《道新拳論》趙道新

This article is part 11 of the Good Work Library collection Yiquan and Dachengquan - Texts of Wang Xiangzhai and the Lineage.

The English translation was prepared directly from the captured Traditional Chinese source text. The Chinese source text follows the colophon.

Zhao Daoxin

Training Method

The first aim of a martial student is to raise fighting level. Yet many young people spend long years and sweat a great deal, while the effect is slight. Their boxing skill is still hard pressed to contend with a physically strong person or one accustomed to fighting. The reason is that in training they have taken an extremely twisting road that does not lead to the goal.

Of course, success does not favor those who only seek shortcuts and do not want bitter work. But those who have the determination to "hang the hair and pierce the bone" while not caring about efficiency and method will also accomplish nothing.

To use the least energy and the shortest time to raise fighting level by the greatest degree requires a scientific training method, a path almost directly climbing toward the summit.

Training should approach real combat; real combat should not imitate training. In training we value tradition, but value innovation still more. Bring all one's intelligence and ability into play: everything is for real combat.

Correcting our "view of boxing arts" is the premise of training. Do not lightly believe unbelievable practices, and do not be confused by people's words or surface phenomena. Overcome superstition, blind following, and worship. The greatest error of some martial students is that they do not admit they have errors. They always believe their own ideas and techniques are the most correct and perfect, cannot tolerate objections, and stubbornly think that foreign boxing arts are inferior to Chinese arts in every respect and that side schools are inferior to their own gate. This should be taken as a warning. Mastering an art is not better merely because there is more of it or it is more complex. One must know that high and deep skill exists within ordinary techniques. Training makes ordinary methods produce extraordinary effects.

From what directions should we raise fighting level? In truth, improvement in fighting ability is the improvement of nerve function, the growth of athletic qualities, and the familiarity of action technique. Therefore scientific training does not go outside psychological training, quality training, and technical training.

In concrete training methods, our plan divides training that can quickly raise fighting level into basic training, explosive-force training, resistance training, and real-combat training.

Pure basic training is usually the start of training. It includes endurance work such as long-distance running and standing practice; flexibility work such as stretching the sinews and jumping rope; and the mastery of some of the most basic and convenient attacking and defensive movements. Strength training, as an assisting practice, is necessary for those whose muscles are not well developed, but special attention should be paid to preserving looseness in the muscles of shoulders and hips.

After carrying out short-term basic training, one should take explosive-force training and real-combat training as primary, with resistance training as assistance, training them in alternation. At the same time one should not abandon basic training, but use it as preparation and cool-down.

Explosive-force training is the main way "gongli" grows. In general, one repeatedly practices elastic or sudden movements with a certain resistance. Empty practice means repeatedly doing issuing-force movements from several angles without assistance from equipment. Its key lies in emphasizing sudden stopping of movement in order to develop strength in the movement's opposite direction. Shaking the pole is an extremely effective method for improving explosive force: repeatedly shake the waxwood pole in a certain direction, strive to make strength penetrate the pole tip, and make the body of the pole become a whole. Striking-object training combines explosive force with attacking technique. It includes striking pear-shaped balls to improve speed, heavy sandbags to improve power, hanging balls to improve coordination, and hand targets with irregular swings to improve sensitive response. In addition, valuable practices from various boxing schools and training methods from other sports are also worth borrowing.

The body cannot become invulnerable to blades and spears, so resistance training can only be assisting training. To continue in violent movement, even through setbacks, and finally take victory relies not only on tenacious will but also on the body's ability to take impact. Improving resistance generally uses a medicine ball or hard stick to roll and press the abdomen and limbs, or uses an object hard within soft to collide with a body part. During training, attend to coordination with breathing. It is forbidden to use hard objects or to practice on vital areas.

It is wrong to regard real combat as bitter and dangerous and as advanced training that can only be done at the end. After short basic training, we should take real combat as ordinary fare. For safety, however, gloves should be worn, hard-soled shoes forbidden, no sharp or hard items worn, and site and environment attended to. At the beginning of real combat, both sides may use a single method repeatedly for attack and defense in order to become familiar with that technique. They may also use full-attack and full-guard: the attacker attacks with full effort but uses heavy blows carefully; the defender defends with full effort but is not allowed to counterattack. In this practice it is normal for the defender to be hit; there is no need to fear it afterward.

When true real combat begins, one should at first avoid facing strong hands as much as possible. In attack and defense any technical method may be used, and heavy blows are allowed. The key is to preserve strong intention and a comfortable state of mind in real combat, to treat real combat as a good learning opportunity, and to train with opponents of many different styles without caring about victory or defeat. Continuous rotation through many opponents, or fighting several people at the same time, is a rule of super-real-combat training. It can further raise the trainee's fighting level.

In these kinds of training, questions often arise: should movement go in straight lines or arcs? Is fast or slow movement better? Which is right, hard strength or soft strength? Should one attend to breathing? Which foot should carry the center of gravity? The answer to such questions is: in movement there should be straight within bent and bent within straight; fast and slow should both be present; strength should combine hard and soft; breathing should be between intentional and unintentional; the center of gravity should change flexibly between the two feet. In sum: what can be done with less gains no benefit from more. In training, strive for simplicity. One must know that a number of notes can form countless pieces of music. Simple techniques can combine in real combat and bring forth limitless new methods. Complexity and strangeness only refresh people's eyes and ears in performance. Simplicity and depth are what allow ease in real combat. Whether a method can become one's attacking weapon is not determined by whether it is orthodox, but by whether it is comfortable and effective in actual use. Techniques should differ according to the person and need not be unified or rigid.

"Without fatigue there is no training." Rapid training requires every trainee in every training session to exceed the point of fatigue. Training may be done every other day, but each session must have enough volume and intensity. After training, pay greatest attention to sufficient rest and nutrition.

Becoming an outstanding boxing artist is not like the dreams one has before training. Hard training will bore you; in real combat what you have studied may vanish without trace; under the attack of a strong opponent you may taste the bitter fruit of being struck; if training relaxes even slightly, your fighting level may drop greatly. Overcoming these difficulties relies only on a will that does not fear hardship and danger and on scientific training methods.

Raising The Body's Athletic Qualities

The body's athletic qualities mean the body's capacity for movement. Most training in any sport is for strengthening this capacity. In boxing practice, improving bodily qualities is called "training gongfu" or "growing power." Only when good qualities are present can technique have effect, and technique is precisely the method used to express those qualities.

Modern sports theory divides the basic qualities of human movement into strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and sensitivity. Although these qualities each have their own character, they are closely related. Improvement in any one quality has a good influence on the development of others. Conversely, weakness in one quality will obstruct improvement of the others.

Strength quality is the body's ability to resist resistance during movement. Every sport gives great importance to strength training. Improving strength quality means developing muscles and improving nervous regulation. The reason is that force comes from muscular contraction; strong, thick muscles necessarily increase muscle force. Nervous regulation coordinates and concentrates the contraction of muscles that should exert force, while opposing muscles are highly relaxed.

Speed quality means the body's ability to make quick movement. It commonly appears as speed of reaction, time for completing a single movement, frequency of repeated movement, and speed of whole-body displacement. All rely on the sum of reaction speed and muscle contraction speed, though sprinting speed also depends on stride length. Nerve reaction speed is generally expressed by the time from stimulus to beginning action. The sharper the senses, the more excited the brain, and the more skilled the technique, the shorter the reaction time. Muscle contraction speed is determined by the type of muscle fibers, muscle strength, excitability of muscle tissue, and solidity of conditioned reflexes. The more fast-twitch fibers in the muscles - explosive muscles, striped muscles, living muscles - and the greater the muscle strength, the faster the contraction speed.

Endurance quality means the body's ability to move for a long time. Endurance has an extremely close relation with breathing. During movement, the more oxygen the body can inhale and the more oxygen debt it can bear, the better the endurance. Therefore the stronger the lungs and respiratory system, the heart and blood circulation system, and the muscles' tolerance, the better the endurance.

Flexibility quality measures the body's range of movement and degree of muscular relaxation. It depends on joint range of motion, the size of tissues around the joints, and the extensibility of ligaments, tendons, muscles, and skin. It also depends on the coordination of nerve control over muscles.

Sensitivity quality means the body's ability to adapt randomly in opposing movement. It seems to be the combined manifestation of the other qualities, the body's sensitivity responding to mechanism in space and time.

The above are the basic qualities of human movement. If they are synthesized and applied to boxing arts, one can summarize the main fighting dynamics that real combat and striking should emphasize.

Explosive force is the most important real-combat quality. It is the coordination of strength quality and speed quality. Increased strength can make movement faster, and increased movement speed can strengthen the force of the strike. The quality of a person's explosive force depends both on innate heredity and on acquired cultivation. In general, people with comparatively long limbs and tendons, and flexible muscles, have innate explosive force. But scientific training can also make explosive force far exceed ordinary people.

Jumping ability is one expression of the size of the body's explosive force. People with outstanding jumping ability can mostly train a body of astonishing explosive force. Good jumping ability helps us defend against the opponent's attacks in fighting and preserve our own balance.

Coordination is another important real-combat quality. It is the combined expression of flexibility and sensitivity. Coordination among body parts and among movements can make the whole action beautiful, accurate, and concentrated, and can greatly reduce fatigue. The most important way to improve coordination is to develop striped muscles and become skilled in movement skills.

Stress-response ability means the ability to adapt to fierce competition. It is a real-combat quality that cannot be ignored. It includes endurance, impact resistance, will, and courage. In a long life-and-death contest, or in hard environments and under setbacks, victory requires good stress-response ability.

The qualities listed above provide trainees with a preliminary basis. They make clear what should be improved in training and allow one to make plans according to one's own condition with focused training. Only in this way can one truly and effectively improve real-combat ability.

Distinguishing Strength

Recently I have found that some friends exaggerate, embellish, and even mythologize my boxing skill, especially the jin methods of boxing arts. In truth, astonishing strength in boxing arts is not an empty, misty, unreachable divine skill. The boxing strength I obtained is the result of research into strength paths and a set of effective strength training. It truly has an indescribable benefit for improving my real-combat ability.

The study of strength is the most crucial content in real-combat boxing arts. Fighting and striking between people is nothing other than mutual action of bodily forces. Every martial art and boxing skill, from technique to tactics, seeks how better to use strength. Boxing artists distinguish the words jin and li in order to explain that the jin formed through boxing training differs as heaven and earth from the innate stiff and stagnant li. But in essence, jin still belongs to the category of force. Analyzing and studying force in boxing arts together with real-combat experience can give boxing learning, training, and use a basis. It allows us to distinguish true and false and helps us find the best path to enter the hall and inner chamber.

First, the essence of force in boxing arts. What does force in boxing arts mean? It is unseen but can be felt. It appears as mutual action within the human body and between human bodies, a tendency by which energy is transmitted from the attacking part to the struck part. Human force is the result of muscle contraction, the result of transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. Through the action of force, an object may finally deform or obtain acceleration. In real combat, the effects of using force appear as: damage to the struck part, such as fracture, ruptured organs, concussion, and other internal or external injuries; change in the speed of the struck part, such as being issued and thrown out or being thrown down; or both changes together. In fighting we use these effects of force to knock down, knock out, injure, stun, disable, or kill an enemy.

The effect of using force is related not only to the amount of force, but also to direction and action point, the three elements of force. For more complex situations, one should also consider the time force acts, the speed of force change, the synthesis or decomposition of force, and other factors.

Second, analysis of force in boxing arts. If the speed at which the issuing object strikes differs, the changes in the receiving object differ. Generally speaking, the faster the striking object moves, the more easily the struck object is damaged and the less easily it is moved. The slower the striking object moves, the less easily the struck object is damaged and the more easily it is moved. Of course this is related to striking strength and the strength of the object being struck. All of it must accord with Newton's laws of motion.

