes of hym that so sore moche she had desyred / She was thenne recomforted of all thynges, and remembred her self of non euyl that she had suffred byfore that / An hundred tymes she salued & made obeyssaunce to þe shippes, prayng to god that 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Eglantine says she shall soon helpers. rises, they may arryue sauf & sounde. Atte that hour her maystres was beside her, whiche was ful glad to see her thus mery & ful of Ioye; to whom the lady sayd, that sone she shuld haue socours of xxx. thousand have 30,000 fresh knyghtes & souldyors, that ayenst king alymodes shold helpe her. As she was thus talkyng wyth her maystres, and that the vessayls beganne to com nyghe, But a great storm and made redy all thynges to take lande, a south wynd rose vp sodanly, horryble & gret; the see beganne to ryse & swelle, and the wawes wexed so bygge & so grete, that they semed to be mountayns / And was the tempeste so perelouse, that they were constreyned to enter into the brode see agayne, leste they sholde haue smytten hemself agrounde / and so wythdrew hemsylf fro lande / they were so sore tourmentyd that the cordes and the saylles breke of all their shyppes, or of the most partye, and were fayne to cutte of their mastes, habandounnynge to the wynde & wawes of the see the far from Torma- conducte of them alle / and were caste so ferre into the and carries Blanchardyn's ships day. Eglantine laments her loss of · hyghe see, that in a shorte whyle they knewe not in what marche of the see they were / The proude pucell in amours seeng thys grete infortune, wende to haue deyd ancne for the grete dyspleasure that she toke of thys cursed aduenture, & reputed her self indygne to haue eny helpe nor socours, whan she see her fortune thus torned ayenst her. She began to crye aloude, sayng in thys wyse / Alas, my ryght trusty & feythful Blanchardyn. louer, I perceyue well that I shall neuer see you more / I am the cause of your Inconuenyent ye were taken in my seruyse' / She made so grete mone and so pytefull complayntes, as any body in thys worlde myghte doo / alwayes dyscomfortyng her owne self wythouten mesure. ¶ we shall leue to speke of the proude pucell in amours, vnto the tyme be comen that her sorowe be lefte, and her Ioye recouered and 1-1 Wanting in the French. Hij.

Chapter XXXVII

renewed and shal shewe you of blanchardyn, and of Sadoyne his feythful felawe.¹ ¶ The xxxvij chapiter conteyneth how blanchardyn and Sadoyne arryued by fore the cyte of Cassydonye, wher they founde daryus, that cam to speke 2 of them /2 Ell, ye haue herde here aboue the ryght mer8 WE ueyllouse & horry byl fortune that happed to blanchardyn and to Sadoyne, that daye they shold Blanchardyn haue taken lande atte the hauen of Tourmadaye, whiche were all redy caste ferre frome all costes, & waited but þe hour whan they shold be drowned, wherof they were in a grete fere / Then sayd blanchardyn to Sadoyne, that he doubted ryght sore lest god were wroth vpon theym by cause they had brought wyth theym theys cursed ydolles, and that hym semed yf he wold be baptysed & all his folk, & to byleue in our feith, that says that God has sent the storm because on board. they have idols If Sadoyne and his Prussians 'll be baptized as soon as they land, the tempest 'll stop. They agree to and they throw turn Christian, their idols into the tempeste shold breke, he preched so longe sadoyn & his folke, that they all of one assent & accorde promytted vnto Blanchardyn that they sholde deuoutly do baptyse hem self, and shold byleue in the holy crysten feyth whan they shold come to lande, or in place where hit myght be doon. The whyche thynge euyn so as they promysed it full deuoutly ded accomplyshe hit afterward. They toke awaye the preciouse stones, & the gold & syluer from theyre ³ydolles & maumetys,8 and syn cast them in the see wyth goode herte / Soo taryed not long after thys was doon that the tempeste ceassed, and the see became swete and amyable / and be which then became as a lytyll ryuer. ¶ After the ceasss of thys tempest that had broughte theym so ferre oute of 2-2 1-1 Wanting in the French. a eulx 3-3 decepuables et dampnables ydolles the sea, comes as smooth as a river.

The Prussians reach the haven of Cassidonie, where Darius and his sister Beatrice are. The Prussians land, learn that Cassidonie is K. Alymodes's country, and resolve to attack the town. theyre knowleche that they wyste not where they were, fortune ledde theym in atte the hauon of Cassydonye, where Daryus, the sone of Kyng Alymodes, was that daye, ¹and the fayre Beatryx his suster wyth hym, whiche was vttyrly fayre, and replenysshed of all goode condicyons and maners that may be in a creature / Blanchardyn and Sadoyne, seeyng that they were comen tyl a sure hauene, and they and their folke all sauf, they were right glad. They thanked our lord, and had doune their saylles cast their ancres, and syth lepte a lande and their men of armes wyth them, whiche they renged, and dyde set hem in gode ordonaunce of battaylle al alonge the medowes that were there full fayre and grete, by cause that they knewe not in what marche they were arryued, no whether they of the contrey were frendes or enmyes. Sadoyne wende at fyrst that it had be Tourmaday / but they fonde a man, and asked hym the name of the towne, and who was lord of it. He ansuerd to them that it was the cyte of Cassydonye, wherof Alimodes is lord and kynge of this royalme, that for the tyine beyng was wyth a right grete puyssaunce of men of werre before Tourmaday kepyng there his siege / And that his sonn daryus and the fayre Beatryx his doughter were bothe togyder wythinne the towne of Cassydonye / ¶ Blanchardyn was Ioyfull and glad to here these tydynges, and sayde, all lawghyng to Sadoyne, that they were well arryued vpon their enmyes, And that euery man sholde thynke to proue hym self well, for they must assaylle the towne, bycause that the lady that he dyde promytte to hym was within Cassydonye' / And, morouer, he sayde vnto Sadoyne: 'my right trusty felawe, we ben come to a goode hauen / it is to vs force that this cyte be wonne and conquested by oure strengthe/ and after that we shal go to the playsure of god for to socoure and helpe myn owne dere lady, the proude pucelle in "

amours' Sadoyne, heryng Blanchardyn, that sayde ¹to hym that the fayre Beatryx, whiche he had so sore desyred afore was wythin the cyte of Cassydonye, was 1 H iiij. Sadoyne mount, make ready. right glad that they were arryued there. He toke and gadred all newe corage wythin hym self / and mounted Blanchardyn and to gyder on horsbacke, Blanchardyn and he, and alle theyr folke dyde so, and poynted hemself for to fyght and their men or for to gyue assawte to the towne. Euyn at that same houre that the sayde barouns were in the medowe renged one nyghe another, and redy for to fyght / Daryus, kynge Alymodes sone, was at a wyndowe of a grete toure wythin his paleys, out of whiche he loked, and behelde ouer2 the medowes and ouer the playne, whiche he see all coueryd with men of armes that were afore the towne, wherof he was right sore merueylled, and wyst not yf they were frendes or foes. ¶ He made hym self to be armed hastely, & dyde Darius arms, publishe thourgh alle the towne, and to them of his and with 10,000 sallies from the Cassidonians town. house, that all sholde be armed on horsbacke, and redy for to go wyth hym wyth out makynge eny delaye / for he sayde that he wold go to vnderstande what folke they were that comen in armes so nyghe his towne / And after that daryus commaunded was publyshed / ther were tenn thousand Cassydonyens soone redy, right well in harneys, wel appoynted, that folowed hym, and yssued out of the towne wyth daryus, that was rydyng before hem all vpon a right myghty courser / And Blanchardyn and Sadoyne that sawe hym comen made on her bataylles, and cam ayenst daryus, that sore hyghe byganne to calle, and sayde: 'Ye lordes that are here comen, & haue seased my hauen, and taken lande / and that shewe tokens that your purpos is for to werre vpon me / telle me yf ye be sarrasyns.' ¶ Thenne Blanchardyn, his spere in Blanchardyn hande, and all armed fro top to too 3 byfore his 2 Orig. ouer and ouer BLANCHARDYN. 3-3 Wanting in the French. tells him K

Chapter XXXVIII

that they are come to help Eglantine against K. Alymodes, his city of Cassidonie, and give Beatrice to the Prussian Prince Sadoyne. bataylle, ansuered hym that they were not sarrasyns, 'but we ben,' sayde he, 'crysten men that wyl go to gyue socoure and helpe vnto that mayden, the lady of Tourmaday, where as the tyraunt alymodes kepeth now his siege byfore þe towne; but I wyl wel that thou know that in an euyl houre he cam euere there for yf we may fynde hym, we shall make hym to deye a shamefull dethe. And wyth this, yf it pleyseth vnto Ihesu cryst, in whom we byleue / we shal this daye and mean to take take by strengthe his cyte of Cassydonye / And sec here by me Sadoyne, the sone of the kynge of prusse, that shal mary his doughter thy suster, the fayr Beatryx. So shall he rengne in this lande, where he shal soone be obeyed, loued, and dred as a lord souerayne. ¹And we shal not ceasse vnto tyme, that to the playsure of Ihesu cryst/ we shall haue all our wylle in this byhalve' / Darius recognizes Blanchardyn, ¶The xxxviij chapiter conteyneth how the valyaunt blanchardyn slewe daryus, and of the grete bataylle, where the Cassydonyens were dyscomfyted and ouerthrawen, and the cyte taken. And the fayr Beatryx was taken to mercy,2 & how Sadoyne and the fayre Beatryx made hem self to be baptyzed, and their folke wyth them/ Han Daryus vnderstode thees wordes, he knewe all ynough that it was blanchardyn the worthy knight; wherof he gaff hym selff moche grete merueylle of the manere how he was escaped from thre score men, to whom he had taken the charge to kepe hym, and to haue presented hym vnto the kynge of Salaand tries to flee; mandrye. He wende to haue tourned the brydell of W its worthy 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French.

his horsse, ¹for he was right sore affrayed to see hym there byfore hym /¹ slashes Darius with his sword and then kills him. ¶ But Blanchardyn perceyued it anone, and he but Blanchardyn that well lerned was in all poyntes of werre / kept Darius ther fro. He gaff his hors the spore, and cam and kutte the waye betwene their two bataylles / for he was right well horsed. he folowed daryus of so nyghe that he ouer reched hym with his swerde, as he was fleyng at the right syde of hym, soo that his riche cote of maylle myght not warauntyze hym. But he cutte bothe fleshe and bone, and made in his body a grete wounde mortall, And syth recouered another stroke, so that he smote hym doune ded to the grounde from his horse. Atte that oure were the Cassydonyens sore abasshed whan they sawe their lorde that laye vpon the grounde sterk ded/ They wyshed and complayned hym sore, But neuerthelesse they auaunced The Cassidonians charge the themself proudely, & ranne vpon their enmyes / Prussians. ¶ Thenne byganne the bataylle grete and cruell of bothe partes. Blanchardyn and Sadoyne made there merueylles of armes they brake and cutte Cassydonyens cn all sydes. No man was there so hardy that durste approche hem, where al as they came they made þe presse to sprede abrode / Blanchardyn dyde espye a knyght that bare the standarde of the cassydonyeus he ranne vpon hym, and gaaff hym suche Blanchardyn brains their an horryble stroke vpon his helme that he all to- Standard-bearer, brayned hym wyth his swerde. And thus he ouerthrewe doune bothe man & standarde, so that the Cassydonyens had not syth the powere for to haue dressyd it vp ayen, but were slayne and all to-cutte and clouen, that all the wayes were couered of bodyes ded and wounded men. The same tyme was the fayre Beatryx at a wyndowe wythin the paleys lokyng vpon the batayll, that sone perceyued & knewe that the losse 1-1 Wanting in the French. and many of them are slain or wounded.

Beatrice sees that she must and herself. She surrenders both to Sadoyne. was tourned vpon her party. Wherfore she wyst well yield up the town for certayne that Impossyble was to her for to kepe the towne ayenst so grete a puyssaunce as she dyde see byfore her consyderyng that the best defense & the moost worthy knyghtes of the lande were wyth her fader, the kynge Alymodes, at the siege by fore Tourmaday and that suche as were yssued out there were almost all ouer throwen / Wel saw þe fayre Beatryx that she muste yelde vp her self. The same tyme passed Sadoyne by-fore the wyndowe, that wyth bothe handes smote vpon his enmyes / The fayre Beatryx called hym, sayng in this manere: 'Alas, right noble knyght, I gyue my self vnto you / prayeng that ye wol saue bothe me and my cyte, And to take vs in to your mercy and pyte / hauyng compassyon vpon a yong mayden that yeldeth her self vnto you' / Sadoyne, lokyng toward the wyndow, heued right soone his hand vpward and sayde, & promysed her that he sholde warauntyse her from all harme; he was right glad of these tydynges. It was not longe after Blanchardyn and this that blanchardyn and Sadoyne dyde mete to gyder, hauyng their swerdes in their fystes, all dyed wyth the blode of their enmyes that they had al tohewen and clouen, and fynally dyde so moche by their prouesse that wythin a whyle they made the Cassy flight, and enter donyens to fle, and discomfyted them / & so nyghe they chassed them that they entred in to þe cyte wyth them. It was grete horrour to see the herryble occysion and slawghter that was made in the playne byfore the towne, where the bodyes lay by ded, grete hepes here and there in many places/whan blanchardyn saw that they were com to their aboue of their enmyes, And that no resystence at all was made ayenst hem / He made by a trompette to be proclamed that the slawhter sholde ceasse wyth in the 'towne, syth that they were lordes & maysters of the same, the whiche Sadoyne put all the Cassidonians to their city with them.

thyng was don as yt was commaunded. Sone after Sadoyne are thys blanchardyn & Sadoyne cam to the paleys wyth- Blanchardyn and oute to fynd eny body that wold hem lete or gaynsey thentre therof. they went into the hall, where the Blanchardyn gives her to Sadoyne. founde the fayer Beatryx, that cam ayenst them & met by Beatrice. yelded herself to them, prayng that they wold haue pyte vpon her. Blanchardyn toke the mayden by the hande, sayng to her: 'ffayer damesel, god forbede that euyl nor harme sholde be don to you!' he cam toward sadoyn, & sayd vnto hym / 'My ryght trusty felawe / the promysse that byfore this tyme I made vnto you I wol now quyte my self therof toward you. Take thys pucell, I geue her to you / by suche a condycoun that ye shal helpe me to socoure the proude pusell in amours.' Sadoyne, ryght glad, all laughyng, aunsuerd to blanch16 ardyn ffrend myn, yt is wel reson that I do so, and wyth ryght a good hert I shal goo to helpe you, for wel I am bounde therunto / your promysse ye haue ryght wele acquyted vnto me, & an houndred thousand thankes I gyue you therfor.' sadoyne behelde þe pucell beatryx, ¹þº so gentyl was, & so odly fayr /¹ he enbraced Sadoyne kisses & kyssed her, sayeng: 'ffayr dameseyll, ye & I my self shal be babtysed, and after that I shall take you to myn own dere spouse & wyff / for I woll that thys false lawe & vnabyl byleue, & thys peruerse sacryfyces, that ben to this false Idoles, ye leue & forsake.' ¶ She aunswerd full mekely, that she shulde so do wyth ryghte a goode wylle. Twythin the same cyte of Cassydonye were the same tyme certeyne crysten men that dwelled there vnder trybute, that were ryghte glad whan they sawe by the crysten men the town was take. But by the comaundement of Blanchardyn the preeste of the crysten men that were dwellynge there assembled anone, and made redy many tubbys and other vesselles full of fayre water, whiche he blessed and halowed ther² ynne. 1-1 qui tant estoit belle et gente 2 Orig. thher Beatrice. They will both be baptized, and then marry. The Christian priest gets plenty of tubs,

the Cassidonians, Then Sadoyne weds Beatrice, who wears many rich jewels. and baptizes all Sadoyne and Beatryx, and all their people, made hem self to be baptyzed. And namely, all the people of that contrey were conuerted into our holy feythe. After these thynges thus happed and doon / Sadoyne wedded the fayre Beatryx, the doughter of kynge Alymodes / The solemnytez of the wedlok were made grete and notable, where the knyghtes and ladyes of the lande were all of the noble clothyng, wherof þº pucelle was ornated wyth all, it is no nede to telle you of it. But wel I dare saye, that neuer in thoo dayes, nor an hondred yere afore, men had not seen eny quene nor pryncesse more richely arayed; for so many a ryche Iewell, so grete haboundance of precyouse stones, and so grete a tresoure was ther wyth-in the paleys, ygadred by the kyng Alymodes, that it was a thyng Infynyte, by cause that all the dayes of his lyff he had be a grete tyraunt/Soo had he taken and rauysshed, & by stronge hande vpon his neyghbours, bothe ferre and nere, all that he fonde of grete value. ¶ Thre dayes hool lasted the feste/ And syth after Sadoyne byganne to enquyre of the gouernaunce and astate of the lande, as to hym was nedefull to be doo. The euyll custumes he dyd brynge doune, And sette vp the goode / and syth putte goode prouysyon for the Iustyse, and dyde Sadoyne then reforins the illcustoms of Cassidonie, in good order. and sets the land stablysshe prouostes, ballyffes, and rulers of the lande / and putte sure watche in all the townes and castelles. And by all the counseyll and goode aduyse of Blanchardyn, that was right wyse / ¶ The xxxix chapiter conteyneth how blanchardyn fonde his fader, the kynge of ffryse, that was prysoner wythin Cassydonye, and of the pyteouse deuyses that the fader and the sone had to gydre. mesmement

Chapter XXXIX

A fter these tydynges don and brought at an ende, It happed that one a day blanchardyn, Sadoyne, and his wyff the fayer Beatryx, were sittyng at the hears a man bord takynge their recreacyon / The same tyne herde Blanchardyn blanchardyn a voyce of a man that full pyteuosly ¹la- lamenting, mented hym self; wherof he toke grete merueylle, for he alredy had herde hym crye by whiles thre tymes / he demaunded of theym that were there byfore the table, who myght be that wayled and cryed so pyteously/¶Ther was a knyght that ansuered hym, and is told that and sayde: Syre, it is not long a goo that Daryus made a coursse in to ffryse, wyth a grete nombre of shippes, in so moche that by tempeste of the see he was cast in to an hauen of the see of the sayde lande, where he made grete wast, toke and slewe many men, and many he dyde brynge wyth hym prysoners / Lord of Friesland. wherof emong other is one that called hym self lord of it is the captive them alle / and the same is he that ye haue herde crye so pyteously' Whan Blanchardyn herde speke of ffryse, he doubted hym well sone that it was som man of his lynage and sybbe, and was sore dyspleased for the dystruction of his lande, & wel glad to be auenged wyth his owne hande vpon the personne of Darius, that the said distruction had commytted and don / Sadoyne thenne dyde sende incontynent toward the Sadoyne sends pryson, and made to be brought out of it the noble kynge of fryse / The tables were alredy taken vp whan he was brought into the halle / Whan blanchardyn sawe the noble kynge his fader, he knewe hym anone, how wel that he was ryght sore chaunged of face, for grete sorowe and hardnesse of the pryson. 32¶ Blanchardyn coude not kepe hym self, but that the grete teerys dropped fast out of his eyen, for grete pyte that he had of his fader 2/ and myght kepe his counteynaunce, nor behaue hym self.2 And whan he was 1-1 se lamentoit 2-2 Wanting in the French. for the prisoner, in whom Blanchardyn recognizes his father.

The prisoner says he was once King of Friesland, Darius, and cast into a dark dungeon. He once had a son, who left him. He asks for death rather me. com ayen to his manere / he demaunded of his fader what lande he was of/ The goode kynge ansuered hym, and sayde: 'I am a power caytyf kyng, that somtyme regned in fryse lande / But thourgh fortune changeable my lande hath be wasted and lost by darius, the sone of kyng Alymodes; and after that he had vttirly dystroyed a grete part of my royalme, he was captured by brought me wyth hym to be here his prysoner, lyuyng full pourly wythin a derke dongeon / and wold neuer putte me to noo raenson / A fayr sone I had somtyme of myn owne spouse, my wyff, whiche I helde & had full tenderly dere; but bycause I wolde not make hym a knyght / yong he mouid hym & departed from And syth, as I haue tolde you / my self, my royalme, & iny folke haue be thus dystroyed and wasted. what wol ye doo of me? I am but a man lost for euer more / I requyre you that ye wyl slee me, than re-imprison for to brynge my grete myserye at an ende / And nought to putte me ayen in to the ¹harde and¹ tenebrouse pryson, where I and my knyghtes haue be so longe, 2 shortyng oure dayes in suche pouerte, as ye may see '2/The goode kynge thenne, that thus reherced his angwysshe and displaysirs, byganne to wepe & sobbe right sore Blanchardyn asked of the kynge, yf he sawe his sone/whether he sholde knowe hym. Alas,' sayde the kyng, 'wel I am sure that I shall neuer see hym.' Blanchardyn myght not conteyne hym self, and sobbed full sore in his herte. And syth sayde that he knew his vnto the kynge his fader: ¶ 'Syre, I spake wyth your sone not longe a goo, whan he departed from vs / We two felawes, this gentyllman & I, haue ben a longe³ espace wyth hym / & nothyng was partyd amonge vs, lyke as the one of us wold haue yt / that other was therof content/ he loued me as he dyde hymself, & I heeld hym as dere as my self. we were long tyme ment. Blanchardyn tells his father son, 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. · 3 Orig. alonge

to gyder, in somoche that for grete loue that he had to me, he gaff me this rynge of gold, that ye now see ¹on who gave him a my fynger.' The kyng loked vpon the rynge, & knew yt ryght well; but he knew not the fynger, 2nor the " ring, dead. The father, the King of Friesland, swoons. hande that had yt on2 / Certaynly,' sayd the kyng, 'I see & knowe right wel by the tokens that ye shewe vnto me, that ye haue seen hym / Wherfore, sire, I requyre & praye you, for the recomforte of me, that am a poure olde man, & replenyshed wyth bytternes / that ye wol telle me where my sone blanchardyn may be' / Then blanchardyn, wyth grete payne, spake wyth a lowe voyce, aunswerde him & sayd: 'Syr, ye muste knowe that he that ye askd for is ded.' Whan the but he is now nobyl kyng vnderstode hyın, from a hyghe as he was, he lete hymself falle doun to the erthe all in a swoun before all them that were there for the grete dyspleasure that he toke atte his hert whan he herd that bytter & pytous tydynge, that of new Ioyned vnto his olde trybulacions / And then blanchardyn, seeng the sorow where the kyng his fader was ynne, toke repent- Blanchardyn aunce of that he had so longe hyd hymself / and wyth eyen all tempred wyth teerys, dyde put hymself vpon his knees by-fore the kynge his fader, & ryght swetly cryed bym mercy, sayeng in thys wyse / My ryght doubted lord & fader! byfore you ye maye see your sone blanchardyn, that from you did departe wythoute your knowyng & lycense; wherof he asketh of you mercy & grace and thoffence that I dyde take & brynge wyth me your good courser, whiche ys wythoute pyere amonge al other, wyth your good swerde, of whiche I haue brought to deth daryus your enmye' / whan the kyng of ffryse, that alredy was come ayen to hym sylf, herde his son blanchardyn speke, the whiche he knewe not atte that tyme well / for his sighte, that was sore troubled of the derkenes of the pryson, in 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 ou elle estoit repents, confesses that he is the King's soli, and begs his ungrateful to pardon for being him.

No tongue can tell the King of Friesland's joy at regaining his son. Blanchardyn kisses his father, has him bathed whiche he had suffred grete peyne & grete sorow, there nys no tounge of no creature mortall, that vnto you coude telle, wryte, ¹or do to be rehersed,¹ the grete Ioye that the same howre entred into the hert of that nobyl kyng prysoner;2 and of all thassystens that were there the same daye, for theyr terys were parted among them. And in especyal, Sadoyne & his wyff had of hit their parte, in suche a wyse that the teerys fell from their eyen al alonge their faces, in so grete habondaunce that theyr ryche raymentes that they hadde on that daye, were all wete wythall. The nobel kyng of fryse was enbrased & kyssed of his sone blanchardyn. the reuerence and honoure that sadoyne & his wyff made, for loue of blanchardyn, to his fader, sholde be longe for to be recounted here / Wyth [r]yght grete Ioye and gladnes they had hym in to the chamberes, where was a bayne redy made, where they made hym to be and royally clad, Wasshed clene; And syth toke hym clothyng, accordyng to hys royal astate. And in lyke wyse they ded to all þe knyghtes that had be prysoners wyth hym, euery man after hys degree. ¶ Blanchardyn thenne, seeng the aduenture that was happed to hym, came toward the kyng hys fader, and sayd vnto hym: 'My ryghte dere and honoured lorde and fader, I bespeke you that ye wolltelle me howe the quene my moder dyd byfore your harde Infortune?' 'My ryght dere sone,' said the kynge /'knowe now, that neuer syth thy departyng, thy sorowful moder had no Ioye at her herte; and noon was there, my self nor noon other, that myghte recomforte her / wherof thou mayst thynke wele, that after that grcuouse sorowe that she hath had of my takynge, and that she had neuer no worde from me ³syth that I was take and broughte here of the sarasyns, Wherby I knowe certeynli, as I fere me / that she ys rather ded than a lyue' / After thees 1-1, 2 Wanting in the French. and asks after the Queen. She never had joy after Blanchardyn left her. Ij.