We call the force of rapid striking impact force. We call slow-acting force continuous force. We call the force between these two that gives the receiving object maximum speed issuing-and-throwing force.

Continuous force is force used by real-combat opponents at comparatively slow speed or stillness. It often exists in pushing and pulling, supporting and pressing, topping and compressing. Continuous force often makes issuing object and receiving object move in the direction of applied force at the same speed. Apart from meeting the receiving object's resistance force and causing the receiving tissue to tear or sprain, it does not damage the receiving object. According to Newton's second law: force minus resistance equals receiving-object mass times receiving-object acceleration. Thus, so long as the force you apply is greater than resistance, you can make the receiving body move in the direction of your force. Also, the smaller the resistance, the easier the object moves, the smaller the internal force it bears, and the less easily it is damaged. For example, in seizing methods, twisting the opponent's arm outward: because of the limits of human structure, resistance cannot exceed twisting force, so the arm is twisted. If resistance is small, the body easily flips backward. If resistance is large, bone injury is easily caused. In this situation, boxing hands often follow its strength, preferring to fall rather than be injured.

Impact force is based on explosive force and is commonly seen in kicking, striking, pointing, colliding, and other striking methods. It is the most common force in real combat. Although it does not easily move the opponent, it most easily injures him. From the mechanical relation of momentum and impulse and of stress and strength, one can derive: impact stress equals impact-body mass times impact-body speed before contact, divided by force action time times contact area. If impact stress exceeds the strength of the impacted object, the impacted object is damaged.

How can one raise impact stress so that the strike has greater killing or injuring power? Increase the mass of the impact body. Generally, knee collisions and elbow strikes have more power than fist strikes and foot kicks because the mass of knee and elbow is greater than that of fist and foot. In fighting, the common way to increase impact-body mass is for the whole body's muscles to suddenly tighten with extreme force at the instant of contacting the opponent, making the whole body one impact body. Increase the speed of the impact body before contact. Without speed there is no impact. Although the body's shoulders and hips have great force, because their movement speed is comparatively slow, they are hard to make into the sharpest weapons. A person who is very thick and strong may still be hard pressed to win in fighting chiefly because his attacking speed is too slow. Correct striking should make the impact reach its speed peak in the instant before contacting the struck object. Excess muscular tension obstructs this peak. Therefore during the strike before contact, the muscles should be as relaxed and coordinated as possible. Reduce the time force acts. This means the time from contact with the struck object to completion of the strike. It should not be misunderstood as immediately withdrawing after hitting or merely touching and stopping. It should be understood as using a comparatively hard part to strike a comparatively weak part, giving the struck object no room to buffer, thus reducing force action time. Reduce the contact area. The sharper a blade, the sharper a spearhead, the smaller the contact area and the more killing power. In comparison, boxing hands also habitually use the hard tips of fist, palm, fingers, foot, knee, elbow, head, and other bones as impact bodies in order to reduce contact area and increase pressure.

For example, in using the straight punch, in training one should first obtain fast reaction ability and strong explosive force. In order to obtain the peak of impact speed, when striking the whole body, especially the arm, must be relaxed, achieving having force yet not using force. At the same time the rear leg kicks the ground, and the waist and body twist so that each part of the body obtains its corresponding maximum speed. The more coordinated and relaxed the entire movement, the better. Almost at the instant of contacting the opponent's body, the front foot stamps, obstructing the forward advance of the whole body. This makes the whole body's momentum rise and concentrate into the arm, making the fist's forward rushing speed still greater. At the same time the fist hits the target, the whole body, especially the upper-limb muscles, should contract sharply, increasing the mass of the impact body as much as possible, accompanied by closing the fist, locking the wrist, rotating, and other movements, in order to increase impact strength, directional ability, and possibility of change.

Issuing-and-throwing force is used to knock the opponent out to a comparatively far place. At this moment the attack speed should be lower than that used by impact force and higher than that used by continuous force. It is determined according to the opponent's body weight. It is a speed that makes force contact the opponent for as long as possible. This must be gradually sought through hundreds and thousands of practical actions before the best state can be reached. The greater the opponent's issued speed, the farther he is issued. According to the relation between impulse and momentum: the initial speed of the issued person equals issuing force minus resistance, times force action time, divided by the issued person's body weight. Thus the greater the issuing force and the longer force action time, the better the issuing effect. Conversely, the greater the opponent's resistance and the heavier his body weight, the harder he is to issue. Therefore people who are heavy, short, strong, and powerful have a certain advantage in this area.

The weights of the two combatants are fixed. The ways to improve issuing effect are: increase issuing force; someone with strong issuing force must have thick original strength, some explosive force, and whole-body concentrated issuing. When issuing force, the center of gravity should be low, movement small, the two feet kicking backward and stamping forward, and one's root section should contact the opponent as much as possible. Reduce the opponent's resistance by a series of skills that shake his foot roots and destroy bodily stability: before using issuing force, use startling explosive force to disrupt his defensive form; use continuous pulse force to compel him to move; use sudden changes of body or force to make him lose balance; use upward-lifting force to lift him so that his feet cannot kick the ground solidly. Extend force action time. This is the secret of issuing. Among people of equal strength, the one who can issue a person farther must be one who applies force and accelerates the opponent for a slightly longer time. Grasping an appropriate issuing speed - the so-called maturity of timing - extends this time. This time is the time of contact with the opponent. During it, issuing force must be greater than resistance, that is, it must make the opponent accelerate. Also extend the distance over which force acts as much as possible. The longer the moving distance while force is applied to the opponent, the greater the opponent's issued speed.

The above makes a preliminary analysis of three common forces in combat. In actuality, the essence of the three forces is the same; only the results of their use differ. In real combat, impact force is clearly more powerful than the others. As a boxing hand, mastering issuing-and-throwing force will raise your fighting level, but without mastering impact force it is difficult to deal with a strong hand's attack.

Third, distinguishing jin in boxing arts. Hard jin and soft jin are inseparable in boxing arts. Hard is not stiff brute force; soft is not limp neutralizing force. Resilient strength with softness inside hardness is called hard. Elastic strength with hardness inside softness is called soft. It is hard to say clearly which is superior or inferior in practical use. Only when both are present and can be flexibly changed according to objective circumstances can it truly be called understanding jin.

Listening jin and operating jin: Listening jin is not listening with the ears, but sensing the opponent's strength path through the skin. It requires muscular relaxation and concentrated attention to make the feeling sensitive. Operating jin is the preparation of nerves and muscles before issuing jin. It generally appears as nervous excitation and muscular lengthening, accompanied by faster heartbeat and breathing.

Straight jin and spiral jin: Force used in one direction is straight jin. It has the advantages of great intensity, fast speed, and easy use, but also the defects of not easily circling back or changing and of being easily neutralized. Jin whose direction changes at any time can be called curved jin; when the track of change is round it becomes rolling jin. These change flexibly but are not simple enough. A combined force that has both straight jin and rolling jin is spiral jin. It combines the advantages of both straight and rolling and also has good direction-setting, topping, and drilling ability.

Borrowing jin and transforming jin belong to the synthesis of force or speed. If two forces are opposite in direction, with an angle of 180 degrees, this is resisting jin. If their directions form an obtuse angle, from 90 to 180 degrees, this is squeezing jin. If the directions form a right angle, 90 degrees, this is cutting jin. If the directions form an acute angle, 0 to 90 degrees, this is transforming jin. If the directions are the same, from 0 to 90 degrees, this is following jin. In boxing arts, following jin and transforming jin are collectively called borrowing jin. Clearly, following jin saves the most effort, transforming jin next, cutting jin after that. Squeezing jin costs more effort, and resisting jin costs the most.

All five jin will be encountered when hands meet. If one wants to use weakness to defeat strength and smallness to control greatness, one must learn to use the more effort-saving methods as much as possible, that is, borrow jin as much as possible. But one-sidedly emphasizing "four ounces move a thousand catties" while neglecting the improvement of one's own real strength and the use of other kinds of jin is extremely partial and dangerous.

Centripetal force and centrifugal force: when two people rotate, centripetal and centrifugal force are involved, but these two forces act separately on the two people. When one person is swung around by another, the rotating person bears centripetal force and the one being rotated bears centrifugal force. After the two separate, the person being rotated is thrown out along the direction of tangential speed at the edge of rotation. This force is proportional to the radius of rotation multiplied by the square of angular speed. Therefore only by turning the circle faster and larger can one throw a person farther; among these, speed of rotation is more important.

Empty jin and field force: so-called empty jin means action at a distance, applying force to the opponent without contact, like the attracting or repelling field force between magnets. Sensational claims such as striking a person from a hundred paces, hitting an ox across a mountain, and lightness skill arise from this. The human body still has some unknown functions and potentials, but these special abilities have not yet been seen in real combat. In contest, the only field force people can currently use is the earth's gravity.

Distinguishing jin is the analysis and division of boxing strength. Its purpose is not to make students of boxing mechanically apply categories in practical use, but to help them establish a scientific, highly efficient training method according to concrete circumstances. It is also a preliminary attempt to join boxing experience with mechanical theory.

On Explosion

Boxing art is the practice of real combat, and real combat is in practice the mutual transmission of strength. Therefore using strength is the key question in boxing arts. In fighting, those who are tall and strong often win, but cases of weakness controlling strength are repeatedly seen. This is because the effect of using strength does not depend only on the size of original force; it is also related to direction, change, action point, issuing speed, and many other factors. In other words, the practical effect of strength is the combined expression of these directions.

The strong desire to win pushes people to break through difficult points in attack and defense. It has now developed into a method in which, under the direction of attacking intention, one uses active change of position and true-false changes to confuse and mislead the opponent, then without missing timing uses fast and varied tactics and natural, sharp, accurate attacking skills to strike the enemy. Needless to say, the skill of technique, the raising of qualities, and the expression of subjective initiative all strengthen the effect of using strength.

The final stage of striking is usually the explosive application of strength. This is the most frightening and most effective strength, and in struggle it often becomes the fatal blow. The "magical power" of famous boxing hands ancient and modern is this high-quality explosive force.

Explosion is the unity of strength and speed. We call the great force that bursts out in an instant explosive force, commonly called explosive jin, startling jin, or elastic jin. In mechanics, force multiplied by speed equals power. Explosion reaches the greatest limit, or best limit, of the human body's power release. Therefore improvement in explosive force depends on the joint improvement of strength quality and speed quality, that is, the improvement of the human body's maximum power.

Speed is the combination of nerve reaction speed and muscle contraction speed. Increased speed can enlarge force, while increased force can quicken speed. Generally we use strength training to strengthen explosive force, choosing explosive movements close to a certain action and practicing them repeatedly. This develops commonly used muscles and, through real-combat opposition, improves nerve reaction ability. These seemingly dry and dangerous methods are shortcuts to raising level. In dynamic practice one should also add static practice in order to possess a certain fatigue tolerance. Also, every issuing-force movement should pay special attention to coordinated cooperation of related muscles and high relaxation of unrelated muscles. Every kind of explosive force must be harmoniously transmitted through many related links in the body. For example, trunk, waist, abdomen, buttocks, and legs cooperate to produce speed and rotating movement. If the arms use too much force, the force cannot enter the opponent's body but returns to one's own legs.

Through strict training, issuing-force movements become coordinated, accurate, and continuous, breathing becomes regular, and the whole body develops full, glossy, elastic, streamlined muscles. Such muscles are ordinarily loose, soft, and sensitive, yet almost at the same time as an intention impulse they can reach the extreme of contraction.

In real combat, what is valued is the ability to decisively use explosive force and continuous explosive force at any time. Because great force suddenly bursts in an instant, the opponent has not the slightest preparation to receive it. This not only disrupts the defensive situation, but can interrupt his regular breath and normal nervous response, making him not know how to deal with it.

The use of explosive force should not have regularity, but it must have a clear target. When any kind of explosive force is issued, one should strive to relax in order to increase attacking speed. At the instant before contacting the target, the muscles of the whole body suddenly tense, force suddenly concentrates, and strength is long and penetrating. Immediately afterward, one quickly recovers, relaxes, and in intention has already formed preparation for another attack. The whole action is like swift thunder that does not allow one to cover the ears, lightning so fast one cannot close the eyes.

Of course, the success rate of explosive-force use is also affected by competitive state, the opponent's strength, outside interference, and other factors. Therefore before and after every real fight, one must make more concrete analysis and study. Finally, one must note that only people of suitable age and sound health may train explosive force, and only those who can advance gradually and persevere may hope to succeed. Even so, not every active trainee can reach a fairly high level.

Boxing Intention

In boxing training and real combat, one often sees an erroneous tendency: although the practitioner's technical movements are already fairly skilled, spirit is scattered, movements disconnect, and muscles restrict one another. This appears as a weak view of enemy situation, liking to show off "beautiful" techniques, being unable to grasp good opportunities, and having difficulty making continuous attacks. The root of these movement "illnesses" is lack of boxing intention.

Intention is not something mysterious or super-advanced. It is an abstract yet strong wish produced in spirit in order to reach a clear aim. It is the general tendency of bodily movement. If one hand pressed your head into water, you would experience what upward intention means. In other competitive sports, boxing intention is called attacking consciousness. It is not an activity of thought but a spiritual desire, a desire to use any means and pay any price to put the enemy in a death place. If training lacks this intention, one only makes empty movements without mastery alone. This seriously obstructs the improvement of technical level. If one loses intention in combat, one may regretfully be defeated by an opponent of lower real strength.

In boxing struggle, insufficient intention prevents the nerves from becoming fully excited, makes attention hard to concentrate, slows response, and lengthens the time needed from sense organs receiving outside stimulus to muscles making the corresponding contraction, or from discovering an attacking opportunity to completing the attack. It also easily produces mercy, hesitation, and overthinking, causing insufficient striking speed and intensity, ineffective strikes, or a passive situation exploited by the enemy.

But if intention is overly strong, the nervous system is instead inhibited, and the brain's sharp thinking is affected. Force, speed, and sensitivity decline. Moreover, side effects easily arise: exposed edge, staking everything on one throw, and faster fatigue.

The reasonable use of intention in boxing arts should use moderate strength of intention throughout training or real combat, and flexibly adjust between intentional and unintentional according to objective need. In battle, regard skill comparison as combat, already placing life and death outside consideration, and take defeating the enemy as a sacred duty. But truly doing this is not an easy matter that succeeds by counting days. It requires one's own body and the environment to reach a high degree of harmony and unity.

The improvement of boxing intention is closely connected with character and will. People whose temperament is firm and sharp, but who are reckless and fond of fighting, and people who are kind and afraid of trouble, both find it hard to preserve strong intention for a long time. In truth, character is complex and many people's character is hard to grasp. But boxing training can improve character, changing weakness into strength and dullness into cleverness. Therefore the training of boxing intention is an indispensable part of boxing psychological training.

Movement Diseases And Real-Combat Taboos

Thirty-four examples of movement disease:

1. Slanting: the body has no center and is unstable.
2. Lowering the head.
3. Soft crown: no crown strength.
4. Staring: deliberately making an angry face.
5. Opening the mouth.
6. Cold shoulders: the two shoulders raised.
7. Puffing the chest: excessive hollowing of the chest.
8. Arched back: the spine excessively bends forward like a hunchback.
9. Leaning forward: the upper body reaches too far forward.
10. Leaning back.
11. Bent waist: excessive collapsed waist.
12. Loose elbow: elbow and arm floating, root and tip disconnected.
13. Broken wrist.
14. Clenching fists: always tightly clenching both fists.
15. Spread fingers: fingers spread too far.
16. Twisting the buttocks.
17. Bent knees: too much squatting.
18. Open crotch.
19. Standing straight: knees fully locked.
20. Old step: stepping too large, unable to send and withdraw flexibly.
21. Soft legs: legs uncoordinated.
22. Not knowing relaxation.
23. Not knowing how to use the waist.
24. Sending both hands together.
25. Going out with no return.
26. Recklessly issuing chaotic hands.
27. Holding breath and straining strength.
28. Empty and solid unclear.
29. Not connected.
30. Fearing head and tail.
31. Empty movements.
32. Spirit and qi interrupted.
33. Seeking fierceness and pursuing speed.
34. Going to extremes.

Thirteen taboos in responding to the enemy:

1. Fearing the enemy: being intimidated by the opponent's reputation, being tense before the enemy, or losing fighting will in setbacks.
2. Taking the enemy lightly: making no mental or technical preparation before responding, and rashly advancing in battle.
3. Light testing: liking to easily cross hands with strangers with no heart to guard against people.
4. After drinking: crossing hands with people after drinking or when mental condition is poor.
5. Not recognizing enemy intention: not observing, estimating, or understanding the opponent.
6. Not measuring terrain: ignoring environmental influence and the effects of timing, terrain, and human harmony.
7. Not examining strength and weakness: not observing the opponent's strengths and limits and being unable to apply tactics according to the person.
8. Seeing emptiness and not entering: shrinking hands and feet, passively facing the enemy, missing timing and posture.
9. Contact point not solid: seeking only visual pleasure and ignoring actual effect.
10. Floating qi and fierce force: anxious heart and dry qi, hysteria, muddled head, only brute action.
11. Kind heart and soft hands: weak attacking intention, looking before and after, too much thought, scattered attention, holding back.
12. Using fixed forms: being enthusiastic about imitating orthodox techniques, without change or innovation.
13. No preparation after a technique: staking everything on one throw, exhausting force completely and leaving no way back.

Attack

With boxing arts developed to the present, victory relying solely on defense is extremely rare. People cannot depend only on an opponent's errors. One must know that even the most outstanding defense cannot be watertight. If one desires to defeat the enemy, one must adopt active action: attack.

Attack means actively making one's comparatively hard parts contact the opponent's comparatively weak parts and transmitting a certain energy to the opponent in the form of force, in order to intimidate the opponent psychologically and damage his body. Training and research in attack are nothing other than seeking to increase the number of effective attacks that can defeat an enemy in real combat.

Effective attacks equal number of attacks multiplied by attack success rate. Therefore to raise the number of effective attacks, one must think of ways in comparison to create attacking conditions and occupy advantage, ensuring a greater number of attacks. But more important is to attack cautiously and improve attack success rate. Improving attack success rate is the primary subject of attack research.

Attack success rate depends on hit rate and effectiveness rate. Hit rate equals hits divided by attacks. Effectiveness rate equals successes divided by hits. If an attack is launched and does not hit the target, one cannot speak of effectiveness, still less success. Therefore "if attacking, certainly hit" is the basic requirement of attack. But only hitting the target is not enough. Light, superficial, painless, ineffective attacks, even if they hit, cannot be counted as success. Therefore "if it hits, it must have result" also cannot be ignored.

Attack success rate equals hit rate multiplied by effectiveness rate. How can one improve hit rate and effectiveness rate? The two paths to raising hit rate are: first, make the attack exceed the opponent's expectations so he cannot predict it and has no time to change; second, improve the accuracy and precision of attack in fast movement. The method of raising effectiveness is to apply as much energy as possible to the opponent's weak parts. This requires, on the premise of clearly knowing the body's vital and weak points, increasing as much as possible the stress and depth at contact.

How can one make attack unexpected, so the enemy cannot discuss it? First, shorten the time of the attack. Second, raise the sudden-change nature of the attack. The time of attack runs from discovering the opportunity to completing the strike. To shorten it, attack must be fast and simple. Fast means completing a short-distance action in a short time. Simple means reducing movement complexity, removing extra movement, and shortening the attack path. Sudden-change attack means initiation, stopping, direction change, and transformation must be sudden and sharp. That is, increase acceleration, while also attending to irregularity of movement.

In sum, to raise attack quality, in training and real combat strive to make attack fast, sudden-changing, simple, and accurate. Also increase attack depth, strengthen striking force and hardness, reduce contact area, and clarify the striking target. On the basis of guaranteeing attack success rate, one should attack often, but must never reduce success rate by pursuing a high number of attacks.

Any hard, sharp part of the human body that can produce high speed may become a powerful attacking weapon. The more basic attacking methods one masters, the better one's fighting technique. Although some famous boxing artists used only one or two attacking methods as their main weapons in real combat, an excellent boxer should master comprehensive techniques. In fully free, full-contact real combat, the main attacks include striking methods, throwing methods, seizing methods, and issuing methods. Striking is primary: flexible, changeable hand strikes; broad-ranged, strong leg strikes; and, in close fighting, fierce knee and elbow strikes.

Attacks are many. In general they can be divided into feint attack, quick attack, strong attack, counterattack, and other basic forms. Each has its own features and wondrous uses. In attacking battle these forms combine and compensate for one another, but cannot replace one another.

A feint attack usually serves as the spearhead of attack. It can be used for "fire reconnaissance," knowing oneself and knowing the other; it can also be used to make a sound in the east and strike in the west, causing the opponent to misjudge. Feint attack is carried out while preserving one's own tight defense. Behind the feint, quick attack and strong attack are waiting in strict formation, ready to issue at a touch. A feint values being able to confuse false and true. It uses false movements and false spirit that imitate attack to create the false image of a full-force attack. The greatest taboo is repeating the same feint many times without the cooperation of a real attack.

Launching a quick attack requires catching a good opportunity. This unexpected attack often gives the opponent no time to defend. It is the most effective means of using small to control large and skill to defeat strength. It has rich content and needs more concrete investigation.

Facing an opponent who has already prepared, one must use strong attack to break through or destroy his defensive system. Strong attack is a contest of power and a comparison of qualities. It requires fighting will that regards death as home, decisive judgment, and highly damaging techniques. Yet the time of strong attack is the lowest point of one's own defensive state and is easily exploited by the enemy. Therefore do not use strong attack lightly. Attend to its success rate. Strong attack is generally used when the opponent is in a passive position and unable to counter.

In defense one should always preserve the consciousness of counterattack. As described above, the stronger the opponent's attack, the weaker his defense. So long as one can escape his attack, counterattack will very easily take effect. Counterattack and quick attack have many similarities. Counterattack is defense plus quick attack.

Boxers in fighting can be divided into attacking type and defensive type. Attacking-type fighters chiefly pursue a high number of attacks in real combat. Defensive-type fighters do not ignore attack, but pay more attention to attack success rate. A short person should use a curled-up frame, doing his utmost to drill into the opponent's inside line and strike, sticking to the opponent. A tall person should extend long and strike far, preserving a certain distance from the opponent. In sum, the use of attack and attacking tactics should differ according to person, place, and posture.

Defense

Every person instinctively frames and blocks when attacked. Defense is the development of this natural self-protective capacity. To make appropriate protective responses to attack, one must reasonably use defensive technique in real combat.

In traditional boxing methods, because of misinterpretation of "wait for movement with stillness; issue after and control others," many are unwilling to attack actively. They insist on waiting until they clearly see the opponent's fist path and only then apply countermeasures, even seeking an ideal defensive skill where "I do not wish to injure the enemy, and the enemy also cannot injure me." Yet those who have undergone the test of real combat all know: if one does not attack and counterattack, no matter how one defends, one can only passively take hits. Therefore defense's greatest taboo is holding the thought of winning by defense alone. The essential formula of defense is: whether you want to defeat the enemy quickly or circle with him, at the very least make the enemy constantly worry about your attack.

The use of defensive technique is far harder than attack, because attack carries out what one wants to do, while defense handles what the other wants to do. Therefore we advocate using attack as primary in fighting, but this does not mean attack is higher than defense, and still less that attack can replace defense. Sometimes an attacker, even with higher skill, cannot avoid losing to an excellent defender.