Chapter XL

and his father wordes, the kynge byganne full sore to wepe / and so Blanchardyn ded blanchardyn, so that Sadoyne nor Beatryx his wyff weep. coude do no thynge to stynte them. 4¶ The xl. chapytur conteyneth how Blanchardyn and sadoyne and the good kynge of fryse toke the see wyth a grete excercyte of folke for to gyue socours vnto the proude pucelle in amours. A fter their teeris and pytuable reconyssaunce were past and chassed, they taryed the space of a moneth wyth in the cyte of Cassydonye / abydyng that the kyng of fryse, fader vnto blanchardyn, were hole, and brought ayen in to the astate of his owne strength that was yet that tyme of resonabel age for to suffer the excercise of armes / Blanchardyn, that all his hert and his thought had sette vpon his ladye, the¹ proude pucell in amours, ryght sore desiryng to haue her oute of thraldom and power of Alymodes the kynge / and also seeng his fader broughte vp ayen in good conualescence and helth, cam by-fore Sadoyne and seyd: my feythfull felawe and ryght trusty frende, god and fortune hath helped you, so that ye be come to that thynge that ye moost dyd desire by-fore this tyme / for þe whiche thynge to be complete / accordyng to my promyse, I haue holpen you the beste that I coude, so thanked be our lord, ye are therof come to your aboue. Wherfore I praye you that in lyke case ye woll do so to me / as in you ys my verey truste and parfyte confydence. Whyche certaynly I knowe welle that ye woll doo. It ys soo, that I beseke you now that ye woll helpe and socoure me now ayenste the kynge Alymodes, that by his grete crueltee and 1 Orig. lady ethe They stay a month in Cassidonie, till Blanchis well ardyn's father Blanchardyn prays Sadoyne to help him fight K. Alymodes,

and free Eglantine. agrees, and says nothing shall ever divide them. tyrannye kepeth shette & closed that thynge that I oughte moste to be desirouse of in thys worlde / for to haue her oute of seruytude into franchyse. It is my ryghte doubted ladye, the proude pucell in amours.' Whan Sadoyne vnderstode the wordes of blanchardyn, all smylyng he ansuerde vnto hym, and sayde: 'My Sadoyne at once ryghte verey frende and goode felawe, your desyer and your wylle is myn own; and ¹neuere whyle I am man alyue, nothynge shall be parted, for, bytwene vs* / your wylle and my wyll is but one wylle so stedfasteli knytted,¹ that hit shall be lefte for an ensample / to them that shal come herafter / in perpetuall memorye. And your commaundemmentys and myn shalbe wyth vs two persones but one thynge / Late oure shyppes be made redy and appareyled / so shall we thenne goo for to gyue socoure and helpe vnto her, whos presence we so sore do desyre' / Thenne blanchardyn, heryng the gracyous ansuer of Sadoyne his feythful felaw he thanked hym right moche / And syn afterward, by ordenance of Sadoyne & blanchardyn, the nauey was apparelled & redy made, stored & garnyshed wyth good men of werre, & wyth artylarye / as was perteynyng to suche a thyng, & made hemself redy in fayr araye for to goo to socour & helpe 2her that passed all other of beaute,2 that beseged was by kyng alymodes 3& his folke wythin her cyte of Tourmaday³ / after this that blanchardyn & Sadoyne sawe their shyppes redy & well stored wyth vytaylles & of other thynges The ships are stored and mand. 1- Iamais entre nous et moy ny a riens party. Vostre volonte et la inienne est vne telleque * ? shall be parted betwene us, for your wylle, &c. 2-2 lorguilleuse damours 3-3 le quel par sa cruaulte est cause que le Royaulme de frize auoit este degaste par daire son filz dont le bon roy pere de blanchandin auoit grant desir de sen vengier / tresconuoitant de soy trouver en lieu ou Il lui peust porter dommage car il estoit encorres de bon eaige pour porter et excercicer les armes

Ch. XL-I.] Blanchardyn sails to fight Alymodes. Sadoyne and Blanchardyn take leave of Beatrice, 1 I ij. giving her 4000 knights to defend the city. necessare to fynyshe their enterpryse to the socours & helpe of the proude pucel in amours, Sadoyne toke leue of his wyff, the fayre Beatryx, and so dyd blanch4 ardyn / whiche they shall neuer see tyll that she & her husbonde Sadoyne haue ben in grete peryll of their lyues as here after ye shall mowe here /¶ Sadoyne, thorugh the counseyll of his felaw blanchardyn ¹lefte wythin his cyte of Cassydonye foure thousand of goode knyghtes, chosen for to defende and kepe it ayenste kynge Alymodes, yf by eny aduenture he cam thider ayen / as he dyd afterwarde. After their leue thus taken of the fayr Beatryx, they departed & toke the see, leuynge behinde theym the fayr Beatryx, that made so grete sorowe for her goode husbonde Sadoyne Whan the barons were vpon the see the The expedition maryners made saylle. The wynde was ryght goode that broughte theym forth by suche a wyse, that wythin a whyle they were ferre fro the lande / And were togyder xxx2 grete shyppes and four score galeys subtyl / Duryng the tyme that the goode kynge of fryse, Blanchardyn and Sadoyne, and their folke shall be thus saylynge towarde Tourmaday / We shall retorne to speke of the tyraunte, the kynge Alymodes, and the proude pucell in amours / The xlj chapyter sheweth how Blanchardyn recounted to his fader & to Sadoyne the beaulte and the godnes of his lady, the proude pucell in amours, And of the prouoste that cam ayenste hem/ sails: 30 big ships, and 80 galleys. E haue herde here tofore howe kynge alymodes K. Alymodes still besieges had beseged the nobel cyte of Tormaday, Tormaday. where was the nobel lady, the proude mayden 2 xxxij

Chapter XLI

K. Alymodes continually cannonades Tormaday. in amours, byfore whiche cyte he made gounes & other engynes to be caste ayenste the walles bothe nyghte and daye, for to brynge hem adoun; and wyth the same he made the toun sawte ofte tymes ful sore, where he made grete losse of his folke / But yt is all ynough to be byleuyd for a trouth that it was not donn wyth oute slaughter and damage to theym of the towne / The proude pucell in amours, seeng herself so sore expressyd¹/ her knyghtes and her men slayne, was no hope, save in ryght sory / And of that other partye she had no hope Eglantine grieves, and has Blanchardyn. One morning she sees ships of eny socours / but only of Blanchardyn, in whom was al her trust / but by no manere she myght not knowe in to what parte of the worlde he was dryuen, and was in a grete feer lest he had ben drowned in the grete tempeste of wyndes that had reculed them in to the hyghe see from the costes of Tourmaday; and full often nyght and day she wyshed hym wyth her / and was so sory for hym that she wyst not what she sholde doo, and noo playsure she coude taken in no thynge / but was euer more sorowyng at the herte of her / In so moche that one daye amonge other, erly in a mornyng, kynge Alymodes made the towne to be assayled, and was there made grete alarme & grete fray, so that the noyse and the callynge that was made of bothe partyes cam vnto the eerys of the proude pucelle in amours. Wherfor she rose out of her bed and bygan to wyshe sore after blanchardyn /¶ She cam toward a wyndowe whiche opened her self; and as she dyde cast alwayes her syght toward the see, she trowed to haue seen a grete nombre of shippes that were appyeryng vpon the water and cam sayllynge, as her aduyse was, toward Tourmaday/She seeng that thynge, for grete Ioye that she toke, she wyst not what she sholde saye or thynke therof, whether she was a wakyng or a slepe. And for to be better in certaynte of the trouth, she 1 oppresse

of war approaching, and hopes they are to help her. 1 I iij. went vp at a hyghe wyndowe, and loked so longe tyl that she myght perceyue clerly that they were shyppes and vesselles of werre /' Ha, god,' saide she, ' myght som socours come to me of eny souldyours? for of noo man of my sybbe I awayte for none, syth that the kynge of the grete Nourth weghe, myn oncle, is decessed, that wold helpe me ayenst the tyraunt kynge Alymodes.' Atte the same houre Blanchardyn was vpon the borde Blanchardyn of his ship, and talked wyth the kynge of fryse his fader / ¹And as they were thus in deuyses / blanchardyn loked on the see, and byganne to espye the toures of the paleys of Tourmaday, and shewed them to his fader and to sadoyne his felawe. He recounted to his fader, the kynge of ffryse, the beaulte, goodnes, and other goode vertues and maners that were in his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, And how he was in her goode grace, and she lyke wyse in his ; & that yf god gaff hym that hap, that he myght come to bataylle ayenst her enmye the kyng alymodes/he sholde shewe to hym the beneuolence that he ought to his lady / And the grete malyuolence or euyll wylle that he had for her sake toward the tyraunt, that by so grete wronge and wythout laufull cause made to her suche force and Iniurye. ¶ Thus talkyng of many thynges, they expoints out Tormaday to his father, the King of Friesland, tells him of beauty, Eglantine's and hopes he Alymodes in may meet K. battle. ploytted so by a goode wynde that they had, that they cam so nyghe the lande, that they see playnly the They see this tentes and the pauyllyons of kynge Alymodes, the King's tents. whiche Blanchardyn dyde shewe vnto the kynge his fader, and to his felawe Sadoyne. The proude pucelle Eglantine in amours, that at this houre was lenyng vpon her wyndowe, sent hastely for the prouost, that he sholde come and speke wyth her / whiche cam anone to her / he entred in to her chambre, and right humbly salued the pucelle/she called hym nyghe her, and shewed hym the right myghty nauye that cam to arryue there the prouost, that was right wyse and subtyll, perceyued, shows her Provost Blanchardyn's navy.

The Provost of Tormaday takes an eight-our, and rows to Blanchardyn's ship. and knewe full sone that they were crysten, and sayde to his lady that he sholde go to them to wyte what folke they were, and yf he coude doo so moche by eny wyse, that they wolde take her wages and seruc her. He toke his leue, and went oute of the chambre, and cam streyght to the hauen, where he toke a bote, prest and garnyshed wyth eyght goode felawes, eche of them an ore in his hande, whiche wythin a short whyle brought the prouost nyghe to the galleyes & so wel they stered that they cam and borded the ship wherin blanchardyn was, that desyred sore to knowe what they were that so fast rowed toward his vessel / Thenne the prouost, seeyng hymn self arryued where he wolde be/ Right highly he salued theym that were wythin þe ship / Blanchardyn, that lened vpon þe borde of it, rendred to hym his salutacion / The prouost thenne al on hyghe exposed & sayde the charge that he had of his maystres byhalue, the lady of tourmaday / Blanchardyn, that wel knewe the prouost, ansuered, demaundyng of hym yf his lady was so sore oppressed by her enmyes as he sayde & whether she might holde the towne longe ayenst them that had layde siege to it by fore her / The prouost ansuered to hym & The Provost says sayde /'ye, right wel / but one thynge there is, that she may not have nother helthe nor Ioye, but alweyes she most be ¹chaunged vpon her bed,¹ where she can not haue rest nor noo goode slepe by night nor by daye.' 'frende,' saide blanchardyn, 'wherof may come this dysease vnto her that so traueylleth & tourmenteth her? for myn aduyse is this, that at all endes she ought to force her self from her bed, for to shewe her self, admonestyng her folke to do wel, bycause they sholde take a better corage for the persone & sight of her' / 'Syre,' sayde the prouost, 'be ye sure, & knowe for a trouthe, that so moche I knowe by my lady, that 1-1 couchid Blanchardyn asks about Eglantine. she can never rest,

for love of a knight whom she thinks dead. 1 I iiij. be alive, Cassidonie. she shal neuer haue no parfytte Ioye at her herte, for loue of a knyght of whom she is enamored, whiche she weneth to be peryshed & ded / but my hope is in god, that he shall yet come ayen hyther; for men sayen comynly, that he whome god wyll haue kept, may not be peryshed / Syre, I saye the same for the knyght, that is the most parfyt in all beaulte & condicyons / that his lyke can not be founde. how be ¹it that not long ago we herde tydynges of hym of a pylgryme that But he is said to passed here byfore, that sayde to vs for veray trouth, that he and his felawe Sadoyne were arryued in to the cyte of Cassydonye, whiche they had taken & goten and to have taken by force of armes / for the whiche tydynge my sayde lady hath be wel asswaged of her dysplaysure, trustyng in god that shortly she shal vnderstande more playnly the certaynte therof.' Whan blanchardyn vnderstode Blanchardyn the prouost/he sayde vnto hym, that this whiche the pylgryme had sayd was true, & that blanchardyn had sent hem there for to socoure and help his maistres. but som men wyl saye that he shal wedde the doughter suggests that he of kynge Alymodes, whiche is lady of the lande where Alymodes's he is, & that he shal maynteyne & kepe the contrey with her / Ha, ha, sire! what is that that ye saye?/ what a grete synne & vntrouth it were to blanchardin, to take nor haue to his wyf another than the proude pucell in amours, þat loueth him so truly / & that so / longe hath wayted & taryed after hym / & that for þe grete loue that she hath to him, she hath reffused so many kynges & so hyghe prynces that dayly do requyre her. Certes, who someuer brought her this sorowfull & pyteuose tydynge / I doubte not but that she shold slee her self for grete displaysir / for suche, & so true, I knowe her. Now, god for-bede that I be the brynger of thys tydynges / that so sore displaysaunt shalbe to me for to vttir & declare hem, that I had almost as lief to deye as to rcherce them vnto my said maystressc. BLANCHARDYN. is to wed K. daughter. The Provost Blanchardyn other wife than declares that will have no his love Eglantine. L

letter to her! No, Says Blanchardyn, But, sire, syth it is therof as ye saye, & that ye come from Blanchardyn, I praye you to telle me yf he Has he sent any wryteth or sendeth eny wordes to my sayde lady by you / for nothyng coude make me to byleue that this grete & lothely vntrouthe sholde be in blanchardyn / to leue & for-sake her of whom he is so parfytly beloued for to take the doughter of a kynge her enmye.' 'frende,' sayde blanchardyn, as for wrytyng or eny worde that he sholde sende, I knowe of none.' 'that rewyth me,' sayde the prouost, so am I wel sore abashed how he can haue a wylle to chose another lady than þe proude pucelle in amours, whiche is the most fayr, and the most noble & the most complet a lady, & most plesaunt of all the remenaunt of the world / how thenne doeth not he remembre hymself of the courser, & of the sleue of clothe of golde that she dyde send vnto hym after the fyrst acqueyntaunce? Certaynly, my herte can not Iudge to me that euer of suche a knyght as is Blanchardyn, shold growe suche a wille 1 to be do.' 'Ha, ha! madame,' sayde the prouost, 'see here sore harde ty lynges, that shalbe cause to brynge at an ende full myserably your laste dayes' / Whan blanchard yn herde the prouost speke thus/he bygan to smyle. Thenne the prouost behylde hym ful ententyfly, and knewe hym, wherof he had so grete & so parfyt a Ioye that it can not be recounted / And after many wordes of reconyssaunce/ the prouoste tolde to hym of all, how he was euer truly byloued, & how his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, had borne, & as yet bare suche a displeasure for & by thoccasyon of hym; & that neuer syth that she receyued the letter that he dyde sende to her by hym, she had no Ioye at her herte, nor shal neuer haue vnto the tyme that she see you ayen. Blanchardyn sayde to him: 'lat her take no care of nothing, nor no doubte of my parte; 1-1 de faire and smiles. The Provost then recognizes hin, and tells him how truly Eglantine loves him.

Chapter XLII

Blanchardyn says he ever loves her; ring, and says he for as to me, I haue alwayes be, and euermore shall as longe I shall lyue, her true and feythfull louer / And shall neuer fayle her of noo thyng that is or shalbe in my power to doo for her, as to her that I more desire to complayse than al þe worlde / ye shal recomende me to her gode grace, & from me ye shal presente vnto her he sends her a this rynge of golde / & as to pº faytte of our men of werre that ben here, we haue brought hem alle hyther only for to gyue vnto her helpe & socoure; we shal kepe our self wythin our vesselles, bycause it is as now to late; & to morwe erly, whan we see houre & tyme goode, & alle redy, we shal do sowne oure trompettes, horses, & busynes / and ye that shalbe wythin the cyte see that ye be redy & appareylled for to yssue out at the same owre, for to come ayenst oure enmyes; for from oure syde we shal assaylle them so quykly that they shal cursse the owre of oure commyng/ and thus they shal be fought wythal of bothe sydes by suche a manere, that wyth grete peyne they shal have leyser to graunte on to vs the victorye, ¹yf god woll'¹/ 2¶ Here foloweth the xlij chapiter, that conteyneth in hit self, & speketh of the grete Ioye that the proude pucelle in loue made whan she herde reherce, by the prouost, the gracy ouse tydynges of the commynge of here frende blanchardyn / He prouost, herynge blanchardyn speke so truly & benyngly, he ansuered vnto hym, & sayde that as to their parte, suche a dyligence salbe made therupon, 5that their enmyes shal knowe soone by grete strokes the grete corage of them of þe towne.5 & thenne right ioyouse he departed from Blanchardyn, & toke 1—1, 2–2, 3–3 Wanting in the French. Orig. thier que de nul tort nen seront reprins T 6-5 will debark his men next morning, by sound of trumpet, so that they and from the city Alymodes fron. the Tormadians may attack and rear. The Provost promises that the Tornadians will do their part.

The Provost of Tormaday hurries back to Eglantine, leue of hym, sore desyryng of all his herte to fynde hym self byfore his sayde lady, for to announce & telle to her this glad tydyng: & wend neuer to haue come 1tyme ynoughe¹ there. He exployted so, and made suche a dilygence, that wyth grete Ioye and gladnesse he entred wythin þe hauen of tourmaday, without eny delaye nor lettyng by no maner; & cam to þe towne, where he fonde þe noble mayden, right nobly acompanyed of her knyghtes / ladyes, & gentyl women, that were wyth her in grete nomber/ She, seeng the prouost com a land out of his bote, makyng a mery contenance / was sore desired to know of hym som gode tydynges, for her hert iudged her that he brought som/so taryed she not tyll that the prouost were com toward her but a grete pas marched ayenst hym / The prouost made vnto her the reuerence, puttyng hymself vpon his knee and sayd to her: 'My ryght redoubted lady, knowe ye for certayn that I haue be wyth the ryght puyssaunt nauye, wyche is laden wyth men of armes, that are come to helpe you / Of the whiche ben Blanchardyn and conducters & chieff rulers, the kyng of fryse, þe nobyl kneels to her and tells her that the navy brings her helpers, his father and friend, who will take vengeance on K. Alymodes knyght blanchardyn his sone, & Sadoyne his felaw/ Madame, see here a rynge of gold, that blanchardyn sendeth to you by me, wyth recommendacyons manyfold / knowe, madame, that a grete Ioye ought to be encresed wythin you / whan suche a socours is come to your grete comforte, for thes thre hyghe pryncys haue brought wyth theym grete nomber of folkes. And they haue a ryght perfyte desire to avenge your quarell vpon Alymodes, the tyraunt / and ye maye byleue for certeyn, that the goode kynge of fryse hath noon other desire than to auenge hymself whan he shall com to the feelde, for the grete hurt, Iniurye, & damage that hath be doon vnto hym by daryus, the sone of kyng Alymodes. To morowe, by the mornyng, shall the 1-1 a tans

morning, the Tormadians assailing him in front, and Blanchardyn attacking him in rear. bataylle bygynne; wherfor Blanchardyn prayeth you, by battle next by me that ye commaunde your captayns & men of armes that they be redy, all to the ende that whan the houre shall come that þe trompettes & bussynes of p oost of blanchardyn shall begyn to soune / that your folke be redy forto take the feelde, and that quyckly they assaylle your enmyes of all sydes / And as to that parte of the prynces that come to your socours, they shalbe redy atte the same owre / And by all, thus, your enmyes shal fynde hem self oppressed both byfore & behynd, wherof kyng Alymodes shalbe in grete affray / & ye shalbe auenged vpon him, to the playsure of god, for he shal haue a double displaysure; & in especyall whan the tydynges shalbe recounted vnto him of daryus his sone, that hath be slayne & brought to his deth by the handes of blanchardyn. & wyth this he shal fynde his cite of Cassydonye & all his grete royalme conquested & goten / & his doughter wedded / whiche by blanchardyn hathe be yeuen vnto his felaw, sadoyne.' That tyme that the proude pucelle in amours had herd & vnderstande the prouost / neuer in her dayes had she so moche of displeasire, but that these tydynges dyde redouble her ioye ouer mesure: & thanked god of this goode aduenture. So is there non that coude telle nor wryte the ioye that the same tyme was in her, & emonge all the people of the towne. She went ayen in to her paleys, replenysshed wyth ioye & gladnesse, & made to be cryed thurgh all the stretes & common places of the towne, that all the stretes of the cyte sholde be hanged wyth clothes the next day folowyng / & that at the comyng in of blanchardyn, euery man sholde were his best clothyng/ & that myrth / & melody sholde be made thurgh al þe cyte þe same night, where-as were al maner of musical instrumentes: whiche thing was don, for suche noyse & suche sowne was there made al that night, what of Eglantine rejoices and thanks God She orders the city to be hung with clothes next day, and mirth and melody made all that night.

Merriment of the Tormadians. K. Alymodes wonders at the festivities in Tormaday. Blanchardyn and his army debark at night in peace. tambours trompettes, claryons/harp / lute, clauicordes, & other diuerse instrumentes / wyth þe swete voyces of the ladyes & gentyl women, that sange there, that it semed that god had descended among them from heuen & so grete was þe ioye wythin þe cyte, that the sowne therof was herde vnto kynge Alymodes Merueylles it was to here the thankes, the louenges, and the praysynges. And the ryngyng of belles, that were don in all the chirches of the towne, yeldyng graces vnto oure lord. The kynge Alymodes, that was that same tyme wythin his tentes wyth his barons, gaff hym self grete merueylle of the Ioye & feste that he herde don wythin the cyte. he wyst not what he sholde thynke, & doubted lest they had herde eny tydynges of som socours comyng vnto them/ for by no meanes he myght not loke ferre toward the see syde. & also blanchardyn & his nauye, after that the prouost was gon from hym, wyth-drewe hem in to the see, wherfor Alymodes nor his folke coude not see hem nor here them, for the grete reuyll & Ioye that was made by them of the cyte, that made grete noyse / And at that self houre blanchardyn, wyth all his shippes & galeyes, cam and arryued wythin the hauen, & descended on lande wythout their enmyes were aware of hem; for the Ioye & noyse that wythin the towne was thus grete¹/ ¶ The xliij chapiter followeth, whiche conteyneth & speketh of the grete beaulte³ that was by fore Tourmaday, ayenst the kynge Alymodes, that was discomfyted / And of the takynge of Sadoyne, wherof 2 Orig. followed 1-1 Wanting in the French. 3 bataille

Chapter XLIII

Blanchardyn was right sory, as rayson was/ Ell ye haue herde here to fore the grete Ioye W & gladnesse that was made wythin the cyte, sends for her war-captains, and the Provost gives them instructions. for the goode tydynges that the proude pusell in loue Eglantine had vnderstand of Blanchardyn her louer, whiche that nyght made grete diligence for to accomplysshe that whiche blanchardyn had sent her worde of; for she was her self that nyght in the towne house, where she made to come al her captaynes to fore her, to whome by þe prouost she made to be tolde and related al alonge that was charged vnto her by blanchardyn. the Blanchardyn's captaynes & hedes of her werre were all glad of thees tydynges, right ¹desyryng to putte it in to execucyon. at the commaundement of ther lady, they made hem all redy, & putte hem self in araye for to sprynge out the next mornyng vpon their enmyes, as by blanchardyn was sent worde¶ Of that other part, kynge Alymodes, K. Alymodes that was in grete affraye to knowe the cause and occa20 sion wherfore they of the cyte were makynge suche a 1 Kj. of War, gladnesse, assembled his barons for to haue aduyse & calls a Council counseyll vpon this matiere, & sette the scout watche wyth grete nombre of men that he sholde not be ouerhis ships disaster. taken vnbeware / And that same nyght he sent for his and sends for shippes that were two mylle thens 2wythin an hauen. for to haue theym brought nerer his oost/ that he myght entre in them yf eny infortune happed to hym /2 in case of & to wythdrawe his folke therinne yf nede were / Thus passed kynge Alymodes the nyght ouer tyl the fayre daye came, that the sonne byganne to ascende, castyng his bemes a brode vpon the erthe; & as he 2-2 qui pour securete estoit en vng port pour ce que la endroit ou Il estoit logie ny auoit quelque perilaige de la mer Si la fist venir auprez de lui ancrer pour ce que le temps estoit douls et la mer quoyt Il le fist affin que ne aucune malle aduenture lui aduenoit

K. Alymodes sees with dismay Blancharlyn's navy, and his array, in three battalions, led 1. by Blanchardyn, 2. by Sadoyne, 3. by the King of Friesland. Blanchardyn's trumpets sound. The Tormadians sally out, was musyng vpon þe werke, lokyng to & fro vpon the see, he perceyued a right myghty nauey, wherof they that were come vpon lande, he sawe hem in grete troops in battle nombre, al redy renged in a fayr ordeynaunce of batayll for to fyght nyghe by þe see shoris, a lytyl beyonde his ooste, wherof he was not awar afore that; & he was sore abashed, & gretely merueylled how they were so soone landed wythout that he knewe therof / So fered he soone of this that was true, that it was blanchardyn & his folke that were come there. ¶ The worthy knyght Blanchardyn had ordeyned his folke in three battaylles, wherof he led the formest / the seconde he be-toke to Sadoyne his felawe, & the thirde he gaf to be conducted to his fader the kynge of ffryse. ¶ Whan Blanchardyn had al this thynges redy, and all his ordeynaunces ymade, he made his trompettes / hornes, olyfauntes, and busynes to be rongen & blowen so highe that it was wonder to here them. They of the cyte thenne that herde the sowne therof, yssued anone out of their towne by commaundement of their lady, the proude mayden in amours, that sore admonested and prayed them to do wel / to thende that som goode tydynges might be reported by them. alimodes, seeng his enmyes cam a lande, and in so fayre ordonaunce y-sette of that one part & of that other syde he sawe them of the cyte that cam wyth a grete puyssaunce vpon hym and his folke, It is well ynough to be byleued, that he was not wel assured. But nought therfore, as a sharp and hardy knyght as he was, the best wyse that he myght or coude / he ordeyned his bataylles, whiche he toke to be conducted and guyded to theym that semed The hosts draw hym worthy therof. The oostes beganne to approche eche other the callyng and the crye arose so grete & hyghe betwyx them, what by the sowne of trompettes / hornes and bussynes as of the stour dynnyng and noyse that their horses made treddyng and wallopyng encouraged by Eglantine. K. Alymodes arranges his battalions as best he can. nigh one another.