Look at one comparison between our senior and junior brothers. The attacker had skilled technique and fierce strikes. The defender warded off and dodged, waiting for decline to strike. The attacker wished to use a hard and fierce offensive to decide quickly, but the defense, luring him deep and raising strengths while avoiding weaknesses, quickly made him fall for it, causing the attacker to enter a passive position that was hard to recover.

Reviewing and analyzing the situation, correct defense has the following functions in real combat: it more clearly feels out the law of the opponent's striking; conceals one's own methods; causes a victory-eager opponent to become careless; creates emptiness in the opponent's defense; and causes fatigue or psychological pressure in the opponent.

Defensive movement should be natural, instinctive protective movement governed by fast, sensitive intuitive response and instant thought. There is no time to match it to named boxing methods. There is no universal defensive method. One defensive method may easily transform one attack into the formless, while being helpless against another attack.

Defensive methods are many: blocking defense, which makes the opponent's attack depart from my vital areas; dodging defense, which moves oneself to avoid or slide past the opponent's strike; sealing defense, which stops the opponent before he strikes; distance defense, which closely follows or closely adheres to the opponent. In harder fighting, one may also use obstructing defense, using comparatively solid parts of the body to receive the opponent's strike; curled defense, using curled and contracted body posture to reduce the struck surface; and one must even learn how to reduce or avoid injury when being hit. Whatever the defense, what is valued is fast speed, small movement, and coordination with counterattack. In defense, do not blindly retreat, and still less turn and run.

When we attack, our own defense is at its weakest state. Therefore solidifying self-protection in attack is extremely important. Once the hand issues in attack, it must have effect. Do not wildly issue chaotic hands or strike like a dragonfly touching water.

Defense requires specialized training. One must put bitter work into step movement, jumping, shifting, body methods of bending, leaning, circling, twisting, and turning, hand or leg methods of intercepting, absorbing emptiness, and dissolving, and one must cultivate accurate senses of distance, direction, timing, and strength. Remember one thing: do not become discouraged after defense fails or after being hit. Be good at summarizing experience and lessons in order to take final victory.

Quick-Attack Tactics

High-level fighting is less a contest of strength than a contest of intelligence. In truth, everyone possesses the instinct to protect himself and attack the enemy. People long to study boxing arts because they want to defeat opponents stronger than themselves. No person is perfect, and no matter how brilliant the skill, it cannot be without gaps. Facing a strong hand, one must be good at weighing enemy and self. One should not only objectively recognize where I am inferior to the opponent, but even more actively seek where I am superior. Then design and adopt a series of skillful methods to raise strengths and avoid weaknesses. Defeating arm strength by intelligence means always comparing one's own advantages with the opponent's disadvantages, and making the opponent's advantages unable to come into play.

A thick, strong, highly aggressive person is very likely to have deficiencies in speed and agility. This is precisely where quick attack can greatly show itself. Quick attack is the most active attacking tactic developed in real-combat opposition.

If strong attack makes the opponent unable to defend, quick attack makes the enemy have no time to respond. Its use is usually an unexpected attack when the opponent's defense is not yet solid, attack has not yet succeeded, or retreat and avoidance are too late. It appears, in confrontation, attacking, or defense, as sudden change or sudden invasion to win by surprise. The most prominent features of this lightning tactic are suddenness, speed, and simplicity.

Although quick attack is one unified action whole, if its structure is deeply analyzed, the entire process can be divided into three stages: motive, action, and finish.

The motive stage is the forming stage of quick attack. Its most crucial problem is grasping the timing. This timing is the instant when the opponent's guard of his vital areas becomes empty. Whether one can discover and seize this instant is the prerequisite for quick attack. If one can catch it, one can launch quick attack; if one misses it, one can only use strong attack. To use a quick-attack opportunity, first one must be able to discover it. This requires us to control psychology effectively, preserve strong attacking intention, a calm mind, and a comfortable state of mind. Only then can attention concentrate, senses become sharp, and openings be discovered in rapidly changing competition. The motive stage is the stage from discovering timing to beginning action. But opportunity cannot rely on luck and waiting; it must rely on active creation and struggle. Creating the timing for quick attack should occur in fierce changes of attack and defense, especially by having strong counterattack consciousness in defense and relying on the expression of subjective initiative.

The action stage is the launching and acceleration stage of quick attack. Discovering the opportunity is not the same as using it. To use the opportunity, one must act and complete the action before the opponent returns to guard, dodges, or counterattacks. Given this feature, speed is the essence of the entire quick-attack action and expresses the true meaning of the words quick attack. Quick-attack action needs the maximum increase in speed and speed change. The appearance of timing is almost the completion of action. Therefore the movements of quick attack should be the most natural, simplest movements that can reach maximum speed. Mastery of these movements should reach unconscious automatic control.

The finish stage is the stage of giving the enemy the final blow. The motive stage lets us grasp favorable timing; the action stage lets me occupy advantage. After mastering time and space, one must attend to the use of energy. Advantage is temporary, and what follows may be great danger. Winning by a dangerous move means changing this temporary advantage into permanent victory. This requires the finish stage of quick attack to use ruthless means to strike the enemy ruthlessly. Any sympathy or hesitation can make the whole quick-attack tactic waste all previous work.

One should admit that launching quick attack does not necessarily succeed. Therefore hitting the opponent cannot be treated as the final end of quick attack. After striking, one should rapidly recover the original fighting posture, strengthen defense, and in consciousness prepare to launch quick attack again.

On Point Striking

In boxing arts there is the saying "point striking." For several decades I have only heard this saying, but never seen a person do it, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, when what one heard on the roads was nothing but point striking, point striking.

According to their sayings and practices, if, according to the time, two fingers poke and point at different parts of the human body, one can make that person lose the ability to move, unable to control himself, at others' mercy. Moreover, lightness or heaviness follows the mind, issuing and withdrawing are as one wishes, and one can even put a person to death. As for points, they say there are three hundred sixty, roughly divided into death points, living points, mute points, crying points, laughing points, numbness, soreness and pain points, and so on. Find the point according to the hour and one point obtains it; the mystery is pushed to its utmost.

I have never studied point striking and do not know its secrets, so I do not dare comment recklessly. But they have never produced facts to prove this theory, which naturally leaves me doubtful.

We study boxing arts, have several decades of pure work, and when comparing skill with colleagues, still cannot issue and certainly hit. Even if we hit, we dare not say we will certainly injure a person. The opponent is also in movement and change. Between attack and guard, hidden or exposed, movement is irregular and hard to grasp. Receiving the expected attacking effect is not an easy thing.

It seems that once one studies point-striking art, one can immediately use it. Touch the point corresponding to the hour and one can make the other person lose the ability to control himself and be manipulated. This is already close to fantasy, absurd in the extreme.

The saying of point striking according to the hours seems to imply that inside the human body there is a "living thing" that circulates through the whole body, and at a certain hour must travel to a certain place. Therefore point striking must strike this living thing; otherwise it is ineffective.

I do not know: if two point strikers meet, both knowing where the point is at a certain time, and both are prepared beforehand and carefully guard it, what then?

Over several decades we have heard and seen people in games, competitions, or mutual wrestling and striking. Has there ever been an accidental hit or point to the opponent's points, causing loss of control and various postures? With so many people, such a long time, and so many opportunities, there is still not one case that can prove their claims. Not to mention that point striking has no scientific basis; this alone is enough to reject it.

In Chinese medicine there is massage and pinching of points, using the body's points to treat illness and injury. According to records, our country's ancient primitive treatment of illness was the stone-needle method, later joined with acupuncture. Later moxibustion appeared, and by the Ming dynasty acupuncture and moxibustion became complete. The points listed, with diagrams and texts, have effects such as excitation, inhibition, opening, and dissolving.

The internal-school boxing theory in Huang Baijia's Ming dynasty "Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan" and related writings drew a bronze figure with points marked, including death point, mute point, fainting point, cough point, toad, ape jump, quchi, lock-throat, release-jaw, hegu, neiguan, sanli, and others. Some are impossible to trace, some have different names, and some are physiological weak points of the human body. This is probably the material on which point striking relies for exaggeration.

The body points shown in bronze-figure diagrams are not all medically valuable. It is clearly improper for boxing arts to use them as such. Many points, even if struck, have no effect at all. Therefore point striking was fabricated from nothing in order to cater to the psychology of those who fantasize about obtaining unexpected effects from a certain effortless secret skill.

Although the human body does not contain those circulating points, it does have many physiological weak links. If these vital areas are struck, it will necessarily affect brain, nerves, and internal organs. Therefore striking location is a rule that boxing arts must follow. Poking the opponent's soft and weak parts with two fingers or with five fingers joined also has high practical value.

Using fingers to poke the opponent has advantages: large striking range, small contact area, and quick effect. But it also has weaknesses: small force and low finger solidity. Therefore we need accurate hits to the opponent's weak and soft parts, coordinated with other striking methods. This is the true meaning of point striking in real combat.

Weapons

Weapons, meaning cold weapons, appeared earlier than boxing arts. Primitive people in remote antiquity already understood that using stones and wooden sticks was more effective against wild animals and enemies than bare hands. With the development of human civilization, materials changed from stone to bronze and then were replaced by iron. Weapon manufacture gradually became more refined and varied, and their power rose accordingly.

In ancient times, people used weapon fighting to train soldiers. Military courses such as bayonet thrusting and sword chopping remain today. To reduce casualties in blade training, boxing arts were born as preparatory techniques for using weapons. Martial students mostly studied boxing first and weapons afterward. Later generations even abandoned weapons and studied only boxing. By modern times, most of what circulates in the world is routines; practical weapon methods are rare as phoenix feathers and unicorn horns.

There are many kinds of weapons. Ancient people spoke of "eighteen kinds of weapons," but the actual kinds are far more. Generally they can be summarized as long weapons such as spear and staff, short weapons such as saber and sword, ultra-short weapons such as dagger, soft weapons such as whip, and projectile weapons such as bow and arrow. Yet these do not go outside sharp or pointed metal objects coordinated with wooden objects shaped as long shafts or handles. Therefore if one is refined in one or two weapons, the rest can be understood by analogy.

Weapons have greater power than fists and feet because weapons have a larger striking range, high hardness, and very small contact area that concentrates force. Also, because of lever principles, the end of a weapon has comparatively high speed, which increases swinging or thrusting impact force.

But weapon use also has areas inferior to fists and feet. A weapon is an external thing added to human movement. Holding, carrying, operating, and drawing it are never as convenient and free as empty hands. Therefore weapon practice and application are far harder than boxing arts. Also, in close body-to-body combat, some weapons have difficulty showing effect.

Given the above comparison, the weapon techniques long tested through the sound of battle are nothing more than several simple actions such as thrusting, chopping, lifting, and wiping. It need not be said that complex techniques require hard training; even these few simple actions require bitter tempering before they can be mastered. What is important is to make spirit and qi-force penetrate the weapon in use, and make weapon and body merge into one body, as if it were the extension of one's own arm. Reach the state where the hand forgets the weapon, the weapon forgets the hand, and in operating and controlling the two do not know each other.

Improvement in boxing level helps the use of weapons, and progress in weapon practice can in turn promote a leap in boxing combat skill.

Colophon

Translated directly from the Traditional Chinese text of 《道新拳論》趙道新, captured from the HK Yiquan Society public article archive and live-verified against the archive index on June 2, 2026.

Published in the Good Work Library under rights clearance received by the New Tianmu Anglican Church on June 2, 2026.

The English translation was independently prepared from the captured Chinese source for the Good Work Library. Source-text punctuation and evident web or OCR artifacts are retained in the Chinese appendix; the English follows the sentence sense of the captured text.

Compiled and formatted for the Good Work Library by the New Tianmu Anglican Church, 2026.

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Source Text: 《道新拳論》趙道新

Source: HK Yiquan Society article 11

訓練方法

習武者的第一目的是提高戰鬥水平。可是許多青年雖花了漫長的時間，流出了大量的汗水，但收效甚微，其拳技仍難以同身體健壯者或慣於毆鬥者相抗衡。其原因就是在訓練中他們走了一條極其曲折的然而並不通向目標的蹉跎之路。

當然，成功不會垂青那些只顧尋求捷徑而不想下苦功夫的人。但是，有決心“懸發錐骨”而不講究效率和方法的人也必將一事無成。

能以最少的精力，最短的時間，最大幅度地提高戰鬥水平則需要有一套科學的訓練方法，攀登一條近乎直接通往頂峰的路徑。

訓練應接近實戰，而不是把實戰去模彷訓練，在訓練中我們注重傳統，更注重創新。發揮自己全部的才智和能力，一切為實戰。

端正我們的“拳術觀”是訓練的前提。不要輕信那些不可思議的功法，也不要被一些人的言語和一些表面現象所迷惑；克服迷信、盲從和崇拜的心理。某些習武者最大的錯誤就是他不承認自已有錯誤，總認為自已的想法與技法是最正確、最完美的。從來不能容忍別人提出的異議，並固執地認為無論在任何方面外國的拳術不如中國，旁門的拳法不及本門。這要引以為戒。掌握一門技藝並不是越多、越複雜就越好。要知道高奧的技巧就存在於那些司空見慣的招法中，訓練就是使平凡的招式產生不平凡的效果。

提高我們的戰鬥水平，應從哪幾方面實現呢？其實，格鬥能力的提高就是神經機能的改善、運動素質的增長和行動技術的熟練。因此，科學的訓練不外乎心理訓練、素質訓練和技術訓練。

具體到訓練的方式方法，我們的方案是把能迅速提高戰鬥水平的訓練分為基礎訓練、爆發力訓練、抵抗力訓練和實戰訓練。

純粹的基礎訓練一般作為訓練的開始，它包括如長跑、站樁的耐力訓練；伸筋、跳繩等柔韌訓練。還要掌握一些最基本、最簡便的攻防動作。而力量訓練作為一種輔助的練習，對於那些肌肉發育不好的人來說是必要的，但應特別注意保持 有肩部和胯部各肌肉的放鬆。

在執行了短期的基礎訓練後，就要以爆發力訓練與實戰訓練為主，以抵抗力訓練為輔，交叉進行訓練。同時，不應放棄基礎訓練，只是把他當作一項準備和整理的活動。

爆發力訓練是“功力”增長的主要方式。一般採用具有一定阻力的彈性或突發性動作進行反覆操練。空操是在沒有器械的輔助下，反覆進行幾個角度發力動作。其要點在於注重動作的急停，用以發展動作反方向的勁力。抖杆是提高爆發力的極有效的方法。通過使蠟杆朝某個方向的反覆抖動，努力把勁力貫於杆頭，使杆軀渾然一體。擊物訓練是爆發力與進攻技術的結合訓練，包括擊打能主要提高速度的梨球、主要提高力量的重砂袋和主要提高協調性的吊球，還包括擊打能提高靈敏反應的那些無常規晃動的手靶。另外，各個拳派中那些有價值的練法，以及其他運動項目的訓練方法也值得我們借鑒。

身體不可能刀槍不入，故抵抗能力的訓練只能是一種輔助性的訓練。在劇烈的運動中，甚至在挫折中能堅持下去最終奪得勝利，不僅要靠頑強的意志，也要靠身體的抗擊能力，提高抵抗能力一般採用實心球或硬質棍棒滾壓腹部與四肢的方法，也可用硬中有軟的物體去衝撞某部位元。訓練時注意呼吸配合，禁止使作堅硬物體或對要害部位練習。

把實戰視為艱苦和危險，並作為最後才能進行的高級訓練是不對的。我們在進行了短期的基礎訓練後，應把實作為家常便飯。但為了安全還是應戴拳套，禁穿硬底鞋，不要身著任何尖硬物品，並注意場地與環境。實戰初期，雙方可採用一種單一的打法反覆攻防，用以熟悉這一技術。也可採用全攻全守的方式，即進攻者全力攻擊，但慎用重擊，防守者全力防禦，但不准還擊的方式訓練。這種練法中防守者挨打是正常現象，不必對此心有餘悸。如果開始了真正的實戰，初應儘量避免與強手對陣，攻防中允許使用任何技術打法，允許重擊，關鍵是在實戰中保持強烈的意念和舒暢的心境，要把“實戰”視為學習的良好機會，要同各種不同風格的對手進行訓練而不計較勝負。連續地多人輪番交戰，或同時與多人交戰是一種超實戰訓練法則，它能進一步提高訓練者的搏擊水平。

在進行以上的各種訓練時，通常會提出一些問題：如動作是走直線好，還是走弧線佳？運動快與慢何者為優？勁力的剛柔孰是孰非？應該留意呼吸嗎？重心應放在哪只腳上？等等。這類問題答案是：動作中應曲中有直、直中有曲，運動快慢相兼，勁力剛柔相濟，呼吸在有意無意之間，重心在兩腳之間靈活的變換……。總之，“用較少就可以做到的，較多反而無益。”在訓練中力求簡捷，要知道若干個音符可彙成無數篇樂曲。簡單的技術在實戰中可組合，發揮出無窮種新穎的打法。繁瑣與奇特只能在表演時使人耳目一新。簡便與精深才能在實戰中應付裕如。一種打法能否成為自己的進攻武器，不是看這一打法是否正統，而是看這種打法在實際使用時是否舒適、有效。招法應因人而異，不必統一拘泥。

“沒有疲勞就沒有訓練”。快速的訓練要求每一個訓練者在每一次訓練中都應超過其疲勞的極點。訓練可以隔日進行，但每一次都要有足夠大的運動量與運動強度，在完成訓練後最要注意有充分的休息與充足的營養。

成為一名出類拔萃的拳術家並不是像訓練以前所夢想的那樣。艱苦的訓練會使你乏味，在實戰中你所學的知識可能變得毫無蹤影，在強勁的對手攻擊下，你會飽嘗挨打的苦果，如果稍微放鬆訓練，你的格鬥水平會產生大幅度的下降等等。克服這些困難只能靠不畏艱險的意志和科學的訓練方法。

提高身體運動素質

身體的運動素質就是指人體運動的能力。從事任何運動所進行的大部份訓練都是為了增強這種能力。在拳術練習中，提高身體素質被稱作“練功夫”、“增長功力”。具備了良好的素質才能使技術起作用，而技術正是為了發揮素質所採用的方式方法。

現代體育運動理論中，把人體運動的基本素質分為力量素質、速度素質、耐力素質、柔韌素質和靈敏素質。這些素質雖各有特色，但彼此關係密切。任何一種素質的提高都會對其他素質的發展產生良好的影響。相反，某種素質的低劣必將妨礙其他素質的提高。

力量素質：它是人體在運動中抵抗阻力的能力。各項運動都極重視力量的訓練，提高力量素質就是要發育肌肉並提高神經調節機能。其原因在於：力量來源於肌肉的收縮，肌肉的粗壯必然導致肌力的增加。而神經的調節使應該用力的肌肉協調集中的收縮，對抗的肌肉高度放鬆。

速度素質：它是指人體進行快速運動的能力。通常表現為反應快慢。單個動作完成的時間、重複動作的頻率以及整體移動的速度等。但是，它們都依賴於反應的速度和肌肉收縮的速度之和（當然短跑的速度還取決於步子的跨度）。神經的反應速度一般用從發生刺激到開始行動所花費的時間來表示。感覺越敏銳、大腦越興奮、技術越熟練，則反應時間就越短。肌肉的收縮速度是由肌纖維的類型，肌肉的力量、肌組織的興奮性和條件反射的恐固程度所決定的。肌肉中快肌纖維（即爆發型肌肉、條形肌、活肌）越多，肌肉力量越大，其收縮速度就越快。

耐力素質：它是指人體長時間運動的能力。耐力與呼吸有著極其密切的關係。身體在運動時能夠吸入氧氣的體積越大，能夠忍受氧氣欠缺的數量越多，其耐力就越好。所以肺及呼吸系統、心臟及血液循環系統肌肉耐受能力越強壯，其耐力就越好。

柔韌素質：它是身體運動範圍和肌肉放鬆程度的量度。它取決於關節的活動範圍、關節周圍組織的大小，以及韌帶、肌腱、肌肉和皮膚的伸展性。另外還取決於神經對肌肉控制的協調性。

靈敏素質：它是指人體在對抗運動中隨機應變的能力。似乎是各種素質的綜合表現，是人體靈敏度在空間、時間中的應機反應。

以上是人體運動的基本素質。如果把它們綜合起來應用於拳術，就可以總結出實戰技擊應該著重提高的主要格鬥動力。

爆發力是最重要的實戰素質。它是力量素質與速度素質的配合。力量的增加可使動作的速度加快，而動作速度的提高又會使擊打的力量增強。一個人爆發力素質的優劣，既取決於先天的遺傳，又依賴于後天的培養。一般來說，四肢與肌腱較長，肌肉柔韌的人具有天賦的爆發力。但是，通過科學的訓練也能使爆發力遠遠超過常人。

彈跳力是人體爆發力大小的一種體現，彈跳力出眾的人大多能練就一身驚人的爆發力。良好的彈跳力能幫我們在搏擊中防禦對方的進攻，保持自身的平衡。

協調能力是又一重要的實戰素質。它是柔韌素質、靈敏素質的綜合體現。身體各部位之間、各種動作之間的協調配合可使整個行動完成的優美、準確、集中，並能大幅度地減輕疲勞。提高協調能力最重要的是發育條形肌肉和熟練運動的技能。

應激能力是指對激烈競技的適應能力。它是一項不可忽視的實戰素質。包括耐力素質、抗擊能力，意志和膽量。在長時間的生死決鬥中，或在艱苦環境和遭受挫折的情況下，若要取得勝利，就必須具有良好的應激能力。

以上所列出的各項素質就是為訓練者提出一個初步的依據。使他們明確在訓練中窨該提高什麼，並針對自已的情況制定計劃進行有重點的訓練，這樣才能真正有效地提高自己的實戰能力。

辯勁

最近發現有些朋友對我的拳技，特別是拳術的勁法進行誇大、渲染乃至神化。其實，拳術中驚人的勁力並不是什麼虛無飄渺、可望而不可及的神來之技。我所獲得的拳勁是從事勁路研究並進行了一套有效的勁力訓練的結果，它確實對我實戰能力的提高有著不可言狀的裨益。

勁力的研究是實戰拳術中最為關鍵的內容。人與人的打鬥格擊無非是人體之間勁力的相互作用，一切武藝拳技從招式到戰術不外乎是尋求怎樣更好地運用勁力。拳術家們之所以要區分“勁”與“力”二字，目的是想說明通過拳術訓練而形成的“勁”與先天所具有的僵滯之“力”有著天壤之別，但從本質來說“勁”仍屬於力量的範疇。結合實戰的經驗對拳術進行力的分析和研究，可使拳術的學習、訓練和運用有所依據。使我們能夠辨明真偽，並可以幫助我們找到一條升堂入室的最佳途徑。

一、拳術中力的本質

拳術中的力量是指什麼呢？它是看不見的，但卻能感覺到。它表現為人體內部和人體之間的相互作用，是能量從出擊部分傳遞到被擊部分的一種趨勢。人力是肌肉收縮的結果，是把化學能轉變成機械能的結果。通過力的作用，最終可使物體產生形變或獲得加速度，在實戰中力的使用效果表現在：

（1）使被擊部分遭受破壞（形變）。例如：骨折、臟器破裂、腦震盪等內傷、外損。

（2）使被擊部分的速度改變（加速度）。例如：被發擲出，被摔倒等。

（3）上述兩種變化兼而有之。

我們在格鬥中就是利用力的這些效果來擊倒、擊出、擊傷、擊昏甚至擊殘、擊斃敵手的。

力的使用效果不僅與力的大小有關，而且與力的方向、力的作用點有關（力的三要素）。對於比較複雜的情況還應全面考慮力的作用時間、力的變化速度、力的合成或分解等因素。

二、拳術中力的分析

發力物體擊打的速度不同，受力物體所發生的變化亦不相同。一般說來，打擊物運動速度越快，被打擊物越易損壞，而不易被打動。打擊物運動速度越慢，被打擊物越不易損壞而易被打動。當然，這與打擊力度和被擊物體的強度有關，這一切都必須符合牛頓的運動定理。