the sun. hyghe and harde vpon the grounde, that it semed that all the foure elementes had fought there to-gyder. The duste byganne to ryse so hyghe aboute them and The dust darkens so thykke, that it toke away the bryghtnes of the sonne / so that they that were wythin the cyte sawe nother frendes nor enmyes. They went to the chirche in grete deuocyon, makyng their prayers to our lord, that he wolde helpe their frendes; And, namely, that noble lady, the proude pucelle in amours, alle barefote, went from one chirche to another, prayng god that he wold graunte þe victorie to her true loue blanchardyn, & to them that were with him / & syth cam ayen to her paleys/ & mounted vp to a highe toure for to see & beholde þe batayl þat was alredy bygonne. right grete murdre & slaughter was ther made at settyng vpon of bothe partyes / many a knyght ded, & brought to the Eglantine goes barefoot from church to church, praying for victory for Blanchardyn. runs thro' cousin grounde, that neuer syn had power to releue hemself / the horses of whom went rennyng vpon the playn, & in to the medowes, the raynnes of their brydels hang20 yng & drawyng up on the grounde. blanchardyn, at his comynge on that he made, ¹recounted a duke,¹ cosyn Blanchardyn germayn to kynge Alymodes, vpon whom he sette the Alymodes's sharpe hed of his spere by so grete force, that he perced his body thorugh and thorugh, so that the spere was seen from the breste to the backe of hym more than thre fote longe / and syn cam to the second / to the thyrd, & to the fourth / & neuer he rested nor ceassed hymself as long as the spere abode hole, whiche was sore bygge & oute of mesure grete, to slee & ouerthrowe his enmyes to the grounde / And or euer his spere was crased or broken / he ouerthreu & slew seuen of theym, that deyd myserable ther amonge the horses fete / Then toke blanchardyn his good swerde into his fyste, 2 wher1-1 rencontra ("a duke” wanting in the French). 2-2 (next page) dont il detrenchoit piez braz et Iambes et les pourfendoit Iusques es ceruelles and seven others, breaks. till his spear

Then Blanchardyn hews foes with his sword till the ground is red with blood. K. Alymodes brings up 10,000 fresh men. of he brak salletes & helmettes of fyn stele / and to brayned ther many one / he al to-hewe* his enmyes, & made legges, armes & fete to flee from the body of theym that all the grounde aboute hym was dyed in red wyth blode of his aduersaryes2/he dyd so moche of armes, that wyth in a while his swerde was wele beknowen among his enmyes / In so moche that they made hym waye, fleeng. they dyd so moche by their ryght excellent proues, that they made to recule theyr enmyes vnto their tentes / and sore yll yt had ben wyth theym yf kyng Alymodes had not socoured them, that cam of freshe wyth ten thousaund of his men/ and to them he began to call & saye /'forth, forthe, nobel barons / haue thys daye rememberaunce of your wyues & chyldren that ye haue lefte at home in care & myserye! for dred that they haue to lese you / take ayen wythin yourself a good and vygoryus corage in shewynge of your force and vertue ayenste your enmyes.' They began than to caste a crye amonge hem sore grete & wonderfull, tournynge their faces toward their enmyest / blanchardyn smote hymselfe wyth-ynne theym fyrst of all / whom they knew full wele, by cause that by hym & thorughe his cause they had receyued all the most losse that they had done there. wherfore all their desire was for to close hym all aboute, & slee hym yf they myghte haue doon soo. And they, seenge that he had embated hymself amonge theym, dyde putte hemself togyder, & enclosed hym cast darts at him, rounde aboute, launchynge and castyng to hym speres & dartes, in somoche that they wounded hym ful sore in many places of his body, and vnder hym they slew his horse but as a prew knyght ryght valiante & He fights on foot, hardy / lepte lyghtli on his fete, enbrasyng his shelde, his swerde heued vp in his fyste, wherwyth he smote Blanchardyn attacks them, but they surround him, and and kill his horse. *Orig. alto hewe = 3-3 next page Wanting in the French. 5 next page.

& hewe bothe legges & armes from the bodyes of theym by suche a myghte & fyersnes, and thorughe so grete abide his stroke strokes of hym,³ so that noon was so hardy of all his and none dare enmyes that durste abyde a full stroke of his handes / Of that other partye was the kyng of fryse & Sadoyne, that made the bataylles of hys enmyes to trembel full fast, & made roume where grete preses were. Ryghte & valiant was the kyng of fryse; for whom soeuer The King of he aryued vpon, he dyd shewe suche a puyssaunce valiantly. that he had no power to escape, but that he slew hym preu Friesland fights or wounded hym full ylle. Sadoyne, that was of grete Sadoyne nearly corage & full of brenuyng desire to acquyer to hymself the name of famouse proesse, chose corboraunt, the brother of kyng Alymodes, to whom he gaff suche a grete stroke wyth his swerde vpon his helme, that he kills Corboraunt, ouerthrew hym from his horse doun to the grounde/ and had kylde hym & broughte to his ende lightly / Alymodes ♦ K ij. 6000 fresh inen. yf he had not ben ryghte sone socoured by king but his brother Alymodes his brother, that cam vpon Sadoyne, acom20 panyed wyth six thousaund of his folke, wherof the rescues him with battayl beganne of fresshe to be sore fyers and grete / right grete was the effucyon or shedyng of blode there of bothe partyes, but more of alymodes parte, that was assaylled and befought on eythre syde, bothe behynde and before. Blanchardyn made there ryght a wondryng Blanchardyn of worthines and goode conducte. The kyng, his fader, folowed hym nyghe / and so dyde his felawe Sadoyne, for to confounde and ouercome their enmyes /5 ¶ The 5 Lesquelz trois vaillans et haultains princes firent tant par leurs tresexcellentes proesses que Ilz firent reculer leurs ennemis Iusques en leurs tentes Ia leur fust la chose mal tournee se le roy Alimodes ne leur fust sourvenu qui les vint secourir a tout dix mille hommes des meilleurs de ses gens Ausquelz Il commenca a crier et leur dire Auant barons au Iour dhuy vueillies auoir souvenance de voz femmes et enfans que auez laissie en douleur et misere pour la paour quilz ont de vous perdre / Reprendes en vous vigoreux et bon couraige en mon. strant votre force et vertu alencontre de voz ennemis Blanchandin qui dedens eulx sestoit feru le premier lequel Il cong-

cuts thro' every helinet he can reach. Sadoyne whiche sawe hym fyghtyng and destroyeng, and¹ sleynge his enmyes in suche wyse that he raughte noon vpon the salate, how stronge that he was / but that he claaf hym doun vnto the tethe/ But his grete corage and grete prouesse had ben but lytell worthe to hym, yf he had not be socoured anone of Sadoyne his true felawe / that had herde the cry and the noyse that they made aboute blanchardyn, that trowed to haue slayne hym / sadoyne seeng his true felawe blanchardyn that faught on fote ayenst his enmyes, broched his hors wyth the spore, full of anger & of wrathe, his swerde in his hande, dyed & all blody of the blode of his enmyes, smot hym self in to the presse, where he dyde see it moost thyk, accompanyed wyth suche knyghtes as he well trustyd followd by 10,000 vpon, callyng hygh after his baner, wherby x. thousaund men of his feliship folowed right soone the bak of and the King of hym / and, namely, the noble kynge of fryse, that ful spurs to rescue Blanchardyn, knights, Friesland, and the Provost of Tormaday, with his townsmen. Sadoyne remounts Blanchardyn. quykly cam to the rescue of his son blanchardin / So smot they hem self all at one weyght vpon kynge Alymodes folke, and byganne to hewe and slee them, so that wythin a short tyme they brake the presse, and made grete occycyon vpon their enmyes. To the rescue of blanchardyn cam also the gode prouost, & wyth him were they of the towne, that ful wel dyde, & bare hem self right wel; for so moche they deyde, that in a lytyl while, wolde their enmyes or not / that Sadoyne gat the place, & brought a right myghty courser vnto his felow blanchardyn, vpon whiche he mounted The kyng of fryse seeng his son blanchardyn / rescued & on horsbake ayen / brought his horse vp anone. noissoit assez pour ce que par lui et sa cause Ilz auoient receu toute la plusgrant perte quilz eurent faicte Pourquoy tout leur desir estoit de lenclore et occire se faire leussent peu / et eulx veant que dedens eulx estoit embatus se mirent ensamble et lencloirent en lui lanchant lances et dards tant que en pluseurs lieux le naurerent et lui occirent son cheual. 1 Orig. dna

· Blanchardyn and his father renew the fight, thick of it, nere hym, & demanded of hym / ¹how he dyde,¹ & yf he felt hym self wounded or hurt in ony place where eny doubte were of his lyf / Syre,' sayde blanchardyn, 4' no sore at all I fele wythin my body, that can let me to kylle & sle myn enmyes & yours.' '2 They thenne, wythout eny moo wordes, entred ayen bothe to gyder into the bataylle toward them of the towne, where Sadoyne was wyth them, fyghtyng ayenst Alymodes & Corboraunt his brother / Blanchardyn, seeng them of the towne by the baner that they bare, in which was portrayed a fygure in lykenes of a mayde that represented the proude pucell in amours, he dyde shewe it vnto his fader & to his felawe³ Sadoyne. he thenne toke corage & fyersnes more than euer he had don afore, admonestyng his fader & sadoyne to do wel their parte / Soo putte rush into the them self in to the thyckest of the batayll, where they ouer-threwe & casted doune alle that founde hem self by fore them/ Wherby kynge Alymodes folke reculed and drive back abak more than is the lengthe of an acre of lande / Alymodes seeng his folke lese grounde, & were smytten ded doun right by the hyghe prouesse & grete worthynes of blanchardyn / desyred sore wyth al his herte to joyne hym self wyth hym; & so cam he at the one syde of blanchardyn, his swerde in the hande, for to slee hym yf he myght. but blanchardyn, that ware was, & wel taught of all poyntes of werre, perceyued soone his manere of commyng ayenst hym, & tourned but Blanchardyn brydel, and went hym self vpon kynge Alymodes, & suche a stourdy stroke the gaf him vpon the helmet, that he brought him doune from his hors all astonyed/ and unhorses 5the whiche blanchardyn had taken right sone the hed from þe body of hym,5 if socours & help had not come who is rescued to hym of his folke, that brought his hors to him ayen, 2 les vostres 1-1 comment Il se faisoit 3-3 Wanting in the French. 5-5 le quel blanchandin eust occis Alymodes's men. K. Alymodes Blanchardyn tries to take in flank; wheels, K iij. Alymodes, and remounted.

K. Alymodes then challenges Blanchardyn to single combat. They fight fiercely, and Alymodes has to be rescued by his brother Corboraunt. & remounted him on horsbak. whan he see hym self on his hors, he cam ayen vpon Blanchardyn, the swerde in his hande, requyryng to blanchardyn that he wolde drawe out of the prese, & that he had grete desyre to proue hym self vpon hym / Whan blanchardyn vnderstode kynge Alymodes, he was right glad, & right lyberaly 'graunted to hym his requeste / They two drewe them self out of the bataylle, & byganne to bete & smyte one vpon other so ofte & so thyk that the fyre came out of their armures, that were of fyn stele.¹ but blanchardyn dyde serue hym wyth so peysaunt & heuy strokes, & so horryble, that alymodes sholde neuer haue departed from the place quyk, yf he had not be socoured of corboraunt his brother. The batayll of theym two, dyde see playnly be proude pucell in amours that was vpon her highe toure, where she praied god for the prosperyte of blanchardyn / She called a yong knyght 2a seruaunt of hers,2 to whom she toke a sleue of whyt damaske, & commaunded hym to presente hit hastely from her behalue vnto blanchardyn/prayng hym that for her sake & loue, to dye bidding him dye the whyt coloure in to red wyth the blode of her enmyes/The gentyl man, sore desyryng to accomplyshe his maystres commaundement, toke of his lady the sleue of whyt colour. he departed & made suche diligence, that a present was therof made to blanchardyn, rehersyng vnto hym that that his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, had charged him to saye vnto blanchardyn / whiche was right glad of the saide present, more than he sholde haue be yf the messenger had brought to He thanks her. hym a mylyon of fyn golde³/ and thanked moche his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, that behylde hym from her tour as ferre as she myght chuse hym, and Eglantine sends her white sleeve to Blanchardyn, it red in the blood of her foes. 2-2 1-1 hors de lachier qui en leurs heaulmes estoit. son seruiteur 3-3 blanchandin ful moult Ioyeulx fenestre

strikes his foes like thunder. K. Alymodes and his men withships. the remnant of draw to their enforced his power for to parfurnysshe her request. he smote vpon his enmyes as it had be the thonder, con- Blanchardyn foundyng and ouerthrowyng them ded to þe grounde; for who that was that tyme yrought of hym, his dayes were fynyshed. fynably, the batayll lasted so longe that kynge Aly modes & his Cassydonyens were rebuked, wold they or no, to their grete losse, hurt and dammage for of thre score thousaund, the remenaunt that myght be saued wythdrewe themself wyth kynge alymodes, that toke hastely the waye toward his shippes for to entre, and saue hym self ther Inne / But sadoyne folowed hym of so nyghe at bak of hem, that with grete peyne gaf them leyser to saue hem sclf / And so ferre he folowed and chassed them, that he ouer toke kynge alymodes brother called Corboraunt, to whome he gaff a reuerse wyth his swerde so grete that he made fle bothe the helme and the hed from the body of hym.¹ Kynge alymodes seeng his brother slayne of a knyght alone, was full sory and an-angred / he ascryed to his folke that traytoure that had slayne his brother Corberaunt sholde be taken by them, for he hath doon to vs this day so moche of euyl, bothe he and his felawes/ that I shal neuer haue Ioye at my herte tyl that I haue hym ded or taken / They thenne from al sydes tourned vpon Sadoyne, and slewe his He is sur horsse and enclosed hym rounde aboute, so that his defendyng had nought proffyted to hym nor holpen but that he shold haue be there slayn, yf kynge alymodes had not ascryed & commaunded to his men that they sholde not sle hym, but sholde take hym and taken. quyk, whiche thynge was don of hem. Grete crye, noyse, and houlyng made the sarasyns at the takyng of Sadoyne, in somoche that blanchardyn herde them, whiche cam rennyng there as the medle was wyth a grete nombre of folkys. But the kyng Alymodes seeng 1 et chey mort. Sadoyne cuts off Corboraunt. the head of rounded, 2 K iiij.

Sadoyne is carried by Alymodes on board ship. Blanchardyn's offer of ransom for Sadoyne hym comyng wyth puyssaunce, for fere that he had of hym, he departyd, & went hastely wyth suche as wold be saued wyth hym/ and entred hys shyppes, and brought wyth hym Sadoyne / for blanchardyn coude neuer come tyme ynough to the rescue of hym; but or euer they were entred in to theyr vessels they made grete losse of their men / but the sorow was ryght grete of Blanchardyn and of hys folke, whan he wyste that the paynemys had wyth hem his trew felawe Sadoyne/ wherof he was so dolaunt, & so replenyshed wyth sorow and heuynes, that no body coude pease hym by eny manere. He smote his hors wyth the spore, alonge by the shores of the see, escryeng as loude as he myght vnto kyng Alymodes, that he wolde take to hym ageyn his felaw Sadoyne and that for his raensom he shulde geue hym thre score thousand pound of fyne gold, wyth six thousand men of his folke that he had prysoners / Alymodes ansuerd, that yf he wolde delyuer the proude pucell in amours to hys wylle / that he shulde take hym ayen Sadoyne / blanchardyn ansuerd that he was content, and that whan he sholde haue ayen Sadoyne / and had delyuerd the proude pucell in amours in his hande/he shold rather slee hymself than that she shold abyde wyth hym no while. After these wordes / Alymodes, the kyng of Cassydonye, that was ryghte sore an-angred, rose vpon his fete and sayd to blanchardyn / that he loste his wordes / And that he sholde neuer see Sadoyne, but sholde haue hym wyth hym in to CassySadoyne is to be donye, where he sholde make hym to be hanged byfore hangd. Beatryx his doughter, sayeng that suche sholde be the rewarde of his folyshe loue, and that noon other raenson he sholde take for hym. And the sorowefull / Sadoyne, that was that tyme vpon the wale of the ship, sore harde ybounde wyth yrons, bygan to calle, and sayde wyth a hyghe voyce / 'far wel, my true felawe blanchis refused.

Chapter XLIV

farewell to ardyn / Ye shall neuer see me more, as I byleue.' And Saloyne calls thus they departed wythout eny more speche. The Blanchardyn. wynde was goode for them, that sone brought them ferre from the coste of Tormaday, ¹and drewe towarde Cassydonye /1 ¶ The xliiij. chapiter conteyneth in hit self how blanchardin made hym self redy with his folke and nauye for to socoure and helpe his felawe Sadoyne that kynge Alymodes brought prysoner to Cassydonye /2 W laments the capture of his friend Sadoyne, Han blanchardyn dyde see that to hym was Im- Blanchardyn possyble to haue ayen by raenson his true felaw sadoyne, he was right sory therfor, and none was there so grete frende wyth hym that coude recomforte hym. sore pyteously he byganne to wyshe hym ayen, sayng in this wyse, 'wo me, sadoyne, iny veray true felawe! for my sake ye haue lefte your fader, your royalme, landes, lordshippes, and kynrede, and your frendes, and haue exposed the body of you and of your men to the socoure and help of me / & nowe for myne owne cause be prysoner, ought not I wel to enforce my self that ye were delyuered from the euyll where ye be in at this tyme for the grete loue that ye haue vnto me / ye set him free. ¶ Certes I ought to do it / and yf god be playsed, I and resolves to shall acquyte my self therof'/¶ The pouere folke of prusse, that is to wyte, the barons and knyghtes that Sadoyne had brought wyth hym / were sore dyscomfyted and full of sorowe for thabsence of their maystre, that they sawe was brought prysonner of the paynems/ But blanchardyn ryght humbly dyde recomforte hem þe best wyse that he coude / after that the gayne was 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 auec luy BLANCHARDYN. M

Blanchardyn orders all the day to be victuald. Blanchardyn, parted emonge them that therof were worthy / Blanchardyn gaff commaundement, that alle the shippes and ships at Torma- other vesselles that were al aboute Tourmaday, sholde be made redy and garnysshed wyth vytaylles suche as apparteyned and that his wylle was vttyrly sette for to goo to gyue socoure and helpe vnto his felawe Sadoyne/The fayr yong lady, the proude pucell in Eglantine meets amours, was alredy come ayenst her true louer, Blanchardyn. So may ye well ynough thynke and knowe for certayn that teerys were there shed and wepte of her parte in grete habondaunce¹ / ¶ Whan the two mouthes met kyssynge eche other, the noble mayden was well recomforted of all her euylles past. But ouer moche dysplaysed her to see her feyth-full frende Blanchardyn that wolde goo ayen out of the lande / They cam wythin the cyte, where they were receyued wyth grete feste and gladnesse. And syth, after the owre of mydnyght was past / Blanchardin cam to the paleys, where he fonde his loue, the proude pucelle in amours, that sorowed right sore for the departyng of her frende blanchardyn. But the best that to hym was possyble and kisses him. She sorrows for his going. return soon. In her Court He promises to he dyde recomforte / her, promyttyng to her, that alssone as he godely myght, he sholde retourne ayen toward her/ Ther wythin was a knyght wyth her in whom she had a grete confydence, whiche had be noryshed in her paleys from the first tyme of his yonge age wyth the kynge of Tourmaday her fader, that recomended hym at the owre of his deth vnto his doughter/ ¶ A full fayr knyght he was, but he was descended of a lowe kynrede, for his fader & his moder had be seruauntes wyth-in the place, the whiche knyght by his subtyl engyne and gode seruyse that he made, came to be soo is a knight of low birth, 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 (next page) Le quel fut par son subtil engin et seruice quil faisoit que le Roy de tourmaday pere de la pucelle auoit plus de foy

pryue famylier wyth the kynge, the proude pucelle in amours fader, that he added and gaffe more feyth and truste,2 and more credence vnto hym & his wordes, than he dyde in eny other knyght or baron of his royalme, wherfore atte his decesse he had him moche recomended / But men saye in a comyn langage that 'neuer noo wodewoll dyde brede a sperhawke'¶ I saye who was much trusted by her father. Subyon. this for the knyght of whom I doo make here mencyon, whiche had to his name Subyon / for he was soo proude His name is and so hawten, that aduyse was to hym for the grete auctoryte that he was ynne, that non sholde haue com12 pared wyth hym / ¶ And therfore I saye that ‘of churles, bothe man and wyff, can departe noo goode fruyte.' And it is Impossyble that yf eny grete lord, prynce / or baron gyue auctoryte or lene his eeres for to herken to a churles wordes / But that he shall be at last deceyued by hym, wythout more happe be/ ¶ for men sayen that of a kerle may nought come but poyson and fylth, 5that maketh the place to stynke where he haunteth ynne 5' / as the same Subyon dyde / Blanchardyn, seeng this knyght to be in grete auctoryte in the To him, court of the proude pucelle in amours, and well honoured and gretely set by of all thoffycers of the places / He dyde chuse the sayde knyght subyon, wythout eny Blanchardyn counseyll of other, for to playse the better the pucelle therby, and betoke vnto hym the kepynge of the proude entrusts pucelle in amours noble personne, wyth the charge and Eglantine, Tormaday. gouernaunce of an hundred knyghtes, that sholde wayte vpon hym, and made hym seneshall of all the royalme and the realm of of Tourmaday, & rewler of all the lande, wherof the noble mayden was right glad, that knewe not what vnto her sholde befall therby afterward, as herafter ye shall mowe vnderstande playnly / 3 bruhier merueilles est si en la par fin nen est deceu 5-5 que en bausme le lieu ou Il repaire 6-6 Icellui

Chapter XLV

Blanchardyn takes leave of Eglantine. His father comforts her. Blanchardyn, his father and men, embark, ships, ¶The xlv chapyter sheweth how Blanchardyn toke the sec for to go socoure his felawe Sadoyne. A fter that Blanchardyn had put prouysion and kepyng for his lady and her lande, he toke his leue of her, whiche was wel sorowfull of eyther partyes. But the grete desyre that blanchardyn had for to socoure & helpe his true felaw sodayne, to haue hym out of the thraldom in to franchise, retarded wythin his herte many sobbynges / The kyng of fryse came toward the proude pucell in amours / And sayde to her ¹in this maner of wyse,¹ 'madame, It nede not to you to make eny sorowe But be of goode chire and alle recomforted, for, to the playsure of oure lorde, we shal not haue so soone accomplysshed oure enterpryse, But that I shal brynge to you ageyne my sone blanchardyn.' The proude pucelle in amours thenne ansuerde full mekely, and sayde to the kynge, fader vnto Blanchardyn, sire, of that ye promytte to me I thanke you moche; I pray god that it may be soo, and gyue you and hym grace to retourne wyth Ioye wythin short tyme for the waytyng and tarying therof shalbe so renoyouse to me.' The kynge of fryse and the other barons thenne toke their leue of the pucelle, and folowed blanchardyn that had taken his shippyng alredy. Whan the proude pucelle in amours sawe her frende blanchardyn departed from her chambre, where she lened vpon a wyndowe that loked vpon the see / makyng full pyteouse rewthes for her loue that she sawe, nor neuer thens she wolde departe aslonge as she myght see the shyppes that were sayllyng/Whan blanchardyn They have many had taken the see wyth many shippes & galleyes, he had grete Ioye at his herte for the grete excercyte of folke that he conducted, And that wyth hym was the 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Ch. XLV-VI.] Blanchardyn sails to rescue Sadoyne. kynge his fader, of whom he was well recomforted / as of thre score thousand good men of warre that wyth and 60,000 men. hym were wele appoynted, ¹what of Sadoynes folke as of hem of Tourmaday,¹ whiche had all a goode wyll & grete desire to rescue their lord Sadoyne, and to haue hym oute of the handes of king Alymodes: The weder was fayr and clere, and the see peasyble & styll; the ancres were drawen up, and the sayles alofte, wherin the wynde smot & blew softe & good, that sone brought them a goode waye fro the lande. Grete bruyt & reuyl they made at their partyng; the see was couered wyth their sayles, that sore brode were spred vpon their vesselles many an horne, many an olyphaunt, & many a claryon & trompettes were blowen there, that made a Ioyefull noyse.2 ¶ We shall here leue to telle of blanch16 ardyn & of his ryght puyssaunt excercyte, that wyth force of saylles & oores goon saylyng on the see, fulsore thretnyng kyng Alymodes his enmye / And shall retourne to speke of subyon, and of his lady the proude pucelle in amours, for to telle of their aduenturys, of the trayson of bym, and the grete comstaunce & feythfulnes of that other noble pucelle, in manere as here foloweth : The xlvj chapter sheweth how Subyon, to whom blanchardyn atte his departyng had lefte the gouernaunce & kepynge of his lady, the fayr proude pucell in amours and of all the royalme: made conspyracyoun ayenste her for to take her and haue her to his wyff: And of that that whiche happed afterwarde. 1-1 tant des gens de sadoine comme de ceulx de tormaday. 2-2 et maintes tempestes de trompettes en y oy bondir. Et sonnerent plus de deux grandes lieues de mer pour prendre leur estour. Their trumpets make a joyful sound.