我們把快速打擊的力稱為衝擊力，把緩慢作用的力稱為持續力，把介於兩者之間使受力物獲得最大速度的力稱為發擲力。

（一）持續力：持續力是實戰者雙方以較慢的速度或靜止不動的用力。常存在於推拉、托按、頂壓等動作中。持續力往往使發力物與受力物向著施力方向以相同的速度運動，除了遇到受力物的反抗力而使受力組織撕裂、扭傷外，並不會使受力物損壞。

根據牛頓第二定理：力-抵抗力=受力物質量*受力物加速度

由此可見，只要你施加的力大於抵抗力就能使受力體按照你力的方向移動。另外，抵抗力越小，受力物越易運動，而其承受的內力亦越小，且不易被損壞。

譬如在擒拿術中，將對方的手臂向外側擰轉的手法。由於人體的構造所限，使反抗力不能大於擰轉力，從而使手臂被擰動。如果抵抗力較小，則容易造成身體的仰翻；如果抵抗力較大，則容易造成骨骼的損傷。在這種情況下，拳手們多順其勁力，做到寧倒勿傷的。

（二）衝擊力：衝擊力的基礎是爆發力，恒見於踢、打、點、撞等到擊法中。它是實戰中最常見的力。雖不易打動對方，卻最易擊傷敵手。

根據力學中運動量與衝量的關係，應力與強度的關係可以推導出：

衝擊應力=衝擊體的質量接觸前衝擊體的速度/力的作用時間力接觸的面積

如果衝擊應力超過了被衝擊物體的強度，就會導致被衝擊物體的破壞。怎樣去提高衝擊的應力，才能使擊打更具有殺傷力呢？

（1）增加衝擊體的質量：一般情況下，膝撞和肘擊，比拳打和腳踢更具有威力，其原因就是膝、肘的質量大於拳腳。在技擊中常用的增加衝擊體質量的方法，就是在接觸對手的刹那，全身肌肉突然極度緊張、用力，使混身成為一個衝擊的整體。

（2）提高接觸前衝擊體的速度：沒有速度就沒有衝擊。人體的肩、胯雖然力量很大，但因為運動速度較慢，所以難以成為最銳利的武器。一個極為粗壯有力的人，卻難以在搏擊中獲勝，其主要原因是他出擊的速度太慢。正確的擊打應使衝擊在接觸被擊物之前的瞬間達到速度的高峰，肌肉的多餘緊張會阻礙這個高峰的出現。因此，在還未接觸目標的出擊過程中應儘量使肌肉放鬆和協調。

（3）減少力的作用時間：力的作用時間是指從接觸到被擊物到打擊完畢所花費的時間。減少這一時間不可誤解為一打即回，或點到為止，而應理解為用較堅硬的部位去打擊較脆弱的部位，不給被擊物以緩衝的餘地，這樣就減少了力的作用時間。

（4）減少力的接觸面積：刀刃越鋒利，槍頭越尖銳，力的接觸面積越小，越具有殺殺力。在較量時拳手們也慣用拳、掌、指、足、膝、肘、頭等骨骼的尖端作為衝擊體，以便減少接觸面，增加壓強。

譬如直擊拳的運用。首先在訓練時應獲得快速的反應能力和強大的爆發力。

1、為了獲得衝擊速度的頂峰，出擊時全身特別是手臂必須放鬆，做到有力而不用。同時後腿蹬地，腰身擰轉使身體各部獲得相應的最大速度。整個動作越協調、放鬆越好。

2、幾乎在接觸對方身體的刹那，前腳踩踏，阻礙全身整體的前進，這樣使全身的動量上升集中輸送於手臂使拳頭前沖的速度更大。

3、拳頭擊中目標的同時，全身，尤其是上肢肌肉應急劇收縮，盡可能加大衝擊體的質量，並伴有握拳、扣腕、旋轉等動作，以提高衝擊的強度、定向能力和變換可能性。

（三）發擲力：發擲力使用的目的是把對手打出到較遠的地方。此時，出擊速度要小於衝擊力所使用的速度，而大於持續力的使用速度，它是根據對方的體重而定的，是能使力接觸對方的時間儘量長的一種速度。這要在千百次實作中逐步尋求才能達到最佳境界。

對手被發的速度越大，則被發出的距離越遠。根據衝量與動量關係戶：

被發擲出的初速度=（發擲力-抵抗力）*力的作用時間/被發擲者的體重

由此可見，發擲的力量越大，力的作用時間越長，則發擲的效果就越好。反之，對方的抵抗力越大，體重越沉，就越難被發出。故此身體沉重、矮壯、有力的人在這方面佔有一定的優勢。

交戰雙方的體重是固定不變的，提高發擲效果的途徑：

（1）增大發擲力：具有強大發擲力的人既要有雄厚的本力，又要有一定的爆發力，而且要整體集中發力。發力時重心要低，動作要小，兩足後蹬前踩，並儘量使自己的根節接觸對方。

（2）減小對方的抵抗力的主要方法是通過一系列的技巧來撼動對方的腳根，破壞其身體的穩定。比如：在使用發擲力之前，運用驚炸力打亂對方防守的形式；運用連綿不斷地脈衝力迫使對方移動；運用身體或力的突然變換使對方失去平衡；運用上擎之力托舉對方使其蹬地不實。

（3）延長力的作用時間：這是發擲的竅門所在，相同力量的人中能發人較遠者，一定是他用力使對方加速的時間較長一些。掌握了適當的發擲速度（即所謂火候）就能延長這個時間。這個時間是與對方相接觸的時間。這期間發擲力一定要大於抵抗力，也就要使對方加速。另外，還應儘量延長力的作用距離。力施于對方時移動的距離越長，對方被發的速度就越大。

以上對技擊中常見的三種力進行了初步的分析，實際上，這三種力的本質是相同的，只是使用的結果不同罷了。在實戰中衝擊力的威力明顯大於其他。作為一名拳手掌握了發擲力會提高你的戰鬥水平，但是不掌握衝擊力就難以應付強手的進擊。

三、拳術中勁的辨析

（一）剛勁與柔勁：拳術中剛柔是不可分割的。剛非僵硬之蠻力，柔非綿軟之化勁。硬中有軟的韌勁謂之剛，軟中有硬的彈勁謂之柔。很難說清剛與柔在實用時何優何劣，只有兩者兼而有之，並能根據客觀情況靈活地變換，才能真正做到“懂勁”。

（二）聽勁與運勁：聽勁不是用耳朵去聽，而是用皮膚去感覺對方的勁路。需要肌肉放鬆，注意力集中才能使其感覺靈敏。

運勁是發勁前神經和肌肉的準備，一般表現為神經的興奮和肌肉的拉長等，並伴隨心跳、呼吸的加快現象。

（十）直勁與螺旋勁：朝一個方向的用力為直勁，它具有力度大、速度快、容易使用等優點，但也存在著不易迴旋、變化、容易被化解等不足。方向隨時變化的勁可稱為曲勁，變化軌跡為圓時便成為滾勁，它們變化靈活，但不夠簡捷。然而，既有直勁又有滾勁的組合力就是螺旋勁。它兼有直、滾二勁的優點還具有很好的定向、頂鑽能力。

（四）借勁與化勁：借勁與化勁是屬於力的全盛或速度的合成問題。

二力方向相反（夾角180度）為抗勁

二力方向成鈍角（夾角90至於80度）為擠勁

二力方向成直角（夾角90度）為截勁

二力方向成銳角（夾角0至90度）為化勁

二力方向相同（夾角0至90度）為順勁

拳術中把順勁、化勁統稱為借勁。顯而易見，順勁最省力，化勁其次，截勁再次。擠勁較費力，而抗勁最費力。

以上五勁在交手中都會遇到，若要以弱勝強，以小制大，就必須學會儘量使用比較省力的方法。即盡可能地去借勁，但是一味地強調“四兩撥千斤”而忽視了本身實力的提高和其他的勁的運用是極為片面的，危險的。

（五）向心力與離心力：兩人旋轉就涉及到向心力和離心力，但這兩個力量是分別作用於兩個人的。一個人被另一個人掄轉起來，旋轉者承受向心力，被旋轉者承受離心力。二人脫離後，被旋轉者沿著旋轉周邊線速度的方向被擲出。此力與旋轉半徑同旋轉角速度的平方的乘積成比例，因此只有把圈轉得更快、轉得更大，才能把人拋得更遠，其中轉速更為主要。

（六）空勁與場力：所謂空勁是指不通過接觸而能施力于對方的超距力。好似磁鐵間吸引或排斥的場力。聳人聽聞的“百步打人”、“隔山打牛”、“輕功”等據此而生。人體是還有些未知的功能和潛力。但這些“特異功能”應用於技擊尚未見實，在較量中人們能夠運用的場力目前只有地球的吸引力。

辨勁是拳勁的分析與區分。它的目的不是讓習拳者在實用時生搬硬套，而是能幫助他們根據具體情況制訂出一套科學的、高效的拳術訓練方法。同時也是把拳術的經驗與力學的理論初步結合的嘗試。

論爆發

拳術是實戰的操練，而實戰實際上就是勁力的相互傳遞。所以，運用勁力是拳術最關鍵的課題。

在搏鬥中，身高力大者往往容易取勝，但以弱制強的戰例是屢見不鮮。這是因為勁力運用的效果不僅依賴於本力的大小，同時還與力的方向、力的變化、著力點、發放的速度等許多因素相關。也就是說勁力的實用效果是這些方向的綜合體現。

強烈的取勝欲望促使著人們去突破攻守運用的難關，至今發展成一種在進攻意念支配下，利用積極變位，真假變換以引起對方的迷惑和失誤，進而不失時機地使用快速多變的戰術，以自然、銳利、精確的進攻技巧打擊敵手。不言而喻，技術的熟練、素質的提高和主觀能動性的發揮都將加強勁力運用的效果。

擊打的最終階段通常是勁力爆發式的施展，這是最可怕的、最富有實效的勁力，在拚搏中多為致命的打擊。古今拳術名手的“神奇功力”就是這種高質量的爆發力。

爆發是力量與速度的統一，我們把瞬間迸發出的極大力量稱為爆發力（俗稱炸勁、驚勁、彈勁）；在力學中力量與速度的乘積等於功率，爆發則是達到了人體功率釋放的最大極限（或最佳極限）。因此，爆發力的提高取決於力量素質和速度素質的共同提高，也就是人體最大功率的提高。

速度是神經反應速度和肌肉收縮速度的組合。速度的提高可增大力量，而力量的增長又可加快速度。一般我們採用力量訓練增強爆發力，即選擇一些接近某種行動的爆發性動作反覆操練。用來發育常用肌肉，並通過實戰對抗提高神經的反應能力。這種似乎枯燥而危險的方式都是提高水準的捷徑；在動力性練習中還應輔以靜力性練習，以便具備一定的耐勞性。另外，每一個發力動作都應特別講究有關肌肉的協調配合和無關肌肉的高度放鬆。因為每種爆發力的發放都要由體內相關的許多環節和諧傳動。如軀幹、腰、腹、臀、腿相互配合產生出的速度旋轉動作，如果胳臂用力過大，那麼力量難以進入對手軀體，而是回到自己的腿上。

經過嚴格的訓練練，使發力動作協調、準確和連貫、呼吸規整，全身發育出一種飽滿、光潤、富有彈性的流線形肌肉，這種肌肉平常是松柔、敏感的，但幾乎在意念衝動的同時即可達到收縮的極點。

在實戰時，貴能隨時果斷地運用爆發力和連續的爆發力。由於巨大的力量是在瞬間突發的，致使對方絲毫沒有接受的準備，這不但能打亂防守的形勢，而且可打斷其規整的氣息和正常的神經反應，使對方不知如何應付。

爆發力的施用不應有規律性，但都有明確的目標。任何一種爆發力發放時都要力求放鬆，以增加出擊的速度。當接觸目標前的刹那，肌肉整體突然緊張，力量驟然集中，勁長而透。隨後迅速復原、放鬆、並在意念上已經形成了再次攻擊的準備。整個行動似疾雷不及掩耳迅雷不及瞑目。

當然，爆發力使用的成功率還受競技狀態、對方實力和外界干擾等因素的影響，所以在每次實戰前後都要進行更具體的分析研究。

最後還要提請注意，只有年齡適宜、身體健康的人才能進行爆發力的訓練，只有能循序漸進，持之以恆的人才可望獲得成功。儘管如此，也不是每一個積極的訓練者都能達到一個相當高的水平。

拳術意念

在拳術訓練和實戰中，每每見到這樣一種錯誤的傾向，就是操拳者的技術動作雖已相當熟練，但精神渙散，動作脫節，肌肉制約。表現為敵情觀念薄弱，喜歡賣弄“漂亮”招式，把握不住良好的戰機，難以進行連續性的攻擊。這些運動“病態”的根源是缺乏拳術中的意念。

意念並非是甚麼神秘或超高級的東西，它是精神上欲達到某種明確的目的而產生的一種抽象而又強烈的願望。是人體運動的總的趨向。假如一隻手把你頭部按到水中你會體驗到什麼是向上的意念的。拳術意念在其他競技運動中稱之為進攻意識。它不是思維的活動，而是精神的欲望，是一種不擇手段、不惜代價而置敵死地的欲望。在訓練中如果不具有這樣的意念，只能獨自在那做一些毫無主宰的空洞動作，這會嚴重阻礙技術水平的提高。在交戰中如果丟掉了意念，很可能遺憾地敗給一個實力較低的對手。

在拳鬥中意念不足會使神經得不到充分的興奮，注意力難以貫注，反應遲鈍，從感官接收外界的刺激到肌肉做出相應的收縮，或者自從發現了進攻的機會到完成進攻的動作所需要的時間較長。並且容易產生留情、猶豫和多慮等現象，導致打擊速度、強度欠缺，造成打擊無效或被敵所乘的被動局面。

但是意念過份強烈，神經系統反而處於抑制的狀態，同時也影響了大腦敏銳的思維，從而使力度、速度和靈敏度下降。此外，容易產生鋒芒外露，孤注一擲和加速疲勞等副作用。

拳術中意念的合理運用應以適中的意念強度貫穿於訓練或實戰的始終，並能根據客觀需要在有意無意之間進行靈活的調整。在戰鬥中，視較技為角鬥已將生死置之度外，把戰勝敵手作為神聖的職責。但真正做到這一點，可不是一件計日成功的容易事，這必須使自身與環境達到高度的諧和統一。

拳術意念的提高與人們的性格和意志有著緊密的關聯。性情剛毅淩厲。但是魯莽好鬥者或善良怕事者將難以長時間地保持強烈的意念。其實性格是複雜的，許多人的性格難以捉摸。但是拳術的鍛煉可以改善人的性格，變懦弱為剛強，化愚笨為聰穎。所以拳術意念的訓練是拳術心理訓練中不可缺少的組成部分。

動作的病點與實戰的禁忌

（一）動作病點三十四例：

（1）歪斜：身體無中，不穩定 （2）低頭。

（3）軟頂：無頂勁。 （4）瞪眼：故作怒容。

（5）張口。 （6）寒肩：兩肩聳起。

（7）腆胸：含胸過度。 （8）弓背：脊椎極度前曲如駝背。

（9）俯身：上體過分前探 （10）仰體：身體後仰。

（11）曲腰：過份塌腰，塌腰。 （12）脫肘：肘臂浮動，根梢脫節。

（13）折腕。 （14）握拳：一味的緊握雙拳。

（15）分指：手指分張過大。 （16）扭臀。

（17）曲膝：過多的下蹲。 （18）敞襠。

（19）直立：膝關節完全挺直。 （20）老步：步子邁得過大，不能靈活收發。

（21）軟腿：腿不協調。 （22）不知放鬆。

（23）不知用腰。 （24）雙手齊出。

（25）有去無回。 （26）妄發亂手。

（27）摒息努勁。 （28）虛實不明。

（29）不相連貫。 （30）畏首畏尾。

（31）動作空洞。 （32）神氣間斷。

（33）求猛圖快。 （34）走向極端。

（二）應敵十三忌：

（1）怯敵：懾于對手的名聲，或臨敵緊張，以及在挫折中喪失鬥志。

（2）輕敵：應敵前不作思想與技術上的準備，在戰鬥中輕舉冒進。

（3）輕試：喜歡同陌生為輕易地交手，毫無防人之心。

（4）酒後：飲酒或精神狀態不佳時與人交手。

（5）不識敵意：不觀察對手，不揣摩對方，不瞭解對方。

（6）不量地勢：不顧及環境的影響，忽視天時、地利、人和等作用。

（7）不審強弱：不觀察對手的長短之處，不能因人而異的實施對策。

（8）見空不入：縮手縮腳，消極對敵，失機誤勢。

（9）著點不實：只求悅目，不管實效。

（10）氣浮力猛：心焦氣燥、歇斯底里，昏頭昏腦，一味蠻幹。

（11）心慈手軟：進攻意念薄弱，瞻前顧後，思慮過多，注意力渙散，手下留情。

（12）使用成式：熱衷效法正宗的招式，沒有變化，沒有創新。

（13）招後無備：孤注一擲，絕力盡出，不留後路。

進攻

拳術發展至今，單憑防守取勝是極為罕見的，人們不能只是依靠對手的失誤。要知道最為傑出的防禦也不可能風雨不透，渴望戰勝敵人就必須採取主動的行動—進攻。

進攻就是積極地使自身的較堅硬部位與對方較脆弱部位相接觸，並把一定的能量通過力的形式傳遞給對方，以達到威懾對方的心理及損傷對方的軀體為目的。實行進攻的訓練與進攻的研究，無非是想增加能打敗敵手的那些富有實效的進攻在實戰中出現的次數。因為：

有實效的進攻次數=進攻次數*進攻成功率

故提高有實效的進攻次數就需要在較量中想方設法創造進攻的條件，佔據優勢，以保證較多的進攻次數，但更重要的是要謹慎進攻，注意提高進攻的成功率。進攻成功率的提高才是“進攻研究”的首要課題。

進攻的成功率取決於進攻的命中率和有效率。

命中率=命中次數/進攻次數 有效率=成功次數/命中次數

發動進攻而未命中目標，就談不上有效，更談不上成功。因此，“攻則必中”是進攻的基本要求，可是只做到命中目標是不夠的，那些輕描淡寫，不痛不癢的無效進攻即使命中，也算不上成功。所以，“中則必果”也是不容易忽視的。

進攻成攻率=命中率*有效率

怎樣提高進攻的命中率和有效率呢？提高命中率的兩條途徑是：其一，使進攻出乎對方的意料，讓對方難以預測，不及變化。其二，提高在快速運動中進攻的準確性與精確度。然而提高有效率的方法是儘量把較大的能量施于對方較薄弱的部位。這就是要在明確人體要害及薄弱環節的前提下，盡可能地增大接觸時的應力與縱深。

怎樣使進攻出其不意，敵莫能商量呢？一是要縮短攻擊的進行時間。二是要提高進攻的突變性。進攻的進行時間是從發現戰機到進擊完畢所花費的時間。意欲縮短這一時間，就必須進攻快速、簡捷。快速系指用較短的時間完成較短距離的動作。而簡捷就是簡化動作的複雜性，減少多餘動作，縮短進攻路線。進攻的突變性表現為進攻的發起、停止、轉向和變換要做得突然、急劇。即提高運動的加速度，同時要注意動作的無規性。

總而言之，要想提高進攻的質量就要在訓練與實戰中努力使進攻快速、突變、簡捷、準確。並要提高進攻的縱深，加強擊打的力量、硬度、減少接觸面、明確打擊的部位。我們在保證進攻成功率的基礎上應該多多地進攻，但決不能因追求進攻的高次數而降低了成功率。

人體中能夠產生較大速度的、堅硬的、尖銳的部分都可望成為進攻的有力武器。掌握進攻的基本打法越多，其格鬥技術就越好。雖然一些拳術名家在他們的實戰生活中只把一、二種進攻方法作為主要的武器，但作為一名優秀的拳手應掌握全面的技法。在全自由、全接觸式的實戰中主要的進攻包括擊法、摔法、拿法和擲法。其中以擊法為主，常見的有靈活多變的手擊，範圍大力量強的腿擊，以及在近戰中摔法、拿法和擲法。其中以擊法為主，常見的有靈活多變的手擊，範圍大力量強的腿擊，以及在近戰中兇悍的膝擊和肘擊。

進攻是多種多樣的，大體上可分為佯攻、快攻、強攻和反攻等基本形式。它們各有其自己的特點與妙用，在攻戰中這些形式相互組合，相互彌補，但不可相互代替。

佯攻通常作為進攻的先鋒，它可以用於進行“火力偵察”，做到知已知彼；也可用于聲東擊西，造成對手的判斷錯誤。佯攻是在保持著自己嚴密的防衛的條件下實施的，在佯攻的背後，快攻與強攻正嚴陣以待，一觸即發。佯攻貴能以假亂真，它是運用模仿進攻的假動作和假神志而造成的全力進攻的假像，最忌諱在沒有真正攻擊的配合下多次重複同樣的佯攻。

發動快攻必須捕捉住良好的時機，這種出其不意的進攻，往往使對手來不及防禦，它是以小制大，以技巧戰勝力量的最有效的手段，具有很豐富的內容，需要更為具體的探討。

面臨已有所準備的敵手，就要以強攻突破或摧毀彼的防禦體系。強攻是功力的抗爭，素質的較量。這需要視死如歸的鬥志，果決的判斷和高殺傷的招數。然而強攻之時是自己的防禦狀態的最低點，易被敵所乘。所以不要輕易地使用強攻，注意強攻的成功率，強攻一般是在對手處於無力還擊的被動地位時使用。

在防守是要始終保持著反攻的意識，正如以上所述，對手的進攻越強，其防守就越弱。只要能擺脫他的攻擊，反攻就會很容易奏效。反攻與快攻有很多相似之處，反攻就是防禦加上快攻。

拳手在格鬥中可分為進攻型和防守型。進攻型選手重點追求實戰中的進攻次數，而防守型選手並不是不重視進攻，而是更注意進攻的成功率罷了。對於一個矮個子來說應用捲縮式的架式，盡力鑽到對手的內線去打，要貼著對方。而對於高個子，他則應放長擊遠，與對手保持一定距離。總之，進攻與進攻戰術的運用要因人而異，因地而異，因勢而異。

防禦

每個人在遭到襲擊時都會本能地去招架，防禦就是這種自然防衛能力的發展。面對進攻能做出適當的保護性反應，則需要在實戰中合理地運用防禦的技術。

傳統的拳法中，因對“以靜待動，後發制人”的曲解，多不願主動出擊，而講究等待看清了對方的拳路後再施以對策，甚至尋求一種“我不欲傷敵，敵亦不能傷我”的理想防禦技巧。然而，經受實戰考驗的人都知道：如果不採取進攻和反擊，無論怎樣防守，也只能是被動挨打，故此，防禦最大的忌諱就是抱著“只憑防守去取勝”的念頭。防禦的要訣在於：不管你是想迅速打敗敵手，還是與敵周旋，至少要使敵手時刻擔心你的攻擊。