Chapter XLVI

Subyon, being left in command of Tormaday, and having charge of Eglantine, bargains with the Chiefs of the land, that if they'll help him to wed Eglantine, her wealth. E haue well harde here afore, whan blanchardyn YE dyd departe from Tormaday, how he dyd ordeyne Subyon, & made hym seneshcall & his leeftenaunt generall of the royalme of Tormaday / takynge to hym the rewle and the kepynge of the pucell, vnto tyme that he were comen ayen. Subyon, seeyng hym self in suche an auctoryte, and so hansed in worship¹/ toke in his herte an vnconstaunt pryde of the moeuable2 godes of fortune, & wolde clymme vp yet in to a more hyghe astate than he fortunably was comen vnto whiche myght wel haue suffysed a better man than he was; for hym semed that the tyme was now come that he best myght bryng it aboute.3 He sawe that he was obeyed thurgh all the royalme / & that nothyng was don wythout his leue or commaundement, whiche euery man kept & obeyed. So dyde he so moche, that wyth the most grete of the lande he made conspiracion, in so moche that, by grete gyftes and promesses that he made to them, they promysed hym for to serue hym in accomplyssyng of all his wyll, & to make him kynge of the lande / To this dyde consent many a traytour of the house of the pucell. Subyon sayde vnto them all / 'Lordes, ye knowe me al ynough, and the grete auctoryte and power where I am now ynne / Wherby I may make yow all riche yf ye wyl helpe truly to brynge my desyre at a gode ende / and that ye helpe me so moche that I may haue to myn espouse the proude pucelle in amours and wedde her; of alle the godes and riches wherof she is endowed and well garnysshed, that they shall share nothing therof be parted / ¶ But ye shalbe perteners to the hool as my self, & to me shal suffyse the name to be a kynge, and to haue the pucelle to myn owne wyf/ & for þe seruyse that ye shal do to me in this 1-1, 2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 lui sembla que en plus hault estat quil nestoit lui conuenoit monter et que heure estoit venue pour ce faire /

K. Alymodes ardyn, or Subyon will kill Blanchwill. byhalue, ye shal haue þe reward suche as I haue promysed vnto you; & wyth this, I shal kepe you ayenst al other that wold trouble or greue you by eny maner of wyse; for moche better it is to you to haue a lord borne of this lande / than to haue a straunger; & ye may byleue certeynly that Blanchardyn shal neuer come ayen at thys syde; kyng alymodes is to myghty a lorde in his lande, ¹that shall sone ouercome blanchardyn.1 And yf so be that he wolde be so ouer proude to come hyder ageyn, I shall make hym to be hanged wythoute eny respyte.' Then the false traytours & vntrew men to whiche Subyon made thys promyse / ansuerd to hym all wyth one voyce, that they shulde helpe to bryng The Chiefs thys werke aboute, that he shulde be kyng / & Incon- treachery, tynent dide geue vnto him their feyth, makyng a grete & a solempne oath that they shulde be trew to hym of their promesses. Alas, the good knyghte blanchardyn was not aware that tyme of the grete treason that machyned was ayenst hym. The ryght vntrew subyon sore desirouse to accom20 was therof ryght glad / & plysshe his dampnable enterpryse at an ende; he & his complices in grete nombre went vp to the paleys hall, agree to this by oath. The traitor Subyon and his accomplices go to Eglantine, where he fonde the proude pucelle in loue was, that but a lytyl afore was com fro the wyndowe, where she had conueyed wyth her eye her trewe louer blanchardyn & commended hym & his fayer companye in to the kepyng of our lord, prayeng humbly that a goode retorne & a shorte he myght make. Thenne whan she sawe that she myghte no more see hem, she went awaye from the wyndowe as halfe in a swone, sore tenderli who is mourning for Blanchardyn. wepynge And euyn at that tyme entred subyon in her halle, and toke her by the hande, and had her vp fro the grounde, and syn sayd: 'Madame, dyscomforte you not thus for a stranger that fleeth from one lande to a nother, but gyue me wythoute mo wordes your loue 1-1 Wanting in the French.

Eglantine rejects Subyon's profferd love. [Ch. XLVI, Subyon asks her & goode wylle, and ye shall doo as a wyse woman & to love him. She scorns the infamous churl. He declares he'll wed her by force. She is betrayd by her Chiefs, and sorrows bitterly. well counseylled.' Whan the noble mayden vnderstode Subyon, ryght fyersli she began to loke vpon hym, drawyng herselfe to the vpperhande of hym, and sayde: 'O thou ryght enfamouse churle and olde myschaunte, How hast thou ben so hardy to speke thus of the sone of a kynge, the most preu and the most valyant that euer gyrded eny swerde? ¹how thenne, arte thou now dronke, or folyshe, or from thy witte that thou haste dare utter or profere suche wordes oute of thy mouthe' /¹ Thenne subyon al a hyghe ansuered and sayde: 'lady, speke nomore of hit / for ye shal neuer haue non other man to youre husband & lorde but me, and tomorowe wythout lenger abydyng, wyl ye, or not / I shal take & wedde you to my wyf, and shal beslepe your bed wyth you' And the traytours & felon conspiratours sayde vnto their lady al togyder atones: 'Madame, take and wedde subyon! he is a man that shal kepe yow right wel, and al your royalme, lordshipys, and landes'/ The good lady thenne hering the cursed and false traytours speke / saw wel that she was trahyshed of all poyntes, but yf god of his grace purueyed not for her, she was lyke to be vttirly lost. To see that noble pucelle dyscomforted as she was / ther was noo man but ought to haue compassion & pyte of her / She wyst of noo comforte to take vnto her, but to loke out at the wyndowe, callyng after blanchardyn that alredy had saylled ferre / & knewe nothynge of this adoo; 2 for yf he had knowlege ther-of the same tyme, he sholde neuer haue had Ioye at his herte tyl that she had be delyuered out of that grete heuynesse. The noble mayden made grete sorowe & tourmented her self ful piteously. Thenne cam her maystresse sore discomforted, that wyth grete 1-1 Comment doncques es tu fol ou yure ou esragie dauoir oze dire telz motz 2 affaire /

Ch. XLVI-VII.] Subyon claims Tormaday and Eglantine. 179 peyne brought her in to her chambre. ¶ The rewthe & doleaunce that this right parfit & true lady made, ought certeynly to styre and moeue all noble hertes to pyte & compassyon of her infortune / Whan at the best tyme and most entier of her age ¹she had euer more sorowe / care, & grete displeysure.¹ The night was to her sore long, whiche she & her maystres passed all wayes wepyng wythout onye ceasse. And the next day subyon, that to the nobles of the lande had assigned an owre for to be at the paleys / cam wyth theym that helde part wyth hym in the halle, hauying their swerdes al naked vnder their mantelles / And whan the nobles of the lande were come there at his sendyng, subyon dyde expose vnto theym the cause wherfore he had called hem, and tolde them that he wolde be made kynge of tourmaday / & that he wold wedde the proude pucelle in amours, for many causes & raysons that were to long to be reherced. ¶ Here foloweth the xlvij chapter, that sheweth how therle of castelforde, the goode prouost, and the knyght of the fery, wyth their folke, toke and bare awaye the proude pucelle wyth them in to Castelforde, magre Subyon, that besieged them wythin the sayde place/2as ye shal here.2 W Next day Subyon Nobles, and summons the demands to be King, and to wed Eglantine. Han the nobles of the lande that were there The Tormadian Nobles, seeing assembled vnderstod Subyon, they had therof grete merueylle, and loked vpon eche other al abashed/ Of that other part, they marked well that wyth subyon Subyon's men were grete fuson of men, al in harneys vnder their armd, 1-1 elle nauoit que desplaisir. 2-2 Wanting in the French.

Chapter XLVII

are obliged to yield his demands. But Lord Castelford, the Provost, and the Knight of the Ferry, refuse, fight Subyon's iuen, gownes, wherfore they see wel that force it was to / them to consent his wyl at that owre, & ansuered vnto hym/Syth that his playsure was so, they were content.' but the olde erle of castelforde, the goode prouost, and the knyght of the fery, sayde al thre togyder, of one accorde / that they sholde neuer be consentyng of that infydelyte and grete trayson; but cryed vp alowde, that men sholde taken Subyon, for to be brought to pryson vnto the tyme that blanchardyn cam ayen. subyon thenne called vpon his folke, & saide that they sholde avenge hym vpon thees treytours/ The gode erle, the prouost, & the knyght of þe fery called ayen in lyke wise vpon their folke / so byganne þe medle to be grete & fyers Betuyx the two partyes, whiche were not equal for ouer moche were the traytours in grete multytude / So were constrayned the thre knyghtes and theyr men to wythdrawe themself togyder awaye. Whan the proude pucell in amours sawe therle departed, she ded call after hym ryght pyteousli, 'Ha, ryghte nobel knyght, haue pyte & compassyon ¹vpon thys pore chylde, whiche is now all alone amonge wolues famyshed, be redy to deuoure me.'1 The goode erle, then, the prouost, & the knyght of the fery, their swerdes in thier handes naked, toke & seysed her by force, & broughte her down the stayers of the paleys, where they founde their horses, that bode there after hem; and lepte a horsbak, and, by the They mount her helpe of their frendes & kynnesmen, they sette the lady vpon a myghty palfray, magre Subyon & all his complyces. The prouost guyded her horse by the reyn, that was made faste to the brydell, and the good erle & the knyght of the fery cam behynde hem wyth their folke, that had their swerdes al naked. And somoche they dyd, by their highe proesse, that magre their enmyes they conducted & broughte wyth them. 1-1 de ceste poure doulante et exillee and carry off Eglantine. on horseback, and guard her.

the pucell oute of her cyte of tourmaday / that was not wyth oute grete rewth, & pyteouse clamors of the peple / for they were all in a grete dyspleasure for their noble & good lady, that so pyteousli they sawe departe the town. The noble erle, the good prouost, & the worthy knyght of the fery exployted¹ so longe, that wythoute eny let or combrauns they & þe proude pucelle in amours arryued in sauete wythin the fortres of Castelforde, where they were receyued of the countesse wyth hertly loue & grete humylite. The proude pucell in amours thanked and rendred graces onto oure lord, that she was thus escaped oute of the handes of her enmye / Wherof she thanked ryght moche the goode erle of Castelforde. And Subyon, seeng that the pucell was thus caryed awaye, he was ryght wrooth and sory that she was scaped soo from hym. he made all hys Eglantine's proher safely to the Castelford. tectors conduct fortress of folke to lepe on horsbak, & folowed hem that had her Subyon pursues them, track. awaye, by the markes of their horses steppes. but at thentree of a forest that was there, they loste their but loses their trayne, and went oute of ther waye / wherby they myght not folowe nor ouertake the pucell, nor they that brought her wyth theim / 2And thus subyon & his complyces inordynate purpos was tourned, chaunged,2 & fayled of their false & vntrew enterprise. the ryght wycked & false Subyon had not refreyned nor fulfylled his peruerse & vntrewe corage / but sent hastyly to He sends to Tourmaday for folke & engynes, ladders, and other munitions, habylymentes of warre, and made theim com afore Castelforde, where he dyd laye his siege; and sware and besieges that he shulde neuer departe from afore the place vnto the tyme that the Castel were take, and theym³ of wythin at his wyll / But it ys sayd often, in a comyn langage that 'moche abydeth behynde that a fole 1 Orig. fe expryloyted 2-2 Par quoy leur desordonne propos en fut mue 3 ceulx Tormaday for Castelford.

of Castelford is impregnable, thynketh' /for the good erle, the prouost, & the knyght of the fery, wyth theyr folke, ordeyned & prouyded theym self soo, that they fered but lytyl subyon or nouzte; And had more lette & care to comforte the noble lady ¹Eglantyne, otherwyse callyd the proude pucell in amours,1 than they had of Subyon. CastelEglantine's place forde was a stronge place, and well appoynted to the werre for that yt was Inprenable, and fered not the shotte of the engynes / nor of bombardes. ¶ It was purueyd ryghte well of vytaylles, and of good men of ¶ 2 Here we shall tarye styll oure penne, to wryte of them that be byseged, and of Subyon, that kepte his seege byfore the fortresse of Castelforde; And 3shalle wryte³ of Alymodes, the vntrew kynge, that ladde wyth hym the goode knyghte Sadoyne, felawe to blanchardyn, toward the cyte of Cassydonye /5 and well mand. Lj. K. Alymodes and his prisoner Sadoyne land in Cassidonye. werre. ¶ Here foloweth the xlviij chapter, that conteyneth how kyng Alymodes arryued before the cyte of Cassydonye / And how he spake to his doughter, the fayr Bea-20 tryx; and how for to doo to her a more grete despyte, made a gybet to be dressed vp, for to haue hanged there, afore her eyen, hyr goode husbonde Sadoyne. YE E haue wele vnderstonde here afore, how kyng Alymodes toke his shippyng hastely after the batayll that was afore Tormaday, and brought Sadoyne prysoner wyth hym; and saylled toward Cassydonye, where they arryued wythoute lettyng or perell. whan they were comen in to the hauen, Alymodes made his 1-1 qui auec eulx estoit 2-2 Atant vous lairons a parler deceulx 3-3 parlerons 5 la ou Ilz arriuerent sans peril auoir 6 Orig. husboode

Chapter XLVIII

L ancres to be cast, and toke lande there wyth his folke; and syth made their horses to be had oute of the vesseles, wheropon they mounted, and spred theymself vpon the playn in a fayr ordenaunce of batayll. There beganne the trompettes, the hornes, the olyphauntes, & the busynes to blowe, that suche a noyse made, that the see & the erthe retentyssed wyth alle / The same tyme was the fayr Beatryx, the doughter of kynge Alymodes, lenyng 1 wyth bothe her armes vpon a wyndowe wythin her paleys, that loked toward the see syde. ¶ She sawe there in the playne a grete nombre of men of armes, wherof she was right glad, wenyng to her that it had be Sadoyne, her true louer and welbeloued husbande, that had retourned ageyne wyth Blanchardyn. hastely she made her sty warde to lepe a horsbak, and sent hym for to knowe what folke werre arryued, and landed in so grete nombre; whiche taryed not longe after that he was goon out of the towne, that he sawe Alymodes and his folke, that cam toward the towne 2a softe paas2 / he asked hem what they were, and yf they wyst not som goode tydynges of Sadoyne / Thenne cam kyng Alymodes forthe, and demaunded to the styward whiche his lady had leuer to see, other her fader or her louer Sadoyne. The styward ansuerd and sayde: Syre, I knowe not your persone, what ye be, nor to whom I speke; but wel I dare telle you, that she careth not of her fader, and that yf he cam ayen, ³he sholde not entre nor come ayen he[r] nor come wythin the towne'/3 ¶ And he tolde hym that they of the towne, and of alle the lande of Cassydonye, were becomen cristen; and had crowned Sadoyne 4to their kynge, & had made their homage vnto hym, and helde hym for their lorde souerayne / Whan Alymodes vnderstode the styward, he was sore dolaunt, 1-1 Wanting in the French. 3-3 Il nentreroit pas en la ville 2-2 le petit pas 4-4 a roy The noise of the trumpets makes Beatrice send her steward Sadoyne. for news of The steward tells Alymodes that Beatrice cares not for him. The folk have turnd Christians, and elected Sadoyne king.

K. Alymodes tell Beatrice that he'll hang her husband Sadoyne next day. & tryste of that he sawe hym self thus vnfortunable as to haue lost his knyghtes, and trowed to haue come to reffut in his lande, that he fonde tourned to another lawe than his owne; The gates of the cyte and castell shet And theym of wythin rebell ayenst hym; his right dere sone daryus slayn and ded. Of that other part, he sawe his only doughter, that denyed and defended hym his comynge in to his cyte of Cassy-8 bids the steward donye. He sayd full angerly to the styward, that 'to an euyll owre hath your lady ben so madde as to mary her self to a ladde, a straunger, wythout my lycence and knowlege. She hath styred suche a thynge, wherof she shal haue yet at her herte grete sorowe and heuynes. ¶ for thou shalt mowe telle vnto her / that wyth me I doo brynge her yong ladde Sadoyne, whiche I shall to morowe make to be hanged in despyte of her, byfore my cyte of Cassydonye /' ¶ Whan the goode styward vnderstode hym that to hym spake, and knewe certaynly ¹that it was kynge Alymodes / wythout eny moo wordes departed from hym, and cam hastely, brochyng his horsse wyth the spore, vnto the cyte / he went in to the paleys, where he fonde his lady, and On hearing this, recounted to her how it was kyng Alymodes and his folke, and what he had sayde; wherof she entred in to a bytter displaysure, and hertely sorowe. ¶ Not wythstandyng this, as a vertuose lady, made alle her folke Beatrice has her to be redy in their harneys, whiche at that syde off the towne made to goo vp vpon the walles and towres, for to deffende the towne. And charged them that they sholde not late her fader come wythin, and that non of them sholde speke wyth hym. Kynge alymodes came rydyng toward the cyte wyth his bataylle / And aryued afore the castell, where he sawe and knewe his doughter, that loked out of a wyndowe / wyth hym he brought Sadoyne, to thende that she myght see hym, for to make to her a gretter dispite. Thenne called 1 Lij. walls mand. Her father

kyng Alymodes alowde, and sayde vnto his doughter, that anone hastely she sholde make to hym and his K. Alymodes folke openyng of the gates of the castel and towne; / and threatens to hang her husband. sayng to her that ouer grete haste she had made to reproaches her, mary her self wythout his wyll, and that in an euyll oure she euer wedded Sadoyne; that for this cause, for to doo to her a grete dyspite, he shal to morowe make hym to be hanged/¶The fayre Beatryx, heryng her fader speke that she sone knewe, ansuered vnto hym swetly, and sayd by grete humylyte, full of sorowe, and of compassyon and pyte, for to refrene and brynge to swetnes the harde corage and cruel wylle of kynge Alymodes her fader / And namely for her goode husbande sake/trowyng to eschewe his deth therby: appease him, and appeals to him to turn Christian, ¶ ‘Ha, ha, my lorde, my dere fader, pardone your Beatrice tries to Wrathe and euyll wylle to my lorde my good husbonde, and to me your only doughter; & be you sure my lord, my dere fader, that whiche I haue donn in this behalue, I haue donn it for the best. and yf ye woll byleue me ye shall leue your folishe credence that ye geue vnto your false goddes,¹ and shall byleue the fader, the sone, & the holy goost/2one onli god,2 that shalle make you to come to the blysse³ perdurable, that neuer shall fayll; and ye shall accorde wyth blanchardyn & wyth sadoyn, of whom ye shall be serued and dred of all your neyghbours / and shall lyue in grete worship & goode prosperyte alle your dayes; and I shall well doo wyth theym, that all that whiche I saye shall be made sure' /5 ¶ Whan thenne kynge Alymodes herde thus speke his doughter, as a cruell man from his wyttes, sayd vnto her: Ha, false and renyed strompet, Alymodes abuses I were me leuer ded, than that I sholde byleue nor doo 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 4-4 desquelz 5-5 Ilz feront 3 gloire 6-6 mauuaise pute et renoyee Iameroye mieulx que Il fusse and agree with Blanchardyn and Sadoyne. her. mort

K. Alymodes says he'd rather be torn in bits than turn Christian. burn Sadoyne. Beatrice taunts her father, thi cursed counseyll; and that euer I sholde byleue in that same god of the crystens, that thou now preysest / I sholde me leuer soffer to be drawen wyth horses / He will hang and and in despyte of hym & of the, I shall doo to be executed in thy presence that that I haue sayd / and after I shall make hym to be brent, and to deye an euyl deth.' And whan she sawe that by ¹no manere of meanes¹ she myght not tourne ne chaunge the corage of her cruel fader, And that she herde hym saye blame of her god, her creatoure in whom she had sette her byleue and her herte / she by grete wrath sayd to hir fader: 'O, full ryght false and olde tyraunte, that worshypste false and desceyuable 2goddes and2 ydoles, that canne not helpe the nor theym selfe, ¶ What sekest thou here, nor what moeueth the to come in to this marche? Thou haste noughte to doo here, for thou shalt not sette thy foote wythin my towne / goo ayen 3 to Tormaday to see the noble lande of that lady, she of whom thou arte amorouse soo moche, that thou arte a fole become therfore / Olde vnfamouse myschaunt/how arte thou soo folyshe and so ouerwenynge/ as for to wene to haue her / 4thou haste that berde of thyne ouer whyte therto / thy face is to mykel wonne / and that olde skynne of thyn ys ouer mykel shronken to gyder; put thy selfe in to some fayr hermytage, And medel thou nomore wyth loue / leue this thoughte, and make no more thyne accomptes for to entre wythin my cyte; for yf ye haue taken and bunde my husbond, that I see ther by the, I shall haue hym ayene, to the pleasure of our lorde my creatour, some daye, that shal be to your euyll aduenture' / Whan Alymodes vnderstode the reproches and the rygorouse wordes of his doughter he wende to haue lost his wyttes, and to 3 Liij. ridicules him as a worn-out old fool for pretending to Eglantine's love, and says that God will restore Sadoyne to her. 1-1 nullement 2-2 Wanting in the French. 4-vous auez la barbe trop grise, la face trop vsee et le cuir trop retrait

K. Alymodes assaults the town of Cassidonye, beaten back. haue deyd for anger and sorowe / Incontynent, wythoute delaye, he made his trompettes to be blowen, And commaunded that the towne sholde be wele assaylled of all partyes / His men made hem redy after his commaundement / and came and sawted the towne full proudely they that were wythin defended theym vygoryously, as men of highe facion¹ / 2They kylled and slue and hurte sore many one, Deffendynge hem selfe soo strongely ayenste their enmyes, to theyr grete losse and damage, & to wythdrawe them self ayen /2 but his men are wherfore kynge Alymodes, sore angry and full of wrathe ³ for the deth of many of his knyghtes that had be ther slayne³/made his ryche pauylyons to be dressed & hanged byfore the towne / and commaunded thorugh al his oost that they sholde reioyse hem self, and that they sholde make grete reuell, in sygne of Ioye / to thende that þe noyse therof shold come to the eeres of his doughter / for to gyue a more grete cause of dysplaysure and sorowe: Also he commaunded that Sadoyne sholde be beten / And syth to morowe, in the mornyng, as soone as the daye byganne to appiere, kynge alymodes commaunded expressely to the mareshall of his ooste, that he shold doo make and to be sette vp a galhouse, euyn byfore the castell / to thende that his doughter myght better see hange at her ease her frende and louer Sadoyne. He ordeyned and hangd. comaunded that he shold be hanged / After this Alymodes bids his Marshal set up a gallows, that Beatrice may see Sadoyne comaundement made by kynge Alymodes, his mareshall dyde the kynges wyll to be accomplyssed; and accom- This is done. panyed wyth fyue hundred men of armes, brought 1 facon 2-2 maint en naurerent et occirent en eulx deffendant / tellement que leurs ennemis a leur grant perte et dommage sen retornerent arriere sans gaires prouffiter par moult en yolt de mors et de naures 3-3 Wanting in the French. fist sonner la retraite et fist tendre son pauillion et ses tentes. BLANCHARDYN. N

Sadoyne is brought to the gallows, and sees his wife Beatrice in the castle. The Saracens beat him. He hopes Blanchardyn will avenge him, 7 L iiij. as he cannot defend himself. sadoyne euyn at the place where the gybet was made redy / Whan he can there, and sawe ¹a payre of galhouse¹ dressed vp, where he trowed certaynly to haue fynysshed hys dayes, þe teerys habondantly fell doune from his eyen so byttyrly2 that they wette al his face / He byganne to make grete rewthe and pyteouse complayntes, sayng 3in this wyse³ / O, my right true felawe and right dere frende blanchardyn, this day shall the seperacyon be made of the amyte that is bytwene vs. bothe.' and syth loked vp toward the castel, where he sawe his lady & wyf, the fayr beatryce / And whan he dyde perceyue her face, he fyl doune in a swone alonge the erthe/ The sarrasyns, that saw this / lyfte hym vp, and gaf to hym 'grete and heuy strokes wyth staues / "He byganne yet ayen to make rewthe and complayntes, wyshyng after blanchardyn;5 and sayde how that he was come out of his contrey, whiche was ferre thens, for to helpe hym to socoure his lady, the proude pucelle in loue; & syth that he shold neuer see hym, that he at the laste wyste yf he wolde auenge hym of this shamefull dethe or not, that he most nowe suffre." and syth he saide, ful sore sobbyng / Alas! yf nedes I shal dey, I were of it all well content / soo that it were in the absence of her, that maketh all my sorowes to encreace for her tendre loue. Alas! myghte not fortune aswell hurte or greue me by a nother manere of wyse, than for to mak me deye shamefully by-fore my owne true loue, my goode wyffis presence / Alas! wo to me, vnhappy man, and more than myschaunte that I am / ys ther non other remedye? muste I nedes deyc thus shamefully, wythoute eny deffence makynge?' After thees wordes of complaynte that Sadoyne made, 1-1 "les fourches" as above. 3-3 Wanting. 2 Wanting in the French. 4-4 de moult grans cops et ourbes 65 De rechief commenca a regretter blanchandin 6-6 Wanting.

Chapter XLIX

the cursed and felon paynems peyned hemselfe sore for to make redye suche thynges as serued to make hym deye vpon the galhouse, ¹that was sette vp byfore the castell.¹ ¶ The xlix chapter conteyneth / How the fayer Beatryx sente her folke for to socoure her husbande sadoyne / and was rescued from deth, and brought wythin Cassydonye, malgre his enmyes / W Alymodes's men make ready to hang Sadoyne. Beatrice, seeing her husband's danger, Han the fayr beatryx, that at her wyndow was lenyng her hande ouer her brestes, & ful sore wepyng for loue of her husband, þat she sawe in pereyl of hys lyf she lefte asyde her femenyn wyll, & toke wythin her the corage of a man vertuose in manere & faccion of a hardy byfyghtresse2/so ascryed she highe, & sayd / 'O my ryght good & trewe knyghtes / this appeals to her daye I doo praye you & commaunde / that ouer all the best knyghtes that are now reynynge in the wyde worlde ye woll socoure the comforte of my Ioye, And that most is of all my lyffe, that goeth to perdycyon, wyth oute it be by youre benyngne grace: And vpon all the gode socoures and seruyces that euer ye woll doo to me / That at this tyme and owre / atte my requeste and prayer, Ye woll enforce yourselfe to knights to rescue oute of daunger of deth, my lorde & youre³ / my rescue him. gode husband sadoyne, that I see yonder in grete parel of his lyf, but yf he be socoured right soone / ¶ And, therfore, yet ayen to you, myn men, my true vasselles I do full instantly pray, that your naturell lorde ye wyll help, to haue hym out of his harde enmyes handes, yf it be vnto you possyble' / The barons and knyghtes thenne of a right gode wyll, wythout answer nor replye 1-1 qui la estoyent 2 batailleresse 3-3 Wanting in the French.

knights forthwith arm, sally out The Cassidonian makyng, in grete hast and wythout delaye, enflamed wyth yre & of cordyal wrath, for loue of their lord, that the sarrasyns wolde doo deye thus pyteously ¹so shamefull a deth¹/¶ And also for the loue of their lady that they had full dere / went & armed hem self, and hastely in grete nombre of folke, all a fote, lepte at a posterne out of the towne, and cam al vnder couert through the dry from wythin the dyches of the castel that were drye at that syde, wythout that they were a-spyed of no man / ditches, Sadoyne, who bursts his ropes, and are seen by except of sadone, that soone perceyued theym comyng, bycause he was alredy brought vpon the ladder / Whan he had seen them, he that was as half ded a lityl afore, toke ayen his strenthes and corage wythin hym self; he wrang his fystes and brake the cordes al a sonder that he was bounden wyth / And syth lept from the ladder, whiche his legges enclosed to gyder, lokyng vpon a sarrasyne that in his handes helde a grete guysarme, 2 whiche is full goode and deffensable.2 he toke hit from his fystes, and gaf to hym suche a merueyllouse stroke kills four of his Wythall, that he cloued hym vnto the breste / and quykly gaf asmoche to another, & syth to the thirde & and scatters the to the fourthe, And scatered them abrode, soo that guards, rest. K. Alymodes's Marshal reproaches his men. none so hardy a paynym was there that durste come nyghe for to hurte hym/Whan the mareshall of kynge Alymodes oost sawe Sadoyne, that all alone bare suche damage ayenst them alle, he wexed full of wrathe in his herte, he ascryed on his men, and sayde that gretly and well they ought to hate hem self, and to prayse hem selff full lytyll. Whan for one man alone they fled / and that it was a grete shame vnto them that he had endured so long ayenst them all / He approched hym self toward Sadoyne, his swerde in his hand for to smyte hym. But Sadoyne that was sore quyk and pert³ sawe him wel come, and gaf hym wyth his guysarme suche an vnmesurable stroke that 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3 appert

him to the teeth. charge, and clear the place of Saracens. he cloue his hed vnto the tethe and slewe him. Euyn Sadoyne cleaves at this owre the cassydonyens that come were out of the cyte, smotte hemself emonge the fyue hondred The Cassidonians sarrasyns by fore that they were aware of them / they beganne to slee doune right in euery side / and stroke and smote vpon the paynemys, so that they delyuered lightly þe place of hem, and none of them abode there, but that he was ded or taken / excepte som that fled awaye, that this tydynges brought to Alymodes, that was full sory whan he vnderstode this tydynge / Quykly he mounted a horsbake, and ranne as a mad man toward the gybette, where he fonde Sadoyne and his men that fought togydre. And whan Sadoyne saw hym come, he cam wyth a grete corage ayenst him, and leued vp his guysarme vpon him, where wythall he smote hym suche a stroke vpon his shulders, that he cloue¹ and ouerthrewe hym to the grownde, and sholde haue take the lyf from him right soone yf he had not be socoured of his men. But they came so but his men fast by and by / And by so grete tourbes and hepes, that force it was to sadoyne to wythdrawe hym self & his men wythin the towne of Cassydonye, where he was Sadoyne Alymodes, unhorses K. come up, and Sadoyne withdraws to Cassidonye, great joy. receyued as ye may thynke right well wyth grete Ioye & gladnesse of 2my lady2 his wyf, the fayr beatryce / to Beatrice's And of that other part, the kynge alymodes was so sore brought as to dispeyre him self bycause that he had thus lost his prysoner Sadoyne, and that he sawe his maresshall of his ost slayne, and sawe hym self bannyshed and chassed out of his towne and royalme, and also his doughter that was wedded to his mortayll enmye¶ Of that other part, he harde the reuell and the Ioye that was made wythin the cyte, that gaff a cause to renewe his sorowes and heuy fortune ouer many folde / The same tyme that Alymodes the kyng was in suche h[e]uynes, Blanchardyn came sailynge 2-2 sa dame 1 clove his helmet. K. Alymodes grieves at his bad luck.

Chapter L

Blanchardyn hopes to be in time for the fight. Blanchardyn and his father the King of Friesland and men at Cassidonye. They find K. Alymodes encampt there. vpon the see, sore desiryng forto com in tyme that he mygte fynde his enmye the tyraunt Alymodes, whiche he fonde las ye shall vnderstond by the historye, whiche is folowyng.¹ ¶ Here foloweth the 1. chapter, whiche sheweth how blanchardyn arryued in the hauen of cassydonye, before whiche towne he fonde Alymodes the kynge.2 WE El ye haue herde here afore, how blanchardyn & the kynge of fryse his fader departed from Tormaday, wyth a gret excersite of men of armes, for to come towrade Cassydonye for to rescue his felawe Sadoyne/they exployted soo long and made suche a dylygence, thorugh helpe of god and of goode wynde, that they arryued all hole & sounde wythin the sayd hauen of Cassydonye /. Whan they were arryued, they caste theyr ancres, land their horses and had horses oute of the shippes / they descended on lande & mounted on horsbacke / Blanchardyn loked towarde the cyte, byfore the whiche he perceyued clerly the tentes & the pauyllyons of kynge Alymodes ryght well sette there in gret nombre, wherof he toke in hym selfe a ryght parf[i]t Ioye/he dyd shewe hem vnto his fader, and sayd: 'Syre, ye maye espye & see byfore you oure enmyes, as I wene. In thes wordes talkyng togyder, dyd arryue there foure of their men, that were gon to clere the waye afore theym as ferre as kynge Aly modes ooste / whiche as they came ayen, recountred³ a peynem, whiche they toke and broughte hym before Blanchardyn, that ryght dylygently examyned hym; of whom he knewe for veraye trouth that it was kynge 1-1 comme cy apres pourrez oyr. 2 et se mist en ordonnaunce pour le combatre. 3 recontrerent

Chapter LI

They put their men in battle array. Alymodes that lodged was byfore the cyte of Cassydonye wytnin his tentes and pauyllyons, wherof he was ryght glade. he made hys folke hastely to putte theym selfe in ordenaunce of bataylle, and syth beganne to marche fourth ayenst his sayd enmyes / that alle redy were aduertysed of his comynge, Insomoche that bothe partyes cam ayenste other, wherby kyng Alymodes knew full sone that it was blanchardyn / wherof he had no grete Ioye / but became pencefull / Neuerthelesse, as a knyght preu and hardy as he was, toke corage in him selfe, admonestynge his folke to do well / And of that other parte, Blanchardyn, ¹whan he wyste Blanchardyn that his felawe Sadoyne was escaped oute of kynge Sadoyne's Alymodes handes al hole, and sounde of all membres thorugh the goode remedye & ryght grete prouesse that had moeued the herte of the fayr B[e]atryce his wyffe & treue loue / wherof she canne not be praysed al ynough [had right grete Ioye]. ¶ The lj chapter speketh of the grete batayll that was bytwyx blanchardyn and kyng Alymodes byfore Cassydonye. And how Alymodes was ouercome / take & broughte prysoner in to the cyte. And of the coronacyon of sadoyn and of his wyff Beatryx. W rejoices at escape. Han sadoyne, that was the same tyme 2lokyng Sadoyne sees out at a wyndowe2 wyth-in his castell of Cassyfighting. donye, & his wyf the fayr Beatryx by hym / sawe the the two hosts two oostes þat they wold Toyne to-gyder to batayl, he 1 la lance au poing venoit cheuauchant deuant ses batailles priant et exhortant ses gens de bien faire et eulx efforchier a abatre et pourfendre et confondre leurs ennemis qui deuant eulx venoyent Moult Ioyeulx estoit. 2-2 appuye aux fenestres

Sadoyne at length perceives that one of the armies is Blanchardyn's. with 15,000 gaf hymselfe gret meruayl, for he had seen them take lande / but he knew hem not / so hadde he gret desire to know what they wer. he saw them com to eche other, makynge grete cryes & callynges, so þat emonge other he harde call Tourmaday; he dyde set al his entent for to know the baners and tokons of the lady of Tourmaday, so that incontynent after this he perceyued and knewe that it were they, that by blanchardyn his felawe were conducted and guyded. hastely he made and comaunded to be publisshed thorugh all the cyte, that all men shold be in harneyse / whos commaundement they full dyligently acomplyshed / Sadoyne musters Sadoyne, armed of all his armes, mounted vpon his courser and lept out of the towne wyth xv. thousaund gode knyghtes, valyaunt & hardy, that al at one poyse¹ smot hem self wythin Alymodes folke, wherof at their comyng on they slewe many one / Of that other part was blanchardyn, that made thynges wonderful vnto men, of sleeyng/hewyng, 2and gyuyng horryble strokes vpon his ennyes.2 And who had seen hym at that tyme/he wold not haue trowed that he had be a man mortal; he crauented & ouerthrew al before him, cleuyng them to the eerys & to the brestes of hem³/4he had be there longe, whan his swerde was ryght well knowen 5in euery of the ooste5 / he brake & departed the grete preesses so that his enmyes made waye byfore his swerde, for grete drede that they had of hym: and they all fled, that none durst abyde the peyse of his heuy knights, and charges Alymodes's army. Blanchardyn slays and hews his foes, by Sadoyne. and is soon joind strokys.6 sadoyne, his trewe felawe, cam that tyme & "Ioyned his horse beside his." Of their reconyssaunces Sand thankes that they made 9tyll eche other, I make no mencyon at al / by cause at þe tyme ther was nother of 1 feris 2-2 confondre et abatre ses ennemis 8-3 Iusques es cervelles 4-4 Gaires ny ot este 5-5 de tous costez 6-6 que nul ne losoit attendre 7-7 se vint joindre empres luy. 8-8, 9-9 Wanting in the French.

them bothe/ but that he had grete besynes in hande / notwythstandyng what a doo¹ that they had, they embraced 2 & colled2 eche other, & made grete ³know4 leg, gyuynge thankes to othre. And syn, both togyder smote theym self amonge theyr enmyes al atones / to whom they solde ful dere ther acqueyntance / And wyth theym was the kynge of fryse, that of new had cast doune to the grounde that bare the chief standarde of kyng alymodes, wherof their enmeis made grete cries & grete noyse for their baner, that laye vpon the grounde. They forced hem self as moche as they coude to haue it vp ayen; but the right grete prouesse The King of Friesland unhorses the chief Standardbearer of K. Alymodes. Alymodes, seeing that he cannot escape, gives himself up and Sadoyne. to Blanchardyn of the forsaid thre princes kept them ther fro. ¶ for they dyde so moche, that wythin a whyle they bracke the presse, and putte to flyght theyr enmyes. The kynge Alymodes, seeng his folke that fled / his cheff standarde ouer thrawen and layng vpon the grounde, His barons all to-bet adoune / and also5 sawe that Impossyble it was to hym to escape hym self quyk from the bataylle / wherfore assone as he myght, or euer that a more grete myscheff sholde happe vnto hym, cam & yelded hym self in to the handes of blanchardyn and of Sadoyne / prayng them right humbly for mercy and grace, & that they wolde saue his lyff. ¶ They toke hym as their prysoner; and after that the werke was ended, and that all their enmyes were taken or slayn, they brought hym, and entred wythin the cyte wyth grete tryumphe and glorye¶Yf the Ioye, & the fayr welcome and honourable recepcion that of the fair Beatryx was made vnto theym, I wold reherce and to Beatrice's telle, I sholde ouer longe tary my self / But the Ioye and the feste was there so grete, that suche another was 1-1 quelques affaires 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 recoignoissaunces. 4-4 abatre et detrenchier 5 dautrepart 6—6 Wanting. They take him Cassidonye, in triumph into delight.

Sadovne is crownd King. He holds the land united, not seen byfore that tyme, ¹duryng this grete Ioye and feste¹/The barons and lordes of the lande, that were there alle to gyder, of one accorde and one wylle crowned Sadoyne, and receyued him to their kynge and to their lord. And the fayre Beatryx his wyff they also dyde crowne as heyre of the lande. the feste beganne ayen to be right grete, 2 for Ioye of this coronacyon? The barons of the lande made their homage vnto sadoyne, and toke and releued their lordshippes of hym/ and obeyed hym as their lorde³ naturell as longe as they lyued, and that Sadoyne and their ladye were to gyder wythout eny rebellyon / ¶ Sadoyne helde and kept the lande all his tyme in goode vnyon: they that were about hym rebell / he dompted and subdewed them, and brought them to his obeyssaunce. Well and truly he loued and maynteyned Iustyce / The cuyll customes he brought doune, and areysed and ordeyned other that were goode and most proffytable, that he & his counseyll coude aduyse: And by especyall all that and does all that was told hym, ordeyned and aduysed by blanchardyn / He dyde and acomplysshed. ¶ After that Sadoyne was crowned to be kynge, and that he had achyeued and made alle his ordonnaunces for to gouerne and holde his royalme in gode peas 5and vnyon,5 Blanchardyn, his felawe, dysposed him self for to retourne ayen toward Tormaday, to the proude pucelle in amours, his lady, that he desyred sore for to see. So made he to be apparelled his nauye, for to make his retourne ready to go home ayen, leuyng Sadoyne his felawe wyth the fayre Beatryx his wyff. he wyst not of nothyng that he sholde haue eny more to do / for he knewe not of the venymouse malyce of the false traytoure Subyon, that wold haue sets up good customs, Blanchardyn advises. Then Blanchardyn makes to Eglantine. 1-1 Apres que la solempnite des nopces fut passee 2-2 et y furent fais pluseurs esbatemens durant laquelle 3 Orig. lordes 4-4, 6-5 Wanting in the French. 66 nouvelle que par subien auoit este procedee alencontre de sa dame.

Chapter LII

attempted a grete trayson ayenst hym and his lady, the proude pucelle in amours /¹ ¶ The lij chapiter conteyneth how the proude mayden in loue sent the prouost toward blanchardin, whiche after thees tydynges exployted sc sore, that he arryued wyth alle his excercyte nyghe to the oost of Subyon/ W that Blanchardyn tine in the charge of the traitor Subyon, had left Eglanwed her. Ell ye haue herde here afore, that atte departyng that Blanchardyn made fro Tormaday, 2for to goo rescue hys felawe sadoyne,2 he lefte his lady, the proude pucelle in amours, in the gouernaunce & kepyng of subyon / the whiche, as ye haue vnderstonde afore, made conspyracoun ayenst her / for to haue her to his who tried to wyff, and to make hymself kynge of Tourmaday, ³to thende that blanchardyn were kepte ther fro³ / But thorugh the prudence & worthynes of the noble erle of Castelforde, of the goode prouost, & of the knyghte of the fery / a remedy was had ayenst his wycked malyce, by suche a wyse that, wold subyon or not, & all his helpes, the noble lady, proude of loue, was taken oute of his power, and was brought by the forsayd two knyghtes & erle to the castel of Castelford wherof subyon was ryght sory. he cam & layde his seege, trowyng for to haue taken her; but the place was soo strong that it had no doubte of no seege / for it was garnyshed of good knyghtes for to defende it / and wele furnyshed wyth all manere of vytaylles necessayre to suche a fortres. The lady, that was shette wythin, was full sore & wroth for her frende blanchardyn, that he was soo ferre from her / and ryght moche desired his 1 comme y apres porrez oyr. 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 afin de en debouter blanchandin 4-4 y fut pourveu 5-5 tous viures But she was taken to Castelrescued and ford, where Subyon besieges her.

Eglantine asks the Earl of Castelford and the Provost of Tormaday to send to Blanchardyn. The Provost undertakes to go, secretly sets sail, and lands at Cassidonye. " comyng ayen. she dyd calle to her therle & the prouost, to whom full swetli she prayed þat they wold sende toward Blanchardyn, for to reherse & shewe vnto hym the tydynges of the seege that byfore them was. madame,' sayd therle, 'I am redy to do your pleasure / & me semeth it ought to be doon as ye saye ye most aduyse & see by whom your message shalbe made.' the good prouost then rose on his feet, & sayd: 'madame, yf your wyll be, I shall gladli tak this vyage in hande / and I shall neuer rest noo where tyl that I haue founde blanchardyn.' 'prouost,' sayd the pucell of this seruyce that ye profer me, I thanke you moche / for no better messenger I can not send / nor that can better recounte¹& telle¹ the danger where we ben now in' / The prouost made a galley to be redy, that was atte an hauen there nyghe/he made her to be garnyshed wyth men and vytayllys; and syth, whan al thynge was redy, he toke his leue of the noble mayden his lady, and of the eerle / and sone after the houre of mydnyghte he departed pryuely oute of the castell, and went and toke his shyppyng wythin his galley so stylle, that of ony bodye of the siege he was not aspyed. So moche exployted the prouoste, sailynge nyght and daye ouer the see, that by good wynde that he hadde/he arryued in a mornynge in to the hauon of Cassydonye / where he fonde many shyppes, that made theym selfe redy by the ordonaunce of blanchardyn. The prouoste asked them after blanchardyn / they tolde hym all that they knew of hym. The prouoste descended a lande, and cam in to the towne / and/syth mounted to the paleys, where he fonde the barons, that talkyd to gyder. He salued blanchardyn & Sadoyne, that welcomde hym and made hym grete chere. Then spake blanchardin to the prouoste, and asked hym of his tydynges. 'Syre,' sayd the prouost, 2 Orig. has 1-1 Wanting in the French.

The Provost of Tormaday tells the treason of Blanchardyn Subyon against Eglantine. Next day, Blanchardyn and Sadoyne set sail, 'ye shal knowe that tydynges I brynge / but they be not pleysaunte.' He thenne rehersed ¹and shewed¹ vnto him 2al alonge the grete vntrouthe and false treyason,2 that by Subyon hadde be made and machyned ayenste him and his lady, þe proude pucelle in amours. ¶ Blanchardin, heryng thees tydynges, was sore dolaunt. 3 He called to his felawe Sadoyne,³ And recounted to him alle that the prouoste hadde reported and sayd; Wherupon they fulsone, wythoute eny other inspecte/concluded togyder / that they sholde departe the nexte daye towarde Tormaday, and that they sholde neuer ceasse vnto the tyme they had socoured the proude pucell in amours. ¶ 5Their shyppes were rede, and were garnyshed of folke and vytaylles.5 They toke their leue of the quene Beatryx, that was ryghte sory whan she sawe the departynge of her husbande sadoyne / and entrynge in to their vesseylles / saylled wyth so grete dilygence, by the goode wynde that they had / so that they came wyth out eny lette or aduenture, that ought to be tolde, and arryued wythin the hauen of Tour- and soon reach maday.¶Whan they were come there, blanchardyn sent the prouost, for to wyte of theym of the cyte yf they wolde gyfe vp the cyte peasybly vnto hym, and he sholde receyue them to mercy7/¶ The prouost descended a lande, and cam in to the cyte; And exposed vnto the burgeys and comynalte the charge that he had of blanchardyn. ¶ The cytezeyns & comon people of The citizens the towne, that vnderstode the prouost, were full glad of Blanchardyns comyng / And ansuered in this wyse, al wyth one voyce, that his comyng was to theym right pleysaunt and agreable / and that whiche had be doon 1-1 Wanting in the French. 2-2 la desloyaulte et trayson 3-3 Il appela sadoine son compagnon Si conclurent ensamble de partir lendemain et de non Iamais arrester tant quilz 5-5 Ils firent hastiuement apprester et garnir leur nauire de tout ce que mestier auoyent. 7-7 a mercy 6 M j. Tormaday. say they will give up the city to Blanchardyn.

Subyon's soldiers refuse to give up Tormaday to Blanchardyn; so the citizens kill or wound them all, and receive Blanchardyn as their lord. ayenst hym and their lady, wythin the cyte, was doon of force/Whan the souldyours, that Subyon had lefte there in garryson, herde and vnderstode the wylle of the people of the towne, They ansuered all, that they sholde not suffre this, and that the cyte sholde be kepte for Subyon. Wherfore all the comynaltye of the towne went and armed them hastely, and came vpon the market place, where they byganne to fyght ayenst the зouldyours of the towne, that wolde haue képte it for Subyon/¶Ryght grete slawghter was doon there / But the maystrye & strengthe abode wyth the peple, soo that they kyld or hurted sore all them that were of subyons folke. And syth toke the bodyes ded, and caste hym ouer the walles of the towne in to the open the gates, dyches/¶ And after this they opened the gates of the towne, and in grete reuerence, and in token of humylyte cam the burgeys and the people, all barefote, in maner of a processyon ayenst blanchardyn, and receyued to their lorde / And after that he & al his folke were entred wythin the cyte / he sent a spye vnto the castel of Castelforde, toward his lady, þe proude pucell in amours; whiche spye dyde soo well, that he entred in to the sayd fortresse, that he was not seen ¹of theym that were atte the syege¹/ He recounted 2 and tolde2 vnto the lady & to the erle, how blanchardyn & his felawe Sadoyne came for to socoure them, and that they were entred wythin Tormaday. Thise tidynges were to them moche pleysaunt, for they were in a grete daunger of Subyon, that domaged theym ryght sore, and their place, wyth their bombardes and other engynes of warre, that he had do brynge there. And whan they of Castelforde vnderstode by the sayd spye that blanchardyn was comen wythin Tormaday, and that he came to gyue them socours and helpe ayenste Subyon, Blanchardyn's spy tells Eglantine the good tidings. 1-1 Wanting in the French; et quant leans fut entre. 2-2 Wanting.

they beganne to make grete festes and grete Ioyes for his comynge, and called and songe so highe that the noyse therof came vnto subyons eeres /¹that gaff hemself Blanchardyn march from grete meruaylle why they ded soo.¹ On the morowe Next day, erly, blanchardyn and Sadoyne departed from Tormaday, and Sadoyne and lefte there the good kyng of fryse, and foure thowsand goode men wyth hym, for to kepe the towne / Whan blanchardyn and his ooste were yssued oute of the cyte, he made two bataylles, euery one of ten thowsand men / The fyrst bataylle he betoke to be ledde by sadoyne his felawe, And 2that other2 bataylle he conducte himself, and prayd & admonested his folke to doo welle: And syth toke their waye toward Castelforde, takyng a waye whiche was not moche haunted. ¶ And alle at one peyse cam and spored their horses nyghe vnto the ³ooste of Subyon, or euer he was aware of hem / Nor he had not knowen nothynge of theyr commyng, but of a yoman of his owne, that came from foragynge and sechyng of heey and ootes for his horses¹/ Tormaday with two battalions of 10,000 each, and suddenly Subyon's host. come on 3 M ij. by a yeoman, that aduertysed hym; whiche came rennynge all his myght towarde Subyon, and toolde hym on highe that Subyon, warnd blanchardyn came wyth a grete felyshyp, for to fyghte wyth hym / And that yf he putte not his folke lyghtly in ordonaunce for to receyue hym / he was in pereyll to lose hym selfe and all his ooste. ¶ Whan subyon vnderstode that yoman, he chaunged coloure in face, and was sore abashed. Wyth ryghte grete haste he made his folke to putte hemselfe in araye & prayd arrays his men. them that they wold helpe hym at his nede, promyttynge theym for to make hem all ryche. They ansuerd that he sholde make therof no doute, and that they were stronge ynough for to resyste ayenste blanchardyn, ¶ And promysed hym to yelde vnto hym 1-1 qui moult sen donna grant merueille et ne sauvoit la cause ni pour quoy Ilz se esioyssoient ainsi fort 2-2 la seconde. Wanting in the French.