防禦技術的運用遠難於進攻，因為進攻是執行自己想要做的事情，而防禦是應付對方想要做的事情。因此，我們提倡在格鬥中以攻為主，但不是說進攻高於防守，更不是說進攻可以代替防守。有時進攻者即使技高一籌，也難免敗給一名優秀的防禦者。

請看我們師兄弟之間的一次較量：進攻者技術嫺熟，出擊淩厲。防禦者阻擋閃躲，伺衰而擊。進攻者想以剛烈的攻勢速戰速決，但是誘敵深入，揚長避短的防禦很快就使他上了當，從而使進攻者陷入難以挽回的被動局面。

回顧、分析當時的情形，可總結出正確的防禦對於實戰有著如下幾個作用：

（1）能更明確地摸清對手擊打的規律。

（2）使自己的打法隱而不露。

（3）使求勝心切的對方造成麻痹大意的心理。

（4）造成對方防守的空虛。

（5）造成對方的疲勞或心理壓力。

防守動作應是在快速、靈敏的直覺（預感）反應和暫態思維的支配下，進行自然的、本能的防護性動作。它沒有時間去按照拳法對號入座。不存在萬能的防禦方法，其種防禦方法可輕而易地把一種進攻化解無形；而對另一種進攻就可能束手無策。

防守的方式方法是多種多樣的。有使對方的攻擊偏離我要害的格擋防守；有通過自我移動避開或滑過對方打擊的躲閃防守；有在對方出擊之前，就將其遏止的封堵防守；還有緊緊跟隨著對手，或緊緊貼切著對手的距離防守。另外，在比較艱苦的交戰中，還可能用到：以身體中較堅固的部位去承受對方打擊的阻擋防守，以捲曲、收縮身體的姿勢減小被打擊面的捲縮防守。甚至還要學會挨打時怎樣減輕或避免損傷。無論哪種防守都貴在：速度快，動作小，並能與反擊配合使用。在防守中不要一味後退，更不可轉身逃跑。

在我們進攻時，自己的防禦處於最虛弱的狀態，因此，恐固進攻中的自我保護也是極其重要的。進攻中一旦發手就要見效果，不可狂發亂手，或如蜻蜓點水一樣的出擊。

防禦需要進行專門的訓練，在步法的移動、跳蕩、騰挪，身法上的俯仰、迴旋、擰翻、手法或腿法上的攔截、吸空、化解等各方面都必須下一番苦功，並要培養出精確的距離感、方向感、時間感和勁力感，必須牢記的一條是：不要在防守失敗或挨打後氣餒，要善於總結經驗和教訓，去奪取戰鬥的最後勝利。

快攻戰術

高水準的格鬥與其說是較力，倒不如說是鬥智。其實，每個人都具備保護自己和攻擊敵人的本能。人們之所以渴望學習拳術，其原因是他們想要戰勝比自己更為強壯的對手。人並非完美無缺，再高明的技藝也不可能無懈可擊，面對一名強手，要善於權衡敵我。不但要客觀地認清在哪些方面我不及對手，更要積極地尋找優於彼方之處。從而設計並採用一系列巧妙的辦來揚長避短。以智慧戰勝臂力就是總把自己的優勢與對方的劣勢相較，並且使對方的優勢無從發揮。

一名粗壯、有力、攻擊性很強的人，就很可能在速度、靈活等方面存在著欠缺，這正是快攻得以大顯身手之處，快攻是在實戰對抗中發展起來的最為積極的進攻戰術。

如果說強攻能使對方防守不住，那快攻就使敵人根本來不及應付。其運用通常是在對方防守未固，進攻未果。或退避不及之時出其不意的進攻。表現為在對峙、攻進或防禦中通過驟然的變化或乍然的侵襲而出奇制勝。這種閃擊戰術最顯著的特徵就是行動突然、迅速和簡捷。

快攻雖是一個統一的行動整體，若深入剖析其結構，可把快攻戰術的整個過程分解為動機、行動和結束三個階段。

動機階段是快攻的形成階段，其間最為關鍵的問題是快攻時機的掌握。這一時機是對方對其本身要害的護衛出現了瞬間空虛，能否發現並抓住這一瞬間是實行快攻的前提條件。能夠捕捉這一瞬間就能發動快攻，如果錯過了這一瞬間就只能進行強攻了。欲利用快攻的戰機首先是要能發現這一戰機。這需要我們能有效地控制心理以保持強烈的進攻意念、冷靜的頭腦和舒暢的心境。只有這樣注意力才能集中，感覺才能敏銳，才能在瞬息萬變的競技中發現對方的破綻。動機階段就是從發現時機到開始行動的階段。而戰機不能靠僥倖和等待，要靠我們積極的創造和爭取。創造快攻的時機應在激烈的攻防變化中，特別是在防守中具有強烈的反攻意識，並有賴於主觀能動性的發揮。

行動階段是快攻的發動與加速階段。發現了快攻的戰機並不等於利用了戰機。利用戰機就要採取行動，並在對方回防、躲避或還擊之前完成行動。鑒於這種特點，速度是整個快攻行動的精髓，也表現了“快攻”二字的直正含義。快攻的行動需要最大限度地提高速度和速度的變化。時機的出現幾乎就是行動的完成。這樣，快攻行動的動作應是那些最為自然，最為簡便，能達到極大速度的動作。對這些動作掌握的熟練程度應達到無意識支配的自動化。

結束階段是給予敵人以最終打擊階段。快攻的動機階段使我們抓住了有利的時機，快攻的行動階段使我佔據了優勢。在掌握了時間、空間之後，就要注意到能量的運用。因為優勢是暫時的，隨之而來的可能是很大的危險，以險招取勝就是要把這種暫時的優勢變為永恆的勝利。這需要在快攻的結束階段以無情的手段無情地打擊敵人。任何同情、猶豫的心理都會使整套快攻戰術前功盡棄。

應該承認，發動快攻並不一定都能獲得成功。所以，不能把擊中對方作為快攻的最終結束，而應在擊打之後迅速恢復原來臨戰時的姿勢，加強防禦並在意識上做好了再次發動快攻的準備。

點穴一說

在拳術裏有“點穴”一說，數十年中我只聽到過這樣的說法，但是從來沒有見過一個人這樣做過，尤其是在二、三十年代的時候，道途所聞無非是點穴、點穴！

依照他們的說法與做法，是根據時間以兩個指戳點在人身的不同部位，就能使這個人失去動作的能力，不能自我控制。任人捉弄，並且是輕重隨心，收發任意，甚至可以置人於死地。說起穴道有三百六十之數，大概分為死穴、活穴、啞穴、哭穴、笑穴、麻木酸痛等到穴。按時辰尋穴，一點即得，極盡玄妙之能事。

我未嘗學過點穴，不知其中的奧秘，故不敢妄加評論，但是他們從未拿出事實來證明他們的這一論述，這就使我不無疑惑了。

我們學習拳術，具有數十年的純功，與同道較技，尚且不能發而必中，即使擊中又不敢說一定能致人至傷。因為對方也是處於運動變換之中，攻守之間或隱或現，舉動無常，捉索不定，收到預期的攻擊效果並不是一件容易的事情。

好像是一旦學習了點穴術，便立即能夠使用。點到與時辰相對應的穴位上，就能使對方失去控制自我的能力，而任其擺佈，似此已近幻想，荒唐之甚。

按時辰點穴的說法，竟似人體內有一個“活東西”，它循著周身運轉，某個時辰必行至某處。所以，點穴要點到這個“活東西”上，不然的話是不靈驗的。

我不知道，如果兩個點穴者相遇，他們都知道某時某穴之所在，預先有了防備，謹護持之，則又將如何？

我們數十年間耳聞目睹，人與人在遊戲競技或相互年撲打時，有沒有偶然擊中點中對方的穴道以致失去控制能力而呈現種種姿態呢？如此多的人，如此長的時間，如此多的機會，尚且沒有一件事可以證實他們的說法，還毋庸說“點穴”沒有科學根據，僅此已足以否定了它。

在中醫學裏有以按摩、掐穴以人體的穴位療疾治傷的，據籍載我國古時對病患的原始療法是砭法，爾後針砭並用。後來又出現了灸法，到明朝針灸才得以完備。所舉穴道，圖文並茂，有興奮、抑制、疏通、化解等作用。

明代黃百家所著《王征南墓誌銘》等內家拳說，繪製出一個銅人，其中標明穴道有：死穴、啞穴、暈穴、咳穴、蛤蟆、猿跳、曲池、鎖喉、解頤、合谷、內關、三裏等。其中有無法根尋的，有異名的，也有人體的生理弱點，這恐怕就是點穴所依此誇大的材料。

按銅人圖法所示的人體穴道在醫學上並非全部具有價值。拳術據此為用顯有不妥。許多穴道即使擊中也沒有任何效驗。所以說點穴是為了迎合那些幻想用某種毫不費力的絕技得到意外效果的人的心理，而憑空編造出來的。

人體雖然不存在那些周身運轉的穴道，但卻有許多生理上的薄弱環節。如果這些要害部位遭受打擊，必然影響到大腦、神經和內臟，故打擊部位是拳術所必須遵循的法則。包括以兩個手指或併攏五指戳擊對方的柔弱部位，同樣也具有很高的實用價值。

以手指戳擊對方具有打擊範圍大，接觸面小，收效速度快的優越之處。但也存在著力量小，手指的堅固程度低的不足。這就需要我們能準確地擊中對方的薄弱柔軟部位，並能與其他的打擊方法相互配合，這才是點穴在實戰中真正的含義。

兵器

兵器（指冷兵器）的產生早於拳術。遠古時代的原始人就已懂得了運用石塊和木棒比赤手空拳更有效地對會野獸和敵人。隨著人類文明的發展，材料由石器變為銅器，繼而又被鐵器取代。兵器的製造亦逐漸精良多樣，其威力也隨之提高。

古時人們把械鬥用於訓練士兵，至今仍留有刺槍劈劍等軍事課程。為了減少兵刃訓練中的傷亡，拳術作為一種使用兵器的準備技術孕育而生。習武者多先拳術而後兵刃。後世甚至棄兵刃而不顧，僅習拳而止。直至近代，流行於世者多是套路，兵器的實戰用法堪為鳳毛麟角。

兵器種類繁多，古有“十八般兵刃”之說，但實際種類遠非止此。一般歸納為：長兵（槍、棒）、短兵（刀、劍）、超短兵（匕首）、軟兵（鞭）和拋射兵刃（弓箭）等。可這些都不外乎由鋒利或尖銳的金屬物件配合長杆或手柄形狀的木質物件所構成。所以，只要精熟一、二種兵器，餘者皆可觸類旁通。

兵器的威力大於拳腳，其原因在於：兵器有更大的打擊空間範圍，有很高的硬度，並有極小的接觸面使力量集中。另外，由於杠杆的原理使兵器的末端具有較高的速度，從而增加了揮搠衝擊力。

但兵器的使用也有不及拳腳之處。由於兵刃是人體運動的一件身外之物。其擎執運掣總不如空手便捷自如。故兵器的練習與應用遠難於拳術。另外，在貼身近戰中，有些兵器則難以發揮效能。

但鑒於上述比較，兵器那些久經沙聲的招數無非是刺、劈挑、抹等簡單幾下。毋庸說複雜的招式，就是這簡單幾下也需要刻苦的磨練才能掌握。重要的是在運用中使精神和氣力貫穿於兵器，使兵器與身軀融為一體。好似自己手臂的延長。達到手忘器、器忘手、運用操縱兩不相知的境界。

拳術水平的提高有助於兵器的運用，而兵器操習水平的進步又能促使拳術技擊的飛躍。

Source Colophon

Source text: article 11 of the HK Yiquan Society article archive, captured in articles_with_content.json on June 2, 2026, and live-verified against the public archive index the same day.

The source appendix includes only the article text. Photographs, book scans, manuscript images, and separate book-page editorial matter are not reproduced here.

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