Chapter LIII

Subyon's men promise to give and Sadoyne, alive or dead. They number 80,000. blanchardin, other quyckel or ded/ or euer that the him Blanchardyn euen sholde be come: and his felawe Sadoyne also. They were a xxx thowsand men ther, that helde wyth subyon, that thus thretened blanchardyn that they sholde smyte his hed of/ but it ys sayd in comyn / that 'who soeuer rekeneth wythoute his hoste, he rekeneth twys for ones.'2 ¶ Thus hit happed wyth Subyones men / as it foloweth,³ Blanchardyn's and Sadoyne's Subyon's army. They slay their enemies. The liij chapyter speketh how Blanchardyn and Sadoyne dyscomfyted Subyon / And of the grete bataylle / and manere how he was taken And what folowed after. Han Blanchardin and Sadoyne sawe hem nyghe Subyons ooste / they5 caste a ryghte highe crye / and smote hemselfe in to their enmyes by suche a WE battalions charge force & vertue that their comynge on they owerthrewe many of theym to grounde / that neuer syth releued hemself / but / deyd myserable there bytwyx the horses feete. ¶ So grete and horyble byganne the batayll. The ayer was derke wyth shotte of arowes, quareylles & dartes that flowe bytwene bothe partyes. The dust⁹ and the brethe of men and of the horses was so thycke, that wyth peyne they knew one from a nother/ Then came they to fyghte wyth sperys, axes, guysarmes, and swerdes, wherof they kylled and slew eche other. Blanchardyn & Sadoyne sette all their entent to slee their enmyes whan theyr speres were broken they sette hande to their swerdes, wher wyth they parted the grete presses / and wythin a while they had dyed themself in rede wyth the bloode of their enmyes, that made vnto them waye 10 to passe by them.10 And Blanch1 prins 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 ainsi comme cy apres pourrez oyr. 6-6 alaborder quilz feirent • Orig. durste 6 Orig. thay 8-8 por le trait Wanting. 7 Orig. nany 10-10 Wanting.

cleaves Subyon's Standard-bearer to the chin. The Castelford knights sally out, and attack Subyon's men. ardyn that ceassed not to renne here and there as a mad Blanchardyn man, loked and sawe byfore hym a knyghte / whiche was nyghe of sybbe vnto Subyon,¹ that bare the cheff standarde. he tourned brydell to hym ward, and wyth his goode swerde smote hym suche an horryble stroke that he cloue him doune to the chynne / and feell ded wyth the standarde to the erthe that was not after reysed vp ayen / How be it that Subyon and his folke putte hem in peyne for to haue hit brought vp ayen / But blanchardyn and Sadoyne kepte hem ther fro / Of that other parte, the good erle of Castelforde, the pro12 uost and the knyght of the fery yssued out of the castell wyth a thousaund knyghtes, that brake vpon their enmyes, castyng a right hyghe crye, wherof Subyon and his men were sore affrayed,2 for he sawe his cheff banner ouer thrawen, & hym self enclosed of al sydes, his men that fled, & awayte non other but after the stroke of deth. Wherunto he sawe hym self to be brought, yf he fonde not som ³ waye or meanes for to saue hym self / He putte hym self to flyght, for hym Subyon flees. thought the best manere for to flee / was for to departe by tyme. ¶ Blanchardyn and Sadoyne, that alwayes made watche ouer hym for to take and slee hym, Sawe hym go out of the bataylle / and set vpon a myghty courser / they ranne anone after hym and chassed hym sore/¶ He was well mounted vpon a goode horse, Wherfore they coude not ouertake hym bycause the nyght byganne to comen, and myght no but lose him in lenger see him he toke and entred wythin a forest that was nyghe by / the remenaunt of his folke were al take by blanchardynes men; grete gayne they made there, & a grete foyson of prysoners: they had / grete Ioye and gladnesse they made of their victorye / But the erle of Castelforde and the barons merueylled them muche, bycause they wyste not where their lordes blanch1 Orig. Sadoyne. 2 Orig. affyerad et mettre a garant. BLANCHARDYN. 3 M iij. Blanchardyn and Sadoyne pursue him, the night.. His troops are conquerd.

saves him. He reaches a valley of thieves led by Sylvain, ardyn and Sadoyne ¹were drawen.¹ they soughte and/ serched them all aboute / but they fonde them not. And for the recounte of their aduenture, they chased Subyon's horse Subyon that was horsed at a vauntage better than they were he walopped soo longe that he came in to a valey where theues were, whiche were ten or twelue in nombre, that were all grete murdrers, wherof the pryncypall and the mayster of them all was named syluayne that knew well ynough subyon, whiche came vnto theym, & sayd that he had grete nede of theym; And that two knyghtes chased hym for to slee him. And that yf it so happed that they myght catche and gete hem there wythin their caues/ they sholde haue and tells them of the booty they'll get if they kill his two pursuers. The thieves offer to lodge Blanchardyn and Sadoyne, of them so grete a butyneue, and so grete goodes, that they all shall euer more be ryche / ¶ Whan the theues vnderstode subyon / they were sore desirouse to lodge theym wythin their streyngthe preuely wythin a secrete chambre: whiche thyng they ded, but they had not so soon doon so, that blanchardyn & sadoyne came there, and asked the theues ³yf they wyste not to speke³ of a man that was mounted on horsbacke, and armed as they were. They ansuerd that they wyste no tidynges of hym, nor of none suche; but wel they said to blanchardyn & to sadoyne, that yf they wolde be lodged there wythin for the nighte that was comen / they sholde make theim gode chere of suche goodes as god had lent hem: By cause they semed to be knyghtes, and that it was sore late to ryde eny ferther, & that noo housyng nor no retrayt was nyghe by syx myles where they myght be lodged. The two barons, heryng the theues speke, consented for to lodge hem selfe for that nyght and they go into wyth them / They entred in to their strengthe/ And the thieves' stronghold, whan they were comen in, and that they had seen the dysposicoun of the place / they Iudged in hem selfe, 1-1 estoient vectis 2-2 Wanting in the French. 4-4 Wanting. 3-3 se Ilz scauoient nouuelles

¹that al thys meyne were murderers and theues.¹ Wherefor they concluded with in them selfe, that they sholde disarm. Subyon perthieves to ardyn and suades the murder Blanchlye al nyghte in their harneys, and that they sholde but will not not be dysgarnyshed of their swerdes. Whan Sylueyn, the chief mayster of the theeues, see that they had not putte off their harnes / he came toward them, & said that they were in pease & in a sure place / & that they myght wele putte of ther habilymentes of werre. blanchardyn then ansuerd vnto him & sayd / that it was the costome of theire land, not to putte of their armures for the fyrst nyght that they cam to a new lodgyng/ the theues that sawe blanchardyn & Sadoyne so fayr, so grete, and so wele armed, durste not assaylle them; but Subyon, that was hidde wythin a chambre, and that wele had herd theym / lept oute of it & gaaff them corage, And sayd that they were all wery of the batayl, And that a grete shame were to them xiij in nombre/yf they durste not sette vpon two men. ¶ Thenne came 2syluayn, his felawes wyth hym,2 And ascryed³ the two barons to dethe: Thenne saide blanchardyn to sadoyne /' we must defende oure self now / yf we thinke to scape quyk out of this place, & euer see oure ladyes paramours.' They left their wordes, drewe their swerdes, & set their sheildes afore theym, so bigan they to smyte amonge their felon enmyes / they all tohewe & cleue them in so moche that eyght of theim kill eight thieves, fell doun ded to therthe; the other foure trowed to haue fled in to sauete, but they were pursued so nyghe Sadoyne. M iiij. The two knights swords, draw their of blanchardyn & of sadoyne that they ouertoke & slew then three more, thre of theim; the fourth that was maister of hem all fled wythin the place for to haue saued hymself, in to the chambre where subyon was5 / but of so nyghe he 1-1 que cestoit voie larronniere et que eulx toux estoyent larrons et murdriers a la facon quilz veoyent deulx. 2-2 siluain auant auec ses compaignons 3 escrierent 5 ne la neust este trouue se par aduenture neust este siluain leur maistre qui leans se cuidoit bouter and follow the chief, Sylvain, into the chamber where Subyon is.

Chapter LIV

Blanchardyn kills Sylvain. Sobyon knows his days will soon end. After the battle against Subyon's ariny, was folowed that Blanchardyn ouer toke hym, and smote hym suche a stroke wyth his swerde, that he made his hede to flee fro the sholdres of hym / and fel ded euyn atte the dore of the chambre / ¹that he had opened all redy for to haue saued him there wythinne,¹ wher subyon was in grete fere & drede, & not wythout a cause, for he well ynough byleued and knew that his dayes were come atte an ende / syth that he was fallen into Blanchardynes handes ¶ I shall here leue to speke of Blanchardyn, of Sadoyne, and of Subyon / that in grete fere was of his dethe, And shal retourne to speke of the proude pucelle in amours, and of the barons that were wythin the castell of Castelforde.2 The liiij and last chapter conteyneth how blanchardyn wedded his loue, the proude pucell in amours, And of the grete Ioye that was made there / and of þe kynge of fryse deth.3 A fter that the batayll was fynysshed, and that the folke of Subyon were all ded and taken, the proude pucelle in amours cam doun from the toure / where she & the countes of Castelforde were mounted Eglantine comes for to see the batayll / and cam to the castel gate for in hope to welcome Blanchardyn. to welcome blanchardyn and sadoyn. whan they were com there / they fonde the erle of Castelforde, [which 1-1, 2-2 Wanting in the French. 3-3 et de la mort de subien. Lord Spencer's copy of Caxton ends here. The text following is supplied from the 1595 edition of the romance. Comment Blanchandin espousa s'amie lorguilleuse damours, et de la grande Ioye qui y fut faite, et de la mort de subion. A pres ce que la bataille fut finie, et que les gens subion furent tons mors et prins, lorguilleuse damours descendy de la tour ou elle et la comtesse de chasteaufort estoyent montees, et vindrent a la porte du chasteau, pour estre audeuant de blanchandin et sadoine.

The Continuation — from Thomas Pope Goodwine's 1595 English Version and the Paris Manuscript

(euen then) was come to the Castell with many prisoners and rich booties of the rebels, she demaunded where Blanchardine and Sadony were. 'Madam,' answered the old Earle, 'it is not long since they were both heere in our companie, and we supposed that they had bene alreadie entered the Castell before our comming.' When the faire Queene perceiued that no tidings could be heard of them, fearing some mischaunce, she fell into a sounde, wherin she continued the space of an houre and more; but being recouered, she began most pitteously to weepe and exclaime against fortune: the old Earle and the Countesse recomforted her as well as they could, but nothing could sort to her content. then they laid her on a sumptious bed, hoping by sleepe to make her forget sorowe; but neither sleepe nor quiet could harber in her head, fearing least Blanchardine were [ed. 1595] When Eglantine tidings of Blanchardyn, can hear no she swoons. ¶ Quant la furent venues, elles trouverent le conte de chasteaufort et les autres barons, qui grand foyson de prisonniers amenoyent avec eulx, por Iceulx bouter en la place. Alors lorguilleuse damours, veant que son ami blanchandin nestoit point venu, elle appella le conte, et luy demanda ou estoyent blanchandin et sadoine Madame,' ce dit le conte, 'nagaires que sy estoyent avec nous, si ne scay quelle part Ilz soyent tournez. bien cuidoit que ceans fussent entrez vers vous.' Car ¶ Quant la noble damoiselle oy le conte et le preuost qui la estoit, qui nouuelles ne sauoyent des Barons De si hault quelle estoit chez parterre en jettant vng moult hault et piteulx cry. Donc eulx qui la furent prins eurent moult grant douleur. Car tous cuiderent que mort fust ce ce que que en elle ne sentoyent ne poulx nalaine ¶ Pitoiable chose estoit de voir la gente contesse et les autres gens que la estoyent / Mais tost apres lorguilleuse clamours reuint a elle en Iettant vng parfont sauspir; puis trespiteusement se prinst a complaindre en regretter son leal amy blanchandin Ia nauoit si dur cuor dhomme ne de femme que delle neust pitie Le bon conte et la bonne contesse la reconforterent au mieulx quilz pourent, Mais ce riens ne valoit, car de plus en plus commencoit a renforchier son dueil / Ilz lamenerent en vne chambre; quant la fust venue, on la mist sur vne couche por lui reposer ¶ La comtesse et les dames furent autours celles doulantes et explourees de ce que nullement ne la peurent rapaisier, Car point ne cessoit de faire les plus piteulx et angoisseuses plaintes De jamais pour son leal ami que cuidoit avoir perdu ¶ Mais gaires narresta

[ed. 1595] Blanchardyn binds Subyon on a horse, 1 sign. I 2. brings him to Castelford, and puts him in a dungeon. Blanchardyn rejoins Eglantine. slaine. now Blanchardine and Sadony, hauing slaine the murtherers and fettred Subbion, they mounted vpon their horses, and tied Sub¹bion with cordes fast to the back of an other horse which they found there; and by the light of the Moone, tooke their way to Castelford, which was distance thence foure miles; Sadony leading the way, Subbion in the middest, and Blanchardine the hindmost. They posted so fast, that within short time they came before the gate of the Castell, where they allighted from their horses; then knocking at the gates, they were presently knowne, and with all speed let in, leading Subbion betweene them. the newes being brought to ye Queene, her melancholy was turned to mirth, her sorrow to sollace, and her weeping to laughter. Blanchardine commaunded that Subbion should be imprisoned in the most obscure dungion within the Castell, and that himselfe would become his Taylor. After which he assended vp into the Queenes chamber, whom he found new risen, raised by this happy news, at whose entrance her spirits began to be que ses plaints lui seront retournes en Ioye, comme sy apres pourrez oyr ¶ Blanchandin et sadoine, qui en la maison des larons estoyent, ou Ilz trouverent subion dedens vne chambre ou Il estoit muchie mais ce Riens ne lui prouffita Car quant les deux vassaulx le veyrent la Ioye quilz en eurent fut moult grande / Ilz le prindrent et le saisirent et lui lierent piez et mains/puis le monterent sur vng fort cheual que leans trouverent ¶ Apres saillirent hors de la place/sy en tirerent leurs destriers, sur lesquelz Ilz monterent, et se mirent a chemin vers chasteaufort, qui a deux lieues de la estoit ¶ Sadoine aloit deuant, et subion apres, Et blanchandin le approuchoit derriere ensuiant. La luna luisoit belle et clerre / tant cheuau cherent que en peu despace furent deuant la port de chasteaufort, qui Ia estoit fermee. Ils commencherent a huchier, en eulx faisant recongnoistre Quant leur venue fut sceue, de toutes pars y venoyent courrant pour luy faire ouuerture; & si tost que dedens furent entrez, Ils descendirent au peront deuant la salle. Subion fut mis en vne chartre moult obscure, sans ce que oncques depuis leure que Il auoit este prins, Car bien sauoit que a mort estoit Iugie / Apres ce que les deux Barons furent leans entrez, leur venue fut noncee a lorguilleuse damours, qui moult en eut grant Ioye, comme assez pouez scauoir.

recomforted. and after many kisses and sweet imbracements they sate downe, and spent the night in discoursing of their aduentures past. But when the day began to peepe, they tooke their horses and rode to Tormaday, against whome (in all kind manner) came the aged king of Frize, who for a while had rested himself there, accompanied with all the noble Knights and Burgises of Tormaday: the walles were hanged with tapestry, the streets were strewed with rushes and sweet smelling roses, to gratulate their comming; the matrons compiling garlands of sundry flowers, the Ladyes dauncing, the damsels singing, the musicke sounding a sweet concordance to their entrie. Thus in tryumph they assended the princely pallace, most sumpteously adorned with rich cloth of golde, embost with pearle and stone, where, by the whole aduice and generall consent of all, they were affiaunced. [ed. 1595] Next day they ride to Tormaday, and Blanchardyn are betrothd. and Eglantine Tantost lui furent muez tous ses pleurs et regretz en parfecte Ioye et leesse. Elle se leua en grant haste; mais ja si tost ne sceut estre leuee que blanchandin et sadoine ne fussent venus vers elle, dont la Ioye fut Redoublee / Car deuant tous, elle baisa et embracha son amy / Moult se deuiserent ensamble de plusieurs choses, La Ioye, la recueillote, et la grant amour que fist blanchandin au bon conte de chasteaufort, au preuost, et au chevalier du gue, auec les Remerciemens deulx, seroient trop longues, si reciter les vouloie. Mais pour cause de briefte, men passe. Ils passerent la nuit ¶ Puis, quant ce vint le matin, Ils sappresterent et monterent a cheual, en tenant leur chemin vers tourmaday, ou desia leur venue fut sceue. Le bon Roy de frize, pere de blanchandin, et tous ceulx de la ville, vindrent au deuant, ensemble tous les colleges de la cite, a crois et confanons pour receuoir leur dame et blanchandin qui leur seigneur dcuoit estre. ¶ Moult grand Ioye et grant feste se firent quant ce vint a lassambler ¶ La ville fut toute tenndue et encourtinee et Ionchie derbe verde, par les rues, dames et damoiselles bourgois et pucelles estoient aux fenestres, chantans et demenans Ioye ¶ La estoyent plusieurs et diuers Instrumens qui Iettoyent melodieux sons. Ils cheuaucherent Iusques au palais, ou tous descendirent ¶ Moult grant Ioye y fut demenee ¶ Apres que tous furent rasserisiez par le conseil des princes et pareillemens de tous ceulx du Royaulme, blanchandin fianca la

[ed. 1595] The Princes near are told of Eglantine's submission to Venus. The Kings The neighboring Princes, which long had bent their deuotions to the¹ sweet Saint which kept her shrine in Tormaday (I meane the faire and chast Lady Eglantine, surnamed the proude Lady in loue), hauing receiued notice by their espialls, which kept continuall residence within the Citty of Tormaday, to certifie the newes which happened there, to their Princes and Counsels, hearing (I say) that this Queene, whose obstinacie algainst Cupid was incomparable, and peeuish conceit in loue most absurd, had nowe entred the chapter house of his mother Venus, being limed in the bush of Blanchardines beauty, whose large commendations and magnanimious corage was caryed by the swift winges of flying fame throughout many Realmes and prouinces, the like before was sildome or neuer heard. These kings (I say) whose fancies before that time had receiued the perfect impression of loue in the Angellike beautie of that Princely Queene, whose amber lockes trust vp in golden trammels, was a sufficient addamant to draw all Iron hearts vnto her, now seeing all hope of her recouerie past, and their desires frustrate, with franke and friendly consent, not only come to visit and veiw bring marriage- Blanchardine, but also brought such honorable presentes and Kingly Iuels to welcome him to Tormaday, and to congratulate the happie mariage betweene him and the faire Princesse Eglantine, as their Countries and kingdomes did afford. Some presented him with stately coursers and Iennets of seruice, some with ships of huge and mightie burthen, some with Pearles and Iuels of inestimable valure. And to be short, euery one, though at first his foe and vtter enemie, yet in time veiwing his maiesticall and princely corage, became his true and faithful freends, esteeming him worthy of greater honor than either their personages, presents, or the obtaining of the beautifull Queene of Tormaday could afford. presents of coursers, ships and jewels. 1 Orig. thee

[ed. 1595] Eglantine and Blanchardyn And on the next morning, the beautifull Queene was royally led to and from the Church (where she was espoused to Blanchardine) by two Kings, Sadony are wedded and the king of Frize: and the same day crowned and crownd. King and Queene of Tormaday, to the exceeding comfort of all their subiectes and friendes. After their returue from the Church to the Court, they were feasted with all possible cheere that could bee deuised: and after dinner the Trumpets sounded to the Iustes and tiltings vntill supper. And after supper, maskes, playes, and Princely deuises, spent the time till they went to bed. On the morrow the feast began a-fresh, and continued for the space of twentie daies. After all which The weddingfeast lasts days. belle lorguilleuse damours / Puis quant ce vint a lendemain matin, lorguilleuse damours fut menee au moustier a destree de deux Roys ¶ Čest assauoir, du Roy de frize et du Roy sadoine / Et par leuesque de la cite furent espousez les deux amans, et furent couronnez comme Roy et Royne du Royaulme de tourmaday. Moult grande et noble fut loffrande Apres ce que messe fut faicte, Ilz retournerent au palays ou les tables furent dreschees ¶ Leaue fut coruee si sasseirent au mengier: de leur metz ne entremetz ne vous fay long compte, car moult richement furent seruis de tou ce que corps dhomme onpouoit aaisier ¶ Des habillemens et atours dont lespoux et espousee furent parez ou vestuz, ne vous vueil tenir compte ¶ Mais bien vous ose dire que oncques puis ceneans parauant ne auoit ou veu ne sceu plus riches atours ne habillemens que sur les deux amans estoy28 ent; car tous deux estoyent tant beaulx que dieu ct nature ny eust sceu que amendir ¶ Puis apres ce quilz orent disne, Ioustes tournois commencerent, danses et esbatemens / Puis apres, quant temps et heure fut de soupper, Ilz sassirent au mengier / Se au disner avoyent este bien servis, aussi le furent au soupper ¶ Quant le soupper fut fait et acheue, et que tous tenips fut de eulx retraire, Les deux amans furent menez en vne chambre, ou Ils se coucherent ensamble, et engendrerent celle nuyt vng filz qui en son temps ot nom Rambault le frison Le quel fist et acheua pluseurs et haultes prouesses, et morut en la trespitouse bataille de Ramcheuaulx, auec Roland et oliuire, qui plus de luy vouldra sauoir, regarde en son histore, qui de luy fait mention, et retournerous a notre matiere ¶ Quant ce vint a lendemain, tous se leuerent par le palais, et recommenca la feste qui dura vng Iours entiers ¶ Apres que la solempnite et feste des nopces

[ed. 1595) 1 sign. I 3. Subyon is executed. Blanchardyn's father, the King of Friesland, is taken very ill. The Frisian Nobles visit him. arroyalties were finysh¹ed by the commandement of Blanchardine, was Subyon and all his accomplices brought to execution. now the neues being caried with the swift wings of fame into Frizeland, the Lords of Frize repaired to Tormaday, to accompany home their aged King, and to congratulate this happy marriage of Blanchardine and his new Queene. After the aged King of Frize, Father to Blanch- & ardine, had seene the espousalls of this beautifull Queene and his noble Sonne; being decrepit & stiffe with age, hauing liued to fourscore and vpward, vnto whome, although his late enlargement from captiuitie, and this new-come ioy of his deere sonne Blanchardine, being now married to the beautifull Queene of Tormaday, bred delight; Yet through debillitie of nature, which was sore infeebled by his hard imprisonment, he was surprised with an vncoth malladie and extreame contagion of dangerous sicknes; in the which he had not long remained, but in the view of all, life began to vade, and death opproche. And more to hasten on deathes speedy pace to this sencles olde man, the nobles of Frizeland, hauing received sure and certaine inteligence from Tormaday of the life and freedome of their King at that time there, and the princely mariage which now was fully concluded betweene his successiue heire, their naturall leige Blanchardine, with the renouned Lady and Queene of Tormaday, they came thither; at whose approche, this fainting olde man, hoping to receiue glad tidings from his aged wife the Queene of Frize, began with cheerefull countenance to lift himselfe vp in his bed, as though no kinde of furent passees par le commandement du Roy blanchandin, Subion, et tous ses complices furent mis a mort ¶ Assez tost apres les barons du Royaulme de frize, arriuerent a tourmaday pour veoir le Roy leur seigneur, et le Roy blanchandin son filz, dont la Ioye fut renforcee.

[cd. 1695] When Blanchardyn's Father is deadly malladie or aged griefe had attainted his withered limbes. But when he had a while listened to the sweet harmonie of their sugred speach, which presaged no kind of disaster, but all pleasure and sollace that might be, at the length he demaunded of the welfare of the aged Queene his wife; vnto whome, reply being made, that long time since, vpon the vnfor8 tunate report and tragicall tidings of his captiuitie by Darius, sonne to the Pagan king Alimodes, shee fell sicke and died; hee, listening to this impittious tale, fell as one distraught into a sound. But comming to himselfe, powred forth these speeches, ¹the true testi- 1 sign. I 3, back. monies of his faithfull loue: 'and is she gon, the told of his wife's death, comfort of my youth, the staffe of my age, the day of he laments her, my night, the sonshine of my blisse, the sollace of my soule, and the life of my death? Ah! to to well I suspected (though alas I knew not the certentie) that my captiuitie would bring her callamity, and my imprisonment her death. But since all humane flesh is mortall, and nothing vnder the Sunne permanent, what auailes my sorowful grones and passions? to weake, alas, to recall her againe, or any way to remedie my misfortune!' with these or the like exclaimes, this silly aged King, panting betweene life and death, lay still a while, till finding his heart ouer charged with an other passion, he prosecuted his first complaint: 'O sacred Ioue, and prays God searcher of all secret thoughts, whose eternall dietie raigneth within the highest heauens, who from my cradle hast destined me to perpetuall miserie, now shew thy self a righteous iudge, and reuenge my wronges Mais quant le bon Roy sceut et fut bien aduerti que de ce monde transitoire esto(it) la Royne sa femme Hors, moult grant dueil en fut a demener. Et aussi fist le Roy blanchandin, qui moult en fut doulant et criste. Mais si grant dueil nest que en la fin ne conuiengne passer. Ia soit et que le bon Roy de frize pour quelque reconfort que on lui sceust faire, Il ne delaissa son dueil; et tant que du grant courroux

[ed. 1595] to revenge him on the Infidels. Blanchardyn's Father dies. Blanchardyn reproaches himself 1 sign. I 4. for causing his parents' death by leaving them. vppon the accursed broode of infidels, who so irreligi ously prophane thy blessed name, & suffer them not to escape thy reuenging powre, but at thy pleasure consume and confound the workers of this my woe! and now dissolue my daies and weary life, & leade me through th' unknowne passages to my deere and sweetest wife, that though our daies on earth did finde small comfort, yet our soules in heauen may finde consolation.' And with this orizon he yeilded himself to God, and died. When the brute of this heauie tidinges came to the eares of Blanchardine and his faire Queene, although they swume before in the hauen of happines, and floted on the floodes of al felicitie (as they thought), yet in that very instant and moment of time, a cloudie mist began to obscure their brightest sonshine, and a frost of cares to ouer runne their summers blisse. Now began Blanchardine to accuse and condemne himselfe of vnnaturall ingratitude and disobedience to his parentes, to whome both nature and dutie bound him to bee submissiue and kind; now he began to maligne the time, the place, and the cause of his departure and priuie escape from his fathers Court. But all in vaine, for as teares, praiers, nor vowes can recall the dead so had I wist, and time abused and mispent, is in vaine to be desired. And yet (quoth he) how vnnaturall was I to forsake them whome nature charged me to loue and obey! now I may iustlie accuse my self of the murther of these my louing parents: alas! I cannot excuse my selfe, neither can I plead ignoraunce that I knew not that my departure would be the finishing of my parentes ioyes, and cause of their death, which now (to my open shame) I finde most true. And should I, nay, could I, suffer my selfe to be led and carried away with such vaine fantasies, as leaue them quil en eut, Il coucha malade, dont Il morut ¶ Le Roy blanchandin

comfortles to whome I was the greatest comfort. Die, Blanchardine, die! and the rather die, that art the cause of thy parents death: alas! to kill a man is hainous murder; but to murder my parentes, a sinne against Sanctitie: all creatures haue care to foster those that gaue them life; and I, careles in killing my father. The Storke, when he seeth his sire olde & redy to die with famine, taketh him vpon his shoulders, and feedeth him by his trauaile: But I, insteede of feeding, haue famisht, and in place of trauelling, haue traiterously ouerthrowne my parents.' [ed. 1595] Death is his fit punishment. The Lordes of Tormaday, seeing this soddaine and The Tormadians vnexpected chaunce of the death of the aged King, & the heauie plight of Blanchardine and his beautifull Quéene, humbly on their knees began to expostulate ardyn, him in this manner: 'Noble prince! as the salue com- comfort Blanchmeth to late, where the sore is irrecuperable; as phisicke is naught worth where the pacient is passing; and as fire giuen to the ordinance, tis to late to recall the shot; So, mightie King, booteles are these teares which are shed for the dead. the honor of your father hath eterniz'd his name for euer, though his body be here interred; and if fame be the marke whereat all noble mindes do shoote, then may you boast that he cannot die whose fame is so ferre spred throughout the world. Leaue therefore (braue King) to bewaile him whome you haue cause to ioy for, and comfort our pensiue Queene and your faire spouse, whose torments cannot cease, seeing you so sad.' As one newly risen from a traunce, or out of a heauy slumber, so Blanchardine, hauing listened to this short and sweete discourse of his nobles, began to recall his sences home, which before were wandring after the Ghost of his father, through and beg him to stop sorrowing, and to cheer his wife. son filz fut en tresamert desplaisance, et aussi fut la Royne sa femme, qui moult lamoit. Il fut porte en terre, et son seruice et obseques

[ed. 1595] Blanchardyn comforts Eglantine, the Elizian feeldes, and ¹perceiuing sorrow to be both 1 sign. I 4, back. needlesse and bootlesse, so well as the time and this hard occasion would permit, he began to be more cheereful; and so pacing toward the Queene with a simpering smile, neither presaging mirth nor mourning, he began to recomfort her: How now, faire loue? what, are your melancholies such as nothing can make you merrie? sweete hart, be pacified, and shake of these vntimelye passions, and learne by me to disgest the hard and harsh pilles of vnhappie fortune. The cause is mine; and if sorrow be expected in any, it is I that must be sorrowful; but I haue found it both hurtfull to my body and [not] auailable² to the dead, and therefore haue shaken it of as a thing of no regarde. Let vs not therefore (sweete wife) be the cause of a mournfull and prays her to courte, but the authors of merry company, since it hath pleased God to sorte our haps to our harts contentments in our happy wedding.' The Queene, whose sadnes grew by reason of her husbands heauinesse, seeing him to haue so quickly dismissed his heauy passions, became presentlye iocond & merry; & so betweene them commaunded great preparation to be forthwith made, to performe the obsequies of the deceased King of Freeze, his Father; which shortly, with all solemnitie fitting his estate, was accomplished, to the great admiration of all beholders, for the sumptuous magnificencie and surpassing pompe wherwith he was interred; all costly odors and sweet senting spices were bountifully be2 ? unavailable be merry. They bury the King of Friesland with great solemnity. faictes, comme a vng tel Roy appartint. Apres tous les meschiefz et Infortunes de blanchandin et de sa dame comme Roy et Royne, rempliz et aournes de toutes bonnes vertus, vesquirent le demourant leur vie en paix et transquilite en seruice de dieu, amez et cremus de leurs voisins; Et eurent telle grace de nostre seigneur que ains que du monde se partissent veirent leur filz grant a porter armes, et le feirent couronner roy de frize ¶ Et vesquirent tres longtemps, en eulx

stowed vpon him; great almes and charity were dealt and distributed; and innumerable sollemne processions & praiers were made for him, in honor of his person dead, and love of his Sonne liuing. [ed. 1595] ardyn 1 sign. K 1. Now Sadonie, who was not only a beholder, but a Sadoyne principall actor in all this heauy tragedie, after these obsequies were solemnized, and that the estate of his sworne freend Blanchardine and his faire Queene rested in perfect quiet, voyde and free both of forraine and domesticall enimies, bethinking himselfe of his beautifull Beautrix, his trusty Regent of Cassidony (hee, I say) whome loue had stonge to the quicke by his late marriage, comming to Blanchardine, began thus: 'Since, asks BlanchNoble freend, and true copartner of all mishaps, that fortune hath spit her deadly spight, ¹and that now there remaineth no more seruice for me to doe in defence of your royall person, your Realme and Queene; and that my princely Queene languisheth at home, by reason of my long absence, whose princely person is the true Idea of my thought; let me craue fauor to depart, vntill occasion or your freendly letters call me hether againe, where and when I will not faile, so long as life shall rest within me, to do you all possible fauor and kindnes.' Blanchardine (imagining by himselfe) that the Sting of loue was a sufficient pricke to call Sadony home, and that he should greatly iniury him & his faire Beautrix, in withholding them a sunder; not onely gaue his consent for his departure, but with all to let him go home to his wife Beatrice. sees Sadoyne to honor accompanied him to his ships, with his Princely Blanchardyn Eglantine, where, not without millions of teares and his ship, many kind imbracements, they parted companie. Thus with pleasant gale and quiet tide, Neptune gouuernant en ce monde, tellement que apres leur mort furent moult regretez de leurs subgetes et voisins, et dautres qui ne les congnoissoient, pour le grant renom de leur vie ¶ Tellement se gouuernerent en ce monde transitoire, que Ilz trouuerent paix au Royaulme de

[ed. 1595] and he sets sail. But at night a storm rises, guiding the healme, sayled Sadony and his warlike companie towardes the Realme of Cassidony, where his princely Queene, the beautifull Beautrix, held her Royall court, but heauy and mournfull for the absence of her Lorde and husband Sadony; for wrathfull Nemisis, enuying of her good hap, and willing to heape greater woes vpon the Queene, then before shee suspected, altered her hoped blisse into a deadly bane. For when the calme silence of the night procured quiet to all liuing creatures, and that Hesperus, the harbenger of Cinthia, had giuen charge to call the inferior stars with twinkling light to illumine the earth; Eolus on the sodaine began to roare, and with outragious stormes and cruell blastes to bannish againe the starrs from the firmament, & in their places to spred his dusky clouds, so that instead of light there was obscuritie, with huge and horible crakes of thuunder: By force whereof, the wandering Prince Sudony and his amazed company were, from a sodaine hope of happy arriuall, driuen and threatens to into a dismall feare of drowning: then began the pittifull clamor of the people, seeing euery waue ready to swallow up the ship wherein they were caried, the foggy mist to thicken with cloudy vapors, that vnneth could the saylors see to doe their labours. Sadony (whose drown them. 1 sign. K 1, back. corage no fortune was able to daunt) ha¹uing his assured hope in the God whome Blanchardine made him to know, seeing his company to faint and in dispaire, began to exhort and comfort them in this sort : Sadoyne bids his monks pray to God. 'Trustie companion[s] and copartners of mishap, since it hath pleased the maiestie of the eternall God to terrifie with his thunderclaps our feeble hearts, and that all hope of safetie is vtterly denied; let vs with one consent humble our selues before his mercy seat; and no doubt, as in many other our calamities, so in this our desperate distress, he will with the eyes of pitty looke downe vpon our penitencie, and by his

[ed. 1595] The monks, cheerd by Sadoyne's words, omnipotency appease the rage of these troubled seas, which threateneth imminent death and destruction. Frollike, deere friends! and the God of Blanchardine defend us!' The company seeing Sudonie so coragious and full of haughtie valor, inciting them to call vpon the God of Blanchardine, euery one casting away his dastard feare, eleuating their hearts and hands to heauen, made their orizons thus: Imortall Iehoua, pray to God, guider of this glorious roume! although our dim-sighted eies haue been long couered with the obscure vaile of ignorance, & haue abandoned our hearts from thy sacred law, yet since it hath pleased thee to make thy name and glorie knowne among vs, suffer vs not to miscarie, vntill wee haue yeelded thee all conding and heauenly honor, so that from our lips thy praise may flow, and in our hearts thy diety take roote !' No grows calm. sooner was this short & zealous praier finished, but horned Luna began to shew her head, the cloudes to vanish, the windes to cease, and the sea to calme, and the sea soon which yeelded such fuell to their faith, that for euer they acknowledged the omnipotence of Blanchardines God, and left the same to their posterities. Then the skilful Pilots, whose wandring course was past their compasse, looking to the skyes, were directed a true passage by a christall starre, so that within short time they reacht the shore of Cassidony, where the beautifull Beautrix, with her Lordly Peeres and Princely Ladies, awaited their landing. When Sadony was cieulx. Sadoyne reaches Cassidonye, and is receivd by his wife Beatrice. Et sadoine son tresleal compaignon retourna en cassidoine, ou lui et la Royne beatrix vesquirent en transquilite de ame et de corps ¶ Ceste histoire ne touche plus auant ou gouuernement du Roy blanchandin, na de la Royne sa femme ¶ Si finirons nostre hystoire en priant au pere et au filz et au saint esprit, que en la fin de noz Iours, nous vueille sa grace ottroyer. [underlined in red ink] Explicit expliciat Amen. Quy plus vult scribere scribat.

[ed. 1595] 1 sign. K 2. Sadoyne repairs to his Court, rewards his soldiers, now escaped the danger of the sea, and safely come a shore, after humble thankes to God, he seazing vpon the rosiall lips of his royall Queene, in whose countenance snow and blood made such a mixture, that in 1the opinion of all, if nature should deuise to frame her paragon she might fayle in perfection. But after many kinde curtesies and amiable imbracements betweene Sadony and his Beautrix, and the Lordes and Ladies, where euery one stroue with kindnes to welcome home her loue, they repaired to the court, where, for that night, the King and his Queene spent the time in content, and al the rest congratulated their happy meetings. On the morrow, when glorious Phoebus began to cut the cloudes, and drewe the darknes from the earth, every one prepared himselfe to be ready to attend the princes pleasure. After Sadony had royally presented himselfe to the veiw of all, giuing a princely boniure to the Lordes and nobles, he commaunded that the soldiers, whose trauels had beene great, should repaire to his presence, to receiue a recompence for their paines; which bountie did so combine the trustie minds of all vnto him, that base was he accompted, that would refuse to hazard his life where and when it pleased Sadony to commaund. Then were the lawes, which in his absence the Quéene and ratifies laws, and Counsell had deuised, presented to him to ratifie, which he with all princely magnificencie did forthwith establish, to the great admiration and singuler content of all his subiectes and people. Now tatling swiftwinged fame, the speedy messenger of happie newes, ceased not vntil these tidinges were brought to the eares of the King of Spruse at the cittie Marienbourgh (then in his profound and deep meditations for his sonne Sadony), and his departed companion. But when he heard of the hard aduentures which his sonne had escaped by sea, his deliuerie from death on land, His father, the King of Prussia,

[ed. 1595] ne's marriage, see him. and his most happy marriage with the beautifull Beautrix, banishing feare (whose cankering rust had hears of Sadoyalmost consumed his pleasure) hee, with all his nobles and people, offered burnt sacrifices to their Mahon for this happie tidings. Yet not content nor satisfied in minde, he rigged certaine ships, wherein he and diuers of his Lordes embarqued themselues, longing to visite his son at Cassidonie; and led by this sweete desire, after they had sayled the space of one weeke, they and comes to came ashore within those territories. But when newes was brought to Sadony that certaine ¹Pagans were 1 sign. K 2, back. arriued, and craued to bee admitted his princely presence Ignorant altogether what or whence they shoulde be seating himselfe in his Royall throne, accompanied with his faire Queene and chiefe peeres, hee commaunded them to bee brought to his presence, vpon whose approche, Sadony knowing his father by the Sadoyne maiestie of his countenaunce, desended from his seate, humbling himselfe on his knées at his fathers feete. The faire Beautrix vnwitting who he might be, to whome and Beatrice Sadony should shewe such reuerence, stood in a maze. But after she knew him to be father to Sadony, with a father. most gracious and amiable cheere came to entertaine welcome his him; to whome the King of Spruse rendred millions. of thankes, both for the life and marriage of his sonne, without whose rescue hee had bin traiterously murdred, and hanged by Alimodes. But the faire for Sadoyne. Quéene answered, that both her life, liuing, and people Beatrice's love rested in the safetie of Sadony,' without whome (quoth shee) neythir may I, nor my kingdome, continue.' Now when the King of Spruse had listened to her zealous and sugred tale, fixing a stedfast countenaunce on her face, he seemed as one rauished in contemplation, admiring the beauty and bounty of the Queene. But Sadony, thinking his father (after his ariual from sea) to be desirous to repose himself, led him with all maiestie

[ed. 1595] Sadoyne lodges his Father royally. But when the King of Prussia finds that his son Sadoyne las turnd Christian him, 1 sign. K 3. into a most princely lodging; where after his repast, he went to bed. the other Lords of his troope, and all their followers, were so honorably entertained there, that the commendation of Sudonies bountie was bruted euery where. Now on the next morning, when (according to custome) Sadony and his faire Queene repaired to the Church to heare deuine seruice, the King of Spruse not suspecting that his Sonne Sadony had altered his religion from his Mahomet; after the Priestes had begun to sing a sollemne procession in the honor of Christ, he, as a man distraught in sence, and ouercome with madding frenzy, ran vp and downe he at first curses cursing and exclaiming against his sonne, so that neither pers wasions, teares, vowes, nor praiers, might once appease his franticke rage; till retiring himself all sollitary into his chamber, tormented with passions & agonies, at length he fell a sleep; to whome, a little after, entred diuers of the Lordes ¹which accompanied Sadonie from Marienbrough with Blanchardine, and perswaded the King that the idolatrous Mahomet was a false deceauer, and of no diety, which by sundry and wonderfull miracles, they had founde Christ to be the true Messias and sonne of God; and, therefore, with all humilitie, ioyntly on their knees, they entreated his maiestie to leaue his superstitious worshipping of blockish Mahomet, and with all deuotion to acknowledge2 Christ to be the true God. And euen at that very instant the stony heart of this Pagan King was mollified, who forsaking his idolatrie, became a christian. This happie newes so delighted his sonne, that vnder heauen nothing could make him more content. Then laboured Sadony and his faire Queene, with all royaltie, to welcome their father and his followers, where their entertainment was exceeding measure, both for magnificencie and cost. So past the time a moneth or more of their abode in iollity, 2 Orig. acknowledged but, being persanded by his Lords, he, the King, becomes a Christian too.

[ed. 1595] month, vntill the King, desirous to returne to Marienbourgh, requested leaue of Sadony for his departure: who seeing After a happy the tickle state of his fathers kingdome, in his absence, wanting a gouernour there, was the more willing; and so, all possible prouision being made, with princely bounty bestowed by Sadony and his Beautrix vpon the Lords of Spruse, they accompanied the King to his ships. And after humble dutie done by Sadony to his father, and kinde curtesie to the rest, he recommended them to the mercy of Blanchardines God, Thus, Gentlemen, to satisfie your expectations, & performe my promise, I find you the second part of Blanchardines aduentures, whose succes (if I finde as fortunate as his first) looke shortly, so soone as time and leasure will serue, for the finishing of all his Sadoyne's father goes home to Prussia. Look out for ardyn's advenmore of Blanchtures. Tragidies. FINIS.

Appendix: Title-Pages and Dedications of the 1595 Edition

APPENDIX. TITLE-PAGES AND DEDICATIONS OF THE TWO PARTS OF THE Blanchaqdine and Eglantine OF 1595.

[Woodblock.] THE MOSTE Pleafaunt Hiſtorye of Blanchardine, Sonne to the King of Friz; & the faire Lady Eglantine Queene of Tormaday, (furnamed) The proud Ladye in LOVE. [Woodblock.] LONDON Printed for VVilliam Blackewall, and are to be folde at his Shop, ouer againſt GuildHall Gate. 1595.

To the woorfhipful and moft towardly Gentleman M. William Peeter, fonne and heire to the Woorfhipfull Sir John Peeter Knight. Lthough with barren pen (right Worffhipful) I haue vndertaken the tranflation of this Hiftorie of Blanchardine, & the dedication therof to you, whome many fauours haue bound me to honour: knowing the matter to determine nothing but honor & loyaltie, which both may challenge a great propertie in your self: I haue prefumed to offer theſe fruites of my labours to your fauourable acceptaunce, as part & parcell of my bounden duty to your Worſhips Father, your vertuous Mother and your felfe, whofe deferts haue tyed me during life the vaffaile of your and their commaunds in all obferuancie. And if all men are by nature and dutie bound to gratifie his weldeferuing Freinds, then muſt not I ouerflip time to make requitall of your many olde bounties by fome flender gift, fuch as the zeale of my duty & the abilitie of my minde is able to perfourme; and yet fſhall I neuer be able to ridde the ſcore of your gratious demerits towardes me the meaneſt of many fauourits, nor cancel the bandes 2 of my dutie to your woorffhipful houfe. But hauing imagined many waies to prefent you with the teftimonie of my humble looue, & finding none either more agreeing to mine eftat, or fitting for your worffhip then this new tranſlation of this pleaſant hiſtory out of Latin, which I haue at idle times vndertaken: whofe ftile, although it may ſeeme rude and barberous and vnfitting your Worffhip, yet I doe not miftruft, but the matter, beeing both pithie and pleſaunt, will incite you 2 sign. A 2, back. 1 sign. A 2.

Dedication of Part I of Blanchardine (1595). to read it at your leafures, & cenfure it (not according to the worth), but according to the dutiful defire of the giuer. And though I, the vnffkilfulleft of many, doe feeme as it were to pluck Hercules clubbe out of his hands in vndertaking this tranflation, which might befeem a far deeper fcholler then my felf: yet hauing not in my pore oppinion impaired the credit nor wronged my Author in my tranflation, forcing him to ſpeak rude Engliſh (which floweth with eloquence in latine), yet becauſe my leafure ferued, and my dutie bad mee be thankfull, I rather chofe this more then any other, which with all dutiful affection I commend to your learned veiw. Thus crauing your acceptance of this pore widowes mite, vnder taking the patronage of the fame, I wiſh you all helth and happines. Your Worfhips at command, P. T. G. [Part I of ed. 1595 ends on H 4, with Thus, Gentlemen, haue I abruptly finiſhed this firft part of Blanchardines Aduentures, with the true conftant loue of fayre Eglantine, the proude Ladie in loue: which, if it fhall paffe with your good fauors, I will verie fhortly make the fecond part readie for the preffe. In the meane while I wiſh ye well. FIAIS.]

[Leaf Aj. Woodblock.] The fecond part, OF THE MOST Excellent and Famous Historye of Blanchardine, Sonne to the King of Frize, and faire Eglantine Queene of Tormaday, surnamed The Proud Lady in Loue. By P. T. G. Gent. Imprinted at London for VVilliam Blackwall, and are to be folde at his Shop, ouer-againſt Guildehall Gate. 1595.

1 ¹ To the mofte forward Patrone of learning and braue accompliſht Gentleman, M. William Peetre, fonne and heir to the right worſhipfull fir John Peetre knight. Ipercyan the vnfkilfull Piper, when he had founded vpon his Oaten reed his ruftic Roundelaies in prefence of God Mercurie, before whome, Orpheus (douting of his cunning) was afhamed to tune his Harpe: being at the firſt vncontroled, in the end began to blowe lowder. So I, right worſhipfull, not vnlike this rude Piper, hauing prefumed to tune my ruftic ftringes to larum foorth my fimple muficke in the tranflation of the firſt parte of Blanchardines aduentures, in prefence of you, whofe learned cenfure as farre paffeth my capacitie, as Mercuries cunning did poore Hipercyans fkill: yet hauing found your fauourable acceptance of the former, I am encouraged to perfeuer in the dedication of the fecond parte alfo, to you, his firſt and moft worthy Patrone; to whoſe vaffelage, not only many vndeferued fauours, but bountifull rewardes haue bound me during life, in all obferuancie. And hauing no fitter meane to make manifeft the integritie of my zeale, wherewith I honor your wor'fhippfull house: I thought it my beſt to take hold of occafion, whileft (in my conceit) ſhe proffered her felfe to be taken, which I greatly feared, if now I fhould negligently ouerflip, I fhould fcantly hereafter ouertake. This confideration (right worſhipfull) was the fpur that prickt me forth to offer the fimple kernell which this fruitleffe ſhell inclofeth, to your fauourable view, which I truft you will vouchfafe to accept, 2 sign. A 2, back. 1 sign. A 2.

Dedication of Part II of Blanchardine (1595). though not according to the value, which is nothing, yet for the dutifull defire of the giuer, which is my moft. For in this I proteſt, you may well decerne, that my willing minde dooth bewraie my good meaning. And as the brighteft Sun wanteth not fuell to yeild increaſe to his glorious light; so there is not wanting in me a fufficient will, to do you all poffible dutie and feruice (by which two, the Scutchion of my zeale is and fhall for euer be fupported). Thus more then halfe affured, that this my poore Booke ſhall finde ſhelture to flie vnder the fhadow of your wing, in whofe good grace (if once it be armed) I force not what back-biting Momus or his currifh mates can imagine againſt it. And as thefe (my Premities, patronized by you) fhall feeme pleafing; fo wil I alwaies be moſt readie (if any matter of more worth chance into my handes) to offer it vp in all dutie at your fhrine: vntill when I take my leaue, praying God in this life to grace you with all happines, and in the other life with all bleffednes. Your Worſhips euer deuoted, P. T. G.

Name Index

NAME INDEX. ACHILLES, the hero of the Trojan | Fryse (Friesland?), the native War, seen on the tapestry by Blanchardyn, 15/15. Almanye, Germany, 124/10. Alymodes, King of Cassydonye, besieging Tormaday, 38/2, 45/35, 55/18, 56/13, etc. Babylonye, Babylon, 125/9. Beatrice, daughter of King Aly. modes, afterwards wife to Sadoyne, 92/18, 93/1, 97/2, etc. Blanchardyn, son of the King of Frise, 12/12, 20, etc. Cassydonye, the kingdom of Alymodes, afterwards of Sadoyne, 91/3, 95/11, 18, 96/25. Castelforde, Earl of, 179/20, 180/4, 181/9, 182/13, 197/18. Caxton, 1/5. Corbadas, nephew to King Alymodes, slain by Blanchardyn, 62/ 21. Corboraunt, brother to King Alymodes, 167/9, 168/14, 169/15. Darye, Daryus, son to King Alymodes, 56/28, 57/13, 86/7, 92/27, 94/31, 95/11. Deyphebus, one of the heroes of the Trojan War, depicted on the tapestry, 15/14. Eglantine, Queen of Tormaday, the pucelle in amours, 2/1, 3/3, 182/5, etc., etc. Englonde, England, 1/4. country of Blanchardyn, 16/14, 18/21, 21/3, 31/22, etc. Grece, Greece, Blanchardyn pretends to be of Greece, 99/36. Grekes, Greekes, before Troy, 15/13. Hector, 15/13. Henry the Seventh, to his mother Caxton dedicates his book, 1/3. Mahoum, Mahomet, 100/17. Margarete, Duchess of Sommerset, to her 'Blanchardyn' is dedicated, 1/2. Maryenborugh, Marienburg in Prussia, 95/6, 98/12, 101/1, 102/ 24, etc. Mocastre, the castle of Mocastre, in Greece, 100/7. Nourwaye, Northweye, Norweghe, Nourthwege (preceded by the article, on account of -way),¹ 95/ 12, 96/24, 120/29, 127/21, 132/ 26, 128/1, 153/6. Parys, son of Priam, 15/14. Polonye, Poleyne, Poland, 101/2, 31, 105/4, 32, 106/30, 107/19, 108/1, 4. Polonyens, Poles invade Prussia, 106/3, 107/11, 17, 108/20. Provost of Tormaday, 44/30, 46/3, etc. Pruce, Prussia, 98/13, 108/22, 33, 140/11. Prussyens, 107/1. 1 Hence Macbeth I. ii: 'Sweno, the Norway's king, craves composition.'

Name Index. Rome, 124/10. Rubyon, a giant, suitor for Beatrice, in the army of King Alymodes, 56/32, 82/25, 83/4 ff. Sadoyn[e], son of the King of Prussia, 102/24 ff. Salamandre, the native country of the giant Rubyon and of his brother, 93/19, 95/1, 96/29 ff. Spayne, 124/10. Subyon, an upstart in the court of Eglantine, who betrays her, 173/ 9, 24, 175/19, 176/3. Syluayne, a thief, 204/8, 205/4, 19. Tormaday, the residence of Eglantine, 34/10, 38/5, 7, 39/19 ff. Troians, 15/3. Troye, 14/13, 15/1, 11. Troylus, 15/14.

Glossary

GLOSSARY. A, prep. (O. E. on.) It answers to | Modern English on or in, and precedes nouns, adjectives, and participles present. (a) abak, back, adv. 167/19; a fote, on foot, 190/6; a horsbak, 180/ 27, 183/16; awerke, at work, to work, 60/16; a lande, 198/30, 199/25. (b) a hyghe, on high, 20/12; alowde, aloud, 180/8, 185/1; alowe, 107/34- (c) the noyse and the feste that was adoyng, 67/5; she wist not, whether she was a-wakyng or a slepe, 152/34. ProA, prep. of: a power, 109/9. bably also in 'alonge' and 'alyue,' see Introduction, p. xvi. A, prefix, be-, afore, before, 176/1, 190/6. Abak, adv. back, 167/19. Accomptes, accounts; make accomptes, make hope, 186/27. Acoynt, acquaint, 66/27. (O. Fr. acointier.) Acquyte, acquit, 171/26. Ado, affair, 178/28, 195/2. (Original: affaire.) Affectual, hearty; prayenge right affectually, 49/27. Affeyt, educate, 14/17. (O. Fr. afaitier, to tame, to educate.) Afor, before, 37/17, 176/1. Alonge, adv. fully, 26/6, 199/3. Alonge, prep. along, 188/12. Alyaunce, alliance, 67/16; plur. 8/23. Amarytude, bitterness, 90/5. (L. amaritudo. Original: amertume.) | Amours, amoures, love in connection with pucelle, i. e. Eglantine, passion; besides this, 69/2, 26, 92/ 19, 75/15 (amours and loue). Amyte, friendship, 188/9. (O. Fr. amité.) An-angred, angry, 106/7, 169/19, 170/26. Apayde, content, satisfied, 28/13, 34/4, 39/16. Apostata, rehegate, 70/6. Appete, aim at, 13/26. Appiere, appear, 187/21. Ar, ere, before, 62/30. Ascrye, exclaim, 106/33, 113/2, 169/ 29. Cf. escrye. (O. Fr. escrier.) Asondre, asunder, 29/24. Aspye, vb. spy, 18/10. Assaut, assault, 69/3. Astate, estate, 176/10. Aswaged, assuage, 155/14. Atones, at once, 195/5. Atte, at, 197/9, 198/15, 206/8. Attouch, touch, 26/8. Auantage, advantage, 18/11, 129/ 25; auauntage, 75/34. Auaunced, advance, 101/34, 141/ 17. Aulmonere, purse, 82/8. (O. Fr. aumosniere.) Auowe, vow, 106/5. Awerke, at work, to work, 60/16. Ax, ask, 23/13, 33/19, 42/1, 13, 47/ 12. Barnag[e], valiantness, 33/25. (O.F. barnage.) Bataylle, regiment (same meaning in O. Fr.), 184/32, 201/9, 10. Batelment, battlement, 90/18.

Glossary. Beaulte, beauty, 8/7, 13/6; (beawte, | Comprehende, encompass, embrace, 13/9). Become, go, 18/13. Behouffe, behoof, 49/26. Behourdyng, jousting, 76/14. (O. F. behourd, M. H. G. buhurd.) Cf. Chaucer, C. T., Prologue, 1. 52: Ful ofte tyme he hadde the bord bygonne.' But several parallel instances are cited to show that bord here means table, the dais at which the guests and host sat. Beneured, happy, 11/10. (0. Fr. ben eurez = bien heureux.) Benyngne, benign, 189/21. Beslepe, sleep in, 178/15. 124/6. Conestable, head captain, 100/29, 107/34; counstable, 104/13. Conquest, vb. conquer, take. Conteyne, behave; look well. Corage (O. Fr.), mind, 15/17, 16/2, 43/22, 51/11, 52/22, etc.; plur. 17/11. Coulpe, fault, 74/9. (Lat. culpa.) Coyffe, coif, the cap under the helmet, 28/19. (0. Fr. coiffe.) Crauent, overthrow. (0. Fr. cravanter.) Credence, belief, faith, 185/20. 0. Fr. credance, crëance. Bestaylle, cattle, 7/3, 5. (0. Fr. Cure, care, 65/23. (Lat. cura.) Curteys, courteous, 39/27, 29. bestail.) Blasure, escutcheon, 15/21. Bode (preterite of bide), abode, 180/ | Damesel (dameseyll, 143/22; 27. Bren, burn, 52/27. Broch, broach, 25/4, 26/4, 184/21. Bruit (bruyt), report, 19/11, 14, 211/29. Bruse, break, 28/9; brusen=bruised. (O. Fr. brisier.) Bruyaunt, making a noise, a bustle, 42/5. (O. Fr. bruire, to inake a noise.) Bussynes, straight trumpets, 57/11, 183/6. (O. Fr. busine; Lat. buccina.) Butyue? buty, booty, 204/14. Byfyghteresse, valiant woman, 189/ 15. (Original: batailleresse.) - = Caytyf, cative, prisoner, 146/3. (O. Fr. caitif; Lat. captivus.) Cheff, chief, 55/2. Chere, cheer, face, 42/5. (O. Fr. chiere.) Chose (preterite of chuse), saw, 25/ 23; chosen, seen, 53/16. Choys, sight, 56/2. Chuse, perceive, see, 48/9, 64/5. (Original: choisir.) Cleues. cliffs, 117/14. Coll, embrace, 195/3. (O. Fr. accoler.) Combrauns, obstacle, hindrance. (O. Fr. combrance.) Complayse, please, 187/5. (Lat. complacere; O. Fr. complaire.) | damoysell, 39/2, 43/28, 47/4, etc.), damsel, 143/8. Dampnable, damnable, 177/21. Defend, prohibit, 184/8. Deffensable, defendable, 190/18. Delyber, deliberate, 117/32. Delyte, delight, 13/17. Demayne (demene, 7/21), complayntes, make, utter, 21/6. (0. Fr. demener.) Departe, lay a, lay apart, 17/9. Destrer, courser, 27/13. (0. Fr. destrier.) Detrench, hew to pieces, 28/18, 59/ 6, 85/30. (0. Fr. detrenchier.) Deuoyer, duty, 101/6; deuoyre, 113/ 3. (0. Fr. devoir.) Deuyse, vb. talk, 52/17. Deuyses, sb. talking, conversation, 30/1, 121/5, 129/21, 131/2, 144/ 32, 153/10. (O. Fr. deviser, relate.) Displeysaunt, displeasing, disagreeable, 27/19; displeased, 127/11. Dolaunt, sorry, grieved, 21/2, 25/25, 99/6, etc. (O. Fr. dolent, dolant, from the verb doloir; Lat. dolere.) Doleaunce, grief, 26/3, 179/2. Dommage, (1) it were dommage, it were a pity, 64/27, 74/7. (2) damage, injury, 86/27; damnage, 92/10. Dommage, vb. injure, damage, 200/ 29. Dompt, subdue, 196/14..

Glossary. Doub (dowb), dub, 24/2, 8. Drad, dreaded, 53/21. Dronke, drunk, 178/9. Drue, drew, 23/6. Dure, endure, 123/19. Dyspleasaunce, displeasure, sorrow, 60/9. Efte, afterwards, 59/11. Eke, also, 60/21, 126/13. (O. E. eác.) Embate, refl, enter vehemently. (0. Fr. s'embatre.) Emonge, among, 191/3. Empraynte, encounter, 62/30. Fr. empreinte.) Enfamouse, infamous, 178/5. (0. Engyne, wit, 17/3. (O. Fr. engien ; Lat. ingenium.) Entent, intention, attention, 194/6, 202/26. Entier (O. Fr.), entire, 179/5. Eny, any, 178/8, 184/19, 188/33, 196/31. Eschewe, evade, 185/14. (O. Fr. esquiver.) Esprised, inflamed, 68/2, 77/10, 79/ 33. (O. Fr. espris, from esprendre.) Exercyte, army, 174/33, 175/16, 192/ 11, 197/7. (Lat. exercitus.) Facion, fashion, maner, 17/2, 157/7, 189/15. Famyllyer, familiar, intiinate friend, 51/16. Fantassye, sorrowful thoughts, 112/6. Fantasyouse wylle, imagination, 17/7. Faycture, stature, 53/18. (O. Fr. faicture.) Faytes of armes, feats, 14/17, 63/23, 93/4, 106/12, 24, 157/17. Feery, ferry, 34/8. Felawe, fellow, 8/6, 8/19. Felyship, fellowship, following company, 132/2, 135/11, 201/22. Fet, fetch, 117/7. Forthar, further, 31/5. Foyson, plenty, 7/2, 58/27, 89/7. Cf. Fuson. (O. Fr. foison.) Frayed, afraid, 87/13. Frist, first, 62/20. Fuson, foison, 96/6, 179/31. Gadre, gather, 11/8. Galhouse, gallows, 187/24, 189/3. Gardebras, a piece of armour to protect the shoulders and arms, 83/ 16. (0. Fr. Du Cange, antebrachia.) Germayn (cousin), german, 73/31, 163/22. Graff, engraft, 104/24. Grommes, grooms, 19/8. Guysarme (O. Fr.), a long weapon with a spear at its head, 190/17, 35, 191/15, 202/24. Gybet (gybette), gallows, 182/22, 188/1, 191/12. Habandoune, abandon, 111/21, 136/ 17. Haboundaunce, abundance, 144/13, 148/9. 172/11. Haboundaunt, 11/12. Haue = lead, take, bring, 96/20, 177/32, 181/17, 183/2, 189/30, etc. Hauoyre, property, 64/26, 92/1. (0. Fr. avoir.) Hawten, proud, 173/10. (0. Fr. haltain.) Henged, hanged, 29/7. Heue, heave, 28/15, 57/17. Hit, it, 19/17, 25/10, 29/8, etc. Incontynent (O. Fr.), immediately, 56/16, 60/4, 64/30, 89/30, 93/30, 187/1, 194/7. Inprenable, impregnable, 182/8. Iouencell (O. Fr.), youth, 18/5, 19/ 25, 20/28, 23/4, 25/16, etc. Kene, cows, 114/9. Kerle, churl, 173/18: 'churl' occurs, 173/13, 16. (O. E. ceorl.) Knowlege, he came to his knowlege, came again to himself, recovered his senses, 49/19. Kyen, kine, cows, 119/11. Cf. Kene. Kynrede, kindred, 17/9. Kyt, cut, 85/30. Lad, led, 50/19. Largesse, liberality, 82/19. Leches cyrurgiens, surgeons, 102/ 18. (O. E. læce.) Lese, lose, 43/15.

Glossary. Lette, hinder, 41/6. Leuer, liefer, rather, 183/23. Loenge (O. Fr.), praise, 72/9. Long, belong, 17/4, 111/26. Louenge, loenge, praise, 160/8. Lynage, kindred, 72/23, 78/32, 99/ 35, 109/13. Machyne, intend, 177/19, 199/4. (Lat. machinari.) Madamoselle, 53/3. Maister, captain, 205/30. Malgre, in spite of, 189/9. Cf. Maulgre. (O. Fr. malgré.) Mark, observe, notice, 179/30. Martrons, martens, 50/26. Maulgre, malgre, in spite of, 8/25, 9/1. Maumetys (from Mahomet), idols, 137/27. Mayster maister, master, 3/8, 14/ 2, 14/19, 15/8, 16/10, etc. Maystresse, nurse, governess, 38/4, 49/6, 51/4, etc. Maystrye, victory, 200/11. Medle, fight, battle, 180/14. (O. Fr. meslee.) Merveyll (Mervayll), marvel, 51/5, 56/31, 63/16, etc. Meyne, band, 205/1. (O. Fr. meignee.) Mo, Moo, more, 104/31, 106/31, 167/ 6, etc. Modere, moderate, 5/7. (0. Fr. modérer.) Mowe, be able, 14/8, 32/7, 38/14, 43/14, 46/31, etc. (O. E. mugan.) Myddes, Myddys, middle, 27/18, 48/28. Mykel (Mekel), much, 71/26, 93/13, 186/23. Mynysshe, diminish, 71/13. Myschaunte, miserable, wicked, 178/ 5, 186/20, 188/29. (O. Fr. meschëant.) Myspryse, mistake, misbehave, 49/ 32. (O. Fr. mesprendre.) Myster, be in need, 77/32. (O. Fr. mestier, need, want.) Ne, nor, 37/1. Necessayre, necessary, 197/28. Nother, a, an other (a very common mistake; cf. the tone, the tother, | that one, that other), 3/20, 177/ 35, 188/26, 194/32. Noureture (norreture), breeding, education, 60/12, 74/8. Nouryce, nurse, 39/4. Nyghe, approach, 135/22. Nys, ne is, is not, 19/22, 133/4, 148/2. Obeyssaunce, obedience, 69/27, 135/ 35, 196/15. Oblyuyon, forgetting, forgetfulness, 74/1, 94/11. Obtempre, obtemperate, grant, 93/ 17. Occysion, slaughter, 58/4, 88/13, 142/28, 166/22. (Lat. occisio.) Olyphauntes, trumpet, 183/5. (O. Fr. olifan.) Oost, host, army, 6/19, 9/11, 194/25, 197/8, etc. Oryson, prayer, 12/8, 98/8. (0. Fr. orison.) Ouerwenynge (Original: oultrecuidant), bold, conceited, 72/26, 186/ 21. Oure (Owre), hour, 97/4, 113/13, 117/10, etc. Paas, pace, 29/18, 40/10. Palays, palace, 12/6, 14/20, etc. Parauenture, peradventure, 72/15. Parell, peril, 49/11, 98/7. Parfit, perfect, 179/2, 192/23. Parfurnysshe, grant, 169/1. Part, depart, 19/1, 20/14. Penoncelles (dim. of pennon, standard), colours, 56/5. Pensefull, sad, melancholy, 16/10, 31/10, 127/4, 193/9. Perce, pierce, 54/8. Perdurable, lasting, 185/23. Perell, Pereyll, peril, 182/29, 189/12, 26, 201/24. Cf. Parell. Personne, person, 145/23. Pert, expert (Original: appert), skilled, 190/34. Peyne, pain, 42/25, 179/1, etc. Peysaunt, heavy, 168/11. (Fr. pesant.) Peyse. See Poyse. Pleysaunt, pleasant, 199/31, 200/28. Porfend, cleave, 28/21. (O. Fr. pourfendre.)

Glossary. Powl, pull, 119/17. Poyse, weight; assault, attack, 194/ 15, 28, 201/15. (O. Fr. poids.) Praty, pretty, 53/16, 56/30, 66/23. Preesse, press, throng, 194/26. Prese, press, 168/4. Prest, ready, 23/20, 28/6, 47/24, etc. Preu, Prew, valiant, 164/32, 165/8, 178/7, 193/10. (0. Fr. preud, preu.) Proche, approach, 65/25. Renyed, renegate, 185/31. Replyque, reply, 54/6. Rest, the spere on the rest (Original: la lance au poing), 24/16. Retentiss, resound, echo, 183/7. Reuerence, make the reuerence, courtesy, bow, 70/22, 77/2. Rewle, rule, 58/17. Rewthe, ruth, regret, sorrow, 17/2, 20/16, 21/5, 30/11, etc. Roche, rock, 97/26, 100/11. Proes, prowess, 82/32, 109/4, 180/ Roughte, reached, attacked, 28/7, 34, 195/12. Proffe, proof, test, 40/21. Promesse, promise, 90/7. Promettre, vb. promise, 78/13; promytte, 131/12, 137/20, 138/30, etc. Pryuate, deprive, 23/21. Pucell, Pucelle, Pucel, maid, damsel, 40/11, 32, etc. Pusell, pucelle, damsel, 143/13. Pyere, peer, equal, 147/30. Pyght (Original: adroit), skilled, 47/ 31. Pytoyoble, pitiful, 94/23. Quareylles, arrows, 202/20. (O. Fr. quarrel.) Queyntaunce, acquaintance, 67/30. Quite, acquit, 29/22, 143/12, 19. Raenson, ransom, 6/13, 89/35, 92/ 22. Rayson, reason, 126/6. Recount (Original: rencontra), meet, 163/21. Perhaps a misprint, the regular word being recountre, 86/ 2, 132/4, etc. Recule, draw back, 88/22, 106/31, 107/18, 164/9, etc.; recuyelle, 107/5. Redoubt, dread, 1/2, 11/11. Reffut, refuge, 184/3. (O. Fr. refuit, refui.) Reforce, strengthen, 107/1, 110/13, 113/6. Refrene, refrain, 185/11; refreyn, 181/25. Renge, range, 105/10, 106/22. Rengne, reign, 140/13. 108/4. (M. E. rechen, pt. t. raghte, raughte.) Roume, room, 165/7. Royalme (realme), realm, 6/25, 20/ 16, 18, 101/2, 103/14, etc. Rydde, rode (sg. influenced by the plural), 83/27. Salew, salute, 23/3. Sauf, save, except, 133/26, 136/1, 138/9. Sawt, assault, 187/5. Scape, escape, 181/16, 205/22. Seen, considering (Original: attendu), 29/20. Self, same; that self knyght, 51/25. Semblaunt, appearance; make a semblaunt, let appear, 37/16. Sepayr, separate, 131/29. Shewe, show, 137/1. Solempne, solemn, 177/16. Sore, adv. very, 49/2, 59/17, 33, 60/ 17, etc. Sorough, sorrow, 70/7, 90/14. Soud youre, soldier, 38/13, 90/1. Special, lover, 67/12, 84/34. Sporys (Spowrys, 26/4), spurs, 18/8, 25/4. Sprenct, besprinkled, 25/25. Stablysshe, establish, 144/25. Sterke ded, quite dead, 27/7, 30/13, 62/25, 87/11. Strenthe, strength, 190/13. Subgette, subject, 1/6, 11/11. Succombe, subdue, 104/30. Swone, swoon, 19/28. Swoune, swoon, 19/11, 30/7. Renomme, renoun, 38/14, 71/14, 82/ Syn, synce, afterwards, 15/2, 40/1, 32, 99/9, 100/2. Renommed, renouned, 48/5. Renoyouse, disagreeable, 174/23. 195/4 Syth, since, 180/3, 183/2, 187/20, etc.

Glossary. Tenement, feudal possession, tenure, | Unfamouse, infamous, 186/20. 52/6. Thabylyments = the habiliments, 15/26. The e is dropped before nouns beginning with a vowel. Thende, the ende, 184/35, 187/17, 24, 197/16. Thentree, the entrance, 181/9. Thoo days, those days, 144/10. Threty, thirty, 71/27. (O. E. prittig.) Thusage, the usage, 14/2. To-, as prefix of verbs involves the idea of separation, dismembering; cf. O. E. tóberstan, burst asunder; tóbeatan, beat to pieces. To brayne, dash out the brain, 141/ 27, 169/1. To cutte, cut to pieces, 101/20, 141/ 31. To fore, before, 1/10, 3/8, 15/23. To hewe, hew to pieces, 142/23, 164/2. Torent, rend asunder, 97/21. Tourbe, multitude, 191/20. (Lat. turba.) = Toure, tower, 90/16, 19, 206/21. Tournoye, tilt, joust. 14/2. To your ward towards you, 38/ 14; cf. to them warde, 86/1; tv hym warde, 89/3. Trad, pt. t. of tread, 49/1, 89/5. Trabyssh, betray, 178/21. Traueylle, work, to labour, 26/21, 31/19. Trenchaunt, sharp, 28/3. Tryste, melancholy, 184/1; trystesse, sadness, 112/3. Tyse, entice, 77/8. | Unpolysshed, unpolluted, 23/25. Vaunce, advance, 40/23, 53/19, 62/8, 77/1, etc. Veraye, true, 41/2. Vitayll, victuals, 7/3. Vouchsauff, 29/2, 46/10. Vysage, face, 89/23, 98/23. Walop, gallop, 26/5, 42/5, 204/5. Warauntyse, protect, defend, 88/14. Ware, clever, 167/25. Cf. M. E. 'ware and wise.' Wauntonly, wantonly, 72/31, Werke, work, 40/15, 71/34, 81/24, 82/35, etc. Wexe, wax, become, 54/1, 64/16. Where as, where, 4/26, 13/18. | Whyle, other, sometimes, 1/13. Wrecke, revenge, 95/20. (O. E. wracu.) Wyst, knew, 29/3, 13, 49/4, 183/21. Y-, prefix forming past participles. (O. E. ge.) Yblinded, 113/32. Ybounde, 113/32, 170/35. Ybrought, 107/20. Ycast, 111/25. Ygadred, 144/14. Yholde, 110/1. Yhorsed, 102/5. Youghthe, youth, 174/29. Yrought, reached, 169/4. Ysette, 162/24.

Colophon

Edition. Leon Kellner, ed., Caxton's Blanchardyn and Eglantine, c. 1489, from Lord Spencer's Unique Imperfect Copy, completed by the Original French and the Second English Version of 1595 (Early English Text Society, Extra Series 58, London: Oxford University Press, 1890; reprinted 1962). Public domain in the United States (published 1890).

Witness. HathiTrust page-image scan (University of California, Riverside copy, record 31210012574578), preserved as a ZIP of 384 per-page OCR .txt files, one HathiTrust scan page per file. OCLC 11490553; file hash 722aac7353872459b47cbfd1a07bae21. SHA-256 of the witness ZIP: c1e73c29be971ed607ef959d755eb8b857350895c7fc921f09fd0486633fafb9.

What this edition actually contains, verified page by page against the scan. Kellner's book prints, on facing and successive pages, at least three interleaved layers of apparatus: Caxton's 1489 English (with the Early English Text Society's own marginal every-fourth-line counters), Kellner's marginal summary captions and running heads, footnoted variant readings from the French original, and — for long stretches even within Caxton's own portion of the story, not only after Caxton's text breaks off — the parallel 1595 Thomas Pope Goodwine English translation, each block tagged [ed. 1595] in Kellner's own apparatus. Those [ed. 1595] tags are preserved exactly as printed and are the reader's guide to which English version a given passage belongs to; no synthetic "Caxton" / "1595" section markers have been added beyond them.

What was rebuilt, mechanically (python3), from the raw OCR:

1. The 384 per-page files were concatenated in scan order and split into the edition's real divisions (Introduction, Dedication, Table of Chapters, the Text, the Continuation, the 1595 title-page Appendix, Name Index, Glossary) by locating the edition's own printed page numbers in the OCR.
2. End-of-line hyphenation was rejoined; single OCR line breaks within a paragraph were collapsed to spaces, with paragraph breaks kept at blank-line boundaries in the source.
3. Pure page-number lines were stripped. The EETS marginal every-fourth-line counters (4, 8, 12, …) were stripped where mechanically identifiable — as a trailing digit on an OCR line, or as an isolated token bounded by whitespace on both sides. This same numeric range unavoidably overlaps with Kellner's own per-page footnote-reference numerals (also small bare digits, reused 1, 2, 3 … on each page), which the per-page OCR does not visually distinguish from the line-counters. Disclosed defect: some stray bare digits remain loose in the running text where they could not be safely classified either way, and a small number of genuine footnote-reference anchors may have been removed along with genuine line-counters. The footnote content itself (the variant-reading lists, e.g. "1-1 Wanting in the French," "2 lignie") is preserved intact after each paragraph in every case; only the precise inline anchor point is sometimes uncertain.
4. Thorn (þ) restoration: in the Text, the Continuation, the 1595 title-page Appendix, the Name Index, and the Glossary, the standalone words "pe" and "pat" (OCR's plain-"p" misreading of þ) were restored to "þe" and "þat," verified against many in-context instances before being applied uniformly — this print of Caxton's romance spells out "the," "that," etc. in full the great majority of the time and uses the thorn-abbreviated forms only occasionally, so the pattern is safe and unambiguous. Genuine correctly-OCR'd þ (about 150 further instances, mostly in the Introduction's Old and Middle English citations) was left untouched. Within the Introduction proper, no thorn-restoration was attempted: its citations mix Old English, several dialects of Middle English, and Modern English within the same paragraph, and a blanket "p→þ" pattern there risks colliding with genuine words spelled with "p" in that mixed register — the Introduction is reproduced exactly as its OCR gave it, thorn included where the OCR already got it right.
5. Long-s (ſ) artifact, disclosed and not corrected: the Continuation and the 1595 title-page Appendix — both set from the 1595 print via Kellner's own reprinting, and both reached here through the same OCR — render the historical long s consistently as "f" ("moft," "fubiects," "hiftorie" for "most," "subjects," "history"). This is a well-known, well-understood OCR confusion, but correcting it safely requires distinguishing genuine "f" from misread "ſ" word by word, and doing that reliably by pattern across roughly 8,000 words of interleaved 1595-English and Caxton's-English on the same pages was judged too easy to get wrong silently. It has been left exactly as the OCR gave it rather than guessed at. Caxton's own 1489 English, by contrast, does not show this artifact in this print and reads clean.
6. Running-head omission, disclosed: Kellner's per-page running heads in the Text and Continuation (e.g. "Ch. I.] Blanchardyn learns Grammar, Hunting, Chess.") were used only to locate the edition's own chapter divisions — the fifty-four chapters (I–LIV) are marked as real headings below, in Kellner's own numbering — and were then removed from the body rather than left as mid-paragraph interruptions. Their short page-topic captions are not otherwise reproduced. The Introduction's own roman-numeral page headers (e.g. "cxxvi Appendix. Thanks to Helpers.") were not stripped, since the Introduction uses a different running-head format than the Text and a safe, general pattern for it was not found in the time available; a small number of these remain loose in the Introduction's flow as a residual, disclosed OCR/rebuild artifact.
7. Marginal summary-caption intrusion: as with other HathiTrust double-column EETS scans rebuilt for this library, Kellner's short marginal captions beside the Text are sometimes read by the per-page OCR as part of the same line as the main narrative, producing short caption-fragments (e.g. "who has no child," "reigns in Friesland") stitched into the middle of Caxton's sentences. These were not separated out — doing so safely by pattern was not possible without risking loss of genuine narrative text — and are left in place exactly as OCR'd. This is the same kind of defect disclosed for The Earliest English Imitation of Christ in this library.
8. No text was invented anywhere in this build. Where a reading could not be established, the OCR's own words are what is shown.

Word counts (final assembled page, by section): List of Books Quoted ~460; Introduction ~50,900; Caxton's Dedication ~530; Table of Chapters ~2,200; the Text (Chapters I–LIV) ~79,900; Appendix (1595 title-pages/dedications) ~1,100; Name Index ~370; Glossary ~2,100. Total, roughly 137,600 words — close to the witness's own raw-OCR word count of about 143,400 before the mechanical cleanup described above (page numbers, margin counters, and duplicate blank-line noise account for most of the difference).

Confidence. High confidence in the text as delivered. The romance itself — Caxton's translation, its French-manuscript patch for the missing leaf, and its 1595 completion — reads continuously and completely from Caxton's Dedication to "FINIS." at the end of the Continuation, with Kellner's own [ed. 1595] tags intact throughout to mark source. The Introduction, Name Index, and Glossary are reproduced in full. Every known limitation of this particular rebuild — the ambiguous margin-number/footnote-number overlap, the uncorrected long-s in the 1595 material, the omitted running-head captions, and the marginal-caption intrusion into the Text — is disclosed above rather than silently shipped. This is not a diplomatic critical edition; it is an honest, heavily mechanical rebuild of a genuinely difficult multi-apparatus OCR source, with its real limits named plainly.

